Rama Returns an Account of Ayodha Struggle and Justice
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The Mahabharata
^«/4 •m ^1 m^m^ The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924071123131 ) THE MAHABHARATA OF KlUSHNA-DWAIPAYANA VTASA TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH PROSE. Published and distributed, chiefly gratis, BY PROTSP CHANDRA EOY. BHISHMA PARVA. CALCUTTA i BHiRATA PRESS. No, 1, Raja Gooroo Dass' Stbeet, Beadon Square, 1887. ( The righi of trmsMm is resem^. NOTICE. Having completed the Udyoga Parva I enter the Bhishma. The preparations being completed, the battle must begin. But how dan- gerous is the prospect ahead ? How many of those that were counted on the eve of the terrible conflict lived to see the overthrow of the great Knru captain ? To a KsJtatriya warrior, however, the fiercest in- cidents of battle, instead of being appalling, served only as tests of bravery that opened Heaven's gates to him. It was this belief that supported the most insignificant of combatants fighting on foot when they rushed against Bhishma, presenting their breasts to the celestial weapons shot by him, like insects rushing on a blazing fire. I am not a Kshatriya. The prespect of battle, therefore, cannot be unappalling or welcome to me. On the other hand, I frankly own that it is appall- ing. If I receive support, that support may encourage me. I am no Garuda that I would spurn the strength of number* when battling against difficulties. I am no Arjuna conscious of superhuman energy and aided by Kecava himself so that I may eHcounter any odds. -
The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas
The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas Sanjay Sharma Introduction In the post-Vedic period, the centre of activity shifted from the upper Ganga valley or madhyadesha to middle and lower Ganga valleys known in the contemporary Buddhist texts as majjhimadesha. Painted grey ware pottery gave way to a richer and shinier northern black polished ware which signified new trends in commercial activities and rising levels of prosperity. Imprtant features of the period between c. 600 and 321 BC include, inter-alia, rise of ‘heterodox belief systems’ resulting in an intellectual revolution, expansion of trade and commerce leading to the emergence of urban life mainly in the region of Ganga valley and evolution of vast territorial states called the mahajanapadas from the smaller ones of the later Vedic period which, as we have seen, were known as the janapadas. Increased surplus production resulted in the expansion of trading activities on one hand and an increase in the amount of taxes for the ruler on the other. The latter helped in the evolution of large territorial states and increased commercial activity facilitated the growth of cities and towns along with the evolution of money economy. The ruling and the priestly elites cornered most of the agricultural surplus produced by the vaishyas and the shudras (as labourers). The varna system became more consolidated and perpetual. It was in this background that the two great belief systems, Jainism and Buddhism, emerged. They posed serious challenge to the Brahmanical socio-religious philosophy. These belief systems had a primary aim to liberate the lower classes from the fetters of orthodox Brahmanism. -
Rishi and Devtas of Vedic Mantra
www.ved-yog.com 52 Chapter V Rishis and Devatas of the Mantras The general notion of the ‘Western’ Scholars and their Indian followers is that the Rishis whose names are mentioned on the Mantras are their composers and devatas are the deities to be worshipped. But this is a very erroneous view. By Rishis are meant, according to all ancient Authorities, the seers who made out the secrets of the Vedas and propagated them. Yaskacharya, the well known philologist and author of the Nirukta.says in 1-91. lk{kkRÏr/kekZ.k _"k;ks cHkwoqLrs·lk{kkr~Ïr/keZH; mins'ksu eU=ku~ lEizknq%µ fu#Dr 1-19µ The original seers were men of realisation who saw or perfectly understood’ the Dharma. They taught it to those who themselves had not realised it or were not inspired persons. In Nirukta 2-11 Yaskacharya says – _"k;ks eU=nz"Vkj% _f"knZ'kZukr~Lrkseku~ nn'ksZR;kSieU;o%A ;nsuku~ riL;ekuku~ czã Lo;EHkw vH;ku'kZr~ rn`.kh.kke`f"kRofefr foKkirsµ i.e. The Rishis are seers of the Mantras. The word Rishi means Drashta. Opaomanyava Acharya is of opinion that those who by austerities, realised the Yedic-hymns were called Rishis.” The Taittiriya Aranyak (2-9-1) says similarly - _"k;ks ;r~ ,uku~ riL;ekuku~ czãLo;EHkw vH;ku"kZr~ rs_"k;ks·Hkou~ rn`"k;ks·Hkou~ rn`"kh.kke`f"kRoe~A www.ved-yog.com 53 Those that after tapas or deep meditation realised the secret meaning of the Vedic Mantras, became Rishis by the Grace of the Almighty. -
