Social Impact Assessment and Community Engagement

AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SOCIALIMPACT ASSESSMENT APPENDIX C- APPENDICES 9

APPENDIX C-9 | SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

KGL Resources Jervois Base Metal Project

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Prepared by True North Strategic Communication AUGUST 2018

True North Strategic Communication ABN 43 108 153 199 GPO Box 1261 Darwin NT 0801 Website: www.truenorthcomm.com.au

LIMITATIONS This Social Impact Assessment is based on desktop research, the findings of a multi-disciplinary risk assessment, client input, background documents, community and stakeholder consultation and dedicated social impact assessment interviews. All organisations contacted were cooperative and there were no impediments to gathering data, however there is a high level of uncertainty in sourcing and analysing both quantitative and qualitative data for a remote location with a small population and economy. While True North Strategic Communication has applied its best efforts to produce a reliable and accurate study based on ethical research methodology, some of the limitations of this SIA include: • the subjective and variable nature of many social impacts, which makes it difficult to assess and predict the level of risks and opportunities with accuracy • using professional judgement to determine the appropriate level of time and resources, given an initial assessment of likely risk • difficulties accessing up-to-date and relevant data on some issues, for example aggregated Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data which may be outdated or fail to capture more localised variations and trends on issues such as unemployment and participation, as well as generally recognised methodological issues in gathering data on small, mobile and dispersed communities • a linked issue of discrepant collection methods and boundaries between various government authorities • difficulties getting direct feedback from some impacted stakeholders, due to availability at the time of interviews, language barriers and the remoteness of the area under study • limitations on culturally appropriate engagement for the SIA, recognising the separate and statutory role of the Central Land Council in acting on behalf of native title holders • the confidential nature of some material, particularly where it relates to commercial transactions and agreements with traditional owners • the limited experience of some stakeholders with the environmental approvals process and social impact assessment.

The consultants have applied their best professional judgement to focus on likely key issues and generate sound analysis and prediction of likely beneficial and detrimental social impacts at different stages of the project. However, ongoing engagement by the proponent is recommended to capture any emerging issues and provide continued input to decision-making by those stakeholders impacted by the project. This is covered in the project’s Social Impact Management Plan.

Table of Contents 1.0 Executive summary ...... 10 2.0 Introduction ...... 12 2.1 Background ...... 12 2.2 Purpose of a Social Impact Assessment ...... 13 2.3 Objectives ...... 14 2.4 Scope ...... 15 2.5 Standards...... 15 3.0 Methodology ...... 17 3.1 Methodology ...... 17 3.2 Issues identification ...... 20 4.0 Consultation and communication ...... 21 4.1 Structure of this report ...... 22 5.0 People and communities ...... 23 5.1 Overview ...... 23 5.2 Key events or activities causing impacts ...... 23 5.3 Key risks and opportunities ...... 23 5.4 The project area...... 24 5.5 Key communities and pastoral properties ...... 26 5.6 Governance and Institutions...... 32 5.7 Demography ...... 33 5.8 Impact assessment for people and communities ...... 37 5.9 Mitigation and management ...... 40 6.0 Economies ...... 40 6.1 Overview ...... 40 6.2 Key events or activities causing impacts ...... 41 6.3 Key risks and opportunities ...... 41 6.4 Economic output ...... 41 6.5 Income profile ...... 51 6.6 Business counts ...... 51 6.7 Assessment of economic risks and opportunities ...... 52 6.9 Mitigation and management ...... 56 7.0 Employment and education ...... 56 7.1 Overview ...... 56 7.2 Key events or activities causing impacts ...... 57 7.3 Key risks and opportunities for employment and education ...... 57 7.4 Educational outcomes ...... 57 7.5 VET training and employment pathways ...... 58 7.6 Labour market ...... 59 7.7 Unemployment profile ...... 60 7.8 Employment providers ...... 61 7.9 Assessment of employment and education risks and opportunities ...... 61 7.10 Mitigation and Management ...... 63 8.0 Infrastructure and social services ...... 63 8.1 Overview ...... 63

8.2 Key events or activities causing impacts ...... 64 8.3 Key risks and opportunities ...... 64 8.4 Key social infrastructure and services in the region ...... 64 8.5 Transport ...... 65 8.6 Education facilities...... 67 8.7 Health services ...... 68 8.8 Police and emergency services ...... 68 8.9 Housing ...... 68 8.10 Short-term accommodation ...... 69 8.11 Assessment of infrastructure and services risks and opportunities ...... 69 8.12 Mitigation and management ...... 70 9.0 Health, wellbeing and safety ...... 70 9.1 Overview ...... 70 9.2 Key events or activities causing impacts ...... 70 9.3 Key risks and opportunities ...... 71 9.4 Health ...... 72 9.5 Crime ...... 73 9.6 Substance abuse ...... 73 9.7 Road toll ...... 74 9.8 Assessment of health, safety and wellbeing risks and opportunities...... 74 9.9 Mitigation and management ...... 76 10.0 Culture and heritage ...... 77 10.1 Overview ...... 77 10.2 Key events or activities causing impacts ...... 77 10.3 Key risks and opportunities ...... 77 10.4 Assessment of risks and opportunities to culture ...... 77 10.5 Mitigation and management ...... 78 11.0 Environment ...... 79 11.1 Overview ...... 79 11.2 Key events of activities leading to impacts ...... 79 11.3 Key risks and opportunities ...... 79 11.4 Assessment of risks and opportunities to the environment ...... 79 11.5 Mitigation and management ...... 80 12.0 Human rights ...... 81 12.1 Overview ...... 81 12.2 Key events of activities leading to impacts ...... 81 12.3 Key risks and opportunities ...... 81 12.4 Assessment of risks and opportunities to the environment ...... 81 12.5 Mitigation and management ...... 81 13.0 Cumulative...... 82 13.1 Overview ...... 82 13.2 Key risks and opportunities ...... 83 13.3 Assessment of cumulative risks and opportunities ...... 83 13.4 Mitigation and management ...... 84 14.0 Social Impact Management Plan ...... 84 15.0 Qualifications of the consultants ...... 84

16.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 85

FFIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Map showing location of the project area ...... 12 Figure 2: IAIA definition of social impact assessment ...... 14 Figure 3: Social risk and opportunities matrix ...... 17 Figure 4: Outline of methodology ...... 19 Figure 5: IAP2 Core Values ...... 21 Table 1: Summary of potential positive and negative impacts for people and communities ...... 23 Figure 6: Map showing location of Bonya (Orrtipa Thurra) ...... 26 Figure 7: Map showing location of Atitjere ...... 28 Figure 8: Aerial photo of Lucy Creek Station ...... 29 Figure 9: Location of Lucy Creek ...... 30 Figure 10: Location of Jervois Station ...... 31 Table 2: A summary of statistical regions (SA1) ...... 34 Table 3: Language group profiles at a local level ...... 34 Table 4: Northern Territory Population Projections ...... 35 Figure 11: Image Population Growth Projections...... 36 Table 5: Key potential positive and negative economic impacts ...... 41 Figure 12: Gross Regional Product in the NT 2001 – 2017 ...... 42 Figure 13: Central Desert Regional Council LGA Gross Regional Product 2001 – 2017 ...... 43 Figure 14: Alice Springs Town Council LGA Gross Regional Product 2001 – 2017 ...... 43 Figure 15: Value added by industry sector 2016/17 for Central Desert Regional Council LGA and Greater Darwin ...... 44 Figure 16: Change in the value added by industry sector 2011/12 to 2016/17 for Central Desert Regional Council LGA ...... 45 Figure 17: Value added by industry sector 2016/17 for Alice Springs Town Council LGA and Greater Darwin ...... 46 Figure 18: Change in the value added by industry sector 2011/12 to 2016/17 for Alice Springs Town Council LGA ...... 47 Figure 19: Industry sector of employment for Central Desert Regional Council LGA and Greater Darwin, 2016/17 ...... 50 Figure 20: Industry sector of employment for Alice Springs Town Council LGA and Greater Darwin, 2016/17 ...... 51 Table 6: Key potential positive and negative employment and education impacts ...... 57 Table 7: Indigenous student attendance rates for Years 1 to 10 combined ...... 58 Figure 21: Employment capacity by industry for the Central Desert Regional Counil LGA in 2016/17 .. 60 Table 8: Key potential positive and negative impacts on infrastructure and social services ...... 64 Table 9: Key potential positive and negative impacts on health, wellbeing and safety ...... 71 Table 9: Potential risks and opportunities for culture and heritage ...... 77 Table 10: Key social risks and opportunities for environment ...... 79 Table 11: Key social risks and opportunities for human rights ...... 81

Table 12: Proposed major projects in the region ...... 82 Table 13: Key cumulative risks and opportunities ...... 83

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AAPA Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics CLC Central Land Council EIS Environmental Impact Statement EPA Environment Protection Authority (NT) FARE Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education GDP Gross Domestic Product GSP Gross State Product IAIA International Association for Impact Assessment IAP2 International Association for Public Participation ILUA Indigenous Land Use Agreement LGA Local Government Area (ABS statistical area) NT Northern Territory NTA Native Title Act 1993 (Commonwealth) SA1 Statistical Area 1 (ABS statistical areas) SA2 Statistical Area 2 (ABS statistical areas) SA3 Statistical Area 3 (ABS statistical areas) SEIFA Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas SIA Social Impact Assessment SIMP Social Impact Management Plan VET Vocational Education and Training

1.0 Executive summary KGL Resources is proposing to develop a copper, zinc and lead mine at the Jervois Base Metal Project (the project), 380 kilometres by road, north-east of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, Australia. The ore will be mined from several open cut pits and underground mines in new and existing locations. The concentrate would be trucked in containers along the Plenty and Stuart Highways to the Alice Springs rail terminal and loaded on to the rail line for transport to Darwin and/or Adelaide. The project is on the Jervois Pastoral Lease close to the Bonya community, and the Jervois and Lucy Creek pastoral stations. The proposed mine life is 12 to 15 years, producing up to 150,000 tonnes of base metal concentrate per year. Construction is likely to commence in early 2019, with commissioning and mining planned for 2020. This Social Impact Assessment (SIA) was prepared after baseline research and consultation between November 2017 and March 2018. The SIA covers construction of the mine and supporting infrastructure, extraction and processing of the ore, and transportation of the copper concentrate to Darwin and Adelaide. It includes initial transport of construction and workforce traffic along the Plenty Highway and Lucy Creek Road, a workers’ accommodation village on the project site near the proposed mine and associated mine buildings and infrastructure. In general, the Jervois Base Metal Project is assessed as being of a smaller scale than many other regional resource projects as it will have a relatively small workforce and is reopening a mine site where exploration and mining activity has taken place since 1929. The SIA indicates the key positive impacts resulting from the project are employment and training opportunities for local Indigenous people, jobs for Alice Springs residents, and procurement of goods and services. There is also the possibility that upgrading infrastructure such as roads will deliver long- term social and economic benefits. Key negative impacts identified through the SIA include increased heavy vehicle traffic on unsealed roads, which has implications for the tourism industry, pastoral productivity, and road safety for both mine workers and the public. A fear of the impact to water resources has also been identified as a key negative impact. This assessment finds a total of nine opportunities of significance and 30 potentially negative risks, although many of those negative risks have a LOW rating. Of the negative potential risks, there were none with an overall EXTREME rating, two with a HIGH rating, 11 had a MODERATE risk rating and 17 were assessed as LOW (refer to Risks and Opportunities Matrix). The high ratings were for increased trauma on local roads due to project traffic (#1) and increased road trauma for workers (#2), both of which are closely linked.

The 11 moderate ratings were: • fears of impacts to water resources (#7 and #36) • reduced community or social cohesion (#8) • not meeting expectations of local Indigenous jobs (#18) • reduction in tourist activity in the region due to project traffic (#20) • local content targets not met due to lack of capacity or skills (#22) • not meeting expectations of a boost to local and/or regional economy (#25) • project recruitment draws good workers away from existing jobs in the region which are hard to back-fill (#27) • workplace deaths or injuries (#31) • increased road safety risk due to degradation of the dirt roads (Plenty Highway and local roads) (#34) • cumulative impacts of the five major minerals projects in Central Australia (#38).

2.0 Introduction

Figure 1: Map showing location of the project area

2.1 Background

KGL Resources is proposing to develop the Jervois Base Metal Project (the project), 380 kilometres north-east of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, Australia. The project will mostly mine copper, but also silver, gold, lead and zinc. KGL Resources is an Australian-based mineral exploration and emerging copper mining company listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX: KGL). KGL Resources’ key focus is increasing the current resource at the Jervois copper project and establishing a world-class, low cost copper mine. Over the last two years, KGL Resources has successfully found new zones that present excellent opportunities to mine and produce high quality copper. Drilling has indicated an estimated resource of 25.2 million tonnes containing 384,800 tonnes of copper and 23.6 million ounces of silver together with gold, lead and zinc (KGL Resources, 2018). The project is on the Jervois Pastoral Lease close to Bonya Indigenous community (17 kilometres), Jervois station (30 kilometres) and Lucy Creek station (15 kilometres). The next closest permanent community is the Atitjere (Harts Range) Indigenous community, 160 kilometres west by road. Access to the project site is via the Plenty Highway and Lucy Creek Road, which also serves as the Lucy Creek Station access road. The ore will be mined from several open cut pits and underground mines in new and existing locations. The concentrate would be trucked in containers along the Plenty and Stuart Highways to the Alice

Springs rail terminal where the concentrate containers will be loaded onto the rail line for transport to Darwin and/or Adelaide. Project infrastructure includes workshops, laydown areas, an explosives magazine, offices, warehouses, a laboratory, haul roads, sewage treatment systems, 12-megawatt (MW) diesel and / or gas fired power station, powerlines, water storage and an accommodation camp. It is estimated that the mining workforce will peak at approximately 360 during construction, reducing to 300 during operations. These figures include all contractors, sub-contractors, offsite support, supply, fabrication and engineering support personnel employed directly and indirectly by the project. Some workers will operate on a fly-in-fly-out basis to and from Bonya and some being bussed in and out from Alice Springs, depending on where the workers are sourced. Staff will be housed in on-site accommodation. The proposed mine life is approximately 12 to 15 years, producing up to 150,000 tonnes of base metal concentrate per annum. Construction is proposed to commence in early 2019, with commissioning and mining planned for 2020. Key aspects of the project are: • multi-mineral resource that is mainly copper, but also has silver, gold, lead and zinc • the project tenements have been the subject of exploration and mining by various operators since 1929 • project footprint of 970 hectares, of which a large percentage is historically disturbed • open pit and underground mining methods • mechanical and chemical processing on site • raw water supply of 50 litres per second will be required for the project (1200 Megalitres per year), with supply anticipated from a borefield near the project area • a mine life of 12 to 15 years, producing up to 150,000 tonnes of base metal concentrate per year • the concentrate will be transported to Darwin and/or Adelaide by train • if approved, construction will commence in 2019, with commissioning and mining in 2020 • peak of 360 direct and indirect jobs during construction • up to 300 direct and indirect jobs during peak production • contracting opportunities for support services such as catering and cleaning • workers on a fly-in / fly-out (or drive-in / drive-out) basis housed in on-site accommodation • it is proposed the existing Bonya airstrip be refurbished and maintained for small aircraft transporting workers and some goods to site.

2.2 Purpose of a Social Impact Assessment

The purpose of a Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is to: a) describe the communities and current socioeconomic environment in the project’s area of influence b) understand the likely change processes triggered by the project c) analyse and predict the consequent positive and negative impacts, both direct and indirect, intended and unintended

d) outline how negative impacts will be avoided, mitigated or managed and how beneficial impacts, such as employment and economic opportunities, will be enhanced. Analysis is based on both qualitative and quantitative baseline data gleaned from sources such as the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and literature that provides insights into the area’s history, its peoples, their lifestyles, values and perceptions, land use, key economic sectors and potential cumulative impacts from other projects. Initial desk research informed the initial scoping for the study including key people, communities and land uses and likely key issues from the community’s perspective. A communication strategy was prepared to guide the provision of timely, relevant and appropriate information to stakeholders prior to seeking feedback. The consultation for the project was to gain insights into how people are likely to experience change from the project, their fears and aspirations, expectations and local knowledge. The style of consultation was adapted to the needs of various stakeholders, prioritising those most likely to be impacted by the project. The SIA, Social Impact Management Plan (SIMP), associated risk analysis and consultation reports should give confidence that KGL Resources understands key issues from the community’s perspective and has incorporated findings in a SIMP.

2.3 Objectives

The objectives of this social impact assessment are to: • describe the current socioeconomic environment in the Social Impact Assessment project’s area of influence “A Social Impact Assessment includes • outline likely change processes from project activities the process of analysing, monitoring • analyse and predict positive and negative impacts on and managing the intended and people’s lives, livelihoods and lifestyles arising from these unintended social consequences, interventions both positive and negative, of • assess the significance of these impacts as experienced by planned interventions (policies, stakeholders and their likely extent and duration before programs, plans, projects) and any change processes invoked by those and after mitigation or enhancement interventions. Its primary purpose is • incorporate good community consultation practice to to bring about a more sustainable and capture qualitative insights equitable biophysical and human • produce concise and relevant reports that give regulators environment.” confidence that KGL Resources has a comprehensive (International Association for Impact understanding of the social environment in which it will be Assessment, 2003) operating Figure 2: IAIA definition of social • produce a SIMP that outlines company commitments and impact assessment measures to alleviate or manage potentially negative

impacts, enhance beneficial impacts, such as opportunities for jobs and economic development, during various project stages and capture and respond to emerging issues throughout the life of the project.

