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Asian and Pacific Regional Cooperation a L S O B Y M I C H a E L H a a S

Asian and Pacific Regional Cooperation A l s o b y M i c h a e l H a a s

Approaches to the Study of Political Science , edited with Henry S. Kariel ( 1970 ) International Systems: A Behavioral Approach , ed. (1974) International Conflict (1974) Basic Documents of Asian Regional Organizations , comp., vols. 1–4 (1974) Politics and Prejudice in Contemporary Hawai‘ i, edited with Peter P. Resurrection (1976) Basic Documents of Asian Regional Organizations , comp., vols. 5–7 (1979) Fundamentals of Asian Regional Cooperation (1980) Basic Data of Asian Regional Organizations (1985) Korean Reunification: Alternative Pathways , ed. (1989), 1st ed. The Pacific Way: Regional Cooperation in the South Pacific (1989) The Asian Way to Peace: A Story of Regional Cooperation (1989) Cambodia, Pol Pot, and the : The Faustian Pact (1991) Genocide by Proxy: Cambodian Pawn on a Chessboard ( 1991) Polity and Society: Philosophical Underpinnings of Social Science Paradigms (1992) Institutional Racism: The Case of Hawai‘ i (1992) Improving Human Rights , ed. (1994) Deconstructing Theory , ed. (1997) Racism, Sexism and Heterosexism , ed. (1997) The Political Film Today , ed. (1998) Multicultural Hawai‘ i: The Fabric of a Multiethnic Society , ed. (1998) International Human Rights , ed. (1999) The Singapore Puzzle , ed. (1999) American Government in Turmoil , ed. (2000) Discrimination, American Style , ed. (2000) The Politics of Human Rights , ed. (2000) Comparing Governments and Global Policies , ed. (2001) Discrimination and Public Policy , ed. (2001) Human Rights Imperiled , ed. (2001) Choices: An American Government Reader , ed. (2001) International Relations: Arena of Terror, ed . (2002) International Human Rights in Jeopardy , ed. (2004) International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction (2008) George W. Bush, War Criminal? The Bush Administration’s Liability for 269 War Crimes (2009) America’s War Crimes Quagmire, From Bush to Obama ( 2010) Looking for the Aloha Spirit: Promoting Ethnic Harmony ( 2010 ) Barack Obama, The Aloha Zen President; How a Son of the 50th State May Revitalize America, Based on 12 Multicultural Principles (2011) Modern Cambodia’s Emergence from the Killing Fields: What Happened in the Critical Years? (2011) Mr. Calm and Effective: Evaluating the Presidency of Barack Obama (2012) Korean Reunification: Alternative Pathways , ed. (2012), 2nd ed. Asian and Pacific Regional Cooperation

Turning Zones of Conflict into Arenas of Peace

Michael Haas ASIAN AND PACIFIC REGIONAL COOPERATION Copyright © Michael Haas, 2013. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-349-45448-8 All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the , Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-45448-8 ISBN 978-1-137-30440-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137304407 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, . First edition: March 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedicated to the memory of seminal theorists Karl W. Deutsch and Ernst B. Haas This page intentionally left blank Contents

List of Illustrations ix P r e f a c e xi List of Abbreviations x v

P a r t I T h e o r i e s 1 1 International and Regional Cooperation 3 2 Th e Asian Way and the Pacifi c W a y 2 5

P a r t I I D y n a m i c s 4 1 3 Waves of Asian Regional Cooperation 43 4 Waves of Pacifi c Regional Cooperation 69 5 Pivotal Roles in Regional Cooperation 87

P a r t I I I E f f e c t i v e n e s s 1 0 7 6 Creating Arenas of Peace 109 7 S u c c e s s f u l S e c u r i t y C o m m u n i t i e s 1 3 5

Notes 1 6 3 R e f e r e n c e s 1 7 1 I n d e x 1 8 5 This page intentionally left blank Illustrations

F i g u r e s

1.1 Congress of Vienna model 5 1.2 International organization model 7 1.3 International integration model 7 1.4 Regional cooperation model 20 2.1 Cultural pluralism as the foundation for international cooperation 39 7.1 Deutsch’s conditions for security communities 143 7.2 Growth of ASEAN and the Forum 160