A Study of the Early Vedic Age in Ancient India
Journal of Arts and Culture ISSN: 0976-9862 & E-ISSN: 0976-9870, Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp.-129-132. Available online at http://www.bioinfo.in/contents.php?id=53. A STUDY OF THE EARLY VEDIC AGE IN ANCIENT INDIA FASALE M.K.* Department of Histroy, Abasaheb Kakade Arts College, Bodhegaon, Shevgaon- 414 502, MS, India *Corresponding Author: Email- [email protected] Received: December 04, 2012; Accepted: December 20, 2012 Abstract- The Vedic period (or Vedic age) was a period in history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed. The time span of the period is uncertain. Philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, was com- posed roughly between 1700 and 1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. The end of the period is commonly estimated to have occurred about 500 BCE, and 150 BCE has been suggested as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature. Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by oral tradition alone, and a literary tradition set in only in post-Vedic times. Despite the difficulties in dating the period, the Vedas can safely be assumed to be several thousands of years old. The associated culture, sometimes referred to as Vedic civilization, was probably centred early on in the northern and northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, but has now spread and constitutes the basis of contemporary Indian culture. After the end of the Vedic period, the Mahajanapadas period in turn gave way to the Maurya Empire (from ca. -
Chapter One an Introduction to Jainism and Theravada
CHAPTER ONE AN INTRODUCTION TO JAINISM AND THERAVADA BUDDfflSM CHAPTER-I An Introduction to Jainism and Theravada Buddhism 1. 0. History of Jainism "Jainism is a system of faith and worship. It is preached by the Jinas. Jina means a victorious person".' Niganthavada which is mentioned in Buddhist literature is believed to be "Jainism". In those days jinas perhaps claimed themselves that they were niganthas. Therefore Buddhist literature probably uses the term 'nigantha' for Jinas. According to the definition of "Kilesarahita mayanti evamvaditaya laddhanamavasena nigantho" here nigantha (S. nkgrantha) means those who claimed that they are free from all bonds.^ Jainism is one of the oldest religions of the world. It is an independent and most ancient religion of India. It is not correct to say that Jainism was founded by Lord Mahavlra. Even Lord Parsva cannot be regarded as the founder of this great religion. It is equally incorrect to maintain that Jainism is nothing more than a revolt against the Vedic religion. The truth is that Jainism is quite an independent religion. It has its own peculiarities. It is flourishing on this land from times immemorial. Among Brahmanic and i^ramanic trends, Jainism, like Buddhism, represents ^ramanic culture. In Buddhist literatures, we can find so many 'GJ, 1 ^ DNA-l, P. 104 informations about Jainism. The Nigantha Nataputta is none else but Lord Mahavlra.^ 1.1. Rsabhadeva According to tradition, Jainism owes its origin to Rsabha, the first among the twenty-four Tirthankaras. The rest of the Trrthahkaras are said to have revived and revealed this ancient faith from time to time. -
CHAPTER – I : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Importance of Vamiki Ramayana
CHAPTER – I : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Importance of Vamiki Ramayana 1.2 Valmiki Ramayana‘s Importance – In The Words Of Valmiki 1.3 Need for selecting the problem from the point of view of Educational Leadership 1.4 Leadership Lessons from Valmiki Ramayana 1.5 Morality of Leaders in Valmiki Ramayana 1.6 Rationale of the Study 1.7 Statement of the Study 1.8 Objective of the Study 1.9 Explanation of the terms 1.10 Approach and Methodology 1.11 Scheme of Chapterization 1.12 Implications of the study CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION Introduction ―The art of education would never attain clearness in itself without philosophy, there is an interaction between the two and either without the other is incomplete and unserviceable.‖ Fitche. The most sacred of all creations of God in the human life and it has two aspects- one biological and other sociological. If nutrition and reproduction maintain and transmit the biological aspect, the sociological aspect is transmitted by education. Man is primarily distinguishable from the animals because of power of reasoning. Man is endowed with intelligence, remains active, original and energetic. Man lives in accordance with his philosophy of life and his conception of the world. Human life is a priceless gift of God. But we have become sheer materialistic and we live animal life. It is said that man is a rational animal; but our intellect is fully preoccupied in pursuit of materialistic life and worldly pleasures. Our senses and objects of pleasure are also created by God, hence without discarding or condemning them, we have to develop ( Bhav Jeevan) and devotion along with them. -