2.4 Scope

The scope of this study covers the communities and people most likely to experience change and positive and negative social impacts from the project. These impacts will be experienced in different ways, depending on context such as where people live, how they experience impacts, their resilience to change, the stage of the project and situational factors such as cumulative impacts from other projects. The scope of the study is: • temporal: covering all stages of the project, including, planning, construction, operations, closure and rehabilitation • spatial (area of influence): the key areas that may be directly or indirectly impacted and the people, communities, institutions and social structures close to the project area or access routes: - the closest towns/cities or communities, such as Bonya, Atitjere (Harts Range), nearby pastoral stations Lucy Creek and Jervois, and Gemtree Caravan Park - the broader Central Australia/ Central Desert region, incorporating areas impacted by project infrastructure, logistics, supply chains, recruitment, services and supplies - the broader Northern Territory, mainly in relation to industry and economic benefits. • people: people, families and communities in the project’s area of influence who may have a connection to the land or who may experience impacts • economic: direct and indirect economic benefits for the communities and towns close to the project area, the Alice Springs region, Central Australia, the Northern Territory and Australia.

Note: KGL Resources had discussions with traditional owners in the lead-up to the EIS and an Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) is in place for the project area. As part of the SIA process, the authors met with the Central Land Council however the consultation did not extend to meetings with the traditional owners. We did however meet with some residents from Bonya, some of whom may be traditional owners, however this is not known. In terms of geographic boundaries, the region under study falls within the ABS statistical region Alice Springs SA3. The SA3 area is approximately the southern half of the Northern Territory. The Alice Springs SA3 region has been used for economic data, along with the Central Desert Regional Council Local Government Area (LGA) and the Alice Springs LGA data. The demographic information is mostly drawn from three ABS SA1 areas: Atitjere; Engawala; and the wider Plenty Highway area. These three areas combined form the Indigenous Geographic Area Aputula/Atitjere-Engawala-Akarnenehe. 2.5 Standards

Key industry standards have guided this study and community consultation: • International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA), Social Impact Assessment Principles (Vanclay, 2003) • IAIA’s Social Impact Assessment: Guidance for assessing and managing the social impacts of projects (Vanclay et al., 2015) • International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) Core Values, Spectrum of Participation and Quality Assurance Standard (2015) that are the industry standard for

effective public participation (or community and stakeholder engagement) (see www.iap2.org.au) • Guidelines for the Preparation of an Economic and Social Impact Assessment, Northern Territory Environment Protection Authority, November 2013 • AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk Management – Principles and Guidelines. The concept of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) is considered particularly important for vulnerable and disadvantaged communities, recognising an unequal power relationship: • free: no coercion, harassment or retribution • prior: before any activity starts • informed: full disclosure • consent: that communities have a real choice (Vanclay et al. 2015).

3.0 Methodology 3.1 Methodology

Scoping for the project was based on an initial desktop study to identify key issues likely to be relevant to this social impact assessment. This was followed by an impact assessment exercise to assess the consequence and likelihood of potential risks to the community against certain criteria. Likelihood scores were rated as rare, unlikely, possible, likely or almost certain, while consequence was rated by the extent of the impact, duration of the event, sensitivity of the community to change, severity of change and the level of community concern.

Figure 3: Social risk and opportunities matrix

Consequence level 1 2 3 4 5 Minimal Minor Moderate Major Extreme

A Almost A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 certain B Likely B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

C Possible C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 D Unlikely D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 E Rare E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Likelihood

Social risk rating Low Moderate High Extreme

Likelihood descriptors used to assess social impacts A Almost certain B Likely C Possible D Unlikely E Rare

Consequence descriptors used to assess social impacts Descriptor Example Potential range of consequences Extent The geographic footprint of the 1 Localised, small impact footprint impact. 5 Extensive, impact will be felt well outside the project footprint by many people or communities or downstream communities Duration Is the impact temporary or 1 Short-term threat or benefit permanent? 5 Permanent or long-term, for the life of the project or beyond Severity The degree of change from 1 Imperceptible change from existing conditions existing conditions. 5 A substantial and noticeable change to existing conditions, lifestyles (positive or negative) Sensitivity How sensitive is the community 1 Few people will feel, perceive or be concerned about to this change? What is their changes, which can be readily absorbed resilience or vulnerability to 5 People will feel or perceive major disruption to lives, change? lifestyles, values and may have trouble accommodating this O (Opportunity) – may materially change their lives for the better Community What does a community think or 1 The issue does not cause concern or raise expectations concern feel about this issue? 5 There is widespread fear, concern or alarm that is likely to attract complaints, media coverage, protests, political pressure O (Opportunity) - enormous excitement about the project and the benefits it will bring Consequence score 1. Minimal (consequence score of 1-5) 2. Minor (score of 6-10) 3. Moderate (score of 11-15) 4. Major (score of 15-20) 5. Extreme (score of 21-25)

Risk assessment considers risk as events that might ‘create, enhance, prevent, degrade, accelerate or delay the achievement of objective’ or ‘the effect of uncertainty on objectives’ of projects (AS/NSZ guidelines) whereas impact assessment considers how impacts are felt, experienced or perceived by people and communities. The grouping of impacts for this assessment was based on International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA), Principles for Social Impact Assessment (Vanclay 2003) and Social Impact Assessment: Guidance for assessing and managing the social impacts of projects (Vanclay et al. 2015) which consider social impacts as those on people’s lives, lifestyles and livelihoods. This informed the grouping of impacts as follows: • people and communities • economies • employment and education • infrastructure and social services

• health, wellbeing and safety • culture and heritage • environment • human rights • cumulative. The scoping phase was followed by a compilation of baseline socioeconomic data to provide an initial characterisation of the area under study. This baseline data was tested in more detailed research and interviews that provided local context and people’s perspectives of potential impacts and community aspirations and expectations. The SIA looks at each of the identified risks and opportunities and draws on research and feedback from interviews to outline relevant change that has already occurred, describe predicted change, analyse and predict how this translates to social impacts and discusses ways of avoiding or managing negative impacts and optimising beneficial impacts. The SIMP summarises the social findings and residual risk ratings, outlines measures to enhance beneficial impacts and avoid, mitigate or manage negative impacts. It establishes quantitative and qualitative indicators to provide ongoing measurement and reporting. The SIMP outlines recommended management plans and policies and gives a list of commitments for which KGL Resources will be accountable to both regulators and communities.

Figure 4: Outline of methodology

•Scope area of study, people, communities, likely issues and temporal and spatial factors Scope •Prepare consultation plan and materials

•Literature review •Profile communities under study, including social context, history, economies, institutions, peoples, Profile land uses

•Risk and opportunity assessment to determine triggers of change, change pathways and likely significance of potential impacts and opportunity •Determine key indicators and sources of data •Gather baseline data, with a focus on key risk and opportunity areas or areas of uncertainty or Baseline sensitivity •Conduct interviews to gather qualitative insights from the perspective of communities and people

•Draw on quantitative and qualitative data from baseline studies, interviews and desk research to Assess analyse and predict impacts and how they might be avoided, managed and measured

•Social Impact Management Plan, including summary of key residual risk and opportunity ratings •Outline of ongoing monitoring and reporting mechanisms, including ongoing communication and Manage community input.

3.2 Issues identification

The scoping phase identified the following summarised potential issues for the project, which informed risk and opportunity assessment as well as a consultation and communication strategy: • opportunities for jobs and training, including direct jobs during construction and operations and indirect jobs throughout the supply chain • opportunities for local businesses, including Indigenous enterprises through supply of goods and services • impacts on local businesses through loss of workers to the project • concerns about impacts on the availability of water • indirect impacts on community cohesion and resilience from higher disposable incomes, distribution of royalties and any conflict over aspects of the project (including who gets benefits) • road safety issues arising from the construction and operational traffic sharing local roads such as the Plenty Highway, Lucy Creek Road, the road into Bonya community and Stuart Highway • impacts to tourist, pastoral and local traffic due to degradation of the unsealed roads by frequent heavy vehicle movements • impacts on pastoral productivity due to degradation of the unsealed roads by frequent heavy vehicle movements • potential benefits to stations, communities and homelands from regional economic development and improved infrastructure, such as roads, bore water, telecommunications • implications for government services: in particular public housing, health and education • increased demand for police services arising from interactions between workers and the local community and any increase in crime and antisocial behaviour • implications for municipal services through any increase in population or loss of workers to the project • the capacity of local emergency services to respond to increased road trauma, chemical spills or bushfires • changes to local social infrastructure, community safety and wellbeing and other economic sectors from external workers (including tourism), including pressure on local flights and accommodation, and from the presence of a workers’ accommodation village such as interaction with nearby communities • concerns about impacts on the amenity of areas around the project footprint during all stages of the project – noise, dust, pollutants, lights, traffic, air and water emissions, vibrations • cumulative impacts from other resource projects in the region.

4.0 Consultation and communication Consultation is an important element in gaining qualitative insights and inputs to the SIA and providing longer-term guidance to the company’s community relations and social performance. Consultation for this project was guided by the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) Core Values. The approach included broad community consultation as well as interviews specifically for the SIA. Consultation was conducted in March IAP2 Core Values for the practice of public 2018 in the project area and Alice Springs. participation A full report of stakeholders spoken to, 1. The public should have a say in decisions about issues raised, and where these are actions that could affect their lives. addressed in the SIA is contained in the 2. Public participation includes the promise that Consultation Report. the public’s contribution will influence the

decision. 3. Public participation promotes sustainable decisions by recognising and communicating the needs and interests of all participants, including decision makers. 4. Public participation seeks out and facilitates the involvement of those potentially affected by or interested in a decision. 5. Public participation seeks input from participants in designing how they participate. 6. Public participation provides participants with the information they need to participate in a meaningful way. 7. Public participation communicates to participants how their input affected the decision.

International Association for Public Participation (www.iap2.org.au)

Figure 5: IAP2 Core Values

4.1 Structure of this report

• Section 1 of this report is the executive summary. • Section 2 outlines the project description. • Section 3 covers the SIA methodology. • Section 4 covers consultation methodology. • Sections 5 onwards categorises social impacts, with each section covering first a description of the existing environment then analysis and prediction of likely positive and negative impacts on: o people and communities o economies o employment and education o infrastructure and social services o health, wellbeing and safety o culture and heritage o environment o human rights o cumulative. • Each section concludes with a summary of suggested mitigation and management strategies that are developed in greater detail in the SIMP.

5.0 People and communities

5.1 Overview The first part of this section provides an outline of the project area, followed by summaries of the key communities of Bonya and Atitjere (Harts Range), the Lucy Creek and Jervois pastoral stations, and Alice Springs – all of which are within the project’s area of influence. It then covers key demographic features of the local communities and region, followed by an analysis of likely change from the project and consequent social impacts. 5.2 Key events or activities causing impacts Key events or activities creating change processes that may lead to positive or negative impacts for people and communities: • project mobilisation leading to an increase in heavy vehicle traffic on unsealed roads • mobilisation of workforce • potential return of local people to work on the project, taking up accommodation or expecting to live with family • native title agreements and distribution of benefits (perhaps creating expectations or tensions) • announcements or rumours about the project (perhaps causing fears or anxiety).

5.3 Key risks and opportunities Table 1: Summary of potential positive and negative impacts for people and communities

Potential impacts: people and communities Potential opportunities Potential negative impacts Local communities benefit through distribution of Increased road trauma for local traffic, tourists and sponsorship funds. workers, dust and reduced amenity for nearby communities and residents caused by project traffic on unsealed roads. Mine workers not adhering to the terms of the MOU with Bonya. Honeypot' effect – An influx of Indigenous people back to communities for work/royalties. Reduced enjoyment of the natural environment. Fears of impacts to water resources. Reduced community or social cohesion. Rumours, misinformation cause anxiety for native title holders anxious to receive benefits or worrying about potential impacts.

5.4 The project area The Jervois project area is in the Plenty River Basin, a sparsely populated area in Central Australia’s Northern Territory. The project site is on the south-eastern edge of the Jervois Range in the Central Desert Region. This region is home to Eastern Arrernte people and people of the Alyawarra and Anmatyerre (Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority, 2018). Indigenous people have traditionally lived in the area and continue to do so, mainly in small communities and homelands. The region was explored by Europeans in the early 1860s with European settlement dating from the 1880s. Land was used mainly for pastoral purposes. There was some development in the region with the construction of the Overland Telegraph Line in 1872 and mining around Arltunga from 1887 and Atitjere (Harts Range) from the 1890s. The population of the Central Desert region increased during the early 1990s, rising from about 4000 in 1991 to nearly 5000 in 1996. The population then gradually declined to about 4,100 in 2011 (.id, the population experts, 2017). The project area is characterised by small Indigenous communities and homelands and large pastoral leases. There is one Indigenous community, Bonya, within 20 kilometres of the project area. The next closest permanent settlement is Atitjere (Harts Range), which is an Indigenous community 160 kilometres west by road and the service centre for the area. These communities are serviced by local Indigenous corporations directly or through outreach services of the Alice Springs regional offices of the Australian and Northern Territory governments, Central Desert Regional Council and non- government organisations. The closest town is Alice Springs, which is approximately 380 kilometres by road. The location of the project in relation to nearby communities and pastoral lease boundaries are shown in Figure 1. Access to the project from Alice Springs is 68 kilometres north along the Stuart Highway, then 96 kilometres east along the sealed section of the Plenty Highway and a further 200 kilometres along the mostly unsealed Plenty Highway, travelling north on the Lucy Creek Road for 20 kilometres. Bonya has been included in this SIA due to its proximity to the project. Atitjere (Harts Range) has also been included due to the family connections with Bonya, and the possibility of employment for Atitjere (Harts Range) residents at the mine. Both Jervois and Lucy Creek stations are within the project’s area of influence. Other pastoral stations in the region include Jinka, which is run as part of Jervois station, Huckitta station, Tarlton Downs, Atula, Indiana and Mount Riddoch. These pastoral properties were assessed as being unlikely to be impacted by the project (positive or negative) except for impacts of sharing roads with large mining trucks, which is addressed in the document. Similarly, Engawala community, more than 250 kilometres from the project area, was not consulted as information provided by SIA interviewees indicates that Engawala residents are mostly connected with Utopia further north and would be unlikely to work at or be impacted by the project. Gemtree Caravan Park, however, has been included due to the potential for impacts on the business from construction and project traffic. Similarly, Alice Springs has been included as it is likely to be a source of employment and the key service and supply centre for the project. Maperte family outstation was initially identified by KGL Resources as the closest residential community to the project, however Northern Territory Government agencies were not able to provide any information about the community. People from local communities and nearby pastoralists advised that nobody lives at Maperte, and depending on who you talk to, either nobody has lived there for many years, or nobody has ever lived there. Maperte was extremely difficult to find, as there were no roads or clear tracks. It is currently uninhabited with no evidence of recent occupation. There are two vacant and neglected houses and rusted remains of wrecked vehicles surrounded by long grass. Due

24 to the current state of Maperte and the information we received on the homeland it has not been included in this SIA.

Images above: Vacant, neglected houses and vehicles at Maperte

5.5 Key communities and pastoral properties

Images: Sign on the Plenty Highway; land near the project area.

5.5.1 Bonya (Orrtipa Thurra)

Figure 6: Map showing location of Bonya (Orrtipa Thurra). Map data: Google.

Bonya, also known as Orrtipa Thurra (and formerly Baikal), is a small Eastern Arrernte community about 400 kilometres north-east of Alice Springs and about 17 kilometres south-west of the Jervois project area. Bonya is off the Plenty Highway, just before the turnoff to the Lucy Creek Access Road. According to the Northern Territory Department of Health [DoH] (2011), the population of Bonya is approximately 93, with 86 Indigenous people and seven non-Indigenous. These figures are approximate only and vary depending on a variety of factors.

The community functions as a resource centre for surrounding smaller homelands and family outstations. There is an airstrip for day use only (no lights) and a community store that opens for three hours each morning except Sundays. There is a community school, council office, health centre and women’s centre, and government personnel visit the community on a regular basis. The council operates commercial donga accommodation for visitors to the community. Fuel is available from Jervois station from Monday to Saturday (DoH 2011). The language spoken in Bonya is Eastern Arrernte. During a visit to Bonya to conduct SIA interviews, we met and talked with several community members. Bonya appears to be a relatively small, quiet community with a cluster of houses accommodating families. Most residents are closely related and have family connections with Atitjere (Harts Range), and other smaller homelands and family outstations in the region. Some women from Bonya spoke of regular hunting and gathering trips and most of the men were away on men’s business, indicating many people still retain strong connections with their culture and traditions.

