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ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera Tryoni (Froggatt) Diptera

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ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera Tryoni (Froggatt) Diptera وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻛﺸﻮر راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ و ردﻳﺎﺑﻲ آﻓﺖ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) Diptera:Tephritidae ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ: اﺣﻤﺪ ﭼﺮاﻏﻴﺎن دﻓﺘﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺶ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻬﺎر1398 ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) Diptera :Tephritidae Common name: Queensland fruit fly, Queensland fruitfly, qfly Synonyms: Bactrocera (Bactrocera) tryoni (Froggatt), Dacus tryoni (Froggatt) Chaetodacus tryoni (Froggatt), Chaetodacus sarcocephali Tryon Strumeta melas Perkins & May, Strumeta tryoni (Froggatt) Dacus ferrugineus tryoni (Froggatt), Tephritis tryoni Froggatt اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي: ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻛﻮﻳﺰﻟﻨﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ آﻓﺎت ﻣﻬـﻢ ﻣﻴـﻮه ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻴـﻮه ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎت ،ﻟﻴﻤﻮﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ،ﻟﻴﻤﻮ ﺗﺮش،ﭘﺎﻣﻠﻮ،ﻧـﺎرﻧﮕﻲ، ﻫﻠـﻮ، اﻧﺒـﻪ، ﮔﻮاوا،ﻛﺎرﻧﺒﻮﻻ، وﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ اﺳﺖ ودرﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﻪ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر دارد، آﻓﺘﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ،ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك و ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺴـﺎرت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎﻻ اﺳﺖ، ودر ﺻﻮرت ﻋﺪم ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺗﺎ 100% روي ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻣﻲ زﻧﺪ،.ﻟﺬاﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑـﻪ اﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺧﺴﺎرت زاﺋﻲ آن ،درﻟﻴﺴﺖ آﻓﺎت ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ اي اﻳﺮان و ﺑﺴﻴﺎري ازﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ: ﻣﻴﻮه ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ،ﻟﻴﻤﻮﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ،ﻟﻴﻤﻮ ﺗﺮش،ﭘﺎﻣﻠﻮ،ﻧﺎرﻧﮕﻲ، ﻫﻠﻮ، اﻧﺒﻪ، ﮔﻮاوا،ﻛﺎرﻣﺒﻮﻻ، وﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ ، از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬـﺎ ي اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﺑﺸﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ آﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎي اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح ذﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ: Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut), Annona glabra:(ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬـﺎي اﺻـﻠﻲ )Major hosts (pond apple), Annona muricata (soursop), Annona reticulata (bullock's heart), Averrhoa carambola (carambola), Capsicum annuum (bell pepper), Carica papaya (papaw), Casimiroa edulis (white sapote), Chrysophyllum cainito (caimito), Coffea arabica (arabica coffee), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Eugenia uniflora (surinam cherry), Fortunella japonica (round kumquat), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Mangifera indica (mango), Manilkara zapota (sapodilla), Morus nigra (black mulberry), Passiflora edulis (passionfruit), Passiflora suberosa (Corky passionflower), Prunus persica (peach), Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), Psidium guajava (guava), Syzygium aqueum (watery rose-apple), Syzygium jambos (rose apple), Syzygium malaccense (malay-apple), Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) Aegle marmelos (golden apple), Annona squamosa : (ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬــﺎي ﻓﺮﻋـﻲ )Minor hosts (sugarapple), Averrhoa bilimbi (blimbe), Blighia sapida (Akee apple), Calophyllum inophyllum (Alexandrian laurel), Cananga odorata (perfume tree), Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus jambhiri (rough lemon), Citrus limetta (sweet lemon tree), Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus medica (citron), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit), Clausena lansium (wampi), Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin), Cydonia oblonga (quince), Cyphomandra betacea (tree tomato), Dimocarpus longan (longan tree), Diospyros blancoi (mabolo), Diospyros kaki (persimmon), Dovyalis caffra (kei apple), Eremocitrus glauca (Australian desert lime), Eugenia dombeyi (brazil cherry), Feijoa sellowiana (Horn of plenty), Ficus racemosa (cluster tree), Flacourtia jangomas (Indian plum), Flacourtia rukam (rukam), Fortunella x crassifolia (meiwa kumquat), Grewia asiatica (phalsa), Juglans regia (walnut), Litchi chinensis (lichi), Malpighia