DOCSLIB.ORG

The Maldives Study on Women's Health and Life Experiences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Maldives Study on Women's Health and Life Experiences The Maldives Study on Women’s Health and Life Experiences Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women’s responses to violence Emma Fulu © Ministry of Gender and Family The Maldives Study on Women’s Health and Life Experiences: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women’s Responses to Violence. ISBN 99915-95-01-5 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................V ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY................................................................................................................... V PREVALENCE AND PATTERNS OF VIOLENCE ............................................................................................... VI ASSOCIATIONS OF VIOLENCE WITH SPECIFIC HEALTH OUTCOMES............................................................ VIII WOMEN’S COPING STRATEGIES AND USE OF SERVICES .............................................................................. IX IMPACT OF THE TSUNAMI ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN.......................................................................... X RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................................. X CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS................................................................................... 2 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................................................... 2 THE CULTURAL CONTEXT OF THE MALDIVES ............................................................................................. 2 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN THE MALDIVES.......................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONNAIRE................................................... 8 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH ......................................................................................................................... 8 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................... 8 MEASURING VIOLENCE............................................................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 14 FORMATIVE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH....................................................................................................... 14 QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSLATION ................................................................................ 15 INTERVIEWER SELECTION AND TRAINING ................................................................................................. 16 SAMPLE DESIGN........................................................................................................................................ 18 SAMPLE REDESIGN.................................................................................................................................... 19 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY AND FIELDWORK PROCEDURES .............................................................. 20 MECHANISM FOR QUALITY CONTROL ....................................................................................................... 21 DATA PROCESSING ................................................................................................................................... 22 ETHICAL AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................. 23 INTERVIEW GUIDELINES ........................................................................................................................... 24 STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4: RESPONSE RATE AND SAMPLE DEMOGRAPHIC................................................. 26 RESPONDENT’S SATISFACTION WITH INTERVIEW ...................................................................................... 28 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS........................................................................................................ 29 STATISTICS AND TABLES........................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 5: PREVALENCE OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE ........................................... 32 NATIONAL LEVEL PREVALENCE RATES ..................................................................................................... 33 EMOTIONAL ABUSE AND CONTROLLING BEHAVIOUR ................................................................................ 35 OVERLAP OF PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL PARTNER VIOLENCE........................................................................ 37 CURRENT AND LIFETIME PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE ............................................................... 38 SEVERITY AND FREQUENCY OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE ................................................................................ 38 DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE. ........................................... 40 SITUATIONS LEADING TO VIOLENCE ......................................................................................................... 42 WOMEN’S ATTITUDES TOWARDS VIOLENCE ............................................................................................. 42 WEIGHTED ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................... 44 DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER 6: PREVALENCE OF VIOLENCE BY PERPETRATORS OTHER THAN INTIMATE PARTNERS, SINCE AGE 15.................................................................................................................... 48 PERPETRATORS OF NON-PARTNER VIOLENCE............................................................................................ 49 i PARTNER VIOLENCE COMPARED WITH NON-PARTNER VIOLENCE.............................................................. 50 DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER 7: GIRL CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE PRIOR TO AGE 15................................................... 53 PREVALENCE OF GIRL CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE (UNDER AGE 15) ................................................................. 53 PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL ABUSE OF GIRLS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE .......................................................... 54 PERPETRATORS OF GIRL CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE......................................................................................... 55 FIRST SEXUAL EXPERIENCE ...................................................................................................................... 