Images (L-R): Central meeting area at Bonya, nurses’ quarters, talking with community members at Bonya

5.5.2 Atitjere (Harts Range)

Figure 7: Map showing location of Atitjere. Map data: Google. Atitjere community, also known as Harts Range, is at the base of the Harts Ranges 240 kilometres from Alice Springs. Atitjere is 160 kilometres (by road) west of the project area and is the largest Indigenous community in proximity to the project area. The ABS 2016 identified a population of 224 with 77.9% being Aboriginal (ABS Census, 2016), but the Central Desert Regional Council has indicated it could be as high as 460 people. Typical of many communities in the region, Atitjere has a young population, with the median age being 26, and low education rates. There were 76 people who reported being in the labour force in the week before Census night in Atitjere. Of these 68.4% were employed full time, 14.5% were employed part-time and 9.2% were unemployed. Top roles were community workers trades workers and labourers. The community has basic services including: • school and crèche • two-man police station • remote health clinic • Central Land Council office • Central Desert Council office • post office agency • airstrip • a shop with fuel, takeaway food • limited aged care and disability services. Softball, basketball and football are played, and the Harts Range Amateur Race Club has strong support in the community. The council has 18 staff in Atitjere, 84% are Indigenous (Central Desert Regional Council [CDRC] 2017).

Images: Signs at the entrance to Atitjere

5.5.3 Lucy Creek Station

Figure 8: Aerial photo of Lucy Creek Station, (Central Station 2014)

Figure 9: Location of Lucy Creek. Map data: Google.

Lucy Creek Station is a beef cattle station, 4057 square kilometres in size, about 350 kilometres north- east of Alice Springs. The pastoral lease for Lucy Creek Station is owned and operated by Allan and Jo Fogarty of Fogarty Holdings Pty Ltd. The station runs about 10,000 head of beef cattle that are trucked to markets in South Australia, Darwin and Queensland during the winter months. Lucy Creek Station is 48 kilometres along Lucy Creek Road, off the Plenty Highway and about 15 kilometres north-east of the project area. The Lucy Creek homestead is about 30 kilometres from the project site. Lucy Creek Road is maintained by the Northern Territory Government and usually graded once a year. The property is near Arthur Creek which has flooded Lucy Creek Station after heavy rains. There are eight people living at the station, including five employees. Tankers deliver fuel to the station, a mail plane brings mail once a week and they drive to Alice Springs once a month for food supplies. Lucy Creek Station accesses water from bores on their property, which are monitored regularly (SIA interviews). 5.5.4 Jervois Station

Images: Photos from Jervois Station

Figure 10: Location of Jervois Station. Map data: Google.

Jervois Station is a beef cattle station 2,750 square kilometres in size located 350 kilometres from Alice Springs and is named after the Jervois Range that runs through the property. The station is on the Plenty Highway 18 kilometres before the turnoff to the Lucy Creek Road and the turnoff to Bonya. The station lease is owned by Michael Broad and employs four people. There are about 12,000 head of cattle at the station, with the cattle being trucked to Adelaide in the winter months. The road to the station is recommended for 4WD only and can be impassable after rain (SIA interviews). Jervois was only formed as a station in 1960, being one of the last stations taken up in the area. It was bought by the Morley family, who stocked and developed it until they sold it in 1977. It was sold again in 1980 (Goholi Pty Ltd, n.d). The current owners, Michael and Denise Broad have been at Jervois Station for 38 years. They run Jervois and Jinka stations as one station and also have a grazing lease on Aboriginal owned land. Fuel tankers deliver fuel to the station, a mail plane brings mail once a week and they drive to Alice Springs once a month for supplies. The Jervois Station is a regular stopover point for travellers along the Plenty Highway, consisting of local community residents and tourists driving between Alice Springs in the NT and Boulia in Western Queensland. The cattle station has an area for bush camping and eco- lodges for passing travellers. Other facilities at the Jervois Station are fuel, a shop, an airstrip, public payphone, water, shower and toilet facilities. There are about 20 visitors a day to the station during the winter months, mostly tourists passing through to Uluru and Kings Canyon (SIA interviews). 5.5.5 Gemtree Caravan Park Gemtree Caravan Park is on 250 acres of native scrub, about 70 kilometres along the Plenty Highway and approximately 240 kilometres from the project area. It is owned and operated by Kate and Aaron McMaster. Most of Gemtree’s guests use the caravan park as a rest stop on their trip along the Outback Way between Queensland and Western Australia, mostly in the winter months. People from the surrounding Indigenous communities also stop at Gemtree to buy takeaway food and fuel. Gemtree attracts fossickers looking for garnets and zircon in the nearby gem fields. Facilities include

diesel generated power, a small store, a payphone (no mobile reception), wireless internet, and limited supplies of unleaded fuel and diesel (SIA interviews). 5.5.6 Alice Springs Alice Springs, the second largest town in the Northern Territory is 380 kilometres by road from the project area and is likely to be a key source of labour, services and supplies and potentially a transit point for fly-in, fly-out workers. It is the closest major town to the project area and is a key regional service centre for Central Australia and the Central Desert region, servicing a total regional population of 41,000. It also services parts of South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland. The 2016 Census indicated that the Alice Springs LGA has a population of 24,753, with 17.6% identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Alice Springs LGA has a low unemployment rate of 1.85%, lower than Greater Darwin, the rest of the Northern Territory and Australia. Alice Springs traditionally has high level of government employment, with 13.2% of the total workforce employed by the Northern Territory Government. (ABS Census, 2016) Alice Springs is the land of the Arrernte people, and the Arrernte name for Alice Springs and the surrounding region is Mparntwe. 5.6 Governance and Institutions 5.6.1 Central Land Council The Central Land Council (CLC) is a Commonwealth statutory body operating under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 and the native title representative body under the Native Title Act 1993. It covers 780,000 kilometres and 15 language groups in Central Australia and is governed by a 90-member council, with elected members meeting three times a year in bush locations. The CLC negotiates agreements with mining companies on behalf of traditional owners to protect interests in Aboriginal land. Agreements, which can be in the form of an Indigenous Land Use Agreement, include compensation payments, employment, training, sacred site protection, environmental protection and cultural awareness. (Central Land Council, 2014) The CLC has a policy of encouraging native title holders to invest royalties from mining projects in community development programs and has encouraged the growth of ranger groups, so Indigenous people can get natural land management jobs on their own country. 5.6.2 Northern Territory Government The project is in the Northern Territory electorate of Namatjira, which extends to the west of Alice Springs, and south of the Barkly electorate, centred on the service town of Tennant Creek. Born and bred Alice Springs resident Chansey Paech is the Labor member for Namatjira and was elected in 2016. The Northern Territory’s Labor Government came to power in August 2016 in a landslide victory, including most of the Territory’s bush seats. The focus of the new government is devolving decision- making to local communities and regional economic development including jobs in tourism, horticulture and resource developments. 5.6.3 Central Desert Regional Council The project area lies in the Akityarre Ward of the Central Desert Regional Council which covers an area of 283,000 square kilometres in the centre of the Northern Territory. The Central Desert Regional Council was formed in 2008 as part of an amalgamation of local government areas to form 10 ‘super shires’. A general election was held in August 2017 with 12 elected members voted in. A president and

deputy president are elected by the council members to represent council when it is not in session. The Central Desert Regional Council President is Adrian Dixon from the Anmatjere Ward. The Central Desert Regional Council is divided into four wards, one of which is the Akityarre Ward which is represented by councillors Renita Webb and William Liddle. The Council’s goals cover health, culture and wellbeing of the community, physical infrastructure, a dynamic and growing economy and strong local employment, environment protection and good leadership, advocacy and governance. Of Council’s 338 staff as at 30 June 2016, 68% were Aboriginal, and a third of all the supervisors are Aboriginal (CDRC, 2017). 5.6.4 Australian Government The project lies in the Federal seat of Lingiari which covers most of the Northern Territory except the area around Darwin, or 99.98% of the Territory’s land mass. It has been held by Labor Member of Parliament Warren Snowdon since 1987 (except for a short period between 1996 and 1998). Key relevant issues for the Australian Government will be the project’s contribution to reducing socioeconomic disadvantage through jobs and training. The Government has introduced programs such as the Remote School Attendance Strategy and an Indigenous Procurement Policy to improve outcomes across Australia, in particular remote communities (Commonwealth of Australia, 2017). Key results from the 2017 Closing the Gap report are covered in the employment and education section of this report. 5.7 Demography In terms of geographic boundaries, the region under study falls within the ABS statistical region Alice Springs SA3. The SA3 area is approximately the southern half of the Northern Territory. The region under study also falls within the Central Desert Regional Council LGA which also covers a large area. The Alice Springs SA3 region has been used for most of the economic data with some data from the Central Desert Regional Council LGA, while the demographic information is mostly drawn from three ABS Statistical Areas (SA1): Atitjere, Engawala, and the wider Plenty Highway area. These three areas combined form the Indigenous Geographic Area Aputula/Atitjere-Engawala-Akarnenehe. The table below outlines the key characteristics of the three statistical regions (SA1).

Table 2: A summary of characteristics of statistical regions (SA1). Area Characteristic 2016 ABS Quickstats Atitjere SA1 Population 224 Median age 26 Aboriginal 77.9% Born overseas 3.7% Language other than English spoken at home 57.6% Engawala SA1 Population 154 Median age 26 Aboriginal n/a Born overseas n/a Language other than English spoken at home n/a The Wider Plenty Area Population 295 SA1 Median age 30 Aboriginal 59.2% Born overseas 3.5% Language other than English spoken at home 36.3% Source: ABS Census Quickstats, Atitjere SA1 (2016) 5.7.1 Aboriginal population The Northern Territory covers one-sixth of Australia but as of June 2015 had only 246,065 people living in an area of 1.35 million square kilometres (Northern Territory Department of Treasury and Finance, 2017, p. 1). About 26% of residents are Aboriginal, compared with 3% for Australia and 79.7% of Aboriginal Territorians live in remote or very remote areas, compared with 21.3% for other Australian jurisdictions (ABS 2016). In 2016, the Wider Plenty Area SA1 had a population of 295, and 59.2% of these residents were Aboriginal. In Atitjere community (SA1), 77.9% of residents identified as Aboriginal. For Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people in Atitjere - Akarnenehe - Engawala (Indigenous Areas), the most common ancestries were Australian Aboriginal 86.0%, Australian 4.9%, German 1.9%, English 1.0% and Maori 0.8%. In Atitjere SA1, for those who speak languages other than English at home, Arrernte is the most commonly spoken language, while in the Wider Plenty area, Eastern Arrernte is the most commonly spoken (ABS, 2016). See Table 3 for further detail on language groups.

Table 3: Language group profiles at a local level % Predominant language Other groups Aboriginal group Atitjere 77.9% Arrernte 35.7% 12.1% Eastern Arrernte 4.9% Anmatyerre 3.1% Maori (NZ) 1.8% Indonesian Wider 59.2% Eastern Arrernte 27.1% 6.5% Alyawarre Plenty 2.7% Arrernte Area Source: ABS Census Quickstats, Atitjere, Wider Plenty Area SA1 (2016)

5.7.2 Age profile The Northern Territory’s population is the youngest in Australia, with 22.6% of residents being under 15 (compared with 18.8% nationally). Only 7% of the Territory’s population was aged 65 or over, compared with 15% nationally, while 71% were of working age 15-64, compared with 66% nationally. (Wilson, 2016). While high fertility and mortality rates shape the age-sex structure of the Territory’s population, non- Indigenous structures are influenced by in-migration of young adults for work and net losses at other ages, with 115 non-Indigenous men for every 100 women in 2011, rising to 129 men for every 100 women for non-Indigenous residents aged 20 to 24. For Indigenous people in the Atitjere - Akarnenehe - Engawala (Indigenous Areas), the median age is 25, while the median age in the Northern Territory is 32 and is 38 in Australia. Almost a third of the population in the region (31%) is under 15 years of age, and only 4.5% are older than 65 (ABS, 2016). 5.7.3 Population growth projection Forecasting the Territory’s population is more challenging than for other jurisdictions due to the cyclical and variable nature of employment, which creates volatile migration trends, high net migration gains and losses, a small population subject to greater random variations in demographic trends and the inaccuracy of data for the large Aboriginal population (Wilson, 2016). Population projections by the Northern Territory Government (2014) suggest net overseas migration has been a significant factor in population growth in recent years. The Northern Territory typically experiences large interstate flows of people into and out of the Territory, with about 7% of the population leaving and arriving each year. Predicted Aboriginal growth rates are based on natural increases. Average annual growth rates of 1.5 per cent were predicted to 2041, with the following comparisons between expected Indigenous and non-Indigenous to 2026.

Table 4: Northern Territory Population Projections

2011-16 2016-21 2021-26

Territory total 1.8% 1.7% 1.6%

Indigenous 1.5% 1.6% 1.6%

Non-Indigenous 2% 1.7% 1.6%

Source: Population Projections, Main Update (2014 Release), Department of Treasury and Finance The Government’s projections predict a slight decline in the proportion of Territorians aged under 15, an increase in the number of Territorians of working age but a slight decline in the proportion of this age group, due largely to a predicted increase in Territorians aged 65 and over, which is projected to double by 2041. The proportion of Aboriginal Territorians aged more than 65 is expected to triple in this period, largely due to increased life expectancy. The projected number of residents excludes people in the Northern Territory whose usual residence is another state or country, such as fly-in fly-out workers, business visitors and tourists, which makes it challenging to provide an accurate picture. The population growth projections by the Australian Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development predicted that the Central Desert Region would have an annual growth rate of 2.3% in

2014-15, reducing to 1.8% growth during 2020-21 (Commonwealth Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities). This is illustrated in figure 11 below.

Figure 11: Central Desert Population Growth Projections (Commonwealth Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities, 2017) 5.7.4 Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas The ABS Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) is a suite of four indexes created from social and economic Census information. Each index ranks geographic areas across Australia in terms of their relative socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage. A SEIFA score measures how relatively ‘advantaged’ or ‘disadvantaged’ an area is compared with other areas in the state and within Australia. The Central Desert LGA was ranked as the Northern Territory’s third most disadvantaged LGA after Belyuen and East Arnhem. There are 17 LGAs in the Northern Territory (ABS 2013). 5.7.5 Community cohesion and resilience Community cohesion is defined as the sense of harmony in a place, which can be established by the acceptance of social diversity, a shared sense of belonging across all groups, a broadly accepted vision and image of the location, reasonably similar life opportunities and access to services and positive relationships between people of different backgrounds (Vanclay et al., 2015). There are many family connections between Bonya and Atitjere (Harts Range). Eastern Arrernte people in Bonya and Atitjere appear to maintain strong links to culture and country (SIA interviews). SIA interviews suggested Bonya and Atitjere are fairly harmonious communities despite some conflict between families and individuals, not unlike many other Northern Territory Indigenous communities. During SIA interviews, police indicated that although Bonya is a designated dry area, alcohol consumption outside the community has led to increased domestic violence and alcohol-related issues. The Jervois project area has a history of mining and exploration since 1929 so the people of Bonya and Atitjere have some experience of nearby mining activity. People from Bonya lead a fairly quiet lifestyle and maintain some traditional cultural activities such as hunting and gathering and cultural ceremonies (SIA interviews). Some indicated they would like to see family members return home from Alice Springs to Bonya given the potential future work opportunities.

Pastoralists from Jervois and Lucy Creek stations have lived and worked on the stations for more than 30 years and have had interactions with previous mining companies at Jervois. The pastoralists from both stations said that while they enjoy the outback station life having a mine and a social club “just down the road” in the past was a good addition to their social life on a Saturday night. The pastoralists indicated a good relationship with nearby Indigenous community residents and said Indigenous people from surrounding area always alerted them to any issues with stock or other matters relating to the station. 5.8 Impact assessment for people and communities The above discussion provides background data and context for an examination of social opportunities and impacts from the KGL Resources Jervois Base Metal Project. In assessing likely positive and negative impacts, this section considers change likely to be triggered by project activities such as workforce mobilisation triggering an influx of workers and demographic change. These changes are assessed in the project Risks and Opportunities Matrix. In some cases, change can be readily absorbed without any noticeable effect, for example a small number of newcomers and their families to Alice Springs. In other cases, demographic change can create positive or negative impacts, for example by creating a tipping point for already strained social infrastructure (such as overcrowded housing), which may then impact on community cohesion. Predicting positive and negative impacts includes a subjective assessment of community perceptions, level of concern about change and resilience or vulnerability to change. The project is not considered to create much demographic change in Alice Springs given that the mine site is more than 300 kilometres away, and the workforce will be housed in on-site accommodation. Consequently, there is likely to be minimal direct social impacts in Alice Springs, as discussed in this and following sections. The changes likely to impact Alice Springs will be increased service and supply and work opportunities. The nearby communities of Bonya and Atitjere are likely to experience more change than Alice Springs, given the distances to the project site. 5.8.1 Increased road trauma on local roads due to project traffic The state of the unsealed roads and the resulting impacts from project traffic were key issues raised during SIA interviews. The Plenty Highway is the main access route from the Alice Springs region to Mt Isa and Western Queensland. It forms part of the Outback Way, a popular tourist route dubbed Australia’s longest shortcut, connecting Laverton in Western Australia to Winton in Queensland. It is also the main access point between Indigenous communities and pastoral properties in the region to Alice Springs and points north and south. SIA interviews revealed tourists travelling the Plenty Highway usually tow caravans and are unlikely to have much experience on outback, dirt roads or sharing narrow unsealed roads with frequent large trucks. Police reported that tourists in hire cars from Alice Springs often travel along the Plenty Highway in vehicles not suited to the road conditions, often resulting in car accidents. There is also a prevalence of unroadworthy vehicles being driven by locals. A combination of poor roads, the likely volume and mix of heavy and light vehicle traffic and the consequence of any incident has resulted in a HIGH impact rating for this risk (#1). Even with mitigation, the road safety risk remains high because of the distance to medical aid, and the likely complex medical injuries as a consequence of road trauma, therefore, the residual risk is also HIGH.

5.8.2 Increased road trauma for workers Road safety is an issue where workers commute long distances to their worksite as well as workplace driving. This includes workers driving personal vehicles to site or collection points, particularly after long shifts, as well as transport from airstrips or local communities to site. KGL Resources will reduce this risk by restricting the use of private vehicles to travel to site and providing buses to transport employees to site. Some employees will fly to the air strip at Bonya and will then be bussed to site, while others will be bussed from Alice Springs and nearby communities. Implementing strict workplace health and safety procedures will also reduce this risk. This issue (#2) is linked with #1 (discussed above) and #34 (discussed under health, safety and wellbeing). It has an initial risk of HIGH and a residual rating of HIGH due to the consequence of road trauma. 5.8.3 Dust and reduced amenity for nearby communities and residents due to project traffic There is already dust and noise on the Plenty Highway due to passing cattle trucks, however mine traffic will increase this. The only residents on or close to the Plenty Highway are those near Atitjere (Harts Range) but they should not be affected by dust as that section of the road is sealed. Increased traffic noise may however impact these residents. Increased traffic noise may affect Gemtree Caravan Park as they conduct bush tucker and gem tours near the Plenty Highway. Given baseline conditions suggest these issues are already occurring to a certain degree, the initial rating for this risk (#3) is MODERATE. Traffic management, community liaison and stakeholder engagement will reduce the likelihood and consequences resulting in a LOW residual rating. 5.8.4 Mine/mine workers not adhering to terms of MOU with Bonya KGL Resources and Bonya community have developed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to ensure good relations between the mine and the community. Among other things, the MOU stipulates an alcohol-free project site. All employees on-site will need to be aware of the MOU and understand the significance of the agreement with the community. An influx of workers increases the risk of breaching the terms of the MOU which could impact relations between Bonya and the project. The initial and residual ratings for this risk (#4) were assessed as LOW. 5.8.5 ‘Honeypot' effect - Influx of Indigenous people back to communities for work/royalties There could be an in-migration of families to Bonya or Atitjere to access jobs and benefits from the project, given the high level of mobility and the connections of people dispersed across the region, which could generate friction between families. Feedback from SIA interviews suggest this is likely. An influx of people back into the communities can impact on community cohesion, housing availability, health and other government and social services. As movement of people around the region already occurs depending on the season, availability of work and family and cultural matters, the initial rating for this risk (#5) is MODERATE. The residual rating is LOW, with the severity reduced by the likelihood that this would be a short-term effect. 5.8.6 Reduced enjoyment of the natural environment This risk (#6) was given an initial and residual rating of LOW as the project site has a long history of mining and mineral exploration and it is not expected that the project will impact on anybody’s enjoyment of the natural environment. Mitigation measures such as an environmental management plan, worker code of behaviour and liaison with the community will help to ensure nearby residents can continue to enjoy the natural environment.

5.8.7 Fears of impacts to water resources The project is likely to require 1200 mega litre (ML) of water a year to be sourced from the existing Jervois mine dam and a borefield to be developed near the project area. Water is a sensitive issue in Central Australia and there may be concerns about the use of water for mining, regardless of the capacity of the aquifer. This project will not involve any fracking, however the issue of water use has been exacerbated by recent public debate on fracking and the Northern Territory Government decision to lift the moratorium on fracking in the Northern Territory. Pastoralists and nearby residents will be concerned about any impact on their water bores, so it will be important to communicate clearly on water issues and involve pastoralists and community members in water monitoring and results to build trust in the process. This risk (#7) is assigned a HIGH level of significance due to the current sensitivity about water use in Central Australia. Good communication and stakeholder involvement will help reduce the likelihood and severity of this risk to MODERATE. 5.8.8 Reduced community or social cohesion There may be increased community conflict or issues in nearby communities as a result of employment at the mine. Jealousy issues can arise in communities when Indigenous women work alongside non-Indigenous men and when certain families or family members are employed, and others are not. Those earning money at the mine may be the subject of humbugging for money, and more money in the community can increase alcohol abuse and lead to increased domestic and other violence in the community. Feedback from police and health indicated this is likely to be an issue. The initial and residual ratings for this risk (#8) are MODERATE. KGL Resources can’t really change the likelihood or consequence of this risk, however community liaison and communication with local police can help manage the issue. 5.8.9 Local communities benefit through distribution of sponsorship funds KGL Resources can contribute to the local and regional community through sponsorship of local events. During the SIA interviews, many stakeholders talked about the Harts Range Races, held annually at Atitjere. Sponsorship, contributions or assistance by KGL for local sports events or festivals would benefit the community and demonstrate commitment to the local area. Communities would also benefit through distribution of royalties through community development projects, however this is out of KGL’s control. This opportunity (#9) was given an initial and residual rating of MODERATE given the possible likelihood and the overall consequence. 5.8.10 Rumours and misinformation cause anxiety for native title holders anxious to receive benefits or worrying about potential impacts This issue was raised in discussions with police and the Central Land Council, as some mining projects have created issues and anxiety between native title holders due to misinformation and rumours about distribution of royalties. This risk (#10) was given an initial MODERATE rating and reduced to LOW with mitigation measures in place.

5.9 Mitigation and management Mitigation and management measures to avoid or minimise disruption to local and regional community cohesion include: • traffic management plan and road safety initiatives and liaison with stakeholders around optimum times for truck movements • a worker code of behaviour for all onsite employees to include any specifics relating to the MOU to ensure employees adhere to the terms of the agreement. This will be strengthened with cross-cultural training for all employees to build awareness and understanding of the culture of the Arrernte and East Arrernte people of Bonya, Atitjere and the surrounding area • while at the project site, employees will be required to remain on-site at all times when not working to avoid trespassing on culturally significant areas or interfering with pastoral activity • communicating openly with pastoralists, Bonya and Atitjere residents and Arid Lands Environment Centre about water use and sources, and providing updates on the water monitoring results will help to reduce fears about water use • limiting cash payments and working with the Central Land Council (CLC) to distribute royalty money in the form of investment in community development and social infrastructure and education • developing a sponsorship plan and communicating with the local community about KGL’s initiatives to support the local community and events • good communication to manage expectations about jobs and ‘money’ matters.

6.0 Economies 6.1 Overview The main industries in Central Australia include mining, and oil and gas exploration, pastoral, tourism, defence, and Aboriginal arts and culture. Mineral production and exploration is a key driver of economic activity and employment in the region around Alice Springs (Northern Territory Department of Treasury and Finance, 2017). Mining in remote areas can have a significant positive impact on regional economic development, through procurement of local goods and services, wages and the payment of taxes and royalties to governments and traditional owners. The resource industry is a major contributor to the Northern Territory’s economy and is seen as important for regional economic development, jobs in disadvantaged regional areas and reducing the Territory’s dependence on federal funding. There can also be cumulative benefits if several resource projects stimulate investment in regional capacities and infrastructure. Potential negative impacts can occur, however, if expectations of benefits are not met or are seen to be unfairly distributed. Productivity of other industries may be impacted by disruption to pastoral activities, impacts of mining activity on tourism numbers, loss of staff to the project, or displacement of other sectors through crowding out.

6.2 Key events or activities causing impacts Key events or activities causing economic impacts are likely to be: • project mobilisation leading to project traffic on local roads (impacts on productivity) • placement of employment advertising • in-migration of fly-in fly-out workforce • local procurement and awarding of contracts • mobilisation leading to recruitment of workers from nearby communities.

6.3 Key risks and opportunities Table 5: Key potential positive and negative economic impacts Potential impacts: Economies Potential opportunities Potential negative impacts Local economy in nearby communities Reduced productivity of pastoralists due to project boosted. traffic. Regional economy boosted. Reduction in tourist activity in the region due to project traffic. Boost to local businesses by winning work Local content targets not met due to lack of capacity on the project. or skills. Expectations of boost to local and/or regional economy not met. Reduced productivity of other sectors because of project activity. Impacts on productivity from loss of staff to the project and difficulties backfilling. Displacement of other economic sectors through crowding out.

6.4 Economic output According to .id the population experts (2017), the key indicator for measuring the economic performance of a region is Gross Regional Product (GRP), which is compiled as a subset of the Gross State Product (GSP) and which in turn makes up the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a nation. The measure can be presented for three groups—headline, local industry and residents. Headline Gross Regional Product (GRP) is the overall measure of the size or net wealth generated by the local economy. Changes in this figure over time can represent changes in employment, productivity or the types of industries in the area. Local Industry GRP shows the value of the local economy, generated by the workers within the area regardless of where they live, after taxes and dividends leave the area. It is best thought of as GRP produced by local industries. Local Residents GRP refers to the economic output of the residents of the local area regardless of where they work. It is best thought of as the income received by people in the region. As shown in the following graph, figure 12, Northern Territory’s Gross Regional Product was $22.61 billion in the year ending June 2017, an increase of 0.5% on the previous year.

There has been a steady increase in Headline GRP in the Northern Territory since 2011, with the largest growth from 2012 to 2013. There was a steady increase in both Industry GRP and Resident GRP in the Territory from 2003 – 2014, but a decline from 2014 to 2017 (National Institute of Economic and Industry Research [NEIR] 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017).

Figure 12: Gross Regional Product in the NT 2001 – 2017 (Source: National Institute of Economic and Industry Research [NEIR] 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017).

The Central Desert Regional Council LGA’s Gross Regional Product was $0.51 billion in the year ending June 2017, declining -13.2% since the previous year, as shown in Figure 13 below.

Figure 13: Central Desert Regional Council LGA Gross Regional Product 2001 – 2017 (Source: NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017). Alice Springs Town Council LGA’s Gross Regional Product was $1.8 billion in the year ending June 2017, growing 0.7% since the previous year, as shown in Figure 14 below.

Figure 14: Alice Springs Town Council LGA Gross Regional Product 2001 – 2017 (Source: NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017).

6.4.1 Industry trends Value added by industry is an indicator of business productivity. It shows how productive each industry sector is at increasing the value of its inputs. Central Desert LGA In the Central Desert Regional Council LGA, mining is the most productive industry, generating $404 million in 2016/17 (NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017). An analysis of the valued added by industry sectors in the Central Desert Regional Council LGA (as shown in Figure 15) in 2016/17 shows the three largest industries were: • mining ($404 million or 82.2%) • healthcare and social assistance ($17 million or 3.4%) • public administration and safety ($14 million or 2.9%). In combination these three industries accounted for a total of $435 million or 88.4% of the total value added by industry in the Central Desert Regional Council LGA. Figure 16 shows the change in the value added by industry sector from 2011/12 to 2016/17. The most significant changes were: • an increase of $104 million in the mining sector • a decrease in the agriculture, forestry and fishing (-$14.7 million) • a decrease of $5.7 million in the manufacturing sector. The total value added by industry increased by $99.8 million from 2011/12 to 2016/17.

Figure 15: Value added by industry sector 2016/17 for Central Desert Regional Council LGA and Greater Darwin 2017 (Source: NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017).

Figure 16: Change in the value added by industry sector 2011/12 to 2016/17 for Central Desert Regional Council LGA 2017 (Source: NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017).

Alice Springs Town Council LGA In the Alice Springs Town Council LGA, health care and social assistance is the most productive industry, generating $345 million in 2016/17 (NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017). An analysis of the value added by industry sectors in the Alice Springs Town Council LGA (as shown in Figure 17) in 2016/17 shows the three largest industries were: • healthcare and social assistance ($345 million or 22.1%) • public administration and safety ($249 million or 16%) • education and training ($166 million or 10.6%).

In combination these three industries accounted for a total of $760 million or 48.84% of the total value added by industry in the Alice Springs Town Council LGA. Figure 18 shows the change in the value added by industry sector from 2011/12 to 2016/17. The most significant changes were: • an increase of $85 million in health care and social assistance • a decrease of $44.4 million in the manufacturing sector • a decrease in the construction sector (-$27.6 million) • a decrease in the mining sector of $23.4 million.

The total value added by industry increased by $30.9 million from 2011/12 to 2016/17.

Figure 17: Value added by industry sector 2016/17 for Alice Springs Town Council LGA and Greater Darwin (Source: NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017).

Figure 18: Change in the value added by industry sector 2011/12 to 2016/17 for Alice Springs Town Council LGA (Source: NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017). 6.4.2 Mining The Northern Territory has several world class resource deposits, and there is the potential for many more to be discovered and developed through exploration activity. The mining and manufacturing industry recorded growth of 0.8% in 2015/16 following two years of decline (Northern Territory Government, 2017). The mining and manufacturing industries are expected to grow slightly in the short term, before increasing rapidly in the forward years, largely driven by petroleum production (mainly liquefied natural gas), however other mining production, including rare earths and gold, are also expected to contribute. The Northern Territory Government is undertaking pre-competitive geoscience programs under the ‘Creating Opportunities for Resource Exploration’ (CORE) initiative, to highlight areas of resource potential and attract new exploration investment (Northern Territory Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics [DIPL], 2017). The Northern Territory Government wants to encourage downstream processing and manufacturing in the Northern Territory, as well as fostering new and existing commodity and export opportunities. Mineral exploration and mining activity in Central Australia has remained steady and new projects that could come online in the next three to five years include Verdant Minerals’ proposed Ammaroo Phosphate project in the Sandover region between Alice Springs and Tennant Creek, TNG’s proposed Mount Peake titanium and vanadium mine west of Barrow Creek, Arafura Resource’s proposed Nolan’s Project rare earths mine near Aileron and the Tellus Chandler project near Titjikala. Newmont’s Granites Gold Mine in the Tanami Desert is one of six mines currently in production in the Northern Territory. Newmont is completing $150 million expansion works, which will increase production by 80,000 ounces per year and extend the expected mine life by three years to 2028. The mine employs 1,450 staff and contractors. It is the fourth largest operating gold mine in Australia and has an estimated contribution of $466 million per year to the Australian economy (Newmont 2017). The Bootu Creek manganese mine, owned by OM Holdings, resumed operations in February 2017 after going into administration in December 2015, with a loss of 140 jobs, due to a drop in ore prices. (Curtain, 2017) Mining in the Central Desert region is the most substantial contributor to the local economy. In 2016/17, mining had the largest output by industry in the region, generating $462 million. This was followed by construction with $44.3 million. Mining is also the largest employer in the region, generating 844 local jobs in 2016/17 (NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017). The Northern Territory Government’s 2017-18 budget includes $0.75 million to provide new generation geoscience to investigate potential resources and promote potential in the Central Australia region (Northern Territory Government, 2017). 6.4.3 Agriculture, horticulture and pastoral industries The agriculture, forestry and fishing industry contribute to employment and economic activity in the Territory’s regional and remote areas. In the Central Desert region, rural land is largely used for pastoral purposes, fruit and vegetable crops, and mining. Agriculture, forestry and fishing had the fifth largest output by industry in the region in 2016/17 with $19.4 million. In 2016/17, agriculture, forestry and fishing accounted for 3% of the region’s employment (NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017).

Some sectors of the agricultural industry have shown signs of growth despite live cattle exports from the Territory being lower than recent years, partly driven by the relatively high price of Australian beef. The Territory’s agricultural industry is expected to grow in the medium term, driven by the continued recovery in some sectors of the industry, particularly horticulture (Northern Territory Government, 2017). The NT 2017-18 budget allocated $0.68 million for research and development to assist the cattle industry in improving productivity, reducing management costs and accessing premium meat markets. Horticulture is an important and growing area for Central Australia. According to the Northern Territory Farmer’s Association, the value of horticulture production in the Northern Territory was estimated at $244.5 million in 2015. Regional commercial crops include table grapes (Ti Tree and Alice Springs), dates (Alice Springs), figs (Alice Springs), melons (Ali Curung), olives (Alice Springs), and bush foods. The Northern Territory Government established the Arid Zone Research Institute (AZRI) in Alice Springs in the 1970s to research commercial horticulture production opportunities (Northern Territory Government, Department of Primary Industry and Resources [DPIR], 2017). 6.4.4 Tourism Tourism is a key economic sector for the Northern Territory, particularly in regional areas. The project area is part of the Alice Springs and MacDonnell tourism region which had a reported 484,000 overnight visitors for the year ending June 2017. A large proportion of these were people on holiday (265,000). Of the holiday visitors, 117,000 were interstate visitors, 34,000 were intra-Territory and 114,000 were international visitors. Visitors spent an average of 4.9 nights in the region with a total expenditure of $421 million. The average spend per trip was $869 (Tourism NT, 2017). There doesn’t appear to be a distinct tourist season as interstate, intra-Territory and international visitors travel to the region at different times throughout the year. Interstate visitors mainly visit the region in the September quarter (39%) and June quarter (35%). Visitors from within the Territory mainly visit in the September (43%) and March quarters (23%), while international travellers visit in December (31%) and March quarters (28%) (Tourism NT, 2017). The main tourist season for people travelling the Plenty Highway and the Outback Way are the winter months when the river crossings are passable, the weather is dry, and roads are in the best condition. Gemtree Caravan Park, a popular stopover point on the Plenty Highway reported an average of 2500 caravans staying at the park from Easter to September each year. Qantas and Virgin operate into Alice Springs and Qantas operates daily flights from most major centres. Flight frequencies are scaled back in the summer months. Expensive airfares are often touted as the main reason domestic tourists do not visit Central Australia or as a deterrent to intra-state migration to the Northern Territory. In a ‘fact check’ titled Is it cheaper to fly overseas than to get out of Alice Springs? the ABC reported that it can be more expensive to fly out of Alice Springs even to Darwin than it is to make an international trip from a capital city (ABC, 2017). Dale McIver from Tourism Central Australia told the ABC: The high cost of airline travel to and from Alice Springs certainly has an impact on tourism numbers for the region. We have seen a big decline in the backpacker market over the past few years and business tourism is another area we have seen the decline in number that has been partly attributed to the high cost of flights. The Senate Standing Committees on Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport has requested submissions on the operation, regulation and funding of air route service delivery to rural, regional and remote communities.

