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Performance Analysis of a Travelling-Wave Ultrasonic Motor Under Impact Load

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Performance Analysis of a Travelling-Wave Ultrasonic Motor Under Impact Load micromachines Article Performance Analysis of a Travelling-Wave Ultrasonic Motor under Impact Load Jiahan Huang 1 and Dong Sun 2,* 1 School of Mechatronics Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; [email protected] 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 June 2020; Accepted: 15 July 2020; Published: 16 July 2020 Abstract: With the increased application of ultrasonic motors, it is necessary to put forward higher demand for the adaptability to environment. Impact, as a type of extreme environment, is widespread in weapon systems, machinery and aerospace. However, there are few reports about the influence of impact on an ultrasonic motor. This article aimed to study the reasons for the performance degradation and failure mechanism of an ultrasonic motor in a shock environment. First, a finite element model is established to observe the dynamic response of ultrasonic motor in a shock environment. Meanwhile, the reasons of the performance degradation in the motor are discussed. An impact experiment is carried out to test the influence of impact on an ultrasonic motor, including the influence on the mechanical characteristic of an ultrasonic motor and the vibration characteristic of a stator. In addition, the protection effect of rubber on an ultrasonic motor in a shock environment is verified via an experimental method. This article reveals the failure mechanism of ultrasonic motors in a shock environment and provides a basis for the improvement of the anti-impact property of ultrasonic motors. Keywords: shock environment; ultrasonic motor; dynamic response; mechanical characteristic 1. Introduction Over the past few decades, ultrasonic motors (USMs) based on the piezoelectric effect have been developed well. There are many industrial applications, including micro-machine, information technology, surgery devices, ecological/energy areas, absolute gravimeter and nano-positioning stages [1–5]. There are numerous merits of USMs over electromagnetic motors, including low speed with high torque, a quick response, a wide velocity range and a high power/weight ratio [2–4,6]. The unique properties of USMs make it have a bright application prospect in extreme environments, such as space exploration [7,8]. A lot of research reports, mainly focusing on the application of USMs with ambient temperature changes and under vacuum, have been released [9–16]. In order to expand the application range of ultrasonic motors, some researchers start to turn their sights onto weapon systems, such as smart wings in airplanes [4], driving and anti-stealth technology [17] and a smart fuse safety system [18,19]. Impact, widespread in ammunition system, is an unavoidable destructive factor that needs to be considered. Many scholars have carried out a lot of research about various devices in a shock environment, such as the reliability of MEMS devices [20–22] and data recorders used in ammunition [23,24]. However, there are only a few research reports about the characteristic of an ultrasonic motor in a shock environment. Ren et al. tested the mechanical characteristic of ultrasonic motor after impact test, but there is a lack of analysis about the failure mechanism [25]. Our previous research established a model about the dynamic response of an ultrasonic motor in a shock environment based on the rigid plasticity model [26]. The model Micromachines 2020, 11, 689; doi:10.3390/mi11070689 www.mdpi.com/journal/micromachines Micromachines 2020, 11, 689 2 of 14 reflects the dynamic process to a certain extent, but more accurate results are needed to analyze the characteristicMicromachines of an2020 ultrasonic, 11, x FOR PEER motor REVIEW in a shock environment. 2 of 13 This article aimed to study the reasons for the performance degradation and failure mechanism of an ultrasonicreflects motorthe dynamic in a shock process environment. to a certain extent, A finite but elementmore accurate model, results which are takes needed into to accountanalyze the material nonlinearity,characteristic is established. of an ultrasonic The motor dynamic in a shock response environment. of an ultrasonic motor in a shock environment This article aimed to study the reasons for the performance degradation and failure mechanism can be observed through transient solution. Meanwhile, the relationship between structural plastic of an ultrasonic motor in a shock environment. A finite element model, which takes into account deformationmaterial andnonlinearity, preload is established. obtained toThe explain dynami thec response performance of an ultrasonic degradation. motor Thein a mechanicalshock characteristicenvironment of an