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Ogasawara Islands ASIA / PACIFIC OGASAWARA ISLANDS JAPAN Japan – Ogasawara Islands WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION – IUCN TECHNICAL EVALUATION OGASAWARA ISLANDS (JAPAN) – ID No. 1362 IUCN RECOMMENDATION TO 35th SESSION: To inscribe the property under natural criteria Key paragraphs of Operational Guidelines: 77 Property meets one or more natural criteria. 78 Property meets conditions of integrity and has an adequate protection and management system. 114 Property meets management requirements for serial properties. 1. DOCUMENTATION Ogasawara Islands: Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation Bureau (MoE); Forestry Agency; Cultural a) Date nomination received by IUCN: 15 March Heritage Agency; Tokyo Metropolitan Government 2010. (TMG); and Ogasawara Village, and the Scientific Council. Numerous discussions were held with members b) Additional information officially requested from of local NGOs and two special sessions were organised and provided by the State Party: Following the to meet with community representatives on Chichijima technical evaluation mission the State Party was and Hahajima Islands. requested to provide supplementary information on 14 September 2010. The information was received on 12 e) Field Visit: Peter Shadie and Naomi Doak, July 2010. November 2010. f) Date of IUCN approval of this report: 29 April 2011. c) Additional Literature Consulted: Chaloupka, M., Bjorndal, K., Balazs, G. H., Bolten, A. B., Ehrhart, L. M., Limpus, C. J., Suganuma, H., Troeng, S. and 2. SUMMARY OF NATURAL VALUES Yamaguchi, M. (2007): Encouraging outlook for recovery of a once severely exploited marine mega- The Ogasawara Islands are located in the western herbivore. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. Dingwall, P., Pacific Ocean, to the north of the Tropic of Cancer and Weighell, T. and Badman, T. (2005). Geological World roughly 1,000 km south of the main Japanese Heritage: A Global Framework Strategy. Gland, Archipelago. The serial nomination is comprised of five Switzerland. IUCN (2009). IUCN Red List of components within an extension of about 400 km from Threatened Species. Compiled by Hilton-Taylor, C. north to south and includes more than 30 islands, Gland, Switzerland. Ministry of Environment et al. clustered within three island groups of the Ogasawara (2010). Ogasawara Islands World Heritage Area Plan. Archipelago: Mukojima, Chichijima and Hahajima, plus Molloy, L. (2006). Ogasawara Islands National Park. A an additional three individual islands: Kita-iwoto and report to the Japanese Ministry of the Environment Minami-iwoto of the Kazan group and the isolated and the Japan Wildlife Research Centre on the Nishinoshima Island. The nominated property originally likelihood of World Heritage values in the Ogasawara totalled 7,408 ha comprising a terrestrial area of 6,358 Islands National Park. Shimizu, Y. (2003). The nature ha and a marine area of 1,050 ha. Following discussions of Ogasawara and its conservation. Global during the IUCN evaluation mission, the State Party Environmental Research. Tatsumi, Y. and Maruyama, S. proposed to increase the marine areas to a total of 1,581 (1989). Boninites and high-Mg andesites: tectonics ha and has provided supplementary information to and petrogenesis. In: Crawford, A.J., ed, Boninites confirm a revised boundary. The overall surface after and Related Rocks. Unwin Hyman, London. Udvardy, amendment is therefore 7,939 ha. M.D.F. (1975). A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World. UNEP- The islands rest along the Ogasawara Ridge, which WCMC (1987). Ogasawara (Bonin Islands) National forms the fore-arc of the Izu-Ogasawara Arc-Trench Park UNEP-WCMC Data Sheet. Cambridge, U.K. System that was formed along the eastern edge of the UNESCO (2008). World Heritage and Biodiversity No. oceanic Philippine Sea Plate as a result of the 49. Éditions UNESCO. Wood, C. (2009). World subduction of the Pacific Plate around 48 million years Heritage Volcanoes: A Thematic Study. IUCN ago. A series of volcanic activities and magma Programme on Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland. compositions record the evolutionary process from juvenile oceanic arc to what the Ogasawara Islands are d) Consultations: Ten external reviewers were today. The archipelago preserves an excellent series of consulted. The mission included extensive consultations terrestrial exposures and differentiated lava flows with officials from the various managing agencies with illustrating the evolution of an island arc over millions of responsibility for the property both in Tokyo and on the years. This evolution provides a detailed picture of the IUCN Evaluation Report – May 2011 61 Japan – Ogasawara Islands ongoing formation of continents. In addition, the origin of In the ocean around the