Almost half (48%) of interstate visitors arrive by air and 41% by private vehicle or hire car. Almost a quarter (24%) of all visitors to the region were self-drive leisure travellers in 2016-17, which was an estimated 140,000 visitors. Many international visitors entered Australia through Sydney (38%) before making their way to the region. Two thirds of international holiday visitors to the Northern Territory visited Uluru and surrounds (Northern Territory Government, DIPL, 2017). About 10% of the total visitors to the region went to the Sandover-Plenty Statistical Area, which includes the project area. The Territory tourism industry is expected to be supported by growth in the holiday market, however domestic visitors are likely to decline as business travel associated with fly-in fly-out workers for major projects decreases over the coming year. The Territory Government will invest $70 million over the next few years in an Indigenous Arts Trail to support Aboriginal and cultural tourism in Central Australia. This will include a National Indigenous Art Gallery and a National Indigenous Cultural Centre. Both major projects are expected to increase visitation and deliver employment opportunities through the tourism and construction industries (Northern Territory Department of Treasury and Finance,2017) . The Central Desert Regional Council partnered with Tourism Central Australia to develop a Plenty Highway and Eastern MacDonnell Ranges Tourism Master Plan. The Master Plan is aimed at bringing together traditional owners, pastoralists, existing business and tourism operators and Government to promote tourism opportunities (Central Desert Regional Council, 2017). 6.4.5 Employment by industry The 2016 Census statistics for the Alice Springs SA3 region report that the largest employer in the Alice Springs SA3 is public administration and safety making up 17.6% of total employment. This is followed by health care and social assistance (16.7%), and education and training (10.6%). Mining employs 0.7% of the total Alice Springs SA3 population, and construction and manufacturing combined employ 7.4%. Data from the National Institute of Economic and Industry Research (NEIR), cited in id. the population experts (2016) shows that mining was the largest employer in the Central Desert Regional Council LGA in 2016/17, generating 844 local jobs and making up 45.2% of total employment. Public administration and safety is the second largest employer with 12.7%. This is followed by healthcare and social assistance (7.1%) and education and training (7.1%). Figure 19 illustrates employment by industry in 2016/17 in the region.

Figure 19: Industry sector of employment for Central Desert Regional Council LGA and Greater Darwin, 2016/17 (Source: NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017).

As shown in Figure 20, in the Alice Springs Town Council LGA, health care and social assistance is the largest employer, generating 2,968 local jobs (19.1%) in 2016/17. This is followed by public administration and safety, generating 2,236 jobs (14.4%), education and training (11.6%), construction (8.1%) and retail trade (8%).

Figure 20: Industry sector of employment for Alice Springs Town Council LGA and Greater Darwin, 2016/17 (Source: NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017). 6.5 Income profile According to the 2016 Census QuickStats, the median personal income in the Wider Plenty SA1 was $391 compared to $871 for the Northern Territory. The median household income was $1,208 compared to $1,983 for the Northern Territory. 6.6 Business counts Given the remoteness of the Central Desert region and the lack of major centres, there are very few businesses in the area. At the 2016 Census, there were 11 registered businesses in the region, a drop of 24 businesses since the 2011 Census. Of the 11 businesses, six were retail trade, one wholesale trade, one in agriculture, forestry and fishing and three were other services. The ABS statistics for Alice Springs Town Council LGA (2016) report there were 2,007 businesses in the region in 2017, 100 businesses fewer than four years ago in 2013. The construction industry had the most businesses, with 337 in 2017, followed by rental, hiring and real estate services with 277 and retail trade with 179.

6.7 Assessment of economic risks and opportunities 6.7.1 Reduced productivity of pastoralists due to project traffic The pastoral properties along the Plenty Highway use the highway to transport cattle to Darwin, Queensland and South Australia during the winter months. Poor road conditions and additional truck movements may cause disruption to this. As cattle truck drivers are experienced and regularly drive that route, increased trucks on the road should not have a significant impact, however degradation of the roads may impact on cattle truck movements. During the SIA interviews, pastoralists raised the issue of degradation of the unsealed roads and advised it shouldn’t be an issue if mine vehicles stay off the roads after rain and if care is taken when driving on the roads. The significance of this risk (#19) was initially rated as MODERATE, which reduced to LOW, with implementation of a traffic management plan, stakeholder communication and engagement. 6.7.2 Reduction in tourist activity in the region due to project traffic The Plenty Highway (which forms part of the Outback Way) is a popular route for caravan tourists particularly during the winter months. Feedback from the tourism industry and Gemtree Caravan Park is that increased industrial traffic and large mining trucks on the unsealed road will impact tourism numbers. Sharing the road with frequent large mining vehicles is likely to deter many caravan tourists, particularly those less experienced on unsealed roads. The winter months are the peak tourist season, and any decrease in numbers will affect Gemtree Caravan Park, and other tourism business to a lesser extent. During the SIA interview, owners of Gemtree Caravan Park were positive about the project and the potential benefits to the region but did have concerns about the impacts of project trucks on the highway: As long as the project doesn’t affect our tourist traffic, as that is our bread and butter and we would be stuffed without them. The roadworks four years ago really affected us. The visitor numbers here really dropped off straight after the roadworks started. The detours were crap, the water on the road turned to mud and it was not good. The grey nomads talk amongst themselves and then they tell the others not to come. The significance of this risk (#20) was initially rated as HIGH, which reduced to MODERATE, provided the mitigation strategies are implemented. 6.7.3 Boost to local businesses by winning work on the project There is a strong expectation in Alice Springs that the project will provide service and supply opportunities to local businesses. Updates on the progress of upcoming projects in Central Australia were provided to business owners and community members at the Chamber of Commerce Seminar held on 19 March 2018. There was a clear sense of optimism for the opportunities these projects will present to local businesses and the Central Australian economy. The nature and scale of the project is likely to match well with the experience and capacity of small businesses in Alice Springs, leading to good local content outcomes. Alice Springs has experienced a ‘downturn’ in recent years which has seen some businesses downsize. However, a suite of businesses that service the mining sector are still present in town and have the capacity to take on mining work.

During the SIA interview, the Chamber of Commerce representative spoke about the resilience of the Alice Springs business community and the appetite it has for mining work. She also gave examples from the past when smaller local businesses who might otherwise struggle with capacity to deliver packages of work to mining projects partner with other local businesses to deliver the job. The best thing about the Alice Springs business community is its resilience. There are many examples of local companies in the past working together to get the job done. Because we are so remote, there is a deep understanding that sometimes partnering with other local businesses is a good idea to keep the work local. The Northern Territory Government has allocated the project Major Project Status and with this comes requirements to ensure local content is maximised. The Industry Capability Network Northern Territory, Chamber of Commerce and Australian Government can provide advice on packaging works in a way that suits local companies and help with enterprise development and business upskilling, given sufficient notice. Underpinning this opportunity is the need for good communication, which will be critical in ensuring local content is maximised. ICN NT and Chamber of Commerce will support KGL Resources to ensure procurement standards and expectations are met and to manage any unrealistic expectations. This opportunity (#21) was initially ranked as MODERATE, but with appropriate measures such as working with the business community to package and promote tenders, combined with the likely capacity of local businesses to provide services, this opportunity is assessed as having a HIGH positive significance. This is linked to #22, discussed below. 6.7.4 Local content targets not met due to lack of capacity or skills Local procurement is a significant potential benefit of the project. However, many barriers exist in realising this: • a lack of relevant skills and capabilities • reluctance to tender because of the standards and paperwork required • challenges of recruiting staff • higher overheads reducing competitiveness • local companies being fully committed to other project work. Local businesses may fail to win contracts because they lack the capacity, specialist skills, are ill- prepared or are simply not competitive. With Northern Territory Government expectations of local content imposed on the project given its Major Project Status, this presents a significant challenge to KGL Resources. Working closely with ICN NT will provide the foundations that will support local content being achieved. It will be important to manage any unrealistic expectations by clearly communicating the timing and nature of opportunities, standards required to win work, business support programs and opportunities to sequence work between projects. This risk was initially assessed as HIGH which was then reduced to a MODERATE residual rating if appropriate measures such as working with ICN NT and the business community to package and promote tenders are implemented. 6.7.5 Local economy in nearby communities boosted As Bonya and Atitjere (Harts Range) are close to the project site, there may be enterprise opportunities available which may help to boost the local communities’ economies. There may be small contracting

53 opportunities for these communities, but these will likely require support to ensure they are realised. The Northern Territory Government provides a range of business support programs which would help facilitate this. Small Indigenous enterprises may tender for civil works packages, building their capacity for other work with pastoralists and communities in the future. The Bonya community and broader traditional owner group may be able to leverage off the project and community benefits package negotiated under the Indigenous Land Use Agreement to set themselves up in businesses providing services to mining, such as horticulture, facilities management, transport and labour hire. KGL Resources is working closely with the Bonya community managers, currently employing three local women and helping community members get their drivers licences. During SIA interviews, the Bonya community manager emphasised the strong relationship the community has with KGL and that there are several locals who are keen and ready to work. The Bonya community is excited about the mine and the jobs it will bring. There are three local women currently employed by KGL and the relationship between the mine and the community is good. The Bonya Enterprise Development Program being driven by the current Bonya community managers is being established to capture business opportunities and drive economic development in the community. A Board of Directors made up of local Bonya men, oversees decisions for the community. The enterprise development plan includes establishing Bonya as a vehicle recovery hub (a Government grant application has been made for this), operating a small takeaway business in the current store to take advantage of the passing tourist trade, installing fuel pumps for the sale of fuel and eventually establishing a camp ground to establish Bonya as a stopping point for travellers. This was given an initial LOW opportunity rating (#23) which was increased to MODERATE with appropriate measures to enhance local enterprise opportunities. 6.7.6 Regional economy boosted It was evident from SIA interviews that there is a level of expectation amongst the Central Australian business community that the Central Australian economy will be boosted by the major mining projects in the region. This may certainly be the case if the five major mining projects all proceed, however if Jervois is the first of the five to receive approval and start construction, expectations of a boost to the community may not initially be realised. While some benefits are likely, the size of the project itself is unlikely to see a major impact, however there could be cumulative impacts if other projects proceed. This opportunity (#24) was initially rated as a LOW opportunity but was upgraded to MODERATE with measures such as a local industry participation plan, working closely with ICN NT, Northern Territory Government and the Chamber of Commerce. 6.7.7 Expectations of boost to local and/or regional economy not met This risk (#25) is linked with opportunity #24 discussed above. The expectation of a major regional economic boost may not be met by KGL Resources alone, however cumulative impacts of several major mining projects may contribute to economic development in the region. This risk was initially rated HIGH and then reduced to MODERATE with the appropriate measures, such as working with the relevant agencies to package and promote tenders to suit local capacity and prepare businesses to meet the required standards.

6.7.8 Reduced productivity of other sectors because of project activity It is unlikely that productivity in the region will be affected by the Jervois project through local businesses prioritising work for the project, higher prices of goods, services and labour, or reduced productivity of other sectors, such as pastoralism. This risk (#26) was given a LOW initial and LOW residual risk rating as it is unlikely to occur. 6.7.9 Impacts on productivity from loss of staff to the project and difficulties backfilling Unemployment figures and SIA interviews indicate that Alice Springs has a tight labour market and a shortage of some tradespeople in town. It is possible that local professionals may be attracted to higher wages in mine work and leave their current jobs for work at the Jervois project. Feedback from one SIA interview is that local businesses often lose employees to government. An increase in loss of staff, existing labour shortages and challenges recruiting new staff however could impact local business productivity. It is unlikely the local pastoralists would be impacted due to the nature of their relationship with their staff (e.g. family and long-term live-in employees) and people attracted to pastoral work are often different to those who work in mining. Indigenous people in local government and Northern Territory Government jobs may leave jobs in the region or elsewhere for work with KGL Resources because of higher wages or the project offering a chance to work on their own country. This would create difficulties for local government agencies backfilling these positions, however feedback from local government was that employment choices for Indigenous people in remote areas is a positive rather than a negative. The cumulative impacts of five mining projects drawing locals away from current jobs could increase this impact. This risk (#27) was given an initial and residual MODERATE rating as it is likely that it will happen and is difficult to mitigate. 6.7.10 Displacement of other economic sectors through crowding out It is unlikely the project will displace other economic sectors through crowding out therefore this risk (#28) has been given a LOW initial and residual rating. It is not expected that fly-in fly-out workers will impact on flight availability and short-term accommodation in Alice Springs given the project’s projected employment figures and KGL Resources’ commitment to local employment. Tourism Central Australia did not believe that fly-in fly-out workers with KGL Resources would impact on flight availability or pricing due to the strong tourism sector and number of flights to and from Alice Springs. A recruitment strategy that seeks locals, then encourages fly-in fly-out workers to relocate to Alice Springs so they are living locally rather than in short-term accommodation, would help to reduce any impacts. There may be cumulative impacts if the five mining projects employ fly-in fly-out workers, however this is discussed further under the section on cumulative impacts (Section 13).

6.9 Mitigation and management Economic opportunities will be enhanced, and risks reduced by: • communicating with pastoralists during mustering season to mitigate impacts • working with the Northern Territory Government to seek approval for early sealing of the Plenty Highway between Jervois and the Stuart Highway • communicate with Gemtree Caravan Park and other tourism stakeholders to minimise impacts by project traffic during peak tourist periods • a traffic management plan and road safety strategy to minimise impacts of project trucks on tourist traffic • working closely with the ICN NT, Chamber of Commerce and Northern Territory and Australian Governments to package tenders in a way that suits local businesses (where this is commercially reasonable), communicate opportunities and manage expectations • KGL preparing a Local Industry Participation Plan as part of its obligations under the Project Development Agreement with the NT Government (as a result of being awarded major project status) • working with Bonya and Atitjere to support business development initiatives that support the Jervois project and the communities • contributing to regional training programs that enhance the skills of potential staff, but which may also help other employers backfill positions of staff moving to work at the mine • a recruitment strategy that seeks local employees and encourages fly-in fly-out workers to relocate to Alice Springs to minimise impacts to flights and short-term accommodation.

7.0 Employment and education 7.1 Overview The main employment industries in Central Australia are pastoral, tourism, defence, Aboriginal arts and culture, mining, and oil and gas exploration. The main driver of economic activity and employment is mineral production and exploration. Of all the Northern Territory’s private businesses, 13.8% are located in Central Australia (Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics, 2017). While access to jobs is a key aspiration of Government and Indigenous people for projects on their land, there are barriers to achieving this and overcoming socioeconomic disadvantage: 1. Work readiness: Many Indigenous people in remote areas lack the skills, relevant work experience and driver’s licences. There are also structural issues, such as appropriate accommodation and access to public transport. 2. Impacts of disadvantage: The many direct and indirect impacts of disadvantage include overcrowded housing (which can impact on sleep, wellbeing and the lifestyle needed to support regular work hours), poor health, poor education, mental health and disengagement from the labour force.

3. Cultural: Cultural barriers include concepts of relatedness and family obligations, perceptions of what constitutes ‘work’, attendance at funerals and sports events and cultural issues in the workplace and around childcare. The following section attempts to describe the current labour force issues in the Central Desert region and the local area. There are high levels of unemployment in Indigenous communities however employers report challenges finding and retaining workers. People report a lack of work-ready participants and high drop-out rates. Mining projects offer opportunities, but it is likely to take time, perseverance, support and understanding to realise them. 7.2 Key events or activities causing impacts Key activities creating opportunities and risks for employment and education outcomes include: • mobilisation of construction workforce • contracts awarded to companies for supplies and services • benefits package negotiated with native title holders which forms part of an Indigenous Land Use Agreement • local people winning jobs directly with KGL or with contractors • local companies missing out on work • local people not getting work, or the level of work expected.

7.3 Key risks and opportunities for employment and education Table 6: Key potential positive and negative employment and education impacts Potential impacts: Employment and education Potential opportunities Potential negative impacts Improved educational outcomes for local Expectations of local jobs not met. Indigenous people.

Opportunities for direct and indirect jobs Low take up of jobs by local Indigenous people due and training for local Indigenous people. to lack of work-readiness, structural and cultural issues. Opportunities for jobs for people in Alice Springs.

7.4 Educational outcomes Analysis of available data, primarily ABS statistics, Small Area Labour Force Statistics (Department of Employment, 2018) and the recent Closing the Gap Report (Commonwealth of Australia, 2017), suggest significant gaps remain in areas such as school attendance and outcomes, although there have been some gains. The recent Australian Government’s ‘Closing the Gap’ report suggests that educational attainment is improving for Aboriginal people in Australia and points to a high correlation between better education and employment outcomes. However, progress against education and employment targets has dropped for Aboriginal people across Australia. Despite the Australian Government’s Remote Schools Attendance Strategy, the Northern Territory’s educational results failed to meet Closing the Gap targets in all categories, the only jurisdiction with such a negative scorecard.

Table 7: Indigenous student attendance rates for Years 1 to 10 combined

Indigenous school attendance rates for Year 1 – 10, Semester 1 2014 2016 Northern Territory 70.2 68.2 (1.5% fall) Australia 83.5 83.4

Source: Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority, cited in the Prime Minister’s Closing the Gap Report (2017) The proportion of Australian Indigenous students in very remote areas in Years 1 to 10 attending school at least 90% of the time in Semester 1 of 2016 was 21.9% compared with 68.3% for non- Indigenous students, while 55.3% of Indigenous students in major Australian cities attended school at least 90% of the time (the figures are not broken down by State or Territory). Nationally, reading and numeracy outcomes across nine areas were on track in Australia only for Year 9 numeracy. The Northern Territory was not on track in any category although outcomes were improving. For example, the proportion of Year 3 Indigenous students reaching national minimum standards for reading in the Northern Territory was 30% in 2008 and 42% in 2016. The report cites funerals, cultural activities, poor student behaviour, community unrest and family travel for non-cultural reasons as the main factors in continued poor school attendance rates. The 2016 Census QuickStats data for the Wider Plenty SA1 reports the highest educational level reached for 28.3% of the population was Year 9 or below. Only 10.5% reached year 10, 7.3% completed year 12, 8.7% had completed a Certificate III or IV, and 7.8% had Batchelor degree level and above, or Advanced Diploma and Diploma level. Bonya School is the closest school to the project area. It is part of the Sandover Group School which offers education services to students from preschool to middle years. The school was a winner in the 2008 National Awards for Quality Schooling. There is one full time teacher at the school and a total of eight enrolments, all Indigenous. NAPLAN data is not available for this school on the MySchool website. The Harts Range School at Atitjere, which is also part of the Sandover Group School, has a total enrolment of 55 students, all Indigenous. There are five teachers at the school. Only the NAPLAN Year 5 numeracy results for Harts Range School in Atitjere are available on the MySchool website. The Australian national average is 493, while the Harts Range School is substantially below the average at 339. Year 3 results indicate the school is substantially below the Australian average in reading, writing, spelling and grammar and punctuation, however it is above average in numeracy (421 for Harts Range School, while the national average is 402). 7.5 VET training and employment pathways The Northern Territory Government hopes to improve employment opportunities for Indigenous Territorians through implementing various programs including vocational education and training programs and the Indigenous Responsive Program. In the 2017/18 Northern Territory budget, $16.4 million in Northern Territory and Australian government funding has been allocated to operate and deliver vocational education and training for Territorians to develop new or improve existing skills to gain employment.

The Northern Territory Government’s Indigenous Responsive Program provides funding for regional and remote communities to train workers for projects in the community. The aim of the program is to increase or improve work skills, improve employment pathways or opportunities and provide nationally recognised qualifications. 7.6 Labour market According to the Closing the Gap report, the Indigenous employment rate in Australia fell from 53.8% in 2008 to 48.4% in 2014-15 (the non-Indigenous employment rate also declined from 75% to 72.6% as part of a softening labour market). Only 35.1% of Indigenous people of workforce age (15-64) in very remote areas were employed compared with 57.5% of those in major cities. Employment rates decreased significantly in Queensland, Western Australian and the Northern Territory. However, the report cautions this may have been affected by a decline in Community Development Employment Program (CDEP) participants between 2008 and 2014-15. The 2016 Census QuickStats data shows the unemployment rate in the Wider Plenty SA1 was 14%. The industry breakdown of employed persons in the region in 2016 was 56.2% in beef cattle farming, 11.2% in road and bridge construction, 7.5% in local government administration, 5% in primary education and 3.8% in site preparation services. Figure 21 below shows the employment capacity by industry in the Central Desert Regional Council LGA in 2016/17. Employment capacity is the number of local jobs in an industry, divided by the number of local residents employed (anywhere) in that industry. A figure over 1.0 means there are more jobs available than residents employed in that industry. Under 1.0 means there are more residents employed than jobs available in that sector. The job to resident ratio for Central Desert Regional Council LGA in 2016-17 was 1.56, which means there were more jobs than resident workers. Mining had the highest ratio (6.71), while the lowest ratio was found in Manufacturing (0.51). Most of the industries show the number of jobs available in the Central Desert Regional Council LGA in 2016-17 were similar to the number of people employed in that industry. In the mining industry however, there were 844 local mining jobs available and only 126 residents employed in the mining industry in the same period. In the 2017 December quarter, the unemployment rate in Alice Springs Town Council LGA was 1.85%, lower than Greater Darwin, the rest of the Northern Territory and Australia (NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017).

Figure 21: Employment capacity by industry for the Central Desert Regional Counil LGA in 2016/17 (Source: NEIR 2016, cited in .id, the population experts, 2017). 7.7 Unemployment profile In the 2017 December quarter, the Northern Territory’s unemployment rate was 3.9% compared with the national rate of 5.4% in the same quarter. However, this is not indicative of Aboriginal people or remote areas. The ABS National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey 2014-15 reports the unemployment rate for Aboriginal Australians of working age in 2014-15 was 20.6%, more than three times the non-Indigenous unemployment rate. For Aboriginal people living in very remote areas, the unemployment rate was 27.4% compared to those living in major cities (19.3%). The participation rates were also lower in remote areas: 49.1% of Aboriginal people of working age in remote areas, compared with 67.1% of those in major cities, with lower participation rates for women (ABS, 2016). Participation rates may be a more meaningful indicator than unemployment data. Non-participation covers people not working or seeking work, which may include ‘disengaged’ people of working age. People may drop out of the workforce for a range of reasons, including that they have given up trying to find work. For example, participation rates are 63.9% for the Northern Territory, 61.4% for Alice

Springs, and only 29.3% for the Sandover-Plenty SA2 region. These rates are skewed, however, by near total participation of non-Aboriginal people. Aboriginal participation rates are much lower: 24.3% for the Sandover-Plenty SA2. Anecdotal information gathered in SIA interviews supports the key obvious conclusion from the data that there are few Aboriginal people working in the local or regional areas under study. The Australian Government’s Department of Employment surveyed Australian employers in 2015. The most common reason given by those in the NT Outback (which includes the Sandover-Plenty region) for not interviewing job seekers for a vacancy was that they lacked relevant experience. The second highest reason was that job seekers had insufficient training or qualifications. Completing Year 12 increases labour market outcomes. (Department of Employment, 2015) 7.8 Employment providers Community Development Program services are provided to the North Alice Springs region (covering Ampilatwatja, Arlparra and Atitjere) by MyPathway (Enterprise Management Group). MyPathway is a national provider of education, training and employment services and describes its vision as providing stronger communities and providing job seekers with support programs, education, training, labour hire, apprenticeships, traineeships, community support and networks. The Community Development Program replaces what was formerly known as the Community Development Employment Program (CDEP or ‘work for the dole’) and Remote Jobs and Communities Program (RJCP). In urban areas, it is known as ‘Job Active’. In December 2017, the Federal Minister for Indigenous Affairs Nigel Scullion announced the release of a discussion paper on possible new employment and participation models for remote Australia. The discussion paper outlines three potential options for discussion - an ‘improved’ version of the current CDP to provide more tailored support, a model based on the CDP Reform Bill introduced in 2015 and a wage-based model (Australian Government, Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017). 7.9 Assessment of employment and education risks and opportunities 7.9.1 Improved educational outcomes for local Indigenous people The Jervois project offers the potential for improved educational outcomes for local Indigenous people, including those living in Bonya and Atitjere. In SIA interviews the Bonya people spoke about not having access to a good education, and therefore limited access to jobs where skills or a qualification are required. Low education and job prospects lead to lower motivation in these communities to learn or work, with many people unemployed. Those who were motivated often had to move away to where work was available, often at a great distance from their family. The Bonya people spoke about their appetite for learning if it leads to a local job. Three Bonya women currently work at the Jervois project and received on the job training by KGL Resources to enable this. In SIA discussions these women spoke of their enjoyment of this work and the opportunity to earn money. The strong relationship between KGL Resources and the Bonya community has helped facilitate this opportunity and there is an appetite amongst the Bonya community to work there in the future. In the Central Australian and Barkly Region, there are five significant resource projects that have received major project status from the Northern Territory Government. These projects have an estimated capital expenditure of $2.2 billion and a reported potential for more than 2000 jobs during construction and operational phases. The five projects have an expected commencement date within the next two to five years.

The Government requires these major projects to develop an employment and education plan and there are local employment and training providers who can support this. Collaboration between these five major resource projects on training and education programs may yield far-reaching benefits by developing trade skills through collaboration on apprenticeships across several projects. This opportunity was initially assessed as LOW and the residual rating was upgraded to MODERATE. 7.9.2 Opportunities for direct and indirect jobs and training for local Indigenous people There are low employment levels in the region and the communities of Atitjere, Bonya and Engawala. With limited work options nearby, locals often move away to find a job. Members of the Bonya community spoke about how family members have travelled away for work as no work was available nearby. Some felt that if work was available closer to home that they would return. KGL Resources is keen to provide local people with training and work, with three Bonya women already working on the Jervois project. It is anticipated that there will be jobs on the Jervois project that will have training attached to ensure job readiness for unskilled local workers. Indigenous employment would likely be enhanced by KGL Resources engaging contractors with a good track record of Indigenous employment and training, adopting HR practices that encourage both men and women to work on the project and using labour hire to accommodate cultural obligations. Despite the good will amongst the parties, KGL Resources will need to be realistic about what is possible in the educational and employment space given the realities of Indigenous cultural obligations, work ethic and history. A strong but flexible commitment from KGL Resources will be required along with support from government agencies to achieve this. There are two ways to rate the significance of this opportunity. The commonly cited yardstick of mining projects creating ‘hundreds’ of regional jobs is unlikely to be achieved given the size of this project. If using a more realistic measure of slow, incremental take-up of opportunities as barriers to participation are lowered, an untreated opportunity rating of MEDIUM is raised to HIGH. However, it will be important to manage the expectations of all stakeholders about what is realistic. This opportunity was initially assessed as MODERATE and the residual rating was upgraded to HIGH. 7.9.3 Opportunities for jobs for people in Alice Springs As the nearest major centre to the Jervois project, there is an opportunity for jobs for people who live in Alice Springs. Like the rest of the Territory, Alice Springs has experienced an economic downturn, so there is anticipation around employment opportunities on the project and other major projects coming up in the region. It should be noted that unemployment is low in Alice Springs, compared to the rest of Australia. The Chamber of Commerce said that drive-in drive-out (or bus-in bus-out) to and from the Jervois project may be an option for people in Alice Springs, however this may be more realistic for younger workers with no family commitments. The Chamber of Commerce said that Alice Springs has a resilient workforce and that there will always be an appetite for mining jobs. This opportunity was initially assessed as MODERATE and the residual rating remained at MODERATE. 7.9.4 Expectations of local jobs not met There is an expectation that KGL Resources will source local workers where possible. Some people in Alice Springs indicated that they would not like to see a big fly-in fly-out workforce when there is local labour available.

Working with local employment and training providers to develop a local employment and training plan will assist with meeting this expectation. This risk was initially assessed as MODERATE and the residual rating was downgraded to LOW. 7.9.5 Low take up of jobs by local Indigenous people due to lack of work-readiness, structural and cultural issues While there is interest and excitement from some local Indigenous people about the possibility of work on the project, there are many barriers that will need to be overcome. Indigenous people with good skills tend to be in jobs already. The recruitment and retention of Indigenous workers has been a challenge for other employers. 7.10 Mitigation and Management In order to maximise the opportunities and minimise failure on employment and training issues, it is suggested KGL Resources adopt the following measures: • develop an Indigenous employment and training plan to address barriers to employment and include support mechanisms • work with local employment and training providers • arrange training courses to help local people get jobs on the project that are most suited to their skills and capabilities • develop policies for workers including mentoring and inductions to provide a safe and welcoming workplace for Indigenous men and women • collaborate with the other major resource projects in the region on training and education programs and employment opportunities. Jemena may have trained and employed local Indigenous people for the Northern Gas Pipeline, but these workers may not continue employment as the work moves further afield.

8.0 Infrastructure and social services 8.1 Overview The main predicted impact is the opportunity for early sealing of approximately 200 kilometres of the Plenty Highway between the turnoff to Lucy Creek Road and the Stuart Highway. The current Federal Government is dedicated to sealing the entire Outback Way by 2025, with federal and state governments to work together to determine the priority sections. If KGL Resources can successfully negotiate with the Northern Territory and Federal governments to seal the required section of the highway, this would provide social, safety and economic benefits to other users including pastoralists, the community, tourists, government services and workers visiting communities. KGL Resources also plans to upgrade and maintain the existing Bonya airstrip to enable some employees to fly in and out of the region. This will improve access for other flights into and out of Bonya. An influx of workers to a region can put pressure on local services such as housing, education, health, police and emergency services. Jervois project employees will be housed in on-site accommodation, or employees living nearby will remain in their existing homes. There may be some pressure on community housing should local people move back to their country seeking work and expecting to live with family, however local people in Bonya did not believe this to be an issue, nor did representatives

from Arramwelke Aboriginal Corporation, who are responsible for managing and providing municipal services to Bonya. KGL Resources will provide its own waste disposal and health services for employees so these services are unlikely to be impacted, however an influx of Indigenous people back into the region may increase pressure on local health services. Police and emergency services could be impacted through increased road traffic incidents, alcohol- related violence and conflict amongst families with an influx of family members back to the region. It is not expected that education services will be impacted. 8.2 Key events or activities causing impacts Key project activities that could lead to impacts on services and infrastructure are: • delivery of EIS and discussions with Government and Outback Way Committee • project mobilisation • workforce mobilisation.

8.3 Key risks and opportunities Table 8: Key potential positive and negative impacts on infrastructure and social services Potential impacts: Infrastructure and social services Potential opportunities Potential negative impacts Project activity justifies improved Pressure on local services (health, police). infrastructure.

Increased pressure on emergency response capabilities.

8.4 Key social infrastructure and services in the region Alice Springs is the service centre for the Central Australian region. It is the centre for government and municipal services as well as for non-government services and enterprises. The Central Desert Regional Council is based in Alice Springs and has smaller regional offices in some of the communities. Alice Springs has well developed social infrastructure and services including a number of public and private schools, a major acute teaching hospital, sporting and leisure facilities, a public bus network, major transport connections via the Stuart Highway, Alice Springs Airport and the Darwin to Adelaide Railway. It has a thriving arts and culture scene, with a strong focus on Aboriginal Arts. Alice Springs serves the Central Australian region including parts of Western Australia, South Australia and Queensland. Bonya itself is only a small community, however it functions as a resource centre for some smaller surrounding homelands. It has an airstrip for day use only (no lights) and is 15 kilometres to the north of the Jervois station homestead. The community has a small store open for three hours each morning except Sundays. Fuel is available from Jervois six days a week from Monday to Saturday. There is a small community school with eight students and one teacher, a council office, health centre and women’s centre. Health personnel are not based in the community but visit regularly and there is accommodation in the community for visits. Other government personnel visit the community on a

regular basis and the council operates commercial donga accommodation for visitors to the community. Atitjere (Harts Range) is the next closest community, 160 kilometres west by road. Atitjere has a community store with fuel and takeaway food, school and crèche, aged care services, a two-person police station, remote health clinic, regional council office and the Central Land Council office. 8.5 Transport 8.5.1 Road As the Jervois project is a remote mining project, transport and logistics is a key issue. The project site is accessed by travelling north from Alice Springs along the sealed Stuart Highway, then turning onto the Plenty Highway which is mostly sealed for the first 100 kilometres to Atitjere (Harts Range). After Atitjere (Harts Range), the Plenty highway is unsealed, as is the Lucy Creek Road to the project site. While the Northern Territory’s national highway system is fully sealed, 70% of the road network is unsealed and vulnerable to wet weather, which increases freight costs and isolates communities. According to an article by Smee (2016) in NT News, the Northern Territory has 35,725 km of road and only 25% of those are sealed. The Central Desert Regional Council manages a road network of 1,800 kilometres of mostly unsealed roads between communities and sealed roads within communities. Storm events often cause significant damage to road networks, such as the 2016 Christmas floods (CDRC, 2017, p.22). The Plenty Highway was formed as a route in 1884 when drovers overlanded 2000 head of cattle from Bierbank Station, near Quilpie in Queensland, to the overland telegraph line near Ti Tree. The cattle were owned by the Barrow Creek Pastoral Company and were destined to a 50,000 square kilometre lease station centred on Barrow Creek. The route followed the Marshall and Plenty Rivers and was the first time it was used (Traynor 2016, p.120). Nicknamed ‘the longest shortcut’, The Outback Way links Laverton in Western Australia to Winton in Queensland (via Alice Springs) along Tjukaruru Road, the Lasseter Highway, the Stuart Highway, the Plenty Highway and the Donohue Highway. In October 2014 the Australian Government announced $40 million to seal and maintain sections of the Outback Way, linking the Northern Territory to Western Australia and Queensland. As part of the 2017-18 Budget, the Northern Territory Government announced a further $31.3 million in funding to extend the seal of the Plenty Highway (Northern Territory Department of Treasury and Finance, 2017, p.6). Darren Chester, Federal Minister for Infrastructure and Transport, said: These (Tjukaruru Road and Plenty Highway) are key routes for Territory communities, with the Outback Way providing a strategic east-west link across Central Australia. It is a critical connection for the resources industry, agriculture, tourism and local communities and their works will underpin economic growth for years to come (Chester, D. 2017). Nicole Manison, Northern Territory Minister for Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics, said: The Outback Way provides a strategic east-west link across central Australia and is a critical connection for the resources industry, agriculture, tourism and local communities. The Plenty Highway, which is part of the Outback Way, has been identified by the Northern Territory Cattlemen’s Association as a key road for cattle industry growth in Central Australia (Manison, N as part of Chester, D. 2017).