can ultrasonic be observed motor through after impacttransient is solution. tested. Moreover,Meanwhile, the the compensation relationship between gaskets are appliedstructural to recover plastic the deformation performance and of preload an ultrasonic is obtained motor. to explain Meanwhile, the performance the distortion degradation. of the vibrationThe characteristicmechanical of characteristic a stator after of impactan ultrasonic is discussed. motor after Finally,impact is the tested. protection Moreover, e fftheect compensation of rubber for an ultrasonicgaskets motor are applied in a shock to recover environment the performance is verified of an by ultrasonic experiment. motor. Meanwhile, the distortion of the vibration characteristic of a stator after impact is discussed. Finally, the protection effect of rubber 2. Structurefor an ultrasonic of an Ultrasonic motor in a Motor shock environment is verified by experiment. The2. Structure typicalstructure of an Ultrasonic of a travelling-wave Motor ultrasonic motor is shown in Figure1a [ 27]. The ring- shaped stator with many teeth to enlarge the vibration amplitude is fixed on the base. The piezoelectric The typical structure of a travelling-wave ultrasonic motor is shown in Figure 1a [27]. The ring- wafershaped is affixed stator to thewith bottom many teeth surface to enlarge of the stator.the vibration A rotor amplitude is on the is topfixed of on stator. the base. The The cover is fixed onpiezoelectric the base. wafer The is bearing affixed to is the used bottom to improve surface of the the work stator. e Affi rotorciency is on by the reducing top of stator. friction The while operating.cover Thereis fixed is on preload the base. between The bearing the is stator used to and improve rotor the by applyingwork efficiency a gasket by reducing between friction rotor and bearing.while By operating. applying There electric is preload signal withbetween a frequency the stator and close rotor to theby applying resonance a gasket frequency between of rotor the stator, there isand a continuous bearing. By elliptical applying motionelectric insignal the topwith of a thefrequency stator. close This motionto the resonance is converted frequency to the of movement the of the rotorstator, throughthere is a thecontinuous friction elliptical between motion the stator in the and top rotorof the [stator.28]. This motion is converted to the movement of the rotor through the friction between the stator and rotor [28]. (a) Whole motor. (b) Dimensions of the stator. (c) Dimensions of the rotor. FigureFigure 1. Typical 1. Typical structure structure of of a a travelling travelling wave wave rotary rotary ultrasonic ultrasonic motor. motor. Micromachines 2020, 11, 689 3 of 14 Micromachines 2020, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 13 The operating mechanism of of an ultrasonic motor motor consists consists of of two two energy energy conversion processes: processes: One isis the the conversion conversion of electricalof electrical energy energy into mechanicalinto mechanical energy energy of high-frequency of high-frequency and micro-amplitude and micro- amplitudevibration in vibration stator through in stator the through inverse piezoelectric the inverse piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric effect of materials. piezoelectric The materials. other converts The otherthe micro-vibration converts the micro-vibration of the stator into of the the macroscopic stator into the motion macroscopic of the rotor motion through of the the rotor friction through between the frictionthem. Afterbetween impact, them. the After damage impact, to thethe piezoelectricdamage to the wafer piezoelectric or stator, wafer including or stator, the fracture including of the fracturepiezoelectric of the wafer piezoelectric and the plastic wafer deformation and the ofplastic the stator, deformation may lead of to thethe incomplete stator, may vibration lead to mode the incompleteof the stator, vibration so that the mode input of power the stator, cannot sobe that converted the input into power high-frequency cannot be andconverted micro-amplitude into high- frequencyvibration of and the micro-amplitude stator efficiently. Onvibration the other of hand,the stat theor plastic efficiently. deformation On the ofother the rotorhand, or the stator plastic will deformationlead to a decrease of the in preload.rotor or Thestator analysis will oflead the to two a conventiondecrease in processes preload. in The a shock analysis environment of the two can conventionbe considered processes as the analysis in a shock of deformation environment of can the be structure considered and anti-impactas the analysis property of deformation of the stator of andthe structurepiezoelectric and wafer. anti-impact property of the stator and piezoelectric wafer. 2.1.Model Model
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