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THE SITUATION of WOMEN in MALDIVES © 2018 UN Women / UNFPA

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THE SITUATION of WOMEN in MALDIVES © 2018 UN Women / UNFPA RESEARCH PAPERS ON THE SITUATION OF WOMEN IN MALDIVES © 2018 UN Women / UNFPA. All rights reserved. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of UN Women or UNFPA, the United Nations or any of its affiliated organizations. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication is a joint production by the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in collaboration with the Ministry of Gender and Family. The collaboration was led by UN Women Maldives Office and UNFPA Maldives. The team wishes to acknowledge the invaluable contributions by the core authors who have been instrumental in making these research papers possible as well as the substantial guidance provided by the Experts Committee. We would also like to thank the representatives of state institutions, civil society organizations and UN and other development partners for their active and valuable contributions to the discussions and issues covered in the research papers. CORE AUTHORS OF RESEARCH PAPERS Fareesha Abdullah, Aishath Azfa, Humaida Abdulghafoor, Fathimath Shafeega EXPERTS COMMITTEE Aisha Shujune, Ahmed Anwar, Marium Jabyn, Ibrahim Thayyib, Shadiya Ibrahim, Fathimath Zuhana UNITED NATIONS (UN) TEAM IN COUNTRY Research Coordinators: Shadiya Ibrahim (UNFPA), Fathimath Zuhana (UN Women) CONTENTS 07 WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND UNPAID CARE WORK IN THE MALDIVES 107 DO ADOLESCENT GIRLS HAVE ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE TO MAKE HEALTHY AND INFORMED LIFE CHOICES? 147 WHY DOES MUSAWAH SAY EQUALITY IN THE MUSLIM FAMILY IS “NECESSARY AND POSSIBLE”, AND HOW APPLICABLE ARE THESE CLAIMS TO THE MALDIVES’ MUSLIM CONTEXT? 185 WHAT CONSTITUTES A WOMAN AND FAMILY FRIENDLY FRAMEWORK ON CHILD CUSTODY, PRE-NUPTIAL AGREEMENTS, MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE? WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND UNPAID CARE WORK IN THE MALDIVES AISHATH AZFA 10 AUGUST 2018 “Empowering women economically is not only the “right thing” to do to honor the world’s commitments to human rights. It is also the “smart thing” to do for development, economic growth and business” UN SECRETARY-GENERAL’S HIGH-LEVEL PANEL ON WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 2017 CONTENTS Abstract 14 1.0 Preamble 15 2.0 Research Objectives 18 2.1 Methodology 19 2.2 Constraints and Limitations 21 2.3 Outline 22 SECTION I The Maldivian context 23 3.0 Maldives Cultural, Demographic and Economic Background 24 3.1 Culture 25 3.2 Demography 26 3.3 Economy 28 3.4 The Maldivian Employment Context 29 3.4.1 The Labour Force 29 3.4.2 Labour Force Participation Rate 30 3.4.3 Employment Rate 31 3.4.4 Unemployment Rate 32 4.0 Gender Frameworks 33 4.1 National Gender Frameworks 34 4.1.1 Constitution 34 4.1.2 Laws 35 4.2 International Commitments to Gender Equality 36 4.3 The Sustainable Development Goals 37 SECTION II Case Studies & Interpretation 38 5.0 Introduction 39 5.1 Case study one 41 5.2 Case study two 43 5.3 Case study three 45 5.4 Time Use Surveys of Respondents 47 5.4.1 Calculating the hours 49 5.4.2 Calculating the wage 49 5.4.3 The Generalist Approach 50 5.4.4 The Specialist Approach 52 6.0 Barriers faced by women in seeking employment 55 6.1 Education and Skills 57 6.2 Perceptions 61 6.3 Reproductive/Domestic Role 66 6.4 Availability of jobs 69 6.5 Types of opportunities 72 6.6 Enabling environment 76 7.0 Conclusions 79 Main Findings 81 Recommended interventions 82 Areas for further research 82 Annex 1 83 Annex 1 .1 86 Annex 2 88 Annex 3 93 Annex 4 95 References 99 Acronyms 102 Definitions and Terminologies 104 Figures Figure 1: Age structure of the population (NBS 2015) 26 Figure 2: Composition of the Labour Force (NBS 2014) 29 Figure 3: Labour Force Participation Rate and percentage change in LFPR, 2006-2014 (NBS 2014) 30 Figure 4: Reasons for unemployment by sex, 2014 (NBS 2015) 32 Figure 5: Barriers faced by women in seeking employment 56 Figure 6: Representation of Locals and Foreigners in the Tourism Sector (MoT 2011) 64 Figure 7: Locals and Foreigners in managerial positions vs functional positions (MoT 2011) 64 Figure 8: Occupation classified by sex (NBS 2016) 75 Figure 9: Map of countries that has completed time use surveys (UNDS 2016) 91 Tables Table 1: Time Use Survey of Respondents 48 Table 2: Calculations of Time Use of Respondents Using the Generalist Cost Method 50 Table 3: Annual Generalist Cost for the three case studies 51 Table 4: Average Hourly Wage of Specialists 52 Table 5: Calculations of Time Use of Respondents Using the Generalist Cost Method 53 Table 6: Annual Specialist Cost for the three case studies 54 Table 7: Percentage of males and females enrolled in various educational levels (NBS 2014b, pg. 20) 58 Table 8: Highest Educational Certificate achieved by employment status for females (NBS 