islands 795 species of fish, 23 the continental crust (the middle crust) formed under the species of cetaceans and 226 hermatypic coral species arc demonstrates the ongoing evolutionary process from have been documented. The ocean surrounding the an oceanic island arc to a continent. archipelago is known to provide excellent habitat for migratory cetaceans and turtles. The landscape varies between the island groups and individual islands. The islands in the Chichijima Group are all plateau-like in shape with gently rolling plains 3. COMPARISONS WITH OTHER AREAS bounded by sea cliffs whereas the Mukojima Group islands are flat and surrounded by sea cliffs. The Several islands or portions of islands are on the World Hahajima Islands Group in turn is characterised by Heritage List. The nomination document provides a precipitous ridges and tall sea cliffs. The two islands comparative analysis with a focus on geological values, from the Kazan Group are mountainous with both in particular a comparison among oceanic island arcs, islands formed from the summits of giant submarine and ecological/biological values in relation to other island stratovolcanos. Nishinoshima Island is flat and triangular groups. Further comparative research according to the and located on the peak of a large submarine volcano criteria selected for nomination ((viii), (ix) and (x)) was which rises 3,000 metres from the sea floor. undertaken to complement the State Party’s comparative analysis. The islands have a maritime, subtropical climate characterised by small annual and diurnal temperature The basis of nomination under criterion (viii) is the ranges and high levels of relative humidity. The area is preservation of exposures on land of the evolutionary slightly affected by typhoons and has a mean annual processes involved in the formation of an island arc over precipitation of 1,276.7 mm. There is wide range of millions of years. An examination of the Pacific ‘Rim of microclimates across and within the islands. Fire’ shows that there are many volcanic sites coincident with subduction zones. High magnesium andesites, The archipelago is a mixed island biome dominated by including boninite, are found in many other places subtropical forest types and sclerophyllous shrublands. around the world in association with subduction zones, On steep cliffs and windswept headlands the vegetation although most are either disturbed by other geological is reduced to grasses and herbs. The coast is also home processes or are submerged. The closest comparative to a tall forest of pantropical species. There are 441 sites in terms of volcanic setting are the Kermadec documented taxa of native plants including 161 taxa of Islands (New Zealand), Macquarie Island (Australia) and endemic vascular plants and 88 taxa of endemic woody the Volcanoes of Kamchatka (Russian Federation), all plants. Due to the location of the islands the plant displaying island arc volcanic sites, although there are species reflect a mixture of origins with many species many other island arc volcanic systems globally. The from subtropical Southeast Asia, as well as species Kermadec Islands have similar volcanic origins and exist reflecting a northern origin from the mainland of Japan. in a similar tectonic setting aligned to the subduction of The climatic conditions on a number of the islands and the Pacific Plate under the Indian-Australian Plate. The the frequent presence of fog within the cloud belt also Kamchatka Peninsula, whilst not an island, displays provides suitable conditions for many species of similar island characteristics. The Kamchatka Peninsula bryophytes, epiphytes and tree ferns. encompasses an impressive 700km volcanic belt associated with the subduction of the Pacific Plate under The faunal composition of the islands is characteristic of the Eurasian Plate with a series of volcanoes, a number isolated oceanic island systems. The numbers of native of which are active. Macquarie Island has similar pillow taxa are unusually skewed with some being lavas, lava flows, and basaltic dykes to the Ogasawara underrepresented or absent altogether while others are Islands; however, it lacks the exposed rock sequences disproportionally large in number. which are found in the Ogasawara Islands. Similarly, the Kermadecs lack the exposures and clarity of evidence of The only terrestrial native mammal species is the the Ogasawara Islands. Whilst the particular geology of endemic, critically endangered Bonin Flying Fox. the islands is of significant international technical Fourteen of the 195 recorded bird species are on the interest, alone it is not of sufficient basis for World IUCN Red List. Two species of terrestrial reptiles have Heritage recognition. As noted in the IUCN thematic been recorded on the islands: the endemic Ogasawara study
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