56 COMBINING ALL TYPES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN TO GET A NATIONAL PREVALENCE RATE............. 57 DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................................. 58 CHAPTER 8: ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN VIOLENCE BY INTIMATE PARTNERS AND WOMEN’S PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH .............................................................................. 59 INJURIES AS A RESULT OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE ......................................................................... 61 PARTNER VIOLENCE AND WOMEN’S GENERAL HEALTH ............................................................................ 62 VIOLENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH ............................................................................................................. 64 DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER 9: INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE, WOMEN’S REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND THEIR CHILDREN................................................................................................................................... 68 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES......................................................................................................... 69 PARITY ..................................................................................................................................................... 70 CONTRACEPTIVE USE................................................................................................................................72 UNPLANNED PREGNANCIES ...................................................................................................................... 73 ANTENATAL AND POST-NATAL CARE........................................................................................................ 74 EFFECTS OF PARTNER VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN ........................................................................................ 75 DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................................. 78 CHAPTER 10: WOMEN’S COPING
Load more

Recommended publications
  • English) and Mathematics Is Low Compared to Many Other Countries
    i Table of Contents 2019 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. VIII PURPOSE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CCA ...................................................................................... IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ X CHAPTER 1. COUNTRY CONTEXT ............................................................................................................ 2 Political Situation and Trends ........................................................................................................................................6 Gender equality .............................................................................................................................................................8 Human Rights Situation ............................................................................................................................................... 11 COVID 19 and the Impact on Human Rights ................................................................................................................. 16 Economic Context .......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Maldives in Transition: Human Rights and Voices of Dissent
    Centre for Human Rights Education Faculty of Humanities The Maldives in Transition: Human Rights and Voices of Dissent Aminath Didi This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University February 2012 THE MALDIVES IN TRANSITION: HUMAN RIGHTS AND VOICES OF DISSENT Black Friday Protests 2004 Photo by A S Moosa Aminath Didi This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University Centre for Human Rights Education Faculty of Humanities February 2012 DECLARATION To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Aminath Didi February 2012 ABSTRACT This thesis explores the factors that have facilitated and inhibited the Maldives transition to a human rights respecting nation. The death of a young inmate in Maafushi Jail in September 2003 triggered events that led the Maldives to accept international human rights norms and to revise its Constitution. It also led the Maldives to embrace pluralistic democracy leading to the fall of a thirty-year dictatorial regime in 2008. Data gathered through interviews with activists and dissidents, as well as policy and law makers were analysed using grounded theory methodology. Increasing domestic opposition as well as international pressure from transnational advocacy networks and international aid donors steered the Maldives from a path of relative isolation in the 20th century, into the globalised world of the 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Census of Ceylon, 1921
    CENSUS PUBLICATIONS, CEYLON, 1921 VOLUME I.—PART II. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CEYLON, 1921 BY L. J. B. TURNER, M.A. (of the Ceylon Civil Service), Superintendent of Census and Director of Statistics, Ceylon, FelUnv of tlie Royal Statistical Society \1 613 PRINTED BY H. ROSS COTTLE, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, CEYLON To be purchased at the GOVERNMENT RECORD OFFICE, COLOMBO, price Rs. 5 1924 ( iii ) TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER I.—Sex. Section 1.—Some General Considerations .. •• •• •• 6 2. Some of the Statistics CHAPTER II.—Age. 15 Section 1.—The Inaccuracy of the Data .. 18 „ 2.—Some of the Results .. • • • • • • • 29 „ 3.—The Connected Theory CHAPTER III.—Conjugal Condition. 31 Section 1.—The Basis of the Figures and Early Marriages .. 32 „ 2.—Distribution of Population by Conjugal Condition 38 „ 3.—Some Marriage Customs .. • • CHAPTER IV.—Birthplace. 42 Section 1.—Population Ceylon-born and outside-born 46 „ 2.—Birthplaces of the Races 47 „ 3.—Sources of Supply of the District, Town, and Estate Populations... CHAPTER V.—Religion. 52 Section 1.—General 52 „ 2.—Development of Main Religions .. 54 „ 3.—Distribution by Race and Religion 55 „ ' 4.—Religious Composition of Provinces and Districts 56 „ . 5.—Christian Sects .. 58 „ 6.—Race by Religion and Province CHAPTER VI.—Literacy. 59 Section 1.—Some General Considerations 60 „ 2.—Progress of Literacy 63 ,, 3.—Literacy by Race and District .. 66 „ 4.—Literacy by Religion .. 69 „ 5.—Literacy in English 72 „ 6.—Tamil-speaking Sinhalese CHAPTER VII.—Occupations. 72 Section 1.—The Collection of the Information 74 „ 2.—The Main features of the Statistics 78 A.—Production of Raw Materials 81 B.—Preparation and Supply of Material Substances 86 C.—Public Administration and Liberal Arts 88 •D.—Miscellaneous 89 Subsidiary Occupations 90 CHAPTER VIH.—Infirmities.
