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Escape from the Great Plains the Icelanders in North Dakota and Alberta

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Escape from the Great Plains the Icelanders in North Dakota and Alberta University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Fall 1983 Escape From The Great Plains The Icelanders In North Dakota And Alberta Howard Palmer University of Calgary Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Palmer, Howard, "Escape From The Great Plains The Icelanders In North Dakota And Alberta" (1983). Great Plains Quarterly. 1695. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1695 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ESCAPE FROM THE GREAT PLAINS THE ICELANDERS IN NORTH DAKOTA AND ALBERTA HOWARD PALMER Immigration historians in Canada and the United One important feature of this movement that States are becoming aware of the need to look they do not highlight is the extent to which at immigration history within the larger context it included European immigrants and their of North American history. Canadian immi­ children who had settled earlier in the United gration patterns have been affected, indirectly, States but decided to move on as new oppor­ almost as much by American immigration pol­ tunities opened up in Canada. The Hrst sizable icy as by Canadian policy. Within many ethnic settlements of Hungarians, Slovaks, Lithuan­ groups in North America, there has been a ians, Czechs, Danes, Finns, Norwegians, Swedes, significant exchange of people and cultural Icelanders, Dutch, Welsh, and Hutterites on patterns between Canada and the United the Canadian prairies did not come directly States. Marcus Lee Hansen and John Brebner from Europe but from communities in the Uni­ Hrst looked at the interchange of people ted States where members of their ethnic between Canada and the United States in their groups were located. pioneering work, The Mingling of the Canadian Given the large number of ethnic groups and American Peoples, but this study has not involved and the primitive state of research on been followed up in any concerted way, despite many of them, it is not yet possible to synthe­ the many gaps they left. size the history of these migrating people. One Hansen and Brebner discuss the movement would like to know what motivated each of of more than half a million Americans (mainly them to leave the United States, what their from the American Midwest) to the Canadian perceptions of Canada were, how they recon­ prairies at the turn of the twentieth century. ciled loyalties to three different countries (their homeland, Canada, and the United States), and the extent to which they maintained con­ tact with their fellow countrymen in the United Howard Palmer is associate professor of history at the University of Calgary. He is former States once they arrived in Canada. To what editor of Canadian Ethnic Studies and author extent did their previous residence in the of several books and articles on ethnic studies United States precondition them for a success­ and Alberta politics. ful adaptation in Canada? How many of these 219 220 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, FALL 1983 twice-transplanted people became disillusioned These initial settlements in Manitoba and with pioneering conditions on the Canadian Wisconsin had been established in the early prairies and returned to settlements of their 1870s by people fleeing deteriorating economic countrymen in the United States? conditions in Iceland. Because of its geography, This article focuses on one small group, the Iceland has been able to support only a small Icelanders who left the American Great Plains population; it has few natural resources, and in the late 1880s to come to central Alberta. only about 1 percent of the land can be used Migrating from Icelandic settlements in North for farming. Icelanders traditionally combined Dakota that had been established in the early fishing and farming. Most farmers grew only 1870s, these people selected a remote region hay, which was used to feed sheep (for wool, in the parkbelt of Alberta, on the edge of the meat, and skins) and cattle (for dairy products). prairie, as their new home. Although it was In 1870, the total population of Iceland was ninety miles from the nearest railway, the area just seventy thousand, but even this was too provided them with many geographical features many people for the island to sustain. 