Study on Skull Asymmetry
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Morfofunctional Structure of the Skull
N.L. Svintsytska V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine Public Institution «Central Methodological Office for Higher Medical Education of MPH of Ukraine» Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukranian Medical Stomatological Academy» N.L. Svintsytska, V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 2 LBC 28.706 UDC 611.714/716 S 24 «Recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine as textbook for English- speaking students of higher educational institutions of the MPH of Ukraine» (minutes of the meeting of the Commission for the organization of training and methodical literature for the persons enrolled in higher medical (pharmaceutical) educational establishments of postgraduate education MPH of Ukraine, from 02.06.2016 №2). Letter of the MPH of Ukraine of 11.07.2016 № 08.01-30/17321 Composed by: N.L. Svintsytska, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor V.H. Hryn, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor This textbook is intended for undergraduate, postgraduate students and continuing education of health care professionals in a variety of clinical disciplines (medicine, pediatrics, dentistry) as it includes the basic concepts of human anatomy of the skull in adults and newborns. Rewiewed by: O.M. Slobodian, Head of the Department of Anatomy, Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Bukovinian State Medical University», Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor M.V. -
Median Occipital Fossa: Is It Really a Sign of Crime Or Simply an Anatomical Variant?
IJAE Vol. 124, n. 1: 104-106, 2019 ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY Letter - Basic and Applied Anatomy Median occipital fossa: is it really a sign of crime or simply an anatomical variant? Domenico Chirchiglia1,*, Pasquale Chirchiglia1, Rosa Marotta2 Departments of 1Neurosurgery and 2Health Sciences, University Of Catanzaro, Italy Abstract Anatomical variants are alterations of the form, thickness, length, width, position of organs and anatomic structures that can cause problems of a functional nature. They can be vascular, bony, muscular and more. They represent anomalies that may cause disturbances or do not cause changes in functions. The criminologist Cesare Lombroso had correlated the anatomical varia- tions to the criminal tendency. The most emblematic case was that related to the alleged brig- and Villella, on which Lombroso, performing the autopsy, found in the skull the so-called medi- al occipital fossa or a third dimple. He stated that the median occipital dimple was considered a sign of atavism, the expression of the criminal. In fact all the anatomical variants described by Lombroso are variations of normality. No one ever said that anatomical variants were a sign of crime. In conclusion, anatomical variants cannot be related to crime tendency, therefore the debated median occipital fossa is only and simply an anatomical variant. Key words Anatomy, anatomical variants, median occipital fossa, Cesare Lombroso. Dear Editor, The occipital bone is the main bone of the occiput, lower part of the skull. It is trapezoidal in shape and overlies the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. The base of the skull in the occipital bone contains the foramen magnum, which allows the passage of the spinal cord. -
Dr. Hassna B. Jawad Cranial Cavity
Dr. Hassna B. Jawad Cranial cavity At the end of the lecture you should be able to: *Identify the anterior ,middle and posterior cranial fossa *Identify the foramen of the base of skull and the structures passed through it The inside view of cranium is known as cranial cavity. The cranial cavity is divided 2 parts: A. Calveria : lies superior and contains the following structures: -sulcus for superior sagittal sinus • -granular foveola • -arterial grooves • B. The base of the skull ( floor ) which consists of three fossae: 1. Anterior cranial fossa which accommodates the frontal lobe of brain. 2. Middle cranial fossa, much wider than the anterior cranial fossa contain the 2 temporal lobes of brain. 3. Posterior cranial fossa is much shallower and wider than the middle cranial fossa and it accommodates the cerebellum. .1 Anterior Cranial Fossa: .2 Is a depression in the floor of the cranial vault which houses the projecting frontal lobes of the brain. It is formed by the following bones: 1.Orbital plates of the frontal bone. .3 2.The cribriform plate of ethmoid bone. .4 3.The lesser wings and the front of the body of sphenoid bone. .5 1 Dr. Hassna B. Jawad Boundaries: .6 1.Anteriorly and laterally by the inner surface of the frontal bone. .7 In the midline there is a crest for the attachment of the falx cerebri. .8 2.Posteriorly is formed by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone with anterior clinoid process and .9 the groove of optic chiasma. The middle part of anterior cranial fossa is limited posteriorly by the groove for the optic .11 chiasma. -
Duplication of Falx Cerebelli, Occipital Sinus, and Internal Occipital Crest
Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology 2009, 50(1):107–110 ORIGINAL PAPER Duplication of falx cerebelli, occipital sinus, and internal occipital crest SUJATHA D’COSTA, A. KRISHNAMURTHY, S. R. NAYAK, SAMPATH MADHYASTA, LATHA V. PRABHU, JIJI P. J, ANU V. RANADE, MANGALA M. PAI, RAJANIGANDHA VADGAONKAR, C. GANESH KUMAR, RAJALAKSHMI RAI Department of Anatomy, Centre for Basic Sciences, Kasturba Medical College, Bejai, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Abstract The incidence of variations of falx cerebelli was studied in 52 adult cadavers of south Indian origin, at Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, after removal of calvaria. In eight (15.4%) cases, we observed duplicated falx cerebelli along with duplicated occipital sinus and internal occipital crest. The length and the distance between each of the falces were measured. The mean length of the right falces cerebelli was 38 mm and the left was 41 mm. The mean distance between these two falces was 20 mm. No marginal sinus was detected. Each of the falces cerebelli had distinct base and apex and possessed a distinct occipital venous sinus on each attached border. These sinuses were noted to drain into the left and right transverse sinus respectively. After detaching the dura mater from inner bony surface of the occipital bone, it was noted that there were two distinct internal occipital crests arising and diverging inferiorly near the posterolateral borders of foramen magnum. The brain from these cadavers appeared grossly normal with no defect of the vermis. Neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists should be aware of such variations, as these could be potential sources of hemorrhage during suboccipital approaches or may lead to erroneous interpretations of imaging of the posterior cranial fossa. -
Axial Skeleton 214 7.7 Development of the Axial Skeleton 214
SKELETAL SYSTEM OUTLINE 7.1 Skull 175 7.1a Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 176 7.1b Sutures 183 7.1c Bones of the Cranium 185 7 7.1d Bones of the Face 194 7.1e Nasal Complex 198 7.1f Paranasal Sinuses 199 7.1g Orbital Complex 200 Axial 7.1h Bones Associated with the Skull 201 7.2 Sex Differences in the Skull 201 7.3 Aging of the Skull 201 Skeleton 7.4 Vertebral Column 204 7.4a Divisions of the Vertebral Column 204 7.4b Spinal Curvatures 205 7.4c Vertebral Anatomy 206 7.5 Thoracic Cage 212 7.5a Sternum 213 7.5b Ribs 213 7.6 Aging of the Axial Skeleton 214 7.7 Development of the Axial Skeleton 214 MODULE 5: SKELETAL SYSTEM mck78097_ch07_173-219.indd 173 2/14/11 4:58 PM 174 Chapter Seven Axial Skeleton he bones of the skeleton form an internal framework to support The skeletal system is divided into two parts: the axial skele- T soft tissues, protect vital organs, bear the body’s weight, and ton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is composed help us move. Without a bony skeleton, we would collapse into a of the bones along the central axis of the body, which we com- formless mass. Typically, there are 206 bones in an adult skeleton, monly divide into three regions—the skull, the vertebral column, although this number varies in some individuals. A larger number of and the thoracic cage (figure 7.1). The appendicular skeleton bones appear to be present at birth, but the total number decreases consists of the bones of the appendages (upper and lower limbs), with growth and maturity as some separate bones fuse. -
Skull / Cranium
Important! 1. Memorizing these pages only does not guarantee the succesfull passing of the midterm test or the semifinal exam. 2. The handout has not been supervised, and I can not guarantee, that these pages are absolutely free from mistakes. If you find any, please, report to me! SKULL / CRANIUM BONES OF THE NEUROCRANIUM (7) Occipital bone (1) Sphenoid bone (1) Temporal bone (2) Frontal bone (1) Parietal bone (2) BONES OF THE VISCEROCRANIUM (15) Ethmoid bone (1) Maxilla (2) Mandible (1) Zygomatic bone (2) Nasal bone (2) Lacrimal bone (2) Inferior nasalis concha (2) Vomer (1) Palatine bone (2) Compiled by: Dr. Czigner Andrea 1 FRONTAL BONE MAIN PARTS: FRONTAL SQUAMA ORBITAL PARTS NASAL PART FRONTAL SQUAMA Parietal margin Sphenoid margin Supraorbital margin External surface Frontal tubercle Temporal surface Superciliary arch Zygomatic process Glabella Supraorbital margin Frontal notch Supraorbital foramen Internal surface Frontal crest Sulcus for superior sagittal sinus Foramen caecum ORBITAL PARTS Ethmoidal notch Cerebral surface impresiones digitatae Orbital surface Fossa for lacrimal gland Trochlear notch / fovea Anterior ethmoidal foramen Posterior ethmoidal foramen NASAL PART nasal spine nasal margin frontal sinus Compiled by: Dr. Czigner Andrea 2 SPHENOID BONE MAIN PARTS: CORPUS / BODY GREATER WINGS LESSER WINGS PTERYGOID PROCESSES CORPUS / BODY Sphenoid sinus Septum of sphenoid sinus Sphenoidal crest Sphenoidal concha Apertura sinus sphenoidalis / Opening of sphenoid sinus Sella turcica Hypophyseal fossa Dorsum sellae Posterior clinoid process Praechiasmatic sulcus Carotid sulcus GREATER WINGS Cerebral surface • Foramen rotundum • Framen ovale • Foramen spinosum Temporal surface Infratemporalis crest Infratemporal surface Orbital surface Maxillary surface LESSER WINGS Anterior clinoid process Superior orbital fissure Optic canal PTERYGOID PROCESSES Lateral plate Medial plate Pterygoid hamulus Pterygoid fossa Pterygoid sulcus Scaphoid fossa Pterygoid notch Pterygoid canal (Vidian canal) Compiled by: Dr. -