    [Show full text]
  • SEA-Ageing-2 SEA-Ageing-2
    Available information indicates that a large proportion of older women in Member States of the South-East Asia Region are marginalized and vulnerable to many health problems due not only to old age, but also because of low socio-economic and cultural status. Longevity with poor health, inadequate support from family members and the community do not contribute positively toward well-being and quality of life of older women. Older women are more likely to be widowed, have low economic security, less involvement in the labour force and more care-giving responsibilities than elderly men. A regional meeting on Health of Older Women: Policy, Gender and Delivery of Service Issues, was organized by the World Health Organization's Regional Report of a regional meeting on Office for South-East Asia in collaboration with the Department of Ageing and Life- Course, WHO headquarters, and the Elderly Health Division, Department of health of older women: Health, Ministry of Public Health, Royal Thai Government. The general objective of the meeting was to promote the health of older women in countries of the South- East Asia Region, examining the health status and care available to older women, policy, gender and delivery of service issues examining different successful policies and practices including a framework of action, related to the health of older women. The framework for action will have two overarching priority areas – to strengthen health systems to better respond to Bangkok, Thailand the health needs of older women and in expanding human rights commitments and standards to promote women's health through a life-course approach by taking 23–25 September 2014 into account the gender perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Inclusive Growth and Gender Inequality in Asia's Labor Markets
    Please do not remove this page Inclusive growth and gender inequality in Asia’s labor markets Zveglich, Joseph E.; Rodgers, Yana https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/discovery/delivery/01RUT_INST:ResearchRepository/12647127150004646?l#13647127140004646 Zveglich, J. E., & Rodgers, Y. (2014). Inclusive growth and gender inequality in Asia’s labor markets. In R. Kanbur (Ed.), Inequality in Asia and the Pacific: trends, drivers, and policy implications (pp. 103–133). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.7282/t3-9ee9-n383 Document Version: Accepted Manuscript (AM) This work is protected by copyright. You are free to use this resource, with proper attribution, for research and educational purposes. Other uses, such as reproduction or publication, may require the permission of the copyright holder. Downloaded On 2021/09/28 20:55:37 -0400 Chapter 6 Inclusive Growth and Gender Inequality in Asia’s Labor Markets Joseph E. Zveglich, Jr. and Yana van der Meulen Rodgers Prepared for Ravi Kanbur, Changyong Rhee, and Juzhong Zhuang (eds.), Inequality in Asia and the Pacific: Trends, Drivers, and Policy Implications. Manila, London, and New York: Asian Development Bank and Routledge Press, 2014, pp. 103-133 Abstract. This chapter examines gender inequality in labor markets in Asia and the Pacific, with a focus on the structural drivers of women’s labor force participation. Demographic survey data indicate that in Asia’s lower-income countries, economic necessity is an important push factor behind women’s employment. Also, being married and having young children both reduce the likelihood that a woman is employed. In a separate analysis for Taipei,China, this disincentive effect from young children on women’s employment has increased over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Public Life in the Maldives
    “….If women are not present, we lack 50% of the contribution and views to govern our country..” – Male research participant, 26-50 years, South Copyright and Acknowledgments Copyright @ 2011 By the United Nations Development Programme in the Maldives UN Building, Buruzu Magu, Male’, Maldives All rights reserved. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, quoted, reproduced or translated, in part or in full, provided the source is acknowledged. The following persons contributed to the publication of this report: Lead Researcher / Author: Ingrid Quinn MA Senior Contributor: Shaliny Jaufar, Ferdinand von.habsburg Cover & Layout Designer: Ahmed Fayaz, Scorpius Technologies Pvt.Ltd “….If women are not present, we lack 50% of the contribution and views to govern our country..” – Male research participant, 26-50 years, South Foreword Maldives has made significant progress on gender equity and equality in recent years. This has been reflected in the country’s development indicators, such as high literacy rates for both men and women, and gender parity in enrolment and attainment in primary and secondary education. I believe that this has also been visible in the quality of life enjoyed by many women in the Maldives. Maldives also ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1993, and has made major strides in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Nevertheless, the country still has a significant way to go in achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment, particularly in the areas of participation and leadership in public life. This report on women in public life in the Maldives indicates that, while the benefits of participation of women is generally accepted, limited opportunities and information for women, and cultural barriers, restrict the choices available to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Impact Assessment Development of Aquatic Animal Quarantine Facility at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport
    December 2016 SFG2883 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK MALDIVES – SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture Contents 1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Maldives Sustainable Fisheries Project ............................................ 6 Background ................................................................................................................................... 6 Overview and Need of Fishery Sector Development in Maldives ................................................ 7 Environmental Vulnerability and Sectoral Context .................................................................... 11 Project Development Objectives: ................................................................................................ 12 Project Beneficiaries ................................................................................................................... 12 Project Components .................................................................................................................... 12 Objective of the Environmental and Social Assessment and Management Framework ............. 15 Due Diligence Principles ............................................................................................................ 16 ESMF Preparation Approach ...................................................................................................... 17 Implementation
    [Show full text]
  • Maldives: Disaster Management Reference Handbook
    CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT & HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE WWW.CFE-DMHA.ORG MALDIVES Disaster Management Reference Handbook May 2021 Acknowledgements CFE-DM would like to thank the following people for their knowledge and support in developing this resource: Catherine Haswell, UN Resident Coordinator; Resident Coordinator’s Office; & the UN Country Team in Maldives Gabrielle Emery, Disaster Law Coordinator, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), Asia Pacific Regional Office; & The Maldivian Red Crescent Kristina Ortiz, Deputy Director & Hillary Midkiff, Maldives Coordinator – Governance and Vulnerable Populations Office, USAID/Sri Lanka & Maldives Front Cover A portion of the Haa Dhaalu Atoll in northern Maldives. Photo: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Space Systems, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team Disclaimer This handbook has been prepared in good faith based on resources available at the time of publication. Information was gathered from the public domain, from local and government sources, as well as from subject matter experts. Where possible, a link to the original electronic source is provided in the endnote (reference) section at the end of the document. While making every attempt to ensure the information is relevant and accurate, the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM) does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness, or currency of the information in this publication. Each handbook is a working document and will be updated periodically as new, significant information becomes available. We hope that you find these handbooks informative, relevant, reliable, and useful in understanding disaster management and response for this country. We welcome and appreciate your feedback to improve this document and help fill any gaps to enhance its future utility.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Maldives
    Country Briefing Paper Women in the Republic of Maldives APRIL 2001 Abbreviations ADB – Asian Development Bank AEC – atoll education center CEDAW – Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women COS – country operational strategy CPR – contraceptive prevalence rate CSP – countyr strategy program DMC – developing member country DPH – Department of Public Health ESA – external support agency FFA – Framework for Action GAD – gender and development GCE O/L – General Certificate of Education – Ordinary Level GCE A/L – General Certificate of Education – Advanced Level GDI – Gender Development Index GDP – gross domestic product HDI – Human Development Index HDR – Human Development Report IDC – island development committee IMR – infant mortality rate ISA – initial social assessment IWC – island women’s committee LFPR – labor force participation rate MMR – maternal mortality rate MOH – Ministry of Health MPND – Ministry of Planning and National Development MWASS – Ministry of Women’s Affairs and Social Secuirty NGO – nongovernment organization SEC – Science Education Center SHE – Society for Health Education SSS – Southern Secondary School TA – technical assistance TBA – traditional birth attendant TFR – total fertility rate UN – United Nations UNDP – United Nations Development Programme UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM – United Nations Development Fund for Women WHO – World Health Organization WID – women in development Note: In this Report, “$” refers to US dollars. Preface Recognizing the significance of addressing gender and poverty concerns in the developing member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Office of Environment and Social Development has prepared a series of briefing papers on gender and development, in partnership with the relevant Programs Departments and national governments.