Tables

1.1 Forms of international cooperation 8 1 . 2 Regionalization in six subregions 1 9 2.1 Comparing the Asian Way with the Pacifi c Way 36 3.1 Evidence for theories of functionalism in Asia 66 4.1 Evidence for theories of functionalism in the Pacifi c 8 4 5.1 Ministerial meetings of ASEAN 96 6.1 Disposition of confl icts in East Asia 112 6.2 Disposition of confl icts in South Asia 115 6.3 Disposition of confl icts in Central Asia 116 6.4 Disposition of confl icts in Southeast Asia 118 x ILLUSTRATIONS

6.5 Disposition of confl icts in the Pacifi c 131 6 . 6 C o n fl ict resolution in Asia and the Pacifi c 132 6 . 7 C o n fl ict resolution modes in Asia and the Pacifi c 133 7.1 Success and failure of Asian and Pacifi c regional organizations 138 7.2 Indicators of successful political-security IGOs 140 7.3 Classifying concepts by theory 144 7.4 Predictors of successful political-security IGOs 145 7.5 Factor analysis of variables representing Asia-Pacifi c o r g a n i z a t i o n s 1 5 2 Preface

y books The Asian Way to Peace: A Story of Regional Cooperation M and The Pacific Way: Regional Cooperation in the South Pacific were published in 1989, just as the Cold War was coming to an end. The information about intergovernmental organizations in both publications was derived from interviews and documents collected during several field trips, beginning from 1971. The two books, definitive as of the date of publication, are still the only ones to pro- vide detailed organization charts, membership rosters, and descrip- tions of programs of the full range of regional organizations in Asia and the Pacific. However, many developments occurred by 2013. Some organiza- tions changed their names to reflect wider membership. New orga- nizations were born, and earlier ones folded. The need for an update became obvious. But an approach that focuses more on the meaning of regional cooperation than on organizational structures is needed now. Accordingly, I test whether the world pluralism of Karl W. Deutsch or the integration theory of Ernst B. Haas provides the best explanation for successful functional organizations and security communities in Asia and the Pacific. Meanwhile, other authors have written extensively on regional cooperation in Asia and the Pacific. Most publications have focused on economic issues, and political scientists have written descriptively on various developments in the most highly publicized organizations, yet they have completely ignored important functional organizations. Although my previous publications were also descriptive and non- theoretical, in the present volume I apply the information that I have monitored for several decades to longstanding theoretical frameworks that have so far been dominated by scholars who have pushed their own ideological agendas with no desire to pay any attention to alterna- tive approaches. xii PREFACE