Microsurgical Anatomy of the Dural Arteries
ANATOMIC REPORT MICROSURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE DURAL ARTERIES Carolina Martins, M.D. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the microsurgical anatomy basic to the Department of Neurological microsurgical and endovascular management of lesions involving the dural arteries. Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida METHODS: Adult cadaveric heads and skulls were examined using the magnification provided by the surgical microscope to define the origin, course, and distribution of Alexandre Yasuda, M.D. the individual dural arteries. Department of Neurological RESULTS: The pattern of arterial supply of the dura covering the cranial base is more Surgery, University of Florida, complex than over the cerebral convexity. The internal carotid system supplies the Gainesville, Florida midline dura of the anterior and middle fossae and the anterior limit of the posterior Alvaro Campero, M.D. fossa; the external carotid system supplies the lateral segment of the three cranial Department of Neurological fossae; and the vertebrobasilar system supplies the midline structures of the posterior Surgery, University of Florida, fossa and the area of the foramen magnum. Dural territories often have overlapping Gainesville, Florida supply from several sources. Areas supplied from several overlapping sources are the parasellar dura, tentorium, and falx. The tentorium and falx also receive a contribution Arthur J. Ulm, M.D. from the cerebral arteries, making these structures an anastomotic pathway between Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, the dural and parenchymal arteries. A reciprocal relationship, in which the territories Gainesville, Florida of one artery expand if the adjacent arteries are small, is common. CONCLUSION: The carotid and vertebrobasilar arterial systems give rise to multiple Necmettin Tanriover, M.D. -
A Study of Unusual Presentations at the Internal Occipital Protuberance
Original Research Article A study of unusual presentations at the internal occipital protuberance Sudeepa Das¹, Gyanraj Singh2, Satya Narayan Shamal3, Bikash Chandra Satapathy4* 1,2Assistant Professor, 3Professor, Department of Anatomy, KIMS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. 4Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. Email: [email protected] Abstract The dural venous sinuses contains the venous blood originating from most parts of the cranial cavity. In this study forty head and neck specimens with intact dural folds were studied over 3 years period. In 2 cases variation was noted at the internal occipital protuberance during the routine dissection in Anatomy department. After separating the dura mater from the occipital bone, two distinct internal occipital crests were apparent which then diverge near the foramen magnum. We encountered duplicated internal Occipital crest along with duplicated falx cerebelli and occipital sinus. Of both specimens the falces and the distance between them were recorded. Each of the falx cerebelli had an apex and base with a marked occipital venous sinus attached to its border. These sinuses were draining into their respective transverse sinuses. In both the cases there was wide posterior cerebellar notch and foramen of Magendie associated with large cisterna magna. There was neither any marginal sinus detected nor any defect was marked in the vermis. Knowledge of this variation of posterior cranial fossa would be helpful in suboccipital approaches. Key Words: Variation, -
New Terminologia Anatomica: Cranium and Extracranial Bones of the Head P.P
Folia Morphol. Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 477–486 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0129 R E V I E W A R T I C L E Copyright © 2021 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 eISSN 1644–3284 journals.viamedica.pl New Terminologia Anatomica: cranium and extracranial bones of the head P.P. Chmielewski Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland [Received: 12 October 2019; Accepted: 17 November 2019; Early publication date: 3 December 2019] In 2019, the updated and extended version of Terminologia Anatomica was published by the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). This new edition uses more precise and adequate anatomical names compared to its predecessors. Nevertheless, numerous terms have been modified, which poses a challenge to those who prefer traditional anatomical names, i.e. medical students, teachers, clinicians and their instructors. Therefore, there is a need to popularise this new edition of terminology and explain these recent changes. The anatomy of the head, including the cranium, the extracranial bones of the head, the soft parts of the face and the encephalon, poses a particular challenge for medical students but also engenders enthusiasm in those of them who are astute learners. The new version of anatomical terminology concerning the human skull (FIPAT 2019) is presented and briefly discussed in this synopsis. The aim of this article is to present, popularise and explain these interesting modifications that have recently been endorsed by the FIPAT. Based on teaching experience at the Division of Anatomy/Department of Anatomy at Wroclaw Medical University, a brief description of the human skull is given here. -