A vehicle count conducted near Jervois in June 2015 as part of the Northern Territory Department of Transport 2016 Annual Traffic Report recorded 39 vehicles travelling on the Plenty Highway near Huckitta Station (approximately 80 kilometres from Jervois Station) during the month, around 60% of which were light vehicles. This is up from 27 vehicles in 2013 and 15 vehicles in 2011 (Department of Transport, 2015). The report recorded 100 vehicles on the Plenty Highway 56km east of the Stuart Highway (close to Gemtree Caravan Park) in June 2015. The 2016 Annual Traffic Report also records the number of days where road access was closed or restricted. The Plenty Highway 10 kilometres east of Huckitta Station was closed for 27 days in 2016 due to flooding during February, March, September and December. Access was restricted in 2016 for a further 182 days due to road damage, water over the road and changing surface conditions. According to the Northern Territory Department of Transport traffic incident data there were 30 recorded traffic incidents between June 2012 and December 2016 on the Plenty Highway between the turnoff from the Stuart Highway and the turnoff to Lucy Creek Road. Most of these incidents involved an overturned vehicle and the remainder were due to cattle/animals on the road or running off the road. The incident figures include two road crash fatalities on the Plenty Highway – one in 2012 and one in 2016. The transport arrangements for KGL Resources’ workforce will be dependant on where the workforce is sourced. KGL has indicated the administration and management workforce will mostly be local workers but in some cases this may not be possible. Locally sourced workers will be bussed to and from Alice Springs and nearby communities along the Plenty Highway, while workers sourced from further afield will be flown in to and out of Bonya and transported to and from the project site. It is expected that most of the operational staff will be fly-in-fly-out.

Images L-R: road sign at the start of the Plenty Highway; turnoff to Lucy Creek Road, turnoff to Bonya and photo showing condition of the road. 8.5.2 Rail The new 1,420-kilometre section of track on the Adelaide to Darwin railway was completed in January 2004. Genesee and Wyoming Australia (GWA) operates six intermodal freight services per week from Adelaide to Darwin, and Great Southern Rail operate The Ghan passenger service twice a week. GWA has direct access to bulk minerals handling facilities at East Arm Port and has built train-loading sidings on the main line at Wirrida, Muckaty and Unions Reef for the loading of bulk minerals. East Arm Port is the key export facility to get export products such as minerals to customers in Asia. Between 2004 and 2010, bulk mineral freight grew from 45 000 tonnes in 2006 to 3 million tonnes. GWA’s key bulk mineral customers on the Australasian Railway as at June 2015 included OM Manganese, which GWA operates four services per week from their Muckaty mine to Darwin port (822 km) and OZ Minerals providing containerised haulage solutions to support their operations at Prominent Hill in South Australia operating two services a week from Wirrida to Port Adelaide (Australasia Railway Corporation, n.d). KGL Resources plans to transport the concentrate from the project site in enclosed containers by road to Alice Springs where it will be loaded on to trains for transport to Darwin and/or Adelaide. The Northern Territory Government has identified the potential value to the mining industry of building rail sidings on the Darwin to Adelaide railway line: Building railway sidings near mining activity and rail spurs to connect regional centres to mining operations could provide better access and attract more business and industry development. A potential siding at Mataranka and north of Alice Springs… could provide more cost-effective transport options. It also identified that the resources sector needs ongoing infrastructure investment to improve rail and port infrastructure to improve cost efficiencies and viability of the mining and resources sector (Northern Territory Government, DIPL, 2017). 8.6 Education facilities Alice Springs is the nearest major centre for educational facilities. It has 17 government and private schools, ranging from early learning to year 12. Schools such as Yipirinya School and Yirara College cater for Aboriginal students. Alice Springs School of the Air offers educational services to isolated school children across the Central Australian region from pre-school to year 9. The Alice Springs campus of Charles Darwin University offers TAFE courses.

Bonya School is the closest school to the project area. It is part of the Sandover Group School which offers education services to students from preschool to middle years. The school was a winner in the 2008 National Awards for Quality Schooling. There is one full time teacher at the school and a total of eight enrolments, all Indigenous. The Harts Range School at Atitjere which is also part of the Sandover Group School has a total enrolment of 55 students, all Indigenous. There are five teachers at the school and it has primary and secondary facilities to year 10. 8.7 Health services The Atitjere health clinic has a permanent nurse and a doctor visits once a month from Alice Springs. Bonya has a health centre with health personnel not based in the community but visit regularly. There is accommodation in the community for nurses and health personnel. The Royal Flying Doctor service operates an aeromedical base from Alice Springs that services the Central Australian region. It provides 24-hour emergency evacuations and inter-hospital transfers. Its 48 staff serve an area of approximately 1.25 million square kilometres from Marla in South Australia to Newcastle Waters in the Northern Territory. It also has an Alice Springs based Mental Health Outreach Program (Royal Flying Doctor Service, n.d). 8.8 Police and emergency services Two police officers based at the Harts Range Police Station service a vast area of the Central Desert region east of Alice Springs around the Plenty Highway. The area covers the Indigenous communities or homelands of Engawala, Atitjere, Bonya, the surrounding pastoral stations including Lucy Creek, Jervois, Alcoota, Mount Riddock, Ambalindum, Macdonald Downs, Indiana, and Huckitta. The police station and police accommodation are on the Plenty Highway near the entrance to Atitjere. Bonya is serviced by the Harts Range Police Station. There are currently six registered members of the Harts Range Volunteer Unit who respond to operations involving road crash rescues, land searches and other functions in support of the Northern Territory Police. 8.9 Housing Housing in Bonya and Atitjere is remote public housing provided by the Northern Territory Government. Occupants rent the properties and housing maintenance and services are provided by either the councils or other service providers. In Bonya, housing and municipal services are provided by the Arramwelke Aboriginal Corporation which receives funding from the Northern Territory Department of Housing and Community Development. Public housing in remote communities is generally overcrowded, an issue flagged by the Northern Territory Government as a priority in its first term. Bonya has a small cluster of houses (approximately 10) to accommodate the fluctuating population while Atitjere has approximately 30 houses for community residents. The federal government announced $550 million will be spent on remote Indigenous housing in the Northern Territory, with the five-year funding to start in 2018-19 (Michael, 2018).

8.10 Short-term accommodation Available beds in Alice Springs provides an indication of short-term accommodation available in the region. Any short-term accommodation required by the project’s fly-in fly-out workers would be located in Alice Springs, the closest major centre to the project. According to Tourism NT’s Alice Springs Monthly Accommodation Report for March 2018, Alice Springs had a total of 1157 rooms for short-term accommodation with an annual occupancy rate of 72%. Demand for rooms in March 2018 decreased by 1.5% (to 27 000 room nights) compared to March 2017. Room rates in Alice Springs increased from March 2017 to March 2018 by 4.8% to $122. In 2016 and 2017, occupancy rates were lowest in December and January and highest from June to September (Tourism NT, 2017). 8.11 Assessment of infrastructure and services risks and opportunities 8.11.1 Project activity justifies improved infrastructure The Plenty Highway is an essential transport route for pastoralists transporting cattle to Darwin, South Australia and Queensland. It is a popular tourist route and vital access point for Indigenous communities and homelands in the region. In SIA interviews, the potential impacts of the project on the Plenty Highway were repeatedly raised. The Jervois project may justify early sealing of approximately 200 kilometres of the Plenty Highway between the turnoff to Lucy Creek Road and the Stuart Highway. With government commitments to seal the Outback Way (which incorporates the Plenty Highway) by 2025, there may be a good case for early sealing of that section of the highway due to the potential social benefits and contribution to economic development in the region. It is likely that impacts on tourism numbers along the Plenty Highway would be significantly reduced, as would road traffic incidents. Positive impacts would extend to the local and Central Australian tourism industry, pastoral productivity, road safety, and on mining industry productivity. Locals travelling between communities will also find the improved road conditions better on their vehicles and more conducive to travel throughout the year. KGL Resources plans to upgrade and maintain the existing Bonya airstrip to enable any fly-in-fly-out workers to fly in and out of Bonya (then by vehicle to the project site), and for the transportation of some supplies. This will improve access to Bonya for other government and non-government services. This opportunity (#11) has been given an initial and residual MODERATE rating as although KGL can lobby governments for early sealing of the road, it has little control over the outcome. 8.11.2 Pressure on local services (health, police) It is predicted there will be minimal direct impact on local health services as KGL Resources will provide health services to employees, however there may be some impact if there is an influx of Indigenous people to the region for work. Alcohol-related incidents, traffic accidents or increased crime within the local area may impact local health services. There may be more demand for police services in the region as a result of an increase in disposable income amongst Indigenous people leading to alcohol consumption and alcohol-related crime. An influx of people back into communities may increase conflict within the communities. With only two police working across a vast area, any increase in demand is likely to put additional pressure on local police. Police indicated there is capacity to expand if there is demand for additional services. This risk (#12) was initially rated as MODERATE and reduced to LOW. KGL’s provision of internal health services and the ability of police to absorb additional demand if required reduces the impact.

8.11.3 Increased pressure on emergency response capabilities It is expected that the mine will maintain its own emergency response teams. There is unlikely to be substantially increased pressure on emergency services for spills or bushfires provided there is careful management of this potential risk. Police and health clinics have emergency response capabilities and are accustomed to call-outs for road trauma and chronic disease incidents however with minimal staff working across vast distances, rapid deployment is not always possible. Northern Territory Police emphasised the importance of KGL Resources having the necessary systems in place to manage an emergency until emergency services can respond. Northern Territory Police indicated they would like some broad engagement from KGL Resources about emergency response plans and suggested KGL Resources might consider being partners in the local State Emergency Service (SES), including road rescues and other local emergencies. This risk (#13) was assigned an initial MODERATE rating and reduced to LOW given KGL’s internal emergency response capabilities and commitment to fire breaks to reduce the risk of fire. 8.12 Mitigation and management It is suggested that KGL Resources adopt the following management and mitigation measures to enhance opportunities and minimise impacts. Measures include: • working with the Northern Territory Government to seek approval for early sealing of the remaining approximate 200km of the Plenty Highway between Jervois and the Stuart Highway • ensuring regular health checks of workers and first response medical capability to reduce pressure on local health clinics • trained emergency response teams on site • installing appropriate firebreaks and safety precautions.

9.0 Health, wellbeing and safety 9.1 Overview There are two impacts to health, wellbeing and safety that have been assessed as MODERATE - workplace deaths or injuries and increased road safety risk. Their residual ratings of MODERATE are due to the consequence of these occurring, however they were reduced from a high rating due to the likelihood of these occurring if appropriate mitigation measures are implemented. Other impacts to health, wellbeing and safety were assessed as LOW as they are possible but can be managed through good human resource management and a strict code of behaviour for workers. 9.2 Key events or activities causing impacts Key activities that could influence health, wellbeing and safety risks and opportunities: • mobilisation of workforce • local people getting work on the project • increased disposable income by local workers • worker behaviour • project traffic degrading local roads.

9.3 Key risks and opportunities Table 9: Key potential positive and negative impacts on health, wellbeing and safety Potential impacts: Health, wellbeing and safety Potential opportunities Potential negative impacts Mental health issues for workers. Health and social impacts arising from interaction between locals and a predominantly male workforce. Workplace deaths or injuries. Reduced sense of safety and wellbeing in nearby communities. Reduced community or social cohesion and resilience. Increased road safety risk due to degradation of the dirt roads (Plenty Highway and local roads).

9.4 Health The (World Health Organisiation, 2008) outlines 10 key determinants of health as being: • social gradient: a person’s social and economic circumstances • stressful economic and social circumstances: mean people are less likely to be healthy and have a long life • early years of life: babies born with low birth weight have a much greater likelihood of developing coronary health disease in adulthood • social exclusion • stress at work: having little control over jobs, limited opportunities to use their skills or in high demand jobs with few rewards • unemployment, job and income insecurity: can lead to chronic stress • social support • addiction: misuse of alcohol, drugs and tobacco is harmful to health but is often a response to stressful situations and social breakdown • food security: including good quality and affordable food • transport: is vitally important to accessing health and other services and, for Aboriginal people, a means to find traditional bush foods and hunting. Remote Territory communities continue to reflect poorly against these factors, which impact on school attendance and employment. The Northern Territory Department of Health’s 2013-14 annual report (Department of Health, 2014) outlines some of the risk factors contributing to poor health outcomes as: • the prevalence of smoking, which is reported as being 56% for Indigenous people aged 18 or more and 24.1% for non-Indigenous people compared with 18.2% nationally • while Indigenous adults are less likely to consume alcohol (50.3% in the previous year) compared with non- Indigenous adults (90.2%), nearly 40% of Indigenous people who reported drinking alcohol in the previous week had done so at risky or high-risk levels • alcohol consumption during pregnancy (and the prevalence of foetal alcohol syndrome) is of particular concern, with one in eight Indigenous and one in 16 non-Indigenous women reporting at their first antenatal visit to have consumed alcohol during pregnancy • for admissions to hospital for circulatory disease, cancer and injury, there is a link to low socioeconomic status • recent research by the department suggests the Territory’s Indigenous population has a much higher prevalence of dementia and younger onset of the disease compared with non-Indigenous people. The report shows that Indigenous people (who make up 29.5% of the Territory’s population) comprise: • 70% of the Territory’s hospital patients • 93% of renal dialysis patients

• 34% of mothers giving birth in public health services • 72% of government-managed remote health centre patients. The determinants of health include poverty, overcrowded housing, chronic diseases, low birth weights and factors such as drug and alcohol abuse (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2015). The recent Closing the Gap Report (2017) found that Aboriginal mortality rates in Australia have declined by 15% since 1998, with an improvement in chronic diseases but a widening gap for death by cancer (a 21% increase for Indigenous people compared with a 13% decline for non-Indigenous). It found that chronic diseases such as circulatory diseases, cancer and diabetes accounted for 70% of Indigenous deaths and three-quarters of the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous mortality rates. The rate of Indigenous smokers is 2.7 times the rate for non-Indigenous Australians. Child mortality rates for Indigenous Australians dropped by 33% between 1998 and 2015 (still short of the goal of halving the gap) while total Indigenous mortality declined by 15% in the same period. However, the gap remains significant in the Northern Territory where child mortality rates for Indigenous children aged 0-4 were 333 deaths per 100,000 population compared with just 93 for non-Indigenous residents. 9.5 Crime The Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education [FARE], 2016) reports that much of the Northern Territory crime is linked to Alcohol and Other Drugs. Two deaths, 52 hospitalisations and 69 assaults (approximately 53% of all assaults) occur each week in the Northern Territory as a result of alcohol consumption, and alcohol is involved in almost 60% of domestic assaults and up to 65% of family violence. The Northern Territory Balance of Crime Statistics (2018) report incorporates all remote areas (those areas outside of a designated urban area) in which the project area is captured. Totals for 2017-18 are 197 offences against a person (offence rate of 0.2%) and 421 property offences (offence rate of 0.5%) across a population of 80,500. 9.6 Substance abuse The 2014-15 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Report provides the following: • the Northern Territory data of Alcohol consumption rate is 58.2% of the Northern Territory population (of consumers, 74% are Indigenous) • cannabis use is 13.3% of the NT population (of users 55%, are Indigenous) • volatile substance abuse is 11.4% of the Northern Territory population (of users, 98% are Indigenous) • amphetamine is used by 10.6% of the population, (of users, 32% are Indigenous). The Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (2016) reports that the Northern Territory has the highest level of alcohol consumption (83%) in Australia, with nearly 30% of Territorians consuming alcohol at a level harmful to their long-term health. In September 2017, the Northern Territory Government introduced the Banned Drinker Registration Program (BDR). The BDR is one of the Government tools to tackle crime and anti-social behaviour, with the aim of reducing health-related harms associated with alcohol misuse, by encouraging and supporting people to access help (Northern Territory Department of Health, 2018).

An unintended consequence of the BDR has been “grog running” – illegal transportation of alcohol from point of sale (PoS) to dry communities. Feedback from SIA interviews was that some communities in the region experience problems with grog running from Mt Isa, Queensland, which does not have complementary legislation, as implementation of the BDR means that Alice Springs is no longer viable as a grog running destination. Feedback from SIA interviews with police was that drugs and alcohol are an issue in the area as is the case in many Indigenous communities in Central Australia. 9.7 Road toll The most recent figures available on traffic incidents for the Plenty Highway are for 2012 to 2016. According to the Northern Territory Department of Transport traffic incident data (2016) there were 30 recorded traffic incidents between June 2012 and December 2016 on the Plenty Highway between the turnoff from the Stuart Highway and the turnoff to Lucy Creek Road. Most of these incidents involved an overturned vehicle and the remainder were due to cattle/animals on the road or running off the road. The incident figures include two road crash fatalities on the Plenty Highway – one in 2012 and one in 2016. In SIA interviews, Harts Range police reported that they are often required to respond to traffic incidents along the Plenty Highway involving hire vehicles from Alice Springs that are not suited to the road conditions. They reported that some tourists visiting the area lack experience on unsealed roads and lose control of the vehicle or their cars can become bogged leaving them stranded.

9.8 Assessment of health, safety and wellbeing risks and opportunities 9.8.1 Mental health issues for workers It is widely known that there are heightened risks to the mental health and wellbeing of fly-in fly-out workers in remote locations, due to the lifestyle associated with this sort of work. Workers being away from home and families for extended periods, long shifts, minimal or no opportunity for social interaction apart from with work colleagues and no opportunities for after-work activities all contribute to this increased risk. This may be particularly applicable to Indigenous employees living onsite given the cultural importance of families, jealousy issues and the unfamiliarity of a mining lifestyle. With good human resource management and the relatively low workforce numbers, the likelihood of this risk (#29) is reduced to a LOW significance. 9.8.2 Health and social impacts arising from interaction between locals and a predominantly male workforce. Recent news articles in the Northern Territory have reported on the increasing prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the Territory. Most recently, the number of people presenting with syphilis has increased, with most cases from Darwin, Katherine, Darwin rural and Alice Springs rural and according to the Centre for Disease Control, the outbreak is showing no signs of decline (Aisthorpe, 2018). Any project with a large, young, male workforce away from home for long periods may face issues with interactions between workers and local women which can lead to associated health and social impacts. KGL will have a strict code of conduct for its workers which will include restricting contact with locals for non-work purposes. This reduces the risk (#30) from MODERATE to LOW.

9.8.3 Workplace deaths or injuries Mining in Australia has improved its record and commitment to workplace health and safety in the past decade, with increasing drive for zero harm and improved workplace standards, however it remains a high-risk industry (Safe Work Australia, 2017). Workplace health and safety standards, site safety inductions, pre-employment medicals and a strict worker code of conduct all contribute to reduce the likelihood of this impact (#31) from an initial HIGH to a residual rating of MODERATE. It remains MODERATE due to the consequence should this occur. 9.8.4 Reduced sense of safety and wellbeing in nearby communities Higher wages in communities as a result of regular work will possibly lead to an increase in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related violence. Harts Range police report the majority of their work in the region relates to domestic violence, drugs and alcohol. Bonya is a dry community, however police report that grog running from Mount Isa is an issue. Some people access alcohol from Mount Isa, drink outside the community and then return to the community and cause trouble. Police also indicated that although Bonya and Atitjere are fairly peaceful communities compared with some in Central Australia, conflict and tension between individuals and families is quite common. An influx of people back to communities may cause additional friction and violence within the community. Crime and anti-social behaviour in communities as a result of workers bringing drugs or alcohol on- site is unlikely as KGL Resources will minimise workers’ contact with locals for non-work purposes and implement strict codes of conduct for workers. Human resource management strategies to deal with any incidents and deter future incidents will also help to manage this. Police suggested that as the project site is a reasonable distance from Bonya it is unlikely to be the subject of any theft, vandalism or trespass. They did indicate however that as KGL Resources plans to use the Bonya airstrip to fly some staff and goods to site, KGL Resources would need to ensure there weren’t any vehicles or property left in the community as vandalism or theft could be an issue. This risk (#32) was initially rated as MODERATE and reduced to LOW, as mitigation measures reduce the likelihood of this occurring. 9.8.5 Reduced community or social cohesion and resilience This impact is linked to #32, which is related to safety and wellbeing, while this impact relates to the sense of harmony in a place and the relationships between the people in the community. The negotiation and distribution of royalties can be a source of tension and anxiety in communities. Police also raised the issue of alcohol abuse and antisocial behaviour in communities after distribution of royalties and requested they be forewarned when any distribution of royalties is likely. Tensions in Bonya and Atitjere may also arise as a result of some people being employed and receiving wages, leading to jealousy, humbugging for money and increased access to alcohol. Jealousy amongst Indigenous men can also be an issue in communities when women from their community are working alongside non-Indigenous men. Pastoralists and locals could feel their quality of life has been reduced by the presence of industrial activity and workforce nearby, although this risk is mitigated to some extent by their previous experience of mining. The initial rating for this risk (#33) was MODERATE and reduced to a LOW residual risk. While KGL won’t have a lot of control over this, liaison with the Central Land Council, Harts Range Police and general community liaison will help reduce the consequence.

9.8.6 Increased road safety risk due to degradation of the dirt roads (Plenty Highway and local roads) Frequent mining trucks travelling along the Plenty Highway and Lucy Creek Road will affect the dirt road surface and therefore safety of people travelling along the roads. The impact of mining trucks on the dirt roads was frequently raised in SIA interviews by tourism, police and pastoralists. Pastoralists asked that mine workers refrain from using the roads after rain, and police indicated that trucks driving on the road after rain has the most impact on the state of the road. The Northern Territory Government is responsible for regularly maintaining the (public) dirt roads and in doing so will mitigate this risk. This risk (#34) was given an initial rating of HIGH and while mitigation measures reduce the likelihood of this occurring, any consequence will be serious, which means the residual risk is assessed as MODERATE. 9.9 Mitigation and management These issues will be addressed by: • good human resource practices and mentoring and support for Indigenous staff • strict worker code of conduct, site safety inductions and pre-employment medical checks • manageable fly-in fly-out rosters and human resource policies that focus on worker welfare • workplace health and safety standards • drug and alcohol policies and testing at the worksite • good communication with the community, police and Central Land Council • traffic management plan • the Northern Territory Government maintaining unsealed roads where project traffic impacts the road and road safety.

10.0 Culture and heritage 10.1 Overview Heritage and archaeological aspects of culture and heritage are covered in the separate culture and heritage report. This section covers the potential impacts to intangible elements of culture and heritage. Any destruction or damage to sacred sites or sites of special significance would cause distress to traditional owners and cause a loss of cultural and spiritual connections to country. This can be controlled through proper clearances, working with the Central Land Council and Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority, consulting with traditional owners, site safety inductions, good management plans such as the Environmental Management Plan and marking sites. Any deliberate or inadvertent damage would be serious. Cultural offence is another potential impact however cross-cultural training for all staff working at the project site and a strict code of conduct will help to manage this. Attendance at ceremonies or other cultural and family activities may affect some Indigenous workers due to work demands, however the use of labour hire as a means of accommodating cultural obligations may help to alleviate this. 10.2 Key events or activities causing impacts Key activities that could impact on culture and heritage include: • clearing new areas at the mine site • a large workforce in the region • the presence of industrial activity in the region • participation in the workforce weakening culture ties and traditional leadership.

10.3 Key risks and opportunities Table 9: Potential risks and opportunities for culture and heritage Potential impacts: Culture and heritage Potential opportunities Potential negative impacts Any loss of cultural heritage, such as damage to sacred sites, impacting on cultural and spiritual connections. Reduced cultural and spiritual connections to country or cultural offence.

10.4 Assessment of risks and opportunities to culture 10.4.1 Reduced cultural and spiritual connections to country or cultural offence The loss of sacred sites or places of cultural significance could occur through project disturbing activities, such as clearing and construction of project infrastructure. It could also occur through unauthorised behaviour by project workers trespassing or accidentally wandering into restricted works areas.

The loss of sacred or special sites has both physical and spiritual consequences, with many geographical features related to Dreamings or stories that connect Aboriginal people to their country. It is considered that with appropriate mitigation measures in place, this risk (#35) which was initially rated as MODERATE, is reduced to a residual rating of LOW. 10.5 Mitigation and management Strategies to mitigate or manage cultural impacts include: • site safety inductions • environmental management plan • cross-cultural inductions for all workers to increase cultural awareness • code of conduct for workers • observance of the terms of clearance certificates and restricted works areas • involving traditional owners in surveys where required and seeking advice before any potentially disturbing activities.

11.0 Environment 11.1 Overview Most environmental matters are covered in other relevant chapters of the EIS. The key potential social impact relating to environment is the fear of impacts to water resources. Pastoralists raised impacts to bores and water monitoring in SIA interviews, and it is expected that as people in nearby communities become more aware of the project and the requirements for water, fears about the impacts to water resources may become an issue. 11.2 Key events of activities leading to impacts The following events could lead to impacts relating to the environment: • rumours and misinformation about the project’s water use • release of the EIS with information on the project’s water use • ongoing public debate regarding the mining industry’s use of water in arid regions.

11.3 Key risks and opportunities Table 10: Key social risks and opportunities for Environment Potential impacts Potential opportunities Potential negative impacts Fear of impacts to water resources – values-based.

11.4 Assessment of risks and opportunities to the environment 11.4.1 Fears of impacts to water resources The project is likely to require 1200 mega litres (ML) of water per year. Site water is to be sourced from the existing freshwater catchment dam and additional water will be sourced from a borefield near the project site. Although this project does not involve any fracking, the recent debate surrounding fracking in the Northern Territory has highlighted the strong values held by the Central Australian and Northern Territory community regarding water. Interest in water has extended beyond the technical to a more emotive and values-based interest, which is more challenging to quantify. People’s ‘values’ in water and its relationship to people, places and the environment as a whole is at the core of this movement towards protecting water resources. There is a strong anti-resources movement emerging around fracking in the Territory and this has escalated local interest and scrutiny in water use for industrial purposes. Nearby pastoralists would be concerned about any impacts to their bores, so it will be essential that KGL communicate openly with pastoralists as well as Bonya and Atitjere residents and Arid Lands Environment Centre about water use, sources and monitoring. Providing updates on water monitoring results will help to allay fears about water use. This risk (#36) had an initial rating of HIGH and a residual rating of MODERATE.

11.5 Mitigation and management Measures to avoid, mitigate or manage these risks are: • communicating openly with pastoralists, Bonya and Atitjere residents and Arid Lands Environment Centre about water use, sources and providing updates on water monitoring results will help to reduce fears about water use • an environmental management plan.

12.0 Human rights 12.1 Overview Impact assessment is paying increased attention to potential impacts on human rights, including labour laws, racism, recruitment and workplace practices that may create inequitable opportunities or burdens for female workers. It is unlikely this will be an issue for this project, however it is included to ensure proactive management. 12.2 Key events of activities leading to impacts The following events could lead to impacts on human rights: • project mobilisation • workforce mobilisation.

12.3 Key risks and opportunities Table 11: Key social risks and opportunities for human rights Potential impacts: Human rights Potential opportunities Potential negative impacts Reduced enjoyment of human rights, through racism, inequitable work practices, breaches of labour laws, native title holders not providing free, prior and informed consent.

12.4 Assessment of risks and opportunities to the environment 12.4.1 Reduced enjoyment of human rights Reduced enjoyment of human rights could be a result of racism, inequitable work practices, breaches of labour laws, and native title holders not providing free, prior and informed consent. These issues should be managed with cross-cultural training, appropriate human resource management and strict codes of conduct for all workers. The initial and residual ratings for this risk (#37) are LOW as it is assessed as unlikely to occur. 12.5 Mitigation and management This would be managed by: • cross-cultural inductions for all workers, including management • consideration of potential human rights issues in human resource planning and practice • worker codes of behaviour that address any issues that could lead to breaches • appropriate grievance procedures and remedies for workers to raise any concerns • Central Land Council identifying native title holders and managing negotiations on their behalf • good communication with traditional owners about all aspects of the project timing, scale, likely disruption and implications.

13.0 Cumulative 13.1 Overview Cumulative impacts look not just at the impacts of development of the Jervois project, but considers the cumulative impacts of multiple projects on the affected area. Multiple projects in one region over a short timeframe can compound ecological, social and environmental benefits or costs. In the Central Australian and Barkly region, there are five significant resource projects which have received major project status from the Northern Territory Government. These projects have an estimated capital expenditure of more than $2.2 billion and potential for more than 2000 jobs during construction and operational phases. All five projects have an expected commencement date within the next two to five years (Industry Capability Network NT [ICN NT], 2018). Table 12 outlines each of the five major resource projects, their location, estimated employment figures, and the approximate timeframes for construction and operations. Another major project in the region is Jemena’s Northern gas pipeline, a 622 kilometre gas pipeline linking Tennant Creek to Mount Isa in Queensland. Construction began in July 2017 near Tennant Creek and the project is expected to be complete in late 2018.

Table 12: Proposed major projects in the region Mine/ Estimated Est. jobs - Est. jobs - 2019 2020 2021 Mine location Capex construction production life KGL Resources – $189.5M + Q2 - Q2 - Jervois base Up to 360 Up to 300 Operation 12 – 15 $26.7M yr2 Construction Operation metal project years Verdant Minerals - Up to Up to 165 25 years + Up to 300 Q1 - Ammaroo $750M (inc Operation Operation (up to Construction phosphate rail) 100) project TNG Limited - Mount Peake $234M Up to 500 Q3/4 - Q3/4 - mine and metals 200 Construction 17 years+ (stage 1) Construction Operation processing facility Arafura Resources - Up to 500 Up to 300 Q3/4 - Q3/4 - 43 years+ $870M Construction Nolan’s Bore Construction Operation rare earths Tellus Holdings - 270 - 540 Q3/4 - Chandler salt $676M 150 - 180 Construction Construction 25 years + Construction mine up to 500 Source: Industry Capability Network NT [ICN NT], May 2018

13.2 Key risks and opportunities Table 13: Key cumulative risks and opportunities Potential impacts: Cumulative Potential opportunities Potential negative impacts Cumulative impacts can enhance the Cumulative impacts create pressure on workforce opportunities – extended local job and availability, services, and potential social affects. training opportunities, economic benefits, Indigenous employment and education.

13.3 Assessment of cumulative risks and opportunities Potential opportunities Table 12 shows the regional project investment of the proposed projects have an estimated total capital expenditure of around $2.2 billion and potential for almost 2,000 jobs during the construction and operational phases. Extended training, employment and enterprise development opportunities are three key potential benefits for nearby residents as a result of the combined projects planned for the region. Training and employment in transportation of construction materials for example, provides a potential for three years’ employment across the projects. There are opportunities for project proponents to work together on training and employment initiatives that will benefit both the local residents and the mining companies. As the average mine life of the proposed projects is 24.6 years, there is significant opportunity for local small and medium enterprise development. It is likely there will be indirect benefits for the hospitality industry in Alice Springs, with some fly-in fly-out, drive-in drive-out and bus-in-bus-out staff utilising transportation, short-term accommodation and other services in the region. Local businesses, particularly in Alice Springs, should see an increase in demand for service and supplies for the projects which will provide a boost for the local economy. Potential negative impacts A significant increase in heavy vehicle traffic on the roads, loss of local workers to the mines, and reduced productivity of other sectors are three potential negative impacts of the increased industrialisation of the region. These can lead to other impacts such as ongoing degradation of the roads and the associated road safety risks, increased anti-social behaviour in Alice Springs with an influx of fly-in fly-out workers, costs and difficulties for local businesses associated with hiring new workers, and impacts on the local community, particularly in Alice Springs if local businesses prioritise mining contracts over other work. Heavy Vehicle (HV) traffic associated with the construction phase of the planned mining operations, particularly in 2019, will increase significantly, which will likely impact road surfaces and increase the potential for road traffic trauma. A flow-on effect of successful local recruitment for the five major projects will possibly result in reduced productivity of other sectors through the loss of workers to the mine. This may open employment opportunities for other locals, but recruitment and training takes time.

This risk (#38) has been given an initial and residual rating of MODERATE as KGL Resources will not have control over the impacts of other mining projects. There are however mitigation and management measures that KGL Resources can implement to contribute to reducing any negative impacts and enhancing the opportunities. 13.4 Mitigation and management This would be managed by: • stakeholder engagement and communication • liaising with other proponents and taking account of cumulative impacts.

14.0 Social Impact Management Plan A Social Impact Management Plan (SIMP) has been prepared. The SIMP outlines key risks and opportunities identified in the SIA, mitigation and enhancement measures, indicators by which to measure and report on identified and emerging issues and a list of KGL Resources’ commitments, including ongoing communication and engagement with the community.

15.0 Qualifications of the consultants Senior Consultants from True North Strategic Communication, Jo Madin and Claire Butler prepared this Social Impact Assessment. Jo Madin has a Bachelor of Applied Science (Town Planning) from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology and Certificate of Public Participation with the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2). Jo has experience in planning, policy development and communication in both the private and public sectors. She has worked in Indigenous affairs, native title, mining, forestry, national parks and more recently in water, transport and infrastructure. Claire has a Bachelor of International Business, Graduate Diploma of Management and Certificate of Public Participation with the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2). Claire specialises in communication and community engagement and has worked on a number of resource, construction and community projects across the Northern Territory in the past 15 years. Jo and Claire have completed Social Impact Assessment training conducted by Professor Frank Vanclay and Dr Ana Maria Esteves through the Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining at the University of Queensland. All True North staff have completed International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) training and our work is based on the IAP2 Core Values for public participation. True North has recently been involved in a number of Social Impact Assessments for Northern Territory projects, including a number of major projects in Central Australia.

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