Lessons from regional cooperation in Asia and the Pacific need to be learned, not just in these regions but also elsewhere. Because theory is best advanced by testing hypotheses, one important objective herein is to identify testable propositions. With empirical evidence, one can determine which among the various ideologically-derived theories is worthy of support. Without such a critical test, allowing data to deter- mine which theories are close to or distant from the facts, there can be no scientific progress. Having to catch up with a quarter century of developments without the benefit of a multicountry research trip, I made inquiries by email to get up-to-date information. Accordingly, I wish to express my pro- found gratitude for information supplied by Hollie Ainslie (Australian Department of Infrastructure and Transport), Romulo N. Aroncon, Jr. (Asian and Pacific Coconut Community), Fred Christopher (Pacific Islands Telecommunication Association), Davaasuren Chultemjamts (Statistical Institute for Asia and the Pacific), Derek Ferrar (East-West Center), John Gresson (Reef Shipping Ltd.), Lisa Harvey (Civil Aviation Safety Authority, ), Capt. John Hogan (Secretariat of ), LeRoy Hollenbeck (UN Asian and Pacific Centre for Agricultural Engineering and Machinery), Elisa W. Johnston (East-West Center), Surkafa F. Katafono (International Labour Organisation, ), Harry Lund (Pacific Islands Chiefs of Police Secretariat), Adrienne Mak and Maureen Mecozzi (AVRDC-World Vegetable Center), Eddie Marahare (Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency), Esther Morrel (South Pacific Tourism Organisation), Pranee Phumbangpa (Asia-Pacific Telecommunity), Professor Peter Pollard (re the Southeast Asia Tin Research and Development Centre), Paul Prouse ( Civil Aviation Authority), Rachel Tan (Association of Asia Pacific Performing Arts Centres), Naoko Tsuruta (Asian Productivity Organization), Seiuli Alvin W. Tuala (General Manager, Pacific Aviation Safety Office), John van der Heyden (Pacific Island Chiefs of Police), Stuart Valentine (Secretariat of the Pacific Community), Ms. Vasuhi (Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development), Kesaia Filsoni (Forum Secretariat), and Dr. Sebastiao Dias Ximenes (Ombudsman or Provedor for Human Rights and Justice, Timor-Leste). I also wish to thank the press of the University of the South Pacific for permission to extract a portion of my essay “Comparing Regional Cooperation in Asia and the Pacific,” which was published in 1986 as a chapter in a collection of conference papers entitled Toward a World PREFACE xiii of Peace: People Create Alternatives and co-edited by Jeanette P. Maas and Robert A. C. Stewart. The analysis in Chapter 7 herein is partly an update from that essay, which primarily tests the security community theory of political scientist Karl W. Deutsch, under whom I studied at Yale University. Although we were acquainted, I am not related to Ernst Haas. I also wish to commend Yoran Z. Haftel, whose research with a sim- ilar focus is extraordinary. Not only did I have a very useful conversa- tion with him prior to finalizing the text herein, but he was also kind enough to send me a final copy of the text of his Regional Economic Institutions and Conflict Mitigation: Design, Implementation, and the Promise of Peace , which was published in 2012. Although I contemplated an update of my earlier publications on the subject some 15 years ago, when developments in Asia and the Pacific were in flux, for various reasons I focused my attention else- where. Today, I am happy that I waited for inchoate developments to come to fuller fruition, permitting more solid, substantive, and the- oretical contributions. Whether my efforts are worthy of applause I leave to perspicacious readers of the present volume. M i c h a e l H a a s L o s A n g e l e s This page intentionally left blank Abbreviations

AALCC Asian African Legal Consultative Committee AALCO Asian African Legal Consultative Organization A A R D O A f r o - A s i a n R u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n A A R R O A f r o - A s i a n R u r a l R e c o n s t r u c t i o n O r g a n i z a t i o n ACC Asian Coconut Community ACU Asian Clearing Union ACW ASEAN Committee on Women A D B A s i a n D e v e l o p m e n t B a n k ADMM ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting AEC ASEAN Economic Community AEM ASEAN Economic Ministers AEMM ASEAN Education Ministers Meeting AFMM ASEAN Finance Ministers Meeting A F T A A S E A N F r e e T r a d e A r e a A H M M A S E A N H e a l t h M i n i s t e r s M e e t i n g A I B D A s i a - P a c i fi c Institute for Broadcasting Development A I P A A S E A N I n t e r - P a r l i a m e n t a r y A s s e m b l y A I P O A S E A N I n t e r - P a r l i a m e n t a r y O r g a n i z a t i o n A J C A s i a n J u d i c i a l C o n f e r e n c e ALAWMM ASEAN Law Ministers Meeting A L C C A s i a n L e g a l C o n s u l t a t i v e C o m m i t t e e ALMM ASEAN Labor Ministers Meeting AMAF ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Agriculture and Forestry AMBDC Ministerial Meeting on ASEAN Mekong Basin Development Cooperation AMCA ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Culture and Arts A M D A A n g l o - M a l a y a n D e f e n c e A g r e e m e n t A M D A A n g l o - M a l a y s i a n D e f e n c e A g r e e m e n t AMEM ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting A M F A s i a n M o n e t a r y F u n d xvi ABBREVIATIONS