د ﻣﺣﻣد وﺳﻧﺎن Cranial Cavity
د ﻣﺣﻣد وﺳﻧﺎن Lecture 11,12 Human Anatomy Cranial Cavity The cranial cavity contains the brain and its surroundingmeninges, portions of the cranial nerves, arteries, veins,and venous sinuses. Vault of the Skull The internal surface of the vault shows the coronal, sagittal,and lambdoid sutures. In the midline is a shallow sagittalgroove that lodges the superior sagittal sinus. On eachside of the groove are several small pits, called granular pits, which lodge the lateral lacunae and arachnoid granulations. Several narrow grooves are present for the anterior and posterior divisions of the middlemeningeal vessels as they pass up the side of the skull to the vault. 1 Base of the Skull The interior of the base of the skull is divided into three cranial fossae: anterior, middle, and posterior. The anterior cranial fossa is separated from the middle cranial fossa by the lesser wing of the sphenoid, and the middle cranial fossa is separated from the posterior cranial fossa by the petrous part of the temporal bone. Anterior Cranial Fossa The anterior cranial fossa lodges the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. It is bounded anteriorly by the inner surfaceof the frontal bone, and in the midline is a 2 frontal crest for the attachment of the falx cerebri. Its posterior boundary is the sharp lesser wing of the sphenoid. The medial end of the lesser wing of the sphenoid forms the anterior clinoid process on each side, which gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli. The median part of the anterior cranial fossa is limited posteriorly by the groove for the optic chiasma. -
Neurocranium
NEUROCRANIUM Pages 184 - 199 . formed by a series of eight bones, four singular bones centered on the midline - frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal and occipital . two sets of bones occurring as bilateral pairs -temporal and parietal . a dome-like roof - calvaria . a floor - cranial base Frontal bone . Squama frontalis supraorbital margin frontal tuber nasal margin zygomatic process inferior temporal line . Orbital part supraorbital foramen/notch superciliary arch glabella lacrimal fossa trochlear fovea ant. et post. ethmoidal for. Nasal part frontal sinus Parietal bone . External surface temporal lines superior temporal lines inferior parietal eminence parietal foramens . Internal surface granular foveolae middle meningeal grooves superior sagittal sulcus Occipital bone . Squama - exter. surface external occipital protuberance superior nuchal lines inferior nuchal lines highest nuchal lines external occipital crest . Squama - inter. surface internal occipital protuberance superior sagittal sulcus transverse sulcus occipital internal occipital crest cruciform eminence cerebral and cerebella markings . Condylar part occipital condyle jugular notch hypoglossal canal condylar canal condylar fossa . Basilar part clivus pharyngeal tubercle Temporal bone . Squama zygomatic process mandibular fossa articular eminence glenoid tubercle postglenoid tubercle . Mastoid part mastoid process mastoid notch styloid process stylomastoid foramen digastric notch groove for occipital artery . Petrous part - bone apex base ant., post. and inf. surface superior et inferior borders superior petrosal sulcus meningeal artery . Petrous part - inf. surf. carotid canal pharyngotympanic canal petrosal fossula with tympanic canaliculus jugular fossa with mastoid canaliculus external opening of cochlear canaliculi . Petrous part - ant. surf. hiatus and groove for greater petrosal nerve hiatus and groove for lesser petrosal nerve trigeminal depression arcuate eminence tegmen tympani . Petrous part - post. surf. -
A Chronology of Middle Missouri Plains Village Sites
Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to zoology • number 627 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press TheA Chronology Therian Skull of MiddleA Missouri Lexicon with Plains EmphasisVillage on the OdontocetesSites J. G. Mead and R. E. Fordyce By Craig M. Johnson with contributions by Stanley A. Ahler, Herbert Haas, and Georges Bonani SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions in History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institu- tions throughout the world. Manuscripts submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press from authors with direct affilia- tion with the various Smithsonian museums or bureaus and are subject to peer review and review for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines.