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Youth in the Maldives: Shaping a New Future for Young Women and Men Through Engagement and Empowerment

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Youth in the Maldives: Shaping a New Future for Young Women and Men Through Engagement and Empowerment Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Youth in the Maldives: Shaping a New Future for Young Women and Men Through Engagement and Empowerment October 3, 2014 Sri Lanka Maldives Country Unit Social Development Unit South Asia Region Document of the World Bank TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... i Preface ................................................................................................................................. iii Acronyms ............................................................................................................................. iv Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... v 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Background and Justification ............................................................................................. 1 Objectives, Audience and Data Sources .............................................................................. 2 Report Roadmap................................................................................................................ 4 2. Framework and Context for Analzing Youth in the Maldives ........................................... 5 Definitions ......................................................................................................................... 5 Country Context ................................................................................................................ 7 Youth Policy and Definitions ............................................................................................ 10 3. Issues Affecting Youth .................................................................................................. 12 3.1 Health ........................................................................................................................ 12 3.2 Education ................................................................................................................... 22 3.3 Youth Employment and Unemployment ..................................................................... 29 3.4 Family Structure and Relationships............................................................................. 35 3.5 Gangs and Violence .................................................................................................... 39 3.6 Youth Civic Engagement and Participation .................................................................. 50 4. Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................. 57 Summary of Findings ....................................................................................................... 57 Moving Forward – Shaping a New Future for Youth .......................................................... 60 Recommendations At-A-Glance ....................................................................................... 66 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 69 Annex 1. Other Data Sources ............................................................................................... 85 Annex 2. Cursory Scan of Youth Policies and Programs in the Maldives ................................ 87 i ii PREFACE This report, which examines challenges facing youth in the Maldives, as well as opportunities for their development, was a collaborative effort between the World Bank and the Ministry of Youth and Sports. A World Bank team comprising Piotr Pawlak, Parthapriya Ghosh, Jana El-Horr, Dustin Smith and Maria Correia, prepared this report. Maria-Beatriz Orlando at the World Bank, Washington D.C., was instrumental in sharing her experiences in working with gender and youth issues. Special thanks are extended to Somil Nagpal (Senior Health Specialist), Harsha Aturupane (Lead Education Specialist), Mari Shojo (Education Specialist), and Aminath Inasha Shafeeq (Operations Analyst), for their operational support through the country-missions and collection of qualitative data. We are also indebted to Natasha Leite, Independent Consultant for UNICEF, who shared invaluable insights about youth in the Maldives. Our recognition and gratitude goes to all who have contributed to this report by sharing country-specific data, reports and publications, program and policy examples and other research materials relevant to the topic of youth and gender in the Maldives. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the young women and young men in the Maldives who were interviewed for this report. iii ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ARROW Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre for Women AUSAid Australian Agency for International Development BBS Biological and Behavioral Survey CBO Community-Based Organization CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CSO Civil Society Organizations DRP Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party FGD Focus-Group Discussion FPU Family Protection Unit GBV Gender-Based Violence HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IGMH Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital IPPF International Planned Parenthood Federation IPV Intimate Partner Violence JJU Juvenile Justice Unit LDC Least Developed Country MDHS Maldivian Demographic and Health Survey MIC Middle-income Country MOE Ministry of Education (Maldives) MPND Ministry of Planning and National Development (Maldives) NER Net Enrollment Rate NGO Non-Governmental Organization NYP National Youth Policy SAGE South Asia Gender Initiative SEN Special Education Needs SRGBV School-related Gender-based Violence SRH Sexual and Reproductive Health SRHR Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights STI Sexually Transmitted Infection UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund DAW United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO Bangkok United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Asia- Pacific Regional Bureau for Education iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction This report responds to the growing concern over issues facing Maldivian youth today, and specifically, to a request made by the Ministry of Youth and Sports to examine the status of youth in the Maldives. Such concerns are certainly warranted, particularly in light of a regional youth bulge which is taking place in South Asia, as well as an observed increase in at risk behavior such as youth drug use and membership in gangs. While a number of studies have sought to examine youth issues in the Maldives, a comprehensive and holistic assessment is lacking. This report was aimed at helping to fill this knowledge gap. This report examines issues affecting young people in the Maldives as they transition from adolescence to adulthood, and based on this analysis and a review of international good practice, recommends a number of actions for the Government’s consideration. The analysis focused on youth experiences as they pertain to: health, education, labor, family structure, gangs and violence, and civic engagement and participation. A youth development framework, based on public health literature and adapted to the Maldives, serves as the organizing structure of the report. The report draws on original data collection and analysis, as well as an extensive review of existing literature. With regard to data collection, the study involved field-based research including a household survey and in-depth interviews, and focus-group discussions with youth and stakeholders in the Maldives. Conceptual Framework For the purposes of this study, ‘youth’ is defined as spanning the adolescent period between 10 to 24 years of age. Youth or adolescent development thus refers to the physical, social, and emotional processes of maturation that occur during the 10 to 24 year age period. The adolescent period represents the transition from childhood to adulthood, with biological processes driving the initiation of adolescence and societal factors largely determining the initiation of adulthood. This study broadly applied an ‘ecological’ framework in analyzing youth issues. An ecological framework considers the relationship between the individual adolescent and her or his environment. In utilizing the ecological framework, the report seeks to highlight the risks and challenges that affect the wellbeing of youth, as well as their ability to realize their potential as fully productive citizens in Maldivian society. v Key Findings Youth are tomorrow’s adults – the future of the Maldives hinges on the youth of today. Currently, young Maldivians feel disenfranchised and excluded, and are perceived as idle and disconnected from the fabric of society. This problem is not limited to one or two at-risk groups, as was originally thought when this study originated. While a small group of youth are employed and thriving economically and socially, a large proportion of the young population are confronted by significant challenges, which often play out differently for young women and men. Globalization, internet access, higher levels of education, economic growth over the decades, and a stream of tourists and foreigners in the
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