AMM ASEAN Ministerial Meeting AMMDM ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Disaster Management AMME ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Environment AMMin ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Minerals AMMST ASEAN Ministers Meeting on Science and Technology AMMSWD ASEAN Ministerial Meeting for Social Welfare and Development AMMY ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Youth AMMTC ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime AMRDPE ASEAN Ministers Meeting on Rural Development and Poverty Elimination AMRI ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Information A M R O A S E A N + 3 M a c r o e c o n o m i c O ffi ce ANRPC Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, and the United States A O P U A s i a n - O c e a n i c P o s t a l U n i o n A P C C A s i a n a n d P a c i fi c Coconut Community A P C C A s i a n - P a c i fi c Cultural Center A P D C A s i a n - P a c i fi c Development Center A P E C A s i a - P a c i fi c Economic Cooperation A P F A s i a P a c i fi c Forum of National Human Rights Institutions A P I L A s s o c i a t i o n o f P a c i fi c Island Legislatures APMCS Asian and Pacifi c Maritime Cooperation Scheme A P O A s i a n P r o d u c t i v i t y O r g a n i z a t i o n A P P F A s i a P a c i fi c Parliamentary Forum A P P U A s i a n - P a c i fi c Parliamentarians’ Union A P P U A s i a n - P a c i fi c Postal Union A P S C A S E A N P o l i t i c a l - S e c u r i t y C o m m u n i t y A P T A s i a - P a c i fi c Telecommunity A P T A A s i a - P a c i fi c APU Asian Parliamentarians’ Union ARF ASEAN Regional Forum A R T F A s i a n R i c e T r a d e F u n d A S A A s s o c i a t i o n o f S o u t h e a s t A s i a ASC ASEAN Sociocultural Community ASCA Association for Science Cooperation in Asia ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations ASEANAPOL Meeting of the Chiefs of National Police of the ASEAN Countries ABBREVIATIONS xvii

A S E M A S E A N E u r o p e a n M e e t i n g Asian Re Asian Reinsurance Corporation ASPAC Asian and Pacifi c Council ATM ASEAN Transport Ministers Meeting ATPC Association of Tin Producing Countries A U S M I N A u s t r a l i a - U . S . M i n i s t e r i a l M e e t i n g AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center C A C C e n t r a l A s i a n C o m m o n w e a l t h C A E C C e n t r a l A s i a n E c o n o m i c C o o p e r a t i o n C A E U C e n t r a l A s i a n E c o n o m i c U n i o n CALM Conference of Asian Labor Ministers CAPLM Conference of Asian and Pacifi c Labor Ministers CCAMLR Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources CCOP Committee for Co-ordination of Joint Prospecting in Asian Off shore Areas CCOP/SOPAC Committee for Co-ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in South Pacific Offshore Areas C C P A S W P R C o n f e r e n c e o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s o f P o l i c e o f A u s t r a l a s i a and the South West Pacifi c Region CCSBT Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefi sh T u n a C E N T O C e n t r a l T r e a t y O r g a n i z a t i o n C E P T C o m m o n E ff ective Preferential CHARM Customs Heads of Administration Regional Meeting CIRDAP Centre for Integrated Rural Development for Asia and t h e P a c i fi c C M C o o p e r a t i v e M e c h a n i s m COORDCOM Coordinating Committee of Southeast Asian Senior O ffi cials on Transport and Communications COP to AATHP Conference of the Parties to the ASEAN Agreement o n T r a n s b o u n d a r y H a z e P o l l u t i o n C - P l a n C o l o m b o P l a n f o r C o - o p e r a t i v e E c o n o m i c Development in Asia C-Plan Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social Development in Asia and the Pacifi c CROP Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacifi c C S T O C o l l e c t i v e S e c u r i t y T r e a t y O r g a n i z a t i o n xviii ABBREVIATIONS

CULSOCEN Cultural and Social Center for the Asian and Pacifi c Region DGCA Conference of Directors General of Civil Aviation, Asia a n d P a c i fi c Regions E A E C E a s t A s i a n E c o n o m i c C a u c u s E A E C E u r a s i a n E c o n o m i c C o m m u n i t y E A E G E a s t A s i a E c o n o m i c G r o u p EALAF East Asia-Latin America Forum E A S E a s t A s i a S u m m i t ECAFE UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East E C O E c o n o m i c C o o p e r a t i o n O r g a n i z a t i o n ECOCEN Economic Cooperation Center for the Asian and Pacifi c R e g i o n ECSC European and Steel Community EMEAP Executives’ Meeting of East Asia Pacifi c Central Banks EPG Eminent Persons Group ESCAP UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the P a c i fi c E U E u r o p e a n U n i o n E u r A s E C E u r a s i a n E c o n o m i c C o m m u n i t y EWC Center for Cultural and Technology Interchange Between E a s t a n d W e s t EWC Center for Cultural Interchange Between East and West F A M M F o r u m A v i a t i o n M i n i s t e r s M e e t i n g FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the F C M M F o r u m C o m m u n i c a t i o n s M i n i s t e r s M e e t i n g FEALAC Forum for East Asia-Latin America Cooperation F E E R F a r E a s t e r n E c o n o m i c R e v i e w F E M M F o r u m E c o n o m i c M i n i s t e r s M e e t i n g FEMM Forum Education Ministers Meeting F E M M F o r u m E n e r g y M i n i s t e r s M e e t i n g F F A S o u t h P a c i fi c Forum Fisheries Agency F F A M M F o r u m F o r e i g n A ff airs Ministers Meeting FFMM Forum Finance Ministers Meeting FFTC Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and P a c i fi c R e g i o n F P D A F i v e P o w e r D e f e n c e A r r a n g e m e n t s FTMM Forum Trade Ministers Meeting ABBREVIATIONS xix

G A T T G e n e r a l A g r e e m e n t o n T a r i ff s and Trade G C J P C G o v e r n m e n t C o n s u l t a t i o n a m o n g J u t e P r o d u c i n g Countries I A T T C I n t e r - A m e r i c a n T r o p i c a l T u n a C o m m i s s i o n ICC International Criminal Court I C F D T T P / E D I n t e r g o v e r n m e n t a l C o n s u l t a t i v e F o r u m o f D e v e l o p i n g Tropical Timber Producing/Exporting Countries ICJ International Court of Justice I F M C I n d o c h i n e s e F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r s C o n f e r e n c e I G C C S o u t h e a s t A s i a R e g i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r I n t e r - G o v e r n m e n t a l C o o p e r a t i o n a n d C o o r d i n a t i o n i n F a m i l y a n d P o p u l a t i o n P l a n n i n g i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a I G O i n t e r g o v e r n m e n t a l O r g a n i z a t i o n I L O I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o u r O r g a n i s a t i o n IMC Interim Mekong Committee I N R O I n t e r n a t i o n a l N a t u r a l R u b b e r O r g a n i z a t i o n I n t e r p o l I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i m i n a l P o l i c e O r g a n i z a t i o n IOR-ARC Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation I O T C I n d i a n O c e a n T u n a C o m m i s s i o n IPC International Pepper Community ITLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea I T R O I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r i p a r t i t e R u b b e r O r g a n i z a t i o n I T T O I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r o p i c a l T i m b e r O r g a n i z a t i o n ITU International Telecommunications Union J C C J o i n t C o m m e r c i a l C o m m i s s i o n JSS //New Zealand Joint Shipping Service M-ATM ASEAN Tourism Ministers Meeting MEDSEA Ministerial Conference for the Economic Development o f S o u t h e a s t A s i a M E T O M i d d l e E a s t T r e a t y O r g a n i z a t i o n M R C M e k o n g R i v e r C o m m i s s i o n MSG Melanesian Spearhead Group NAFTA North American Agreement N A M N o n - A l i g n e d M o v e m e n t N A T O N o r t h A t l a n t i c T r e a t y O r g a n i z a t i o n N P O n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t i v i t y c e n t e r OCAC Organization of Central Asian Cooperation O C O O c e a n i a C u s t o m s O r g a n i s a t i o n xx ABBREVIATIONS

O E C D O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r E c o n o m i c C o o p e r a t i o n a n d D e v e l o p m e n t OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries P A C E R P a c i fi c Agreement on Closer Economic Relations P A C O M P a c i fi c-Asian Congress of Municipalities P A S O P a c i fi c Aviation Safety Offi ce P B D C P a c i fi c Basin Development Council P C P a c i fi c Community P C P e p p e r C o m m u n i t y PCIJ Permanent Court of International Justice P E C C P a c i fi c Economic Cooperation Council P E M M P a c i fi c Island Energy Policy and Pacifi c Energy Ministers M e e t i n g P F D P o s t - F o r u m D i a l o g u e P F L P a c i fi c Forum Line P I A C P a c i fi c Islands Aviation Council P I C P a c i fi c Islands Conference P I C P P a c i fi c Islands Chiefs of Police P I C T A P a c i fi c Island Countries Trade Agreement P I D B P a c i fi c Islands Development Bank P I F P a c i fi c Islands Forum P I F F A P a c i fi c Islands Forum Fisheries Agency P I L M C P a c i fi c Islands Labour Ministers Conference P I L O M P a c i fi c Islands Law Offi cers’ Meeting P I L O N P a c i fi c Islands Law Offi cers’ Network P I P A P a c i fi c Islands Producers’ Association P I T A P a c i fi c Islands Telecommunications Association P I T A A P a c i fi c Island Tax Administrators Association P I T D C P a c i fi c Islands Tourism Development Council P I T I C P a c i fi c Islands Trade and Investment Commission P J C P a c i fi c Judicial Conference PLG P M C P o s t M i n i s t e r i a l C o n f e r e n c e P R E P P a c i fi c Regional Environmental Programme R C D R e g i o n a l C o o p e r a t i o n f o r D e v e l o p m e n t R C G S R e g i o n a l C o n s u l t a t i v e G r o u p o n S i l k RCT Regional Committee on Trade RIHED Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation S C O S h a n g h a i C o o p e r a t i o n O r g a n i z a t i o n ABBREVIATIONS xxi

