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THE New Pacific DIPLOMACY THE New Pacific DIPLOMACY THE New Pacific DIPLOMACY edited by Greg Fry and Sandra Tarte PACIFIC SERIES Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: The new pacific diplomacy / edited by Greg Fry, Sandra Tarte. ISBN: 9781925022810 (paperback) 9781925022827 (ebook) Subjects: Diplomacy. Pacific Area--Foreign relations. Other Creators/Contributors: Fry, Greg, 1950- editor. Tarte, Sandra, editor. Dewey Number: 327.2 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press This edition © 2015 ANU Press Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations . ix Acknowledgements . xv List of Contributors . xvii Overview 1 . The ‘New Pacific Diplomacy’: An introduction . 3 GREG FRY AND SANDRA TARTE 2 . ‘Charting its Own Course’: A paradigm shift in Pacific diplomacy . 21 H.E. PRESIDENT ANOTE TONG The Regional Diplomatic System 3 . Towards a New Regional Diplomacy Architecture . 27 KALIOPATE TAVOLA 4 . The Future of the Pacific Islands Forum and the Framework for Pacific Regionalism . 39 DAME MEG TAYLOR 5 . The New Framework for Pacific Regionalism: Old kava in a new tanoa? . 49 CLAIRE SLATTER 6 . Civil Society and the Political Legitimacy of Regional Institutions: An NGO perspective . 65 MAUREEN PENJUELI 7 . A New Pacific Regional Voice? The Pacific Islands Development Forum . 79 SANDRA TARTE 8 . The New Pacific Diplomacy at the United Nations: The rise of the PSIDS . 89 FULORI MANOA Fiji’s New Diplomacy 9 . Fiji’s Emerging Brand of Pacific Diplomacy: A Fiji government perspective . 101 LITIA MAWI 10 . Fiji’s Foreign Policy and the New Pacific Diplomacy . 111 MAKERETA KOMAI Geopolitical Context 11 . The Strategic Context of the New Pacific Diplomacy . 125 MICHAEL O’KEEFE 12 . New Zealand and Australia in Pacific Regionalism . 137 NICOLA BAKER Sub-Regionalism 13 . The Renaissance of the Melanesian Spearhead Group . 151 TESS NEWTON CAIN 14 . Negotiating the Melanesia Free Trade Area . 161 SOVAIA MARAWA 15 . Micronesian Sub-Regional Diplomacy . 175 SUZANNE LOWE GALLEN Climate Diplomacy 16 . Marshalling a Pacific Response to Climate Change . 191 NICOLLETTE GOULDING 17 . Establishing a Pacific Voice in the Climate Change Negotiations . 205 GEORGE CARTER Tuna Diplomacy 18 . How Tuna is Shaping Regional Diplomacy . 223 TRANSFORM AQORAU 19 . The New Pacific Diplomacy and the South Pacific Tuna Treaty . 237 JOPE TARAI Negotiating Trade and Decolonisation 20 . Negotiating Power in Contemporary Pacific Trade Diplomacy . 251 WESLEY MORGAN 21 . Pacific Diplomacy and Decolonisation in the 21st Century . 263 NIC MACLELLAN Appendices Thinking ‘Outside the Rocks’: Reimagining the Pacific . 285 HON. HENRY PUNA Melanesian Spearhead Group: The last 25 years . 291 SIR MICHAEL SOMARE Index . 299 Map of the Pacific islands region Source: CartoGIS, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University Acronyms and Abbreviations ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific ANZ Australia and New Zealand ANZCERTA Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CANCC Coalition of Atoll Nations on the issue of Climate Change CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CEPA Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement CfRN Coalition of Rainforest Nations CNMI Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands COPs Conference of the Parties CRC Committee on the Rights of the Child CRGA Committee of Representatives of Governments and Administrations CROP Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific CSO civil society organisation CVF Climate Vulnerable Forum ix THE NEW PACIFIC DIPLOMACY DAW N Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era DEA Department of External Affairs DFA Department of Foreign Affairs DIVA Diverse Voices and Action for Equality DSM deep sea mining DWFN Distant Water Fishing Nation EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EPA Economic Partnership Agreement EPG Eminent Persons Group EU European Union EWTP Engaging with the Pacific FAD Fish Aggregating Device FAS Freely Associated States FFA Forum Fisheries Agency FIC forum island country FLNKS Front de Libération Nationale Kanak et Socialiste (Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front) FPA Fisheries Partnership Agreement FSM Federated States of