Quick viewing(Text Mode)

SAS1 10.Insular Nordic

SAS1 10.Insular Nordic

Insular Nordic

SAS1. April 22 nd , 2016

1 Classification of modern Nordic languages on the basis of oral similarity

Model by Arne Torp

Brief history

Iceland The 874–930: Landnám (Viking settlement) Early 9th century: Viking settlement 1200–1350: Icelandic are written 1380: / falls under Danish rule 1380: Norway w/colonies falls under Danish rule 1823: First (partial) Faroese translation 1540: translation of the new testament into Icelandic (printed in 1584) 1845: school law (with Danish as educational language) 1816: Hið íslenzka bókmentafelag 1846: Faroese 1904: Home rule (Hammershaimb ) 1911: University of 1938: Faroese allowed as school language 1918: Icelandic sovereignty 1939: Faroese allowed as church 1944: Icelandic language 1964: council 1948:Home rule. Faroese is recognized as the main language of the Faroe islands Population 2016: 332.529 1952: Føroya Fróðskaparfelag size: 103 000 km² 1965: University of the Faroe Islands 1985: council

Population 2014: 49 947 Land size: 1396 km²

2 The sound of Faroese:

http://www.stidin.fo/FaroeseCourse/mp3/003%20p001%20Samr%C3%B8%C3%B0a%201%20%C3 %8D%20bussinum%20av%20flogv%C3%B8llinum%20til%20Havnar%20(1).mp3

The sound of Icelandic: http://icelandiconline.is/index.php

Mainland Scandianavian vs. Insular Nordic Morphology: • loss of case system in Mainland Scandianavian

Othography: • Insular Nordic: etymologically based orthography gives impression of insular linguistic ”unity”

Vocabulary • Stronger influence on Mainland Scandinavian in the Hanseatic period • Stronger lexical purism in Insular Nordic language planning, ecp. the last 150 years

3 Low German influence in and Icelandic:

Skredderen tenkte at trøya passet fortreffelig, men kunden klaget og mente at plagget var kort og tøyet simpelt og grovt.

De schrâder dachte dat die trôie vortreffelik paste, men de kunde klâgde und mênde dat die plagge kort was und dat tüg simpel und grof.

Klæðskerinn hélt að skyrtan passaði fullkomlega, en viðskiptavinurinn kvartaði og taldi að flíkin væri stutt og efnið einfalt og gróft .

Can you see features that Faroese and Icelandic share – or distinguish one from the other? Faroese: Sviar, norðmenn og danir skilja heilt væl hvønnannan.Teir hava størri trupulleikar við íslendskum, hóast íslendskt líkist tí skandinaviska málinum, ið varð tosað fyri túsund árum síðan. Næstringur hjá íslendskum er føroyskt, men málini eru ikki so lík, at ein íslendingur skilir ein føroying uttan trupulleikar.

Icelandic parallel text: Svíar, Norðmenn og Danir skilja hver annan nokkuð auðveldlega. Þeir eiga í meiri vandræðum með íslensku þrátt fyrir að íslenskan líkist skandinavíska málinu sem talað var fyrir þúsund árum síðan. Nánasti ættingi íslenskunnar er færeyskan en tungumálin líkjast þó hvort öðru ekki svo mjög að Íslendingur geti skilið Færeying án vandræða.

Rough translation: , and understand each other quite easily. They have more difficulties with Icelandic even though Icelandic resembles the Scandinavian language spoken a 1000 years ago. The closest relative to Icelandic is Faroese, but they are not so similar that understand Faroese without difficulties.

4 Faroese : Finskt minnir um estiskt, men har er eisini skilskapur við sámisku málini. Í bæði finskum og sámiskum kann en til dømis skapa long orð við at leggja bendingar aftrat stovninum. Men viðvíkjandi longum orðum er grønlendskt heilt serstakt. Har øðrum málum tørvar eina heila meining, er ofta nóg mikið við einum einasta grønlendska orði.