emarginata , Mimusops elengi (spanish cherry), Momordica charantia (bitter gourd), Morus alba (mora), Musa x paradisiaca (plantain), Myrciaria cauliflora (jaboticaba), Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan), Nerium oleander (oleander), Olea europaea subsp. europaea (olive), Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear), Passiflora foetida (red fruit passion flower), Passiflora quadrangularis (giant granadilla), Persea americana (avocado), Phoenix dactylifera (date-palm), Phyllanthus acidus (star gooseberry), Physalis peruviana (cape gooseberry), Pometia pinnata (fijian longan), Pouteria caimito , Pouteria campechiana (canistel), Pouteria sapota (mammey sapote), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus cerasifera (myrobalan plum), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Psidium guineense (Guinea guava), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Pyrus communis (European pear), Rollinia mucosa , Rollinia pulchrinervis , Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Rubus ursinus (boysenberry), Solanum laciniatum (kangaroo apple), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Solanum seaforthianum (star potato-vine), Solanum torvum (turkey berry), Spondias mombin (hog plum), Spondias purpurea (red mombin), Synsepalum dulcificum , Syzygium cumini (black plum), Syzygium paniculatum (australian brush- cherry), Syzygium samarangense (water apple), Thevetia peruviana (exile tree), Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguinea (snakegourd), Vitis labrusca (fox grape), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube) ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﺋﻲ: اﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﻪ: اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ،ﻧﻴﻮﺳﺎوت وﻟﺰ،ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ،ﻛﺎﻟﺪوﻧﻴﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ، دراﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ و ﺷﻴﻠﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮدﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ اي رﻳﺸﻪ ﻛﻦ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ آﻓﺖ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ: ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ زرد، ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل8/. و ﻋﺮض 2/. ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻗﺪاﻣﻲ داراي ﻣﻴﺮوﭘﻴﻞ، ( micropyle)، داراي ﺳﻪ ﺳﻦ ﻻروي ﻛﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺳﻦ آﺧﺮ ﺑﻄﻮل11-8 و ﻋـﺮض 5/1-2/1 ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ، ﺷـﻔﻴﺮه ﻫـﺎ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي ﺷﻜﻞ و اﻧﺪازه آﻧﻬﺎ 60 ﺗﺎ 80 درﺻﺪ ﻃﻮل ﻻروﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،رﻧﮓ ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ زرد ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﻗﻬـﻮه اي دﻳﺪه ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ: ﺑﺎل ﻫﺎ ﺷﻔﺎف و ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻄﻮل 3/6-8/4 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، داراي ﻧﻮار ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺗﺎ زﻳـﺮ R2+3 اﻣﺘﺪاد داﺷﺘﻪ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ R4+5 ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ، ، ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي bc وc رﻧﮕﻲ و ﺳﻠﻮل bc ﺑﺪون ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺗﺮاﺷﻪ وﻟﻲ ﺳﻠﻮل c داراي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺗﺮاﺷﻪ ، ﺳﻠﻮلbr داراي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺗﺮاﺷﻪ، ﺳﭙﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﮓ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﻗﻴـﻮه اي ، ﺷـﺎﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎ humeral ﻛﻤﺮﻧﮓ و داراي ﻧﻮارﻫﺎي زرد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ،ﻧﻮﺗﻮﭘﻠﻮرونNotopleuron زرد ، و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮازات آن در ﭘﻬﻠﻮ داراي ﻧﻮارﻫﺎي زرد ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ، ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻧﻮار زرد ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ،ﺳﭙﺮﭼﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻮﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﻋﺪه اي Scutellum without basal setae. ﺑﻨـﺪ ﺳـﻮم در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ و ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺗﻴﺮه،ﺑﻨﺪ ﭼﻬﺎرم در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﺗﻴﺮه،،ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﮋﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي 5-3 ﺷﻜﻢ داراي ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮار ﺗﻴﺮه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و ﺑﺎل ﻣﮕﺲ ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ Bactrocera tryoni thorax side Bactrocera tryoni thorax above Bactrocera tryoni head above , infront and lateral ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ Cephalopharyngeal skeleton, spiracles, oral ridges, caudal segment. • Cephalopharyngeal skeleton, spiracles, caudal segment Cephalopharyngeal skeleton (lateral) ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻻروﻫﺎي ﻣﮕﺲ ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ Head (lateral) SEM Anterior spiracle SEM Caudal segment (posterior) SEM Caudal segment (lateral) SEM Posterior spiracles SEM Anal lobes SEM. ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻻروﻫﺎي ﻣﮕﺲ ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ B.tryoni ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﻳﺮان Bactrocera tryoni Bactrocera zonata ﻣﮕﺲ ﻫﻠﻮ Bactrocera oleae ﻣﮕﺲ زﻳﺘﻮن Dacus ciliatus ﻣﮕﺲ ﺟﺎﻟﻴﺰ Carpomya vesuvianaﻣﮕﺲ ﻛﻨﺎر Ceratitis capitata ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮﻧﻪ اي Myiopardalis pardalina ﻣﮕﺲ ﺧﺮﺑﺰه Rhagoletis cerasi ﻣﮕﺲ ﮔﻴﻼس Acanthiophilus helianthi ﻣﮕﺲ ﮔﻠﺮﻧﮓ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ: ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮراخ ﻛﺮدن ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺨﻤﺮﻳﺰ ﺧﻮد در زﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﻴﻮه ﺗﺨـﻢ ﻣﻴﮕـﺬارد، ﻻروﻫـﺎي ﺑﻌﺪ از3-2 روز از ﺗﺨﻢ ﺧﺎرج ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ،ﻻروﻫﺎ در ﻣﺪت 31-10 روز ﺑﺎ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻮﻧﻞ داﺧﻞ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎن ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻟﻬﻴﺪﮔﻲ و رﻳﺰش ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ،اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ دوره ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﮔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت 7روز در داﺧﻞ ﺧﺎك ﻳﺎ داﺧـﻞ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺳﭙﺮي ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ دوره ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد،ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑـﺎﻟﻎ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻃﻮل اﻳﺎم ﺳﺎل ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺷﻮﻧﺪو5-4 ﻧﺴﻞ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ،زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ﮔـﺬراﻧﻲ اﻳـﻦ آﻓـﺖ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺖ، (Christenson and Foote, 1960)،ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﺲ .Bactrocera spp ﻗﺪرت ﭘﺮوازي ﺑﺴـﻴﺎر ﺧـﻮﺑﻲ دارﻧـﺪ وﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﻗﺎدرﻧﺪﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺖ 100-50 ﻛﻴﻠـﻮﻣﺘﺮي را ﭘﺮواز ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ(Fletcher, 1989). ﺟﺪول زﻧﺪﮔﻲ آﻓﺖ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺧﺴﺎرت: ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺨﻢ ﮔﺬاري آﻓﺖ روي ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ رﻧﮓ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از رﻧﮓ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه و ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﻔﻴﻚ اﺳﺖ،ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي آﻓﺖ زده داراي ﻟﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻮده و در ﺻﻮرت ﺑﺮش دادن ﻣﻴﻮه ﻻروآﻓﺖ در داﺧﻞ آﻧﻬـﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺧﺴﺎرت آﻓﺖ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ راﻫﻬﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: ﻳﻜﻲ از راﻫﻬﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل آﻓﺖ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ آﻟﻮده ﭘﺮوازﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎري از ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ رﺳﻨﺪ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻢ و ﻻرو آﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ وﻧﻘﻞ واﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴـﻮه ﻫـﺎي آﻟـﻮده ﻳﻜﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ از روﺷﻬﺎي ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ آﻓﺖ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد. اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ اي: ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻓﺰﻳﺶ ﻣﺒﺎدﻻت ﺗﺠﺎري ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ(ﻣﻴﻮه ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ،ﻟﻴﻤﻮﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ،ﻟﻴﻤﻮ ﺗﺮش،ﭘﺎﻣﻠﻮ،ﻧﺎرﻧﮕﻲ، ﻫﻠﻮ، اﻧﺒﻪ، ﮔﻮاوا،ﻛﺎرﻣﺒﻮﻻ، وﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ و....)ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ازﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺣـﻮزه اﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳـﻴﻪ،ﺑﺎﻳﺪاﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻻزم ﺟﻬـﺖ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎل ورود اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد وﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي وارداﺗﻲ از ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﻄﻮط درﻳﺎﺋﻲ، ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ، ﭘﺴﺖ، وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي وارد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻗﺖ ﺑﺎزرﺳـﻲ و اﻗـﺪاﻣﺎت ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨـﻪ اي ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺮ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ آﻧﻬـﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد. ﻛﻨﺘﺮل و ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻮه ه اي وارداﺗﻲ درﮔﻤﺮﻛﺎت و ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻮه و ﺗﺮه ﺑﺎر روﺷﻬﺎي ردﻳﺎﺑﻲ و ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ: در ردﻳﺎﺑﻲ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻠﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺎك ﺗﻌﺪاد زﻳﺎدي ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺟﺬب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﮕﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ رﻫﻨﻤﺎ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ و در ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺸﻜﻮك ﺑﻮدن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ارﺳﺎل ﻓﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺪ.ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﮕﺲ ﻫﺎ را ﻃﻮري ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺪاﻣﻬﺎي ﻣﮕﺲ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﺑﺎل آﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ از ﺗﻠﻪ ﺟﺪا ﮔﺮدد زﻳﺮا در ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻳﻦ ﻣﮕﺲ وﺟﻮد ﺑﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻻزم و ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ،ﺳﻌﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﻧـﺪاﻣﻬﺎي آﻓـﺖ ﺑﻄـﻮر ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ و واﺿﺢ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.اﮔﺮﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻣﮕﺲ از ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻮد ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﺗﻠﻪ ﻛﻪ آﻓﺖ ﺑـﻪ آن ﭼﺴـﺒﻴﺪه ﺑـﺎ ﻗﻴﭽـﻲ ﺑﺮدﻳﺪه و ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮزن اﺗﺎﻟﻪ روي ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﻮا ﻗﺮار دﻫﻴﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ردﻳﺎﺑﻲ آﻓﺖ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻜﻮك ﺑﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ،ﺳﻮراخ ﺷﺪه روي درﺧﺖ و ﻳﺎ رﻳﺰش ﻧﻤﻮده ﭘﺎي درﺧﺘﺎن را ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﻗﻮﺑﺮش داده ودرﺻﻮرت ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻻرو،آن را در داﺧﻞ آب و اﻟﻜﻞ اﺗﻴﻠﻴﻚ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ودرآزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ،ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده را ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ،ﻻروداﺧﻞ ﻣﻴﻮه راﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ودر زﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻮﻛﻮﻟﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ردﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺎك ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ آﻟﻮده و ﭘﺎي درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن را ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﭘﺲ از اﻟﻚ ﻛـﺮدن ﺷـﻔﻴﺮه آﻓﺖ را ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ. ﺑﺎزدﻳﺪ
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    56 Guidance for packing, shipping, holding and release of sterile flies in area-wide fruit fly control programmes 9. Sterile fly release densities STEP V OF PROCESS IN FLOW CHART IN APPENDIX 2 9.1 FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF STERILE FLY DENSITY (FROM HENDRICHS ET AL. 2005) 9.1.1 Pest aggregation Aside from the absolute population density, the degree of population aggregation or dispersion is important. Sterile insects are often released by aircraft, and are thus distributed fairly homogeneously over the target area, irrespective of whether the target pest is distributed evenly or clumped. Pest insects with a clumped distribution require higher release rates (Barclay 2005) as compared with a homogeneous pest distribution, to obtain the required sterile to wild male ratios (Vreysen 2005), and thus pest aggregation also affects strategy selection and its cost. Only if the released insects can find the same aggregation sites and aggregate in a similar manner as wild insects, so that adequate sterile to wild male over-flooding ratios are obtained in those sites, is there no need to increase release rates to compensate for such clumping. 9.1.2 Sterile male longevity The density of the sterile male population in the field, which fluctuates in relation to the release frequency and the sterile male mortality rate, should not decrease below that needed to maintain the critical overflooding ratio (Figure 9.1, upper graph) (Barclay 2005; Kean et al. 2005). Therefore, the frequency of release and number of sterile males released has to be carefully assessed in relation to the average longevity or survival of the sterile males, to effectively avoid periods when insufficient sterile males are present in the field (Figure 9.1, lower graph).
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  • Parasitoids of Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera Tryoni in Australia and Prospects for Improved Biological Control
    Insects 2012, 3, 1056-1083; doi:10.3390/insects3041056 OPEN ACCESS insects ISSN 2075-4450 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects/ Review Parasitoids of Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera tryoni in Australia and Prospects for Improved Biological Control Ashley L. Zamek 1,, Jennifer E. Spinner 2 Jessica L. Micallef 1, Geoff M. Gurr 3 and Olivia L. Reynolds 4,* 1 Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.L.Z.); [email protected] (J.L.M) 2 EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Charles Sturt University, P.O. Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia Present address: Level 1, 1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 Australia. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-0-2-4640-6426; Fax: +61-0-2-4640-6300. Received: 3 September 2012; in revised form: 4 October 2012 / Accepted: 10 October 2012 / Published: 22 October 2012 Abstract: This review draws together available information on the biology, methods for study, and culturing of hymenopteran parasitoids of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, and assesses prospects for improving biological control of this serious pest.
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  • White Pupae Genes in the Tephritids Ceratitis Capitata, Bactrocera Dorsalis and 2 Zeugodacus Cucurbitae: a Story of Parallel Mutations
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.08.076158; this version posted May 10, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 White pupae genes in the Tephritids Ceratitis capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis and 2 Zeugodacus cucurbitae: a story of parallel mutations 3 Short title: Genetic mutations causing white pupae phenotypes 4 Ward CMa,1, Aumann RAb,1, Whitehead MAc, Nikolouli Kd, Leveque G e,f, Gouvi Gd,g, Fung Eh, 5 Reiling SJe, Djambazian He, Hughes MAc, Whiteford Sc, Caceres-Barrios Cd, Nguyen TNMa,k, 6 Choo Aa, Crisp Pa,h, Sim Si, Geib Si, Marec Fj, Häcker Ib, Ragoussis Je, Darby ACc, Bourtzis 7 Kd,*, Baxter SWk,*, Schetelig MFb,* 8 9 a School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia, 5005 10 b Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Insect 11 Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Winchesterstr. 2, 35394 Gießen, Germany 12 c Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, The Biosciences Building, Crown Street, 13 Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom 14 d Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and 15 Agriculture, Seibersdorf, A-1400 Vienna, Austria 16 e McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 17 f Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics (C3G), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 18 g Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi str., 30100 Agrinio, Greece 19 h South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Road, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064 20 i USDA-ARS Daniel K.
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  • (Bactrocera) Tryoni (Queensland Fruit Fly) Tania Yonow Harvestchoice, Instepp, University of Minnesota, St
    SEPTEMBER 2014 Bactrocera (Bactrocera) tryoni (Queensland Fruit Fly) Tania Yonow HarvestChoice, InSTePP, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA CSIRO, Biosecurity and Agriculture Flagships, Canberra, Australia Information Taken From Introduction Yonow, T. and Sutherst, R.W. (1998). The geographical Bactrocera tryoni is widely recognised as one of distribution of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera Australia’s worst economic pests of fruit (e.g. Clarke et al. (Dacus) tryoni, in relation to climate. Australian Journal 2011). Apart from lowering production and making fruit of Agricultural Research 49: 935–953. inedible, it has severe effects on trade to sensitive local and international markets. A number of management Background Information zones have been established to protect horticultural production areas from this species. Common Names: Queensland Fruit Fly; QFF, QFly Known Distribution Scientific Name: Bactrocera tryoni occurs in eastern parts of Australia Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (http://www.ala.org.au). It also occurs in French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Pacific Islands, and Vanuatu Synonyms: (http://www.spc.int/Pacifly). See also Clarke et al. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) tryoni (Froggatt); Chae- (2011) and Dominiak and Daniels (2012) for a review of todacus sarcocephali Tryon; Chaetodacus tryoni the distribution of B. tryoni. (Froggatt); Dacus ferrugineus tryoni (Froggatt); Dacus tryoni (Froggatt); Strumeta melas Perkins & May; Description and Biology Strumeta tryoni (Froggatt); Tephritis tryoni Froggatt Adult B. tryoni are about 7 mm long and brownish in Taxonomy: colour, with distinctive yellow markings (Figure 1). Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Arthropoda; Females lay their eggs into soft and ripening host fruit. Class: Insecta; Order: Diptera; Family: Tephritidae Larvae (maggots - up to 10 mm long) emerge from the eggs and cause damage by living and feeding within the Crop Hosts: fruit, which may appear intact from the outside.