Micronesia G77 Group of 77 GDP Gross Domestic Product HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points IDEA Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IGB Inter-Governmental Body ISC International Sugar Council JUSCANZ Japan, United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand LDC Least Developed Country MCES Micronesian Chief Executives’ Summit MCT Micronesian Conservation Trust MDG Millennium Development Goal x ACRONYMS AND Abbreviations MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPA marine protected area MPS Micronesian Presidents Summit MSG Melanesian Spearhead Group MSG-FTA Melanesian Spearhead Group Free Trade Area MSGTA Melanesian Spearhead Group Trade Agreement MTEC Micronesian Trade and Economic Community NAM Non-Aligned Movement NFIP Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific NGO non-government organisation NSA non-state actor NZ New Zealand OECD Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development PACER Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations PACP Pacific–African, Caribbean and Pacific PALM Pacific Alliance Leaders Meeting PANG Pacific Network on Globalisation PARTA Pacific Regional Trade Agreement PCC Pacific Conference of Churches PCCR Pacific Climate Change Roundtable PCCPP People’s Charter for Change, Peace and Progress PCRC Pacific Concerns Resource Centre PIANGO Pacific Islands Association of Non-Government Organisations PIC Pacific Island Country PICAN Pacific Islands Climate Action Network PICT Pacific Island Countries and Territories PICTA Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement PIDF Pacific Islands Development Forum PIF Pacific Islands Forum PIFS Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat xi THE NEW PACIFIC DIPLOMACY PIPSO Pacific Islands Private Sector Organisation PLG Polynesian Leaders Group PNA Parties to the Nauru Agreement PNG Papua New Guinea PPAC Pacific Plan Action Committee PRNGO Pacific Regional Non-Governmental Organisation PRUN Permanent Representative to the United Nations PSIDS Pacific Small Island Developing States RAMSI Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands REC regional economic community REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RIF Regional Institutional Framework RMI Republic of the Marshall Islands ROO Rules of Origin ROP Republic of Palau SBs Subsidiary Bodies SDG Sustainable Development Goal SIDS Small Island Developing States SIS Small Island States SME small and medium-sized enterprise SMS Skilled Movement Scheme SPARTECA South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community SPF South Pacific Forum SPNWFZ South Pacific Nuclear Weapon Free Zone SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme SSC south–south cooperation TIS Trade in Services TNC The Nature Conservancy xii ACRONYMS AND Abbreviations TTPI Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ULMWP United Liberation Movement for West Papua UN United Nations UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC COP United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services UPLD Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social (Union for Democracy and Social Progress) USP University of the South Pacific VDS Vessel Day Scheme WCPFC Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission WCPO Western and Central Pacific Ocean WMCES Western Micronesia Chief Executives Summit WPNCL West Papua National Council for Liberation WTO World Trade Organization xiii Acknowledgements Most of the chapters in this volume were first presented as papers at the Workshop on The New Pacific Diplomacy held at the University of the South Pacific (USP) in early December 2014. We would like to thank the School of Government, Development and International Affairs at the USP and especially Professor Vijay Naidu, then Head of School, for his support for this project. We would also like to thank Sela Epeli and Annie Kaufonongo for their administrative support for the workshop. ANU Press has been very supportive throughout the publication process. We would especially like to acknowledge Emily Tinker, Publications Coordinator, and Teresa Prowse who designed the cover. We are also indebted to Duncan Beard for his expert copy-editing and to Beth Battrick
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