1 that had been missing in North Dakota. There The Icelanders who established settlements were lakes and rivers for fishing, hay to provide in North America left their homeland because feed for livestock, and trees for fuel and shelter. they could no longer eke out a living there. The cool, moist climate of the parkbelt had its Many were tired of their status as tenant farm­ drawbacks, but with their background as mixed ers, renting their land from the Danish crown, farmers, the Icelanders were ideally suited to which had gained control of their country in adapt to it. 1380. Epidemics of sheep diseases in the 1850s, T}te Icelanders who came to Alberta provide a series of crop failures from 1865 to 1874, a case study of a small, closely knit group who and volcanic activity that spread ash over the tenaciously preserved their ethnic identity but island combined to force Icelandic farmers to were nonetheless influenced by their brief look elsewhere for a home. A few went to sojourn in the United States. For example, one Brazil, but most looked to North America. of the immigrants who came from North Da­ The first Icelandic settlement in North kota to Alberta was a farmer named Stephan America was established in 1855-56 at Spanish Stephansson, who was later widely acclaimed Fork, Utah, by a group of Mormon converts as one of the best Icelandic poets in the twen­ from Iceland.2 However, the first sizable migra­ tieth century. Stephansson, like some other tion from Iceland to North America was under­ Icelanders in North Dakota, had been deeply taken by a group that included Stephan G. influenced by American religious thought, Stephansson (then twenty years old), his parents particularly by the Unitarian and Ethical Cul­ and family, and 165 other Icelanders. Leaving ture movements, and he brought these beliefs Iceland on 5 August 1873, they went by ship to with him to Alberta. Scotland and then on to Quebec. Lord Dufferin, the governor general at the time, who had trav­ ICELANDIC SETTLEMENTS IN eled in Iceland during the 1850s and was favor­ NORTH AMERICA ably impressed by its people, influenced the Canadian government's decision to encourage For many of the Icelanders who settled in the Icelandic immigrants to settle in Canada.3 central Alberta in the late 1880s and early The Canadian government offered the group 1890s, this pioneering experience was their free passage from Quebec City to their destina­ third attempt, since most had first settled in tion and two hundred acres of free land. At­ Wisconsin or in "New Iceland," an Icelandic tracted by this offer, 115 people who had bloc settlement in the interlake area of Mani­ originally intended to go to the United States toba, before moving to the Icelandic settlements decided to settle in the Muskoka region of cen­ in North Dakota. tral Ontario, while 50, including Stephan ESCAPE FROM THE GREAT PLAINS 221 Stephansson and his family, proceeded to Wis­ organizations in North America. Several families consin. But the Icelanders who remained in On­ of settlers followed Pall Thorlaksson, a Lutheran tario experienced severe hardship. Government minister, to establish a new Icelandic settlement promises went unfilled; the immigrants had in Pembina County, North Dakota, in 1878. almost no money and very little food. Illness They were soon joined by several more families, was widespread and many persons died. Ulti­ including that of Stephan Stephansson, from mately, the Ontario settlement did not succeed, the Icelandic settlement in Wisconsin.6 and in 1875, with government help, a group of approximately two hundred people moved to I (. I the interlake area of Manitoba, just north of the "I f I.. ALBERTA f SASKAT- I MANITOBA province's existing boundary. There they foun­ , f \. f CHEWAN ;~ // ded a settlement that they called New Iceland.4 \ Markerville I The new settlement soon became the largest \ • f I / ) Calgary f I I rural Icelandic community in North America. _. I f I ,0_' I I I Although New Iceland was placed under the I f .-.-. f I I f -.- Ice~aen":J jurisdiction of the lieutenant governor of Mani­ -- _. _ I winnipeg I ,-_.A"_~I p;~bi~a-.T·-·-.·'\, toba, the settlement at first was given the f " > County I I MONTANA authority to manage its own local affairs. Most , N. DAKOTA' I I of the Icelanders who came to Canada between I 5bOKm ,--- --- \ 1876 and 1887 settled in New Iceland, where they hoped to combine fishing and farming. FIG. 1. Selected Icelandic settlements in The area also offered wood that could be used North America. for fuel and shelter-a particularly attractive feature for Icelandic immigrants, who were PIONEERING IN NORTH DAKOTA used to depending on driftwood because trees were scarce in their homeland. The Icelanders The early years in the Dakota settlement believed that the large reserve of land set aside were not easy. Because of the lack of transpor­ for them would enable them to maintain a tation, most of the Icelanders were compelled cohesive Icelandic community where they to walk 160 miles from New Iceland to their could retain their traditions and language.S new home.
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