2014) 59 Table 9: Comparison between men and women by industry of employment 73 Table 10: Status of Employment classified by sex (in percentages) (NBS 2016) 74 Table 11: Minimum List of Activity Categories (UNECE 2013, pg. 54) 84 Table 12: Approaches to value labor input in unpaid care work (UNDESA 1999, SSA 2002, Webber 2017) 92 Table 13: Targets and Indicators relating to WEE from the SDGs (UNDESA 2017) 96 ABSTRACT Women make significant contributions to the economy all over the world. However, while men tend to dominate the formal sectors of employment, women are more likely to be engaged in informal sectors with limited job security, benefits, recognition and support. One of the greatest barriers to women’s equal representation and participation in the economic sector is the disproportionate burden of unpaid care work on females arising from social, cultural and religious norms. This paper aims to explore women’s economic empowerment in the Maldivian context through a mixed methodology of qualitative and quantitative review. The paper analyses existing studies, data and case studies on lived experiences of women. A time use survey was conducted among the case studies to put a monetary value on the unpaid work done by these women for their families. The findings were then used to identify barriers influencing and reinforcing women to remain in unpaid care work in the Maldives. The main barriers were identified as education and skills, availability of jobs, type of jobs, domestic and reproductive roles, public perception and lack of enabling environment. The report concludes that transformational change is required to change the perception of women’s role in family and society. Additionally, there is a need for targeted and conscious policy interventions to change public perception, establish social services and create an enabling environment to relieve women from their domestic burdens and ensure meaningful engagement in the economic sector. Keywords: women, economic empowerment, domestic duties, reproductive roles, unpaid care work 14 RESEARCH PAPERS ON THE SITUATION OF WOMEN IN MALDIVES 1.0 PREAMBLE “Women’s Economic Empowerment (WEE) refers to the jobs that are informal in nature, leading to greater economic capacity of women to contribute to and benefit from growth vulnerability.6 Women in most countries earn on average only processes in ways which recognize the value of their 60 – 75 percent of men’s wages.7 The comparatively lower contributions, respect their dignity and make it possible to job securities, recognition, access to assets and capital and negotiate a fairer distribution of the benefits of growth”.1 relatively lower economic leverage resulting from this reduces Generally speaking, economic empowerment would increase their influence in public policy and hinders full enjoyment of a woman’s access to economic resources, employment and growth and development.8 growth opportunities (e.g., skills development and training) and facilitate easier access to financial resources, assets and Similar gender gaps are observed in the Maldives from the capital.2 Population and Household Census (2014) and the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES 2016). Men make up 61 Women all over the world make significant contributions to percent of the total labour force in the country, while women the economy, both in the formal and informal sector. Equal account for only 39 percent.9 The Labour Force Participation engagement of men and women in the labour force results Rate (LFPR) for men and women stood at 78 percent and in faster economic growth and ensures more widespread 42 percent respectively, showing that more women still fall benefits to communities and nations. The increased outside the labour force category.10 Comparisons between participation of women in economic activities has been the average earnings by male and female workers also shows identified as a pre-requisite for the achievement of gender consistency with the global trends. An employed male earns equality and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).3 an average monthly salary of MVR 11,977 while an employed female earns an average monthly salary of MVR 7,510.11 However, women’s contributions to the economy is not These statistics reaffirms the economic inequalities faced by received equally to that of men, and they continue to be Maldivian women but does not answer the social constraints disproportionately affected by poverty, discrimination and behind these disparities. exploitation.4 Women still continue to face discrimination with access to equal rights to decent employment, equal One of the greatest barriers to women’s equal pay, access to assets and credit schemes etc.5 Global trends show that women are most often engaged in lower paying 6 UN WOMEN (2013). Economic Empowerment of Women – Thematic Brief, http://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/ publications/2013/12/un%20women_ee-thematic-brief_us-web%20pdf.
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