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  • Bactrocera Tryoni Global Invasive Species Database (GISD)
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Bactrocera tryoni Bactrocera tryoni System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Tephritidae Common name Queensland fruit fly (English), Q-fly (English), QFF (English), Fruchtfliege Queensland (German), Mouche des fruits de Queensland (French) Synonym Chaetodacus tryoni , (Froggatt) Dacus ferrugineus tryoni , (Froggatt) Dacus tryoni , (Froggatt) Strumeta tryoni , (Froggatt) Tephritis tryoni , Froggatt Similar species Bactrocera aquilonis, Bactrocera neohumeralis Summary The Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni), also known as Q-fly and QFF, is common in towns and horticultural areas throughout eastern Australia. It was introduced into New Caledonia around 1969 and French Polynesia around 1970. It is now widespread in New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Pitcairn Islands. It was introduced but eradicated from Perth (Western Australia) and Easter Island in the mid-Pacific. More recently, it was detected in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, on the 21st November 2001. Its detection prompted a quick emergency response. The Q-fly is very destructive to a large range of fruit hosts, and has significant economic impacts on the areas in which it lives. view this species on IUCN Red List Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species profile Bactrocera tryoni. Pag. 1 Available from: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=925 [Accessed 25 September 2021] FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Bactrocera tryoni Species Description The adult Queensland fruit fly (Q-fly) is about 7 mm long. It has a wing span of 10 – 12 mm. They are a reddish brown colour, with yellow markings. Its “abdomen is constricted at the base, flared in the middle, and broadly rounded at the tip” (Weems & Fasulo, 2007).
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  • A New Biological Tool for Fruit Fly Incursion Management in Australia
    Native parasitic wasps: a new biological tool for fruit fly incursion management in Australia Dr Olivia Reynolds Department of Primary Industries Project Number: CT07049 CT07049 This report is published by Horticulture Australia Ltd to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the citrus industry. The research contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia Ltd with the financial support of Riverina Citrus. All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of Horticulture Australia Ltd or any authority of the Australian Government. The Company and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests. ISBN 0 7341 2978 5 Published and distributed by: Horticulture Australia Ltd Level 7 179 Elizabeth Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 © Copyright 2012 HAL Project CT07049 Final Report (30 August 2012) Native parasitic wasps: a new biological tool for fruit fly incursion management in Australia. Reynolds et al. EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (a collaborative alliance between NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University) HAL Project CT07049 Project Leader: Olivia L. Reynolds, Research Scientist Affiliation: EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (a collaborative alliance between NSW Department of Primary Industries
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  • A LAMP Assay for the Detection of Bactrocera Tryoni Queensland Fruit Fy (Diptera: Tephritidae) Mark J
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A LAMP assay for the detection of Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fy (Diptera: Tephritidae) Mark J. Blacket1 ✉ , Arati Agarwal1, Linda Zheng1, J. Paul Cunningham1,2, David Britton3, Isarena Schneider3 & Brendan C. Rodoni1,2 LAMP assays are targeted molecular tests for the rapid detection of species in the laboratory and feld. We developed a LAMP assay for an economically important fruit fy species, Queensland fruit fy, Bactrocera tryoni. This assay was assessed against a broad panel of target and non-target species and found to be specifc, only amplifying the target species and closest relatives, in a portable real-time fuorometer (Genie III) in under 15 minutes with an anneal derivative temperature of 82.5 oC. The assay is sensitive to low levels of target DNA (>0.016 ng/µl), performing equally to the existing qPCR test. To enable retention of a physical voucher specimen, for potential morphological confrmation of LAMP results, a novel whole-specimen non-destructive DNA extraction method was developed, suitable for LAMP in the feld. The stability of DNA extraction and LAMP reagents was tested under simulated and actual feld conditions and shown to be robust. Our new assay now provides a portable molecular tool for the detection of this signifcant tephritid fruit fy pest species of biosecurity/quarantine concern. This has already proven invaluable for in-feld diagnostics, providing real-time support infuencing immediate actions, with negative results allowing the release of fruit produce, and positive results initiating fruit fy control measures. Fruit fies belong to the large family Tephritidae, with more than 4000 described species worldwide1,2, with fewer than 10% of these species considered to be economic horticultural pests, while the majority, greater than 90% of species, are considered non-pests2.
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  • National Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Trapping Guidelines Some Processes, Equipment, and Materials Described in This Manual May Be Patented
    National Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Trapping Guidelines Some processes, equipment, and materials described in this manual may be patented. Inclusion in this manual does not constitute permission for use from the patent owner. The use of any patented invention in the performance of the processes described in this manual is solely the responsibility of the user. APHIS does not indemnify the user against liability for patent infringement and will not be liable to the user or to any third party for patent infringement. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of any individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. When using pesticides, read and follow all label instructions. First Edition Issued 2015 Contents Exotic Fruit
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  • THE AUSTRALIAN HANDBOOK for the IDENTIFICATION of FRUIT FLIES Version 3.1
    THE AUSTRALIAN HANDBOOK FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF FRUIT FLIES Version 3.1 Species: Bactrocera facialis Species: Bactrocera aquilonis Species: Bactrocera cacuminata Species: Bactrocera frauenfeldi Species: Bactrocera musae Species: Bactrocera tryoni Species: Ceratitis capitata Species: Dacus aequalis Species: Zeugodacus choristus Species: Bactrocera opiliae Species: Bactrocera rufofuscula Species: Bactrocera pallida Plant Health AUSTRALIA Plant Health AUSTRALIA For more information on Plant Health Disclaimer: The material contained in Australia this publication is produced for general Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 information only. It is not intended as Email: [email protected] professional advice on any particular Visit our website: matter. No person should act or fail to act planthealthaustralia.com.au on the basis of any material contained An electronic copy of this handbook in this publication without first obtaining is available from the website listed specific, independent professional advice. above and from fruitflyidentification.org.au Plant Health Australia and all persons acting for Plant Health Australia in © Plant Health Australia 2018 preparing this publication, expressly This work is copyright except where disclaim all and any liability to any persons attachments are provided by other in respect of anything done by any such contributors and referenced, in which person in reliance, whether in whole or case copyright belongs to the relevant in part, on this publication. The views contributor as indicated throughout expressed in this publication are not this document. Apart from any use necessarily those of Plant Health Australia. as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by The Australian Handbook for the any process without prior permission Identification of Fruit Flies (Version 3.1) from Plant Health Australia.
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  • Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Host Status Determination: Critical Conceptual, Methodological, and Regulatory Considerations∗
    ANRV330-EN53-24 ARI 2 November 2007 18:52 Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Host Status Determination: Critical Conceptual, Methodological, and Regulatory Considerations∗ Martın´ Aluja1 and Robert L. Mangan2 1Instituto de Ecologıa,´ A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico;´ email: [email protected] 2Kika de la Garza ARC, USDA-ARS, Weslaco, Texas; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2008. 53:473–502 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on host plant, oviposition behavior, host range evolution, quarantine September 17, 2007 pest, risk analysis, systems approach The Annual Review of Entomology is online at ento.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: Although fruit fly host status determination/designation lies at the 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093350 heart of strategic decisions on national and international trade of Copyright c 2008 by Annual Reviews. fruit and vegetables, all attempts thus far to define host plant sta- All rights reserved tus have been contentious and as a result long-standing disputes 0066-4170/08/0107-0473$20.00 between commercial partners throughout the world have lingered ∗ by U.S. Department of Agriculture on 04/23/08. For personal use only. The U.S. Government has the right to retain a over decades. Part of the problem is that too little effort has been nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any devoted to understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in copyright covering this paper. host plant use by fruit flies and that instead economic and political Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2008.53:473-502. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org interests usually prevail.
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  • Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests: Integrating the Sterile Insect and Related Nuclear and Other Techniques
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