Siya Ke Ram Free Download All Episodes Siya Ke Ram Free Download All Episodes
siya ke ram free download all episodes Siya ke ram free download all episodes. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. What can I do to prevent this in the future? If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. Cloudflare Ray ID: 66a852ed1f628474 • Your IP : 188.246.226.140 • Performance & security by Cloudflare. Siya Ke Ram All Episodes 1-326 Free Download and Watch (Full Review and Cast) Siya Ke Ram All Episode 1-326 Free Download or Watch, Review, and Cast: This is the most popular TV Show in India and Bangladesh. This show presents the epic Ramayana , the story of Lord Rama and Devi Sita from Sita’s perspective. It is premiered on 16 November 2015 and ended on 4 November 2016. Now it is available online. Do you want to watch Siya Ke Ram All Episode? And Searching on the internet? So this website will help you to watch all the episodes without any problem. You can also get full reviews and cast names from here. Anyway, today I am going to share all the methods to watch and download it. -
Raja Ravi Varma 145
viii PREFACE Preface i When Was Modernism ii PREFACE Preface iii When Was Modernism Essays on Contemporary Cultural Practice in India Geeta Kapur iv PREFACE Published by Tulika 35 A/1 (third floor), Shahpur Jat, New Delhi 110 049, India © Geeta Kapur First published in India (hardback) 2000 First reprint (paperback) 2001 Second reprint 2007 ISBN: 81-89487-24-8 Designed by Alpana Khare, typeset in Sabon and Univers Condensed at Tulika Print Communication Services, processed at Cirrus Repro, and printed at Pauls Press Preface v For Vivan vi PREFACE Preface vii Contents Preface ix Artists and ArtWork 1 Body as Gesture: Women Artists at Work 3 Elegy for an Unclaimed Beloved: Nasreen Mohamedi 1937–1990 61 Mid-Century Ironies: K.G. Subramanyan 87 Representational Dilemmas of a Nineteenth-Century Painter: Raja Ravi Varma 145 Film/Narratives 179 Articulating the Self in History: Ghatak’s Jukti Takko ar Gappo 181 Sovereign Subject: Ray’s Apu 201 Revelation and Doubt in Sant Tukaram and Devi 233 Frames of Reference 265 Detours from the Contemporary 267 National/Modern: Preliminaries 283 When Was Modernism in Indian Art? 297 New Internationalism 325 Globalization: Navigating the Void 339 Dismantled Norms: Apropos an Indian/Asian Avantgarde 365 List of Illustrations 415 Index 430 viii PREFACE Preface ix Preface The core of this book of essays was formed while I held a fellowship at the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library at Teen Murti, New Delhi. The project for the fellowship began with a set of essays on Indian cinema that marked a depar- ture in my own interpretative work on contemporary art. -
Module 1A: Uttar Pradesh History
Module 1a: Uttar Pradesh History Uttar Pradesh State Information India.. The Gangetic Plain occupies three quarters of the state. The entire Capital : Lucknow state, except for the northern region, has a tropical monsoon climate. In the Districts :70 plains, January temperatures range from 12.5°C-17.5°C and May records Languages: Hindi, Urdu, English 27.5°-32.5°C, with a maximum of 45°C. Rainfall varies from 1,000-2,000 mm in Introduction to Uttar Pradesh the east to 600-1,000 mm in the west. Uttar Pradesh has multicultural, multiracial, fabulous wealth of nature- Brief History of Uttar Pradesh hills, valleys, rivers, forests, and vast plains. Viewed as the largest tourist The epics of Hinduism, the Ramayana destination in India, Uttar Pradesh and the Mahabharata, were written in boasts of 35 million domestic tourists. Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh also had More than half of the foreign tourists, the glory of being home to Lord Buddha. who visit India every year, make it a It has now been established that point to visit this state of Taj and Ganga. Gautama Buddha spent most of his life Agra itself receives around one million in eastern Uttar Pradesh, wandering foreign tourists a year coupled with from place to place preaching his around twenty million domestic tourists. sermons. The empire of Chandra Gupta Uttar Pradesh is studded with places of Maurya extended nearly over the whole tourist attractions across a wide of Uttar Pradesh. Edicts of this period spectrum of interest to people of diverse have been found at Allahabad and interests. -
Secondary Indian Culture and Heritage
