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A Study of Three Norwegian American Newspapers in Northwestern Minnesota: Ethnic Identity and the Motivations Behind Political Debate 1890 – 1894

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A Study of Three Norwegian American Newspapers in Northwestern Minnesota: Ethnic Identity and the Motivations Behind Political Debate 1890 – 1894 A Study of Three Norwegian American Newspapers in Northwestern Minnesota: Ethnic Identity and the Motivations behind Political Debate 1890 – 1894 By Peter Johan Altena Grepperud A Thesis Presented to The Department of Literature, Area Studies, and European Languages North American Area Studies Faculty of Humanities ENG 4791 Supervisor: David Mauk UNIVERSITY OF OSLO FALL 2011 II A Study of Three Norwegian American Newspapers in Northwestern Minnesota: Ethnic Identity and the Motivations behind Political Debate 1890 – 1894 By Peter Johan Altena Grepperud III © Peter Grepperud 2011 A Study of Three Norwegian American Newspapers in Northwestern Minnesota: Ethnic Identity and the Motivations behind Political Debate 1890 – 1894 Peter Grepperud http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo IV Abstract This thesis focuses on the political experience of Norwegian Americans in northwestern Minnesota between 1890 and 1894. More specifically, it explores the relative importance of ethnic identity in the public political debate in three politically divergent Norwegian-language newspapers. This study argues that specific cultural, economic, political and social developments in northwestern Minnesota can explain the development and public expression of a hybrid ethnic identity specific to that region. A variety of perceptions of this identity distinctively characterized the political discourse in the press at the time. Many Norwegian Americans, conditioned by experiences both in Norway and America, exploited politically what they recognized as usable parts of their common ethnic heritage to express their political dissatisfaction and expectations, to enhance feelings of ethnic unity, to rally political support, and to besmirch enemies. This thesis demonstrate that perceptions of ethnic identity, although not the most central topic of political debate, played a significant role in the public political discourse in northwestern Minnesota between 1890 and 1894. V Acknowledgements I would like to thank my family and friends for support, understanding, and patience. Thanks to David Mauk for introducing me to American immigration history, and for supervising this research project. Thanks to Dina Tolfsby at the National Library of Norway for valuable help along the way. Thanks to the welcoming people in St. Paul and Minnesota Historical Society for their smiles, encouragement, and assistance. Thanks to the high mountain passes of Himalaya, the colors of India, and the rivers of Laos for priceless inspiration. VI Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................. V Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. VI Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... VII Chapter One – Introduction ....................................................................................................1 The Scope of Place and Time ..............................................................................................1 The Expression of and Construction of a Perceived Ethnic Identity .....................................2 Contextualizing Northwestern Minnesota ...........................................................................5 Historiographical Debate ....................................................................................................7 Source Material – Possibilities and Challenges ................................................................. 12 Methodological Considerations ......................................................................................... 15 Structure ........................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter Two – Norwegian Memories and the American Experience ..................................... 21 Norwegian Influences – Common Denominators and Complex Diversity ......................... 21 Foreign Dominance of a Divided Country ..................................................................... 23 The Resurrection of an Old Nation ................................................................................ 24 Emigration before and after the American Civil War..................................................... 27 Traditional Impulses and Modern Developments in Norway ......................................... 30 American Experiences – Developments in Northwestern Minnesota ................................. 34 Political Realignment .................................................................................................... 35 Three Divergent Newspapers ............................................................................................ 40 Conclusion - A Complex Picture ....................................................................................... 45 Chapter Three – Ethnic Identity from a Bottom-up Perspective............................................. 47 The Source Material ......................................................................................................... 48 The Relative Importance of Ethnocultural Matters ............................................................ 51 Economic Circumstances and Class Struggle ................................................................ 53 Pure Politics .................................................................................................................. 57 Political-Religious Expressions and Ethnic Identity ...................................................... 61 The Value of “Being Norwegian American” ................................................................. 65 A Folk-inspired Expression of Ethnic Identity............................................................... 67 Conclusion – Diversity and Recontextualisation ............................................................... 69 VII Chapter 4 – Ethnic Identity from a Top-down Perspective .................................................... 73 Political Outlook and Perceptions of Ethnic Identity ......................................................... 74 Rural Connections – American and Norwegian influences ............................................ 77 “Complete” Reform ...................................................................................................... 79 National Patronage and the Knute Nelson Tradition ...................................................... 82 Besmirching and Dirt-Throwing ................................................................................... 86 Parallels ........................................................................................................................ 89 “Real Norwegian Viking Blood” at Elbow Lake ............................................................... 90 Conclusion – Dualisms ..................................................................................................... 94 Chapter Five – Conclusion.................................................................................................... 97 Appendixes ........................................................................................................................ 105 Appendix: 1) Terminology.............................................................................................. 105 Appendix: 2) Statistical Tables and Number Count ......................................................... 109 Bibliography....................................................................................................................... 121 VIII Chapter One – Introduction The history of Norwegian Americans is multifaceted and complex. Whether focusing on social, economic, political or cultural conditions in Norway and America, the transatlantic crossing, or factors influencing the processes of migration, scholars studying Norwegian Americans share a common purpose. Using different approaches and source material, representing a variety of perspectives and research areas, they all seek to paint truthful pictures of this ethnic group‟s struggle for a better life. This study focuses on the relentlessly energetic and at times volatile political interaction between Norwegian Americans and American society in northwestern Minnesota during the early 1890s. The Scope of Place and Time More specifically, this research project aims to analyze and discuss the relative importance of ethnic identity for political debate in three politically divergent Norwegian American newspapers in northwestern Minnesota from 1890 to around 1894. During these years, the region was characterized by significant political movements of reform through which many Norwegian Americans enthusiastically protested against the economic, political and social status quo. The movement of agrarian dissent among Norwegian Americans in northwestern Minnesota gathered momentum around 1890, and diminished significantly after 1894.1 The period in question is short but gives valuable insight into the political experience of Norwegian Americans. During this span of around five years, they were involved in all layers of politics in northwestern Minnesota, most importantly in the Republican Party, the Farmers‟ Alliance movement, and the People‟s Party, but also in the Prohibitionist and Democratic Parties. Several Norwegian-language newspapers from the period reflect these
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