Icelandic : Finnskan minnir á eistnesku en á einnig ýmislegt sameiginlegt með samísku. Í bæði finnsku og samísku getur maður til dæmis myndað löng orð með því að bæta beygingarendingum við rót orðsins. Það er samt grænlenskan sem er í sérflokki hvað varðar löng orð. Meðan önnur tungumál nota heila setningu nægir stundum eitt grænlenskt orð.

Rough translation: Finnish has many similarities with Estonian, but has at the same time many things in common with Sami languages. In both Finnish and Sami you can make long word by adding morphological endings to the root of the word. At the same time it is Greenlandic that stands out regarding long words. When other languages need a whole sentence, it is often enough with one single Greenlandic word.

Just an example of Greenlandic word formation

aagussaq en ting der kommer til syne efter at sneen er smeltet

‘a that appears after the snow has melted’

Download free app: oqaasileriffik

5 Early influences on Icelandic and Faroese • Celtic: Kjartan , Njáll , Dímon and slafak (‘water- cotton’ = seaweed)(Ice.); Dímun (Fo) and dunna (Anas platyrhynchos)(Fo). • brings new words: , prestur , biskup (of and Greek origin) – Also English words: synd (sin) and guðspjall (gospel) – Translations of the Bible bring in new words (NT 1540), (Icelandic Bible 1584) • French words on court and knightship – kurteis (Ice. courteous), silki (silk)

Low German and Danish loanwords

Low German loanwords in Icelandic – through trade connections and Danish through governmental language

– blífa (bleiben, blive) → verða – þenkja (denken, tænke) → hugsa – bífala (befehlen, befale) → skipa – makt (Macht, magt) → vald

6 The Faroes

Faroese population • 1801: 5300 inhabitants • 1901: 15.200 • 1945: 29.200 • 1960: 34.600 • 1989: 47.900 • 1990–1995: economic crisis and 10% emigrated • 2010: 49.050 • 2014: 49.947:19.300 in Tórshavn

Number of speakers: 75.000

7 Faroese - summary

• Faroese is the closest relative to Icelandic, and like Icelandic, it has developed from Old West Norse (West Scandinavian), which Norwegian settlers brought with them during the • Very few documents exist that were written in the Faroe Islands in the period, but the few that have been found show that the language was quite close to the literary language in Norway at the time • We still see similarities between Norwegian (esp. south- western Norwegian ) and Faroese • Similar vocabulary to Norwegian

• also influenced Faroese – some of the settlers were descendants of Norwegian settlers from the Irish Sea, and some had taken wives from Norse , or before coming to the Faroes. • Words of Celtic origin are still found in the language. For example, there are two Faroese words for duck, one from Norse and one from Gaelic.

8 • The Faroe Islands became a part of the Kingdom of Norway in 1035, and when Norway and entered into a union, the Danes took over the administration and used their own language, both spoken and written • After the Denmark-Norway union dissolved in 1814, The Faroe Islands were ceded to Denmark, and are still a part of the Kingdom of Denmark. • The Danes outlawed the use of Faroese in schools, churches and official documents – eventually the written language died out, yet there was still a rich spoken tradition and the language survived as a collection of spoken dialects, just like Norwegian did • In the decades around 1800, Faroese ballads started being written down, which was the beginning of the revival of written Faroese

• Since the language had not been written in almost three centuries, there was a need for a (standardized ). • In 1854, a written standard for Modern Faroese was written, and it still exists today. The spelling was brought as close to Old Norse and Icelandic as possible, even though oral Faroese had gone through several changes since medieval times and was not as similar to Old Norse as it had been the last time a written language had been in use. Because of this, there were (and still are – this orthography is still used today) differences between the written and the oral language which highlight the changes that have taken place in oral Faroese, and which also make it difficult to learn Faroese spelling, even for the Faroese themselves. Even so, the Faroese do not want to change their orthography to make it more phonetic/similar to the spoken language – there have been reform proposals, but they've never won public approval. They still want to keep this orthography which is similar to Icelandic and Old Norse

9 • Purism - they don' want a lot of foreign influence on the language, and they have a quite restrictive attitude towards loan words, although not to the degree that Icelanders do • Faroese became an official language in 1948, when the Faroe Islands became self-governing/ an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Denmark. • Today, Faroese is dominant in speech and in writing in the Faroe Islands, but Danish is still an official language there and everyone has to learn it

