”Satoyama-Satoumi” regional management : a universal cognition and practice for green economy, ecosystem health Title and sustainable society in indigenous communities of the world Author(s) Dublin, Devon Ronald Citation 北海道大学. 博士(環境科学) 甲第11785号 Issue Date 2015-03-25 DOI 10.14943/doctoral.k11785 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/59329 Type theses (doctoral) File Information Devon_Dublin.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP SATOYAMA-SATOUMI REGIONAL MANAGEMENT: A UNIVERSAL COGNITION AND PRACTICE FOR GREEN ECONOMY, ECOSYSTEM HEALTH AND SUSTAINABLE SOCIETIES IN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES OF THE WORLD （”里山里海”地域管理：世界の先住民族のグリーン経済、エコシステムヘルス、 持続的社会に資する実践と普遍的な認識） By Devon Ronald Dublin A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Environmental Science Development HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY 2015 ©2015 Devon R. Dublin This page was intentionally left blank. Abstract Satoyama concept has been advocated for an ideal model for traditional landscape, where nature and human are in harmony and sustainable. In 2010, the International Partnership for Satoyama Initiative (IPSI) was launched to revitalize the concept of Satoyama in Japan and promote it internationally but no mechanism exists in which it can be thoroughly evaluated. Because of a combination of factors, the existence of indigenous peoples can no longer be based on a hunter-gatherer tradition and requires agriculture to guarantee their food supply and livelihood. The Satoyamas of Noto were recognized as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) thus highlighting the inherent connection between Satoyama and agriculture but there exists a research gap on the social aspects of Satoyama with a bias towards the ecological sphere and no research has been done to ascertain the possibility of a Satoyama type approach for the introduction of new and improved agricultural techniques into indigenous communities. This thesis aims to fill these gaps and explore the possibility of arriving at a Satoyama developmental model for promoting sustainable agriculture in indigenous communities. Data were collected through individual, household and group interviews, questionnaire surveys, field visits, and available documents; and were processed through standard qualitative data analysis and grounded theory approach. Preliminary research was conducted in the Noto Peninsula, Japan with a view of determining the social origins and evolutions of Satoyama. This was followed by a comparative analysis between Satoyama and the past Ainu way of life. Results indicate that Satoyama communities originated and evolved due to being remotely located, with members experiencing hardships and subject to natural disasters which resulted in self sufficiency, food security, and resilience respectively. These results bear striking similarities to the existing realities of indigenous peoples thus demonstrating its usefulness to achieve sustainable development in their communities and the other world’s indigenous communities as well. Further, the Satoyama Agriculture Development Tool (SADT) was created based on the five perspectives identified by the IPSI where harmonized questions were used and answers given points based on a Likert’s scaling allowing communities to be classified as Satoyama Like (SL), In Transition (IT), or Non Compliant (NC). With the aim of testing the utility of the SADT iii internationally, independent researchers affiliated to Hokkaido University and/or the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in collaboration with stakeholders utilized it in Guyana, Indonesia, Malaysia and Gabon; while in Thailand, it was used by both government officers and villagers. Findings by the researchers show that the results obtained through the SADT does not change significantly based on the stakeholders involved; while the results in Thailand showed no significant differences between the officers and villagers. These results indicate that the SADT can act as an orientation for professionals to determine the shortcomings present; the correct approach needed to assist the community; and serve as a guide for determining the priority measures to achieve sustainable development. However, the success is dependent on the availability of credible data and the involvement of unbiased users. Because these factors can only be curbed in the actual use of the SADT rather than from analyzing the results, it is recommended that it be used by multidisciplinary teams rather than individuals. Results also proves that it is suitably designed for future use by members of the indigenous communities but would require adjustments to make the questions more comprehendible by the ordinary villager and further analysis would need to be done of results obtained when the SADT is utilized by villagers without the influence of others to determine its success in this regard. iv Declaration This is to certify that: i. the thesis only