Culture: An Introduction MODULE - I Understanding Culture Notes 1 CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTION he English word ‘Culture’ is derived from the Latin term ‘cult or cultus’ meaning tilling, or cultivating or refining and worship. In sum it means cultivating and refining Ta thing to such an extent that its end product evokes our admiration and respect. This is practically the same as ‘Sanskriti’ of the Sanskrit language. The term ‘Sanskriti’ has been derived from the root ‘Kri (to do) of Sanskrit language. Three words came from this root ‘Kri; prakriti’ (basic matter or condition), ‘Sanskriti’ (refined matter or condition) and ‘vikriti’ (modified or decayed matter or condition) when ‘prakriti’ or a raw material is refined it becomes ‘Sanskriti’ and when broken or damaged it becomes ‘vikriti’. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson you will be able to: understand the concept and meaning of culture; establish the relationship between culture and civilization; Establish the link between culture and heritage; discuss the role and impact of culture in human life. 1.1 CONCEPT OF CULTURE Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the things Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course 1 MODULE - I Culture: An Introduction Understanding Culture that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture. -
9. Ravana Falls
9. Ravana Falls Man toils and moils for feeding his belly. He sweats and struggles for education but fails to be happy. Why should humans be steeped in sorrow like this? Would not the Lord help if only you pray sincerely? Embodiments of Love! Truth, righteousness, peace, and love constitute the foundation of the scriptures, the essence of all re- ligions, the destination of all paths, and the essence of all essences. Man indulges in finding fault with others, oblivious to his own flaws. The cause for this can be traced to his materialistic tendencies. Man is made of Atma (Self) and anatma (non-self), shariram (body) and shariri (embodied one), kshetra (field) and kshetra- jna (knower of the field), and sthira (permanent) and asthira (ephemeral). You cannot find anything else in this Universe except these dualities. The entire world is a play of the pravritti and the nivritti, the outward and inward. Body (kshetra) and matter belong to the realm of pravritti whereas Atma, consciousness, the embodied one, belongs to the realm of nivritti. Even the Avatars are subject to pravritti, since they have to assume a human body. Rama was no exception to it. Though He was the Om- nipotent and the Omniscient One, since He had as- 102 Summer Showers in Brindavan 1996 sumed the human body, He had to behave as if He too was under the spell of illusion. Ravana beheaded Rama prepared himself to battle with Ravana. Ravana had lost everybody, including his son Indrajit, his brother Kumbhakarna, and a host of others. Now, Ravana alone was left as a relic of Lanka. -
Research Article
z Available online at http://www.journalcra.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH International Journal of Current Research Vol. 7, Issue, 09, pp.19964-19969, September, 2015 ISSN: 0975-833X RESEARCH ARTICLE SANJEEVANI AND BISHALYAKARANI PLANTS-MYTH OR REAL ! *,1Swapan Kr Ghosh and 2Pradip Kr Sur 1Department of Botany, Molecular Mycopathology Lab., Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata 700118, India 2Associate Professor in Zoology (Retd) A-9 /45, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, WB, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The use of plants to cure human diseases has been coming from ancient cultures, medicine Received 05th June, 2015 practitioners used the extracts from plant to soothe and relieve aches and pains. Medicinal plants, and Received in revised form plant products are known to ‘Ayurveda’ in India since long times. In the very beginnings of Botany, 21st July, 2015 doctors in both Europe and America researched herbs in their quest to cure diseases. Many of the Accepted 07th August, 2015 plants that were discovered by ancient civilizations are still in use today. About three quarters of the Published online 16th September, 2015 world populations relies mainly on plants and plant extracts for health cure. It is true that many species of flora and fauna exhibit medicinal properties but amongst the most talked about are Key words: Sanjeevani ("restores life") and Bishalyakarani ("arrow remover"). In the Ramayana epic, the Hanuman went to search these magical plants in Dunagiri by getting advice of Sushena. Since Ayurveda, beginning of human culture, people have been talking about the magical effects of these plants. Now Sanjeevani, scientists are searching these two plants in Himalayan mountains for the medical benefits in human Bishalyakarani.