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MODERN WORLD (1500-1900 A.D.) by Dhananjaya Rout

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MODERN WORLD (1500-1900 A.D.) by Dhananjaya Rout PAPER-III MODERN WORLD (1500-1900 A.D.) By Dhananjaya Rout 1 Content PAPER-III MODERN WORLD (1500-1900 A.D.) UNIT-1 1. Renaissance and reformation in Europe. 2. Major ideas of Enlightenment 3. American Revolution (1776) and Constitution: Its Nature and significance Abolition of slavery. 4. French Revolution: Causes, Impact and Limitation UNIT-2 1. Era of Napoleon: Rise, Achievements and Failure. 2. Congressional system. 3. Nineteenth century European revolution July revolution (1830), February revolution (1848) 4. Nationalism: State building in Germany and in Italy. Unit-III 1. British democratic politics: Parliamentary reforms of 1832, 1867, 1911. 2. Industrial revolution in England: Cause and impact on Society. 3. Industrialization in Germany and USA. 4. Growth of Capitalism, Rise of Socialism and working class movement. Unit-IV 1. Imperialism and Colonialism: English and German 2. Colonial System: Exploitation of New world, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Tributes from Asian Conquests. 3. Imperialism and Free Trade: The New Imperialism 2 UNIT-1 Renaissance and reformation in Europe, Major ideas of Enlightenment, American Revolution (1776) and Constitution: Its Nature and significance Abolition of slavery, French Revolution: Causes, Impact and Limitation STRUCTURE 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Renaissance 1.2.1 Meaning and concept of renaissance 1.3 Factors of Renaissance 1.3.1 Downfall of Feudalism 1.3.2 Effects of Crusades 1.3.3 Downfall of the influence of Church 1.3.4 Contribution of progressive rulers and nobles. 1.3.5 Geographical Discovery 1.3.6 Economic prosperity 1.3.7 invention of printing press. 1.3.8 Fall of Constantinople. 1.4 Italy- Birth place of Renaissance. 1.4.1 Causes of Renaissance in Italy 1.4.1.1Glory of Italy 1.4.1.2 Migration of Greek Scholars. 1.4.1.3 Economic prosperity. