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Host Plant Records for Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) in the Pacific Islands: 2

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Host Plant Records for Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) in the Pacific Islands: 2 HProceedingsost plant records of the h forawaiian fruit e fliesntomological in tHe pacific society (2013) 45:83–117 83 Host Plant Records for Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) in the Pacific Islands: 2. Infestation Statistics on Economic Hosts Luc Leblanc1*, Ema Tora Vueti2, and Allan J. Allwood3 1University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, 3050 Maile Way, Room 310, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822-2271. 2Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests, Koronivia Research Station, Nausori, Fiji Islands. 361 Thornburgh St., Oxley, QLD 4111, Australia. *Author for correspondence: [email protected] Abstract. Detailed host records are listed for 39 species of Bactrocera and 2 species of Dacus fruit flies, infesting 98 species of commercial and edible fruits in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories, based on sampling and incubating in laboratory almost 13,000 field collected samples, or over 380,000 fruits. For each host-fly-country association, quantitative data are presented on the weight and number of fruits collected, the proportion of infested samples, the number of adult flies emerged per kg of fruits and, whenever available, the percentage of individual fruits infested. All the published records of each fly-host-country association are cited and erroneous or dubious published records are rectified or commented. Laboratory forced infestation data are also cited and reviewed. The Dacini is a very large group of teph- flies (Table 1). For each host-fly-country ritid fruit flies, with over 800 described association, we include details on the species, chiefly in the genera Bactrocera weight and number of fruits collected, the and Dacus. Of these, at least 80 are known proportion of infested samples (as infested to infest commercial and/or edible host / total collected), and the number of adult fruits and fleshy vegetables, causing direct flies emerged per kg of fruits, based on all damage to fruit and frequently resulting in the collected samples and on the samples trade restrictions. Reliable host plant lists from which flies have emerged. Counts are for the Dacini have been published, cover- based on number of adult flies emerged in ing South East Asia (Allwood et al. 1999), all cases except in the Federated States of Australia (Hancock et al. 2000), and the Micronesia, where they are based on the Pacific Islands (Leblanc et al. 2012). These number of pupae, all yielding Bactrocera lists were based on extensive host fruit frauenfeldi, recovered from each sample. surveys covering well over 130,000 field Emergences per kg (all samples) are collected samples, but did not provide listed as “unknown” for all Cook Islands quantitative data indicative of the severity records, because information on the total of infestations. number of samples collected for each host The present paper, a follow-up of the was not available. We also include data on recently published host list in the Pacific the percentage of individual fruits infest- Islands (Leblanc et al. 2012), provides ed, based on incubating individual fruits quantitative details on levels of infesta- in separate containers. All the quantitative tion for 98 species of commercial and data presented in the tables were gener- edible fruits, hosts to 41 species of fruit ated by host fruit surveys initiated under 84 leblanc et al. the Regional Fruit Fly Projects in the Specifications for Determination of Host Pacific (RFFP) (Allwood 2000b, Lidner Status as a Treatment. In these tests, and McLeod 2008). All these records pre- punctured fruits at the stages of ripeness viously appeared in Leblanc et al. (2012), targeted for export were exposed to gravid and we list all the other literature records female flies in laboratory cage tests. If of each fly-host-country association under any development occurred, the tests were the citations headings. We also rectify the repeated using intact fruits to confirm erroneous or dubious records published in the host status. Results from these tests past literature. are presented here, because fruits that are non-hosts in laboratory tests are potential Materials and Methods candidates for export without postharvest Field survey and fruit holding methods treatments. However, a positive host under were described previously (Leblanc et al. these confined artificial conditions, even 2012), and the results presented here are on intact fruits, does not necessarily mean expanded from that same publication, that the tested fruit is a host under natural except as follows. For Tonga and Papua field conditions. New Guinea, the number of collected samples, therefore proportion of positive Results and Discussion samples, has been corrected to include Forty-one species of dacine fruit flies only samples from the islands where each are associated with either cultivated or fruit fly species is present, rather than the edible fruits (33 species) or cucurbits (8 entire country. The French Polynesia data species). These species may be ranked is divided into the period when B. dorsalis in pest severity according to host range was contained during eradication efforts (Table 1), levels of infestation (Figs 1–4) (1998–2001), listed as FrPo1, and past and invasiveness. the eradication effort, when B. dorsalis Topping the list is oriental fruit fly B.