contains my own original research, ii. all other material used has been duly acknowledged in the text. v Preamble The Amazon accounts for 80% of my country Guyana. As a child I was always inclined towards the environment and eventually became a veterinarian with the view of taking care of animals but found ways to learn about trees as well by studying medicinal plants such as Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), and their use for treating animals. As a young professional due to my conviction that we must live in harmony with the environment I became involved with youth organizations with a bias for agriculture which allowed me to be an advocate for projects such as mangrove restoration and the protection of endangered species such as the Arapaima (Arapaima gigas). Working with the Ministry of Agriculture which has the presidential mandate to be responsible for issues relating to climate change and forestry conservation, I got the opportunity to play an integral role in the planning and execution of many projects in that regard and to interact with the Natives of our country who still live in the Amazon with their customs intact. This previous professional affiliation was useful in aiding my present research by providing much needed contacts. As a student in the Fisheries Faculty of Hokkaido University, I knew that I vi would not have been fully equipped without understanding sustainability issues and therefore enrolled in the Hokkaido University Inter-department Graduate study in Sustainability (HUIGS) and the Special coordinated training program for Sustainability Leaders and Sustainability ‘Meisters’ (StraSS) programs of the Centre for Sustainability Science (CENSUS). As a result, I became exposed to Japanese concepts such as One Village One Product (OVOP), Mottainai (もっ たいない), and Satoyama (里山), the latter giving rise to this thesis. Like many PhD theses, this one began its journey heading in one direction, yet ended up somewhere else but it was not a case of being lost but rather realizing over time the most critical research gaps that needed to be addressed and as a result I have been able to contribute to social aspect of Satoyama which has always been negatively weighing in the balances to the more researched and talked about ecological and biodiversity aspects. Finally, I have attempted to allow the participants in my research to tell the story, because this thesis is based upon their collective thoughts, ideas, comments and arguments. I recorded and transcribed a mountain of data but could only place selections of text throughout to promote the argument and I express my apologies to the participants and hope I have been fair to them. vii Table of Contents Page Title Page i Abstract iii Declaration v Preamble vi Index of Tables xiii Index of Figures xiv Chapter 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. The Research Problem and Goal 5 1.2. Overview 7 1.3. Outline 8 Chapter 2: BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVISION 2.1. Environment and Humans 10 2.2. Satoyama 11 2.2.1. Benefits 13 2.2.2. Principles 15 2.2.3. Satoyama Landscape 18 2.2.4. Satoyama Derivatives 22 2.3. Regional Management and the Indigenous Peoples 25 2.4. Landscapes 27 2.5. Environmental Consciousness 29 2.6. People and Public Participation 31 2.7. Green Economy 36 2.8. Ecosystem Health and Human Wellbeing 39 2.9. Sustainability 40 2.9.1. Sustainable Development 45 2.9.2. Sustainable Society 47 2.9.3. Sustainability Development Goals 48 2.10. Indigenous communities 51 2.10.1. Vulnerability 52 2.10.2. Survival and Resilience 53 viii Chapter 3: MATERIALS AND GENERAL METHODS 3.1. Research Design 58 3.2. Processing of Qualitative Data 59 3.3. Research Sites 65 3.4. Field Site Visits 68 3.5. Data Collection 70 3.6. Presentation of Data 74 3.7. Documentation, Archival Records and Technical 75 Literature 3.8. Units of Measurement 77 3.9. Errors of Estimation 77 3.10. Data Analysis 7 8 3.11. Cross Cultural Considerations 78 3.12. Limitations 80 Chapter 4: SATOYAMA-SATOUMI: ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION 4.1. Introduction 81 4.2. The origin, meaning, and evolution of Satoyama 84 4.2.1. Materials and Methods 84 4.2.2. Results and Discussion 88 4.2.2.1. Definition of Satoyama 88 4.2.2.2. Satoyama Landscape 89 4.2.2.3. Origin of Satoyama 95 4.2.2.4. Evolution of Satoyama 98 4.2.2.5. The Satoyama Social Culture 102 4.2.2.6. Agriculture and Satoyama 103 4.2.2.7. Problems Affecting Satoyama 108 4.2.2.8. Future Perspectives of Satoyama 115 4.3. Relation with Indigenous Peoples 117 4.4. Conclusions 118 Chapter 5: SATOYAMA IN HOKKAIDO: AINU AND THE EXPANDING JAPANESE CULTURE 5.1. Introduction 119 5.2. Japanese Expansion 123 5.3. Modernization and Development 126 ix 5.4. Laws and Regulation 130 5.5. The Satoyama of the Ainu 132 5.5.1. Materials and Methods 133 5.5.2. Results and Discussion 139 5.5.2.1. Nomenclature 139 5.5.2.2. Landscape Use 140 5.5.2.3. Ecosystem Services and Human 148 Wellbeing 5.5.2.4.