SEACEN South East Asian Central Banks Group SEAFDEC Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center SEAMCED Ministerial Conference for the Economic Development o f S o u t h e a s t A s i a SEAMEO Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization SEANZA Central Banks of Southeast Asia, Australia and N e w Z e a l a n d SEAPCENTRE Southeast Asian Promotion Centre for Trade, Investment and Tourism SEATAC Southeast Asian Agency for Regional Transport and C o m m u n i c a t i o n s D e v e l o p m e n t S E A T O S o u t h - E a s t A s i a T r e a t y O r g a n i z a t i o n S E A T R A D C S o u t h e a s t A s i a n T i n R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t r e SGATAR Study Group on Asian Tax Administration and Research S I S S m a l l e r I s l a n d S t a t e s S u m m i t S O P A C P a c i fi c Islands Applied Geoscience Commission S P A R T E C A S o u t h P a c i fi c Regional Trade and Economic Co-operation A g r e e m e n t S P A T C S o u t h P a c i fi c Air Transport Council S P B E A S o u t h P a c i fi c Board for Educational Assessment SPC Secretariat of the Pacifi c Community S P C S o u t h P a c i fi c Commission S P C P C S o u t h P a c i fi c Chiefs of Police Conference S P E C S o u t h P a c i fi c Bureau for Economic Co-operation S P E C T E L S o u t h P a c i fi c Regional Meeting on Telecommunications SPF Secretariat of the Pacifi c Islands Forum S P F S o u t h P a c i fi c Forum S P H S S o u t h P a c i fi c Health Service S P J C S o u t h P a c i fi c Judicial Conference S P L M C S o u t h P a c i fi c Labour Ministers Conference S P O C C S o u t h P a c i fi c Organisations Coordinating Committee S P R C A C S o u t h P a c i fi c Regional Civil Aviation Council S P R E P S e c r e t a r i a t o f t h e P a c i fi c Regional Environmental P r o g r a m m e S P R E P S o u t h P a c i fi c Regional Environmental Programme S P R S C S o u t h P a c i fi c Regional Shipping Council S P T C S o u t h P a c i fi c Trade Commission S P T O S o u t h P a c i fi c Tourism Organisation S w P D S o u t h w e s t P a c i fi c Dialogue xxii ABBREVIATIONS

T C T r i p a r t i t e C o u n c i l T C C C T a x a t i o n a n d C u s t o m s C o o p e r a t i o n C o n f e r e n c e TCSP Tourism Council of the South Pacifi c TIFA Trade and Investment Framework Agreement TELMIN ASEAN Telecommunications and IT Ministers Meeting TTPI Trust Territory of the Pacifi c Islands UK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland U N U n i t e d N a t i o n s U N C T A D U N C o n f e r e n c e o n T r a d e a n d D e v e l o p m e n t U N E S C O U N E d u c a t i o n a l , S c i e n t i fi c and Cultural Organization UNMOGIP UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UPU Universal Postal Union U S U n i t e d S t a t e s USA United States of America USP University of the South Pacifi c USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WCPFC Western and Central Pacifi c Fisheries Commission W T O W o r l d T r a d e O r g a n i z a t i o n Z O P F A N Z o n e o f P e a c e , F r e e d o m a n d N e u t r a l i t y

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