    [Show full text]
  • OHCHR in the Field: Africa
    OHCHR’s approach to field work Background empowered. In particular, OHCHR supports efforts to establish or strengthen justice and accountability mechanisms at the national level, including through Supporting the work of human rights field presences strengthened monitoring and investigation and is the main function of OHCHR’s Field Operations redress of violations of civil, political, economic, and Technical Cooperation Division (FOTCD). social and cultural rights. The Division, in cooperation with other parts of the Office, oversees activities relating to field In 2013, a new peace mission was established in operations, including advisory services and technical Mali and a new Human Rights Adviser (HRA) was cooperation. deployed to Timor-Leste. The peace mission in Sierra Leone closed in 2013. At the end of 2013, OHCHR Based on dialogue with national counterparts, was running or supporting 59 field presences the Office’s activities at country level (through and providing support to other members of the headquarters or field presences) focus on the UN family through rapid deployment. promotion and protection of human rights, including by preventing and reducing human rights violations. This occurs mainly through strengthening national protection systems which involves ensuring that Types of field presences government authorities are aware of their human rights obligations, supporting them in their implementation and designing effective remedies OHCHR field presences fall into two categories: to overcome obstacles to the realization of human stand-alone presences and collaborative rights. Through its programmes in the field, OHCHR arrangements. The first category comprises those likewise seeks to ensure that national authorities offices that are under the direct supervision of and civil society actors have the capacity to address OHCHR, namely country and regional offices.
    [Show full text]
  • Establishing A
    International Labour Organization 1919-2019 Establishing a aldi age ILO Country Office for Sri Lanka and the Maldives submission to the Government of the Maldives The Maldives minimum wage report Assessment of the needs of workers and their families, and economic factors December 2019 ILO Country Office for Sri Lankan and the Maldives Copyright © International Labour Organization 2019 First published (2019) Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Xavier Estupiñan, Anup K. Karan, Ali Nafees, Niushad Saeed English edition: The Maldives minimum wage report: Assessment of the needs of workers and their families, and economic factors ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team and ILO Country Office for Sri Lanka and the Maldives, 2019 ISBN : 9789220315903 (print); 9789220315910 (web pdf) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Cedaw/C/Mdv/4-5
    United Nations CEDAW/C/MDV/4-5 Convention on the Elimination Distr.: General 5 March 2013 of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Original: English Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention Combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of States parties due in 2010 Maldives* [13 December 2012] * In accordance with the information transmitted to the States parties regarding the processing of their reports, the present document has not been edited. GE.13-41701 CEDAW/C/MDV/4-5 Contents Paragraphs Page I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1-24 3 Report Preparation .................................................................................................. 7-9 4 Major Policy Developments .................................................................................... 10-13 4 Key Challenges to Gender Equality ........................................................................ 14-24 5 II. Updates on the 2007 Concluding Observations to the Second and Third Periodic Report of the Government of Maldives ....................... 25-95 6 III. Progress report on the CEDAW articles ................................................................. 96-221 17 Annexes** ** Annexes may be consulted in the files of the secretariat. 2 CEDAW/C/MDV/4-5 I. Introduction 1. The Maldives ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 1993; and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, on 13 March 2006. The last dialogue with the CEDAW Committee on its combined second and third report was conducted on 19 January 2007. The Concluding Comments of the Committee were issued on 2 February 2007. 2. The Government of Maldives is a young democracy that is in a continuing process of political transition.
    [Show full text]