V.U. Hammershaimb • Danish written language, many dialects and folk songs written down with phonological spelling • 1846: .U. Hammershaimb introduces a spelling norm and Faroese becomes a modern written language (not oral norm) • Cooperation with Jón Sigurðsson og .C. Rafn • etymological orthography → great gap between speech and written form, but great consensus

10 (1864–1918) • tried to introduce a more phonological spelling, but failed • mainly concerned by the vocabulary and all the “danismer” (loanwords from Danish). Many words with affixes like an-, be-, for-, -het and -else had Faroese equivalents, but with negative connotations • he was the first purist: new words in new domains → neologisms and many translation loans: eftirspurningur (‘etterspørsel’: demand), tollkrevjari (‘toller’: customs officer), bókamaður (‘litterat’: man of ) fagrar bókmentir (‘skjønnlitteratur’: fiction) • this method is still in use, but not all the words Jakobsen invented

Hammershaimb 1891 Jakobsen Mikines hevur eftir manna søgn Mikjenes hevur ættir manna sögn verið flotoyggj. Ein maður í vere flotåiggj. Ain mävur Sørvági, sum javnliga róði út, Sörváje, sum javnlia róe út, ræddist illa stórhvalirnar úti á havi, raddist idla störkvälenar úte á og av tí at han ikki átti bævur at häve, og äv ty hann ikkje åtte styggja teir við, hevði hann til tess bävur á stiggja tair vi, hæie hann tarvsmykju, sum hann kastaði í til tæss tarvsmikjo, sum hann sjógvin, tá ið hvalir vóru nær kastaje y sjægvin, tá y kvälir vóro staddir bátinum. när staddir bátenun.

Roughly: According to the legend, Mikines used to be a floating island. A man in Sørvágur, who used to fishing, was very much afraid of the big whales out in the ocean, and because he did not have the appropriate stinking material [as from a skunk or a related animal] to scare them away, he used bull’ dung instead and threw it into the ocean when whales were close to the boat.

11 Two competing • one based on language history (.) and another on oral language (.) • Hammershaimb’s etymological orthography won, leading to the current opinion that the written language was old fashioned even from the start. • Example: ð and in written language, even though they are not pronounced, because of historical, not practical arguments

Result today

Faroese children have difficulties learning how to read and write. Many young people prefer reading fiction in English or Danish, even though Faroese is the natural for everybody growing up in the Faroese islands. They find the written language way to difficult, formal and hard to understand.

12 Christian Matras (1900–1988) • the first and only permanently employed in the only department at the university (Fróðskaparsetur) in 1965 • followed in Jakobsen’s footstep; many neologisms • purism important because the language makes it possible, and etymological norm is important because it makes the formation of words easier • not all Icelandic words can be used directly: efnisbundin (material), gagnnýta (use) and støddfrøði (matematics)

13 J. H. W. Poulsen (1934–) • neologisms in terminology and everyday language • new words are formed on the basis of old (and unproductive) affixes and with Umlaut: ( tyrla based on ’tyril’: helicopter) + compounds (talgildur: ‘digital’ ) and old words with new meaning ( kerfi : ‘system’) • active lexicographer (like his predecessors: normative dictionaries) and a radio man • opens up for more import words than earlier, but is very restrictive

From the :

Mest kendu nýyrði hann er komin við eru: • Telda av tal og telva (vs. komputari) • Tyrla av tyril (vs. helikoptari) • Fløga av sama orði fyri tjúkka flís (CD) • Flogbóltur fyri volleyball http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3han_Hendrik_Winther_Poulsen

14 Faroese compared to Icelandic

• Faroese has many similarities with Icelandic and Old Norse grammar: – The same case system – Gender – The simplification of the goes faster than that of the – The is rare in modern Faroese

• . has been more open towards loan words than Icelandic, particularly from Danish, but also from English. • A person with knowledge of a Scandinavian language will understand more words in a Faroese text than in an Icelandic text • The biggest difference between F. and Icl. lies in the pronunciation rules.