( became firmly established (2002-2009), dorsalis) (Fig. 1a), a major polyphagous listed as FrPo2, to the point of suppress- pest reared from 116 host species in ing populations of B. tryoni and B. kirki southeast Asia (Allwood et al. 2013), that through competition (Vargas et al. 2007, has invaded the Mariana Islands (1935, 2012). Data for B. dorsalis on Nauru are eradicated since 1965), Hawaii (1946), based on host fruit surveys carried out in Nauru (1992, eradicated in 1999), and October and November 1998, prior to the French Polynesia (1996), where it quickly initiation of the eradication program (All- became the dominant pest, outcompeting wood et al. 2002). Finally, the breadfruit- B. tryoni and B. kirki (Vargas et al. 2007, infesting species previously referred to 2012). Asian papaya fruit fly B.( papayae), as B. curvifera was recently renamed B. an equally destructive pest (193 hosts in speculifera, a previously described species Allwood et al. 1999) likely conspecific resurrected from synonymy (Drew and with B. dorsalis, was detected in Papua Romig 2013). New Guinea in 1993 and Palau in 1996, Data from laboratory host status tests where its host records are underestimated are also included, based on the cited pub- due to incomplete host fruit surveys. lished literature, or based on Heimoana Second on the list is Queensland fruit fly et al. (1997), wherever no reference is (B. tryoni) (Fig. 1b), the dominant fruit cited. Heimoana et al. (1997) reported pest in Australia, reared from 234 host results of host status tests, following the species (Hancock et al. 2000). It invaded New Zealand MAFF protocol 155.02.02: New Caledonia in 1969, where it became Host plant records for fruit flies in tHe pacific 85 Figure 1 A–C. Mean number of flies emerged per kg fruit and percent samples infested for the most infested hosts for oriental fruit fly Bactrocera( dorsalis) (A), Queensland fruit fly B.( tryoni) (B), and melon fly B.( cucurbitae) (C). 86 Table 1. Summary information on the species of Bactrocera and Dacus associated with commercial and edible host fruits in the Pacific Islands region. Commercial/ Host edible Species Lure families genera species hosts Distribution B. (Bactrocera) atramentata (Hering) CL 1 1 1 1 Papua New Guinea (Bismark) B. (Bactrocera) bryoniae (Tryon) CL 4 4 4 4 Australia, Papua New Guinea (Mainland, Bismark) B. (Bactrocera) curvipennis (Froggatt) CL 20 30 41 33 New Caledonia B. (Bactrocera) distincta (Malloch) CL 3 7 8 5 American Samoa, Fiji, Futuna, Samoa, Tonga B. (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel) ME 20 29 40 35 Tropical Asia, French Polynesia, Hawaii. Eradicated from Guam, CNMI and Nauru B. (Bactrocera) facialis (Coquillett) CL 30 49 64 30 Tonga (southern group) B. (Bactrocera) frauenfeldi (Schiner) CL 31 47 73 43 Australia, Micronesia (FSM), Indonesia (West Papua), Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands B. (Bactrocera) kirki (Froggatt) CL 19 28 42 31 American Samoa, French Polynesia (except Marquesas), Fiji (Rotuma only), Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna B. (Bactrocera) lineata (Perkins) CL 3 3 3 1 Indonesia (West Papua), Papua New Guinea (Mainland) B. (Bactrocera) melanotus (Coquillett) CL 18 23 31 25 Cook Islands B. (Bactrocera) moluccensis (Perkins) CL 1 1 1 1 Australia (Torres St Islands), Indonesia, Papua New Guinea (widespread), Solomon Islands B. (Bactrocera) mucronis (Drew) CL 5 6 6 3 New Caledonia B. (Bactrocera) musae (Tryon) ME 2 2 2 2 Australia, Papua New Guinea (Mainland, East New Britain) B. (Bactrocera) neohumeralis (Hardy) CL 1 1 1 1 Australia, Papua New Guinea (Mainland) B. (Bactrocera) obliqua (Malloch) None 3 4 5 3 Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville) B. (Bactrocera) ochrosiae (Malloch) CL 4 4 5 2 Guam, CNMI, Hawaii (Molokai) l eblanc B. (Bactrocera) papayae Drew & Hancock ME 9 10 13 11 Tropical Asia, Papua New Guinea (Mainland), Palau B. (Bactrocera) paramusae Drew CL 1 2 2 1 Indonesia (West Papua), Papua New Guinea (Mainland) B. (Bactrocera) passiflorae (Froggatt) CL 28 36 49 34 Fiji, Niue, Wallis and Futuna et 1 B. (Bactrocera) passiflorae(sp.nr.) CL 17 18 20 13 Fiji, Tokelau, Tonga (Niuas Group), Tuvalu B. (Bactrocera) perfusca (Aubertin) CL 4 4 4 3 French Polynesia (Marquesas) al . H B. (Bactrocera) psidii (Froggatt) CL 16 22 31 25 New Caledonia ost B. (Bactrocera) quadrisetosa (Bezzi) None 1 1 1 1 Solomon Is, Vanuatu B. (Bactrocera) samoae Drew None 9 11 11 1 Samoa plant B. (Bactrocera) simulata (Malloch) CL 1 1 1 1 Papua New Guinea (Bougainville), Solomon Is, Vanuatu B. (Bactrocera) speculifera (Walker) ME 1 1 1 1 Papua New Guinea (Mainland, Bismark) records B. (Bactrocera) trilineola Drew CL 17 24 31 21 New Caledonia (according to Mille 2008), Vanuatu B.
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