15 Few speakers, but

• a living and well documented language • rich • extensive dictionaries and • dictionaries available online: http://sprotin.fo/?l=fo • everybody can attend a summer school at the university in Tórshavn

Iceland

16 Icelandic population today

• Population 2014: 325.671 – 60% = 200.000 in the capital area – 80% in the 10 most densely populated areas

• Population 2016: 332.529 – 311.850 (94 %) in densely populated areas – 20.679 (6 %) in scarcely populated areas

https://hagstofa.is/media/49385/icelandinfigures2015.pdf

17 Hugleikur Dagsson

Thanks to recent developments in genetic engineering we now only need one cow and one hen.

Neologism: Erfða + tækni = inheritance + technology

Icelandic • 32 letters, not including c, , and w • most vowels (- æ and ö) are duplicated with acute accents > a, á, , é, i, í, , , u, ú, y, ý, æ and ö, and they are pronounced with their own sound: – á is the / au /: hár – ó is the diphthong / ou /: sól, rót – ú is close to the Norwegian o: hús, þúsund • two special characters: the runic letter þ (þorn ) and ð (eð, a variant of )

18 Icelandic is changing … slowly • is closest to Old Norse of all languages spoken in the Nordic region • Icelanders can read texts from the 13 th Century without to much difficulties • The grammar is more or less the same as in Old Norse (but not the pronunciation of the words) • Why is it so well preserved? – Isolation = less pressure and influence from other languages – The complex morphology makes it harder to adapt foreign words – Icelanders want to protect their language

Least changed Most changed from ON from ON Morphology Icelandic Norwegian Faroese

Least changed Most changed from ON from ON Norwegian Faroese Icelandic

19 Vowel changes in Icelandic

Written modern leyna launa lána lana Icelandic Old Norse (Old løyna laona lāna lăna Icelandic) pronunciation Modern leina løyna laona lāna Icelandic pronunciation Modern løyne lønne (gi låne sette i Norwegian (gjømme) lønn) høystakk Modern English ‘hide’ ‘pay’ ‘borrow’/’loan’ ‘gatherin a haystack’

Faroese pronunciation

urt /ʊʃ t/: plant (noun) írskt /ʊʃ t/: Irish ( neuter singular)

líta (v) /lʊɪ :ta/: to see lita (v) /lʊɪ :ta/: to dye

Quality change in Faroese vowels when shortened: stórur / st ɔʊ rur/ (adjective masculine singular) stórt /st œrt”/ (adjective neuter singular)

Icelandic: stór /st ou / (adjective masculine singular) stórt /st ou rt/ (adjective neuter singular)

20 long short

a /æ ɛa a

á ɔa ɔ

í / ý ʊɪ ʊ

ó ɔʊ œ

ú ʉu ʏ

Diphthongization of old long vowels

21 The effect of some fonological rules in Icelandic, Faroese and Norwegian vowel system

Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Rule 1.Vowel V short if followed by CC V short if followed by CC V short if followed by CC length V long if followed by C V lang foran C V lang foran C in stressed syllabus in stressed syllabus in stressed syllabus except before except before except before [p,t,,s] + [v, j,r] pr, pl, tj, tr, kj, kr, kl, sj 2.U-omlaut jaxl-jöxlum jakslur>jøkslum/jakslum Lexical u-umlaut ice: a>ö/_u danskur>dönskum danskur>donskum osp, stong, trong (vs.Da far:a>{ø,o}/_u asp, stang, trang) dans>dönsum dansur>dansum hvalur>hvölum hvalur>hvalum/hvølum

3.svarabahkti Hestur dialectal: Ø>e/_r vowel but: and: ein heste Ø>u/_r stóll, steinn, hæll, stólur, steinur, hælur skór, dans, skógvur, dansur, fuglur, fugl, student, studentur prís, Ísak prísur, Ísakur

4. Vowel Reduction before {, , r, s, nakar>nakran dreven>drevne reduction ð} and ending starting with lítil>lítlan hamar>hamrane V>Ø_C+V(C) vowel: Not in personal names : hefill>hefli Gunnari, Kjartani hamar>hamri Not in personal names : Gunnari, Kjartani 5. Changes Diphtongation Quality change - before -ng a, e, ö>au, ei, öi a, ei >e, oi and -nk langur langur lengi leingi long

6. Changes a, ö,e, u, o>ai, öi, ei, ui, -- before -gi oi/_gi

7. Changes - ó,ú > e, i/egv - before –gv- rógva verschärfung búgva

8. i and y> i i og y >i i and y>i Assimilation í and ý> í í og ý> ui In some dialects, f.ex in of i and y, í Romsdal. and ý

22 Segmentation

23 Differensiation and segmentation

Old Norse korn karl steinarnir nafn

Icelandic kɔdn kadl steinadnir nabn

Faroese kɔdn kadl stainanir naun

Vossamål kɔdn kadl stainane navn

Hallingmål kødn kal steinadn nabn

Old Norse vollr kalla steinn finna

Icelandic vødlur kadla steidn fin:a

Faroese vødlur kadla stainur fin:a

Norhordaland vodl kadla stei:n fidna

Vossamål vodl kadla staidn fina

24 Høgni Hoydal

In Faroese: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mX_1VdlXa4

In Faroese-Danish: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-p5BHTT0jo

In Danish: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14oIUzV6NC8

Icelanders speaking foreign languages

Björk speaks English with Icelandic accent: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWAHr6wuByU

Steingrímur J. Steingrimsson speaks “Scandinavian” (a term exclusively used in Iceland) 1:37 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7D86lJSTU

25 Least changed Most changed from ON from ON Morphology Icelandic Norwegian Faroese

Least changed Most changed from ON from ON Phonology Norwegian Faroese Icelandic

Morphology

Icelandic Faroese Scandinavian

Case a) in noun & adjective 4 3 0 ) in pronoun 4 3 2 gender in plural + + – persons in a) singular + + – b) plural + – –

26 Verbal

Case (): Nominative (N), Accusative (A), Dative (D) and Genitive (G)

27 In Icelandic even in proper nouns !

Til Margunnar Frá Erni

Til Arnar Gleðileg jól! Frá Margunni

Singularnoun Singular Propernoun

without with article without with article article article Nominative örn örninn Nf. Örn -- Accusative örn örninn Þf. Örn -- Dative erni erninum Þgf. Erni -- Genitive arnar arnarins Ef. Arnar --

Singular Proper noun without article adaptation foreign name Nominative Jórunn > Margunn Accusative Jórunni > Margunn Dative Jórunni > Margunni Genitive Jórunnar > Margunnar

28 Errin abbi Abbin, prinsur, sigur seg vera bæði ernan og glaðan um at vera blivin abbi fyri fyrstu ferð, veit BBC at siga. comes ultimately from the William, prinsur og Kate, prinsessa giftust í Westminster Abbey 29. apríl í 2011 eftir at hava kenst í tíggju ár. given name Wilhelm (cf. Old Nýggi prinsurin er nummar trý í arvarøðini til bretsku trúnuna - aftan á German Wilhelm > German pápa sín, William prins, og abba sín, Charles, krúnprins. Wilhelm and Old Norse Vilhjálmr ). Langomman drotning Elizabeth hevur sitið á bretsku trúnuni í 61 ár.

Case (adjective)

http://bin.arnastofnun.is/leit/?id=409045

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative gulur gul gult Nominative gulir gular gul Accusative gulan gula gult Accusative gula gular gul Dative gulum gulri gulu Dative gulum gulum gulum Genitive guls gulrar guls Genitive gulra gulra gulra

29 Case (pronouns)

Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls (BÍN): http://bin.arnastofnun.is/forsida/

Learn Icelandic and Faroese?

Online Icelandic course (free): http://icelandic.hi.is/ Multilingual Icelandic dictionary (free): www.islex.is

J. Adams and H. P. Petersen (2009): Faroese. A Language Course for Beginners (Textbook (+CD) and Grammar) Audio recordings (free): http://www.stidin.fo/FaroeseCourse/default.htm Monolingual Faroese dictionary (free): http://sleipnir.fo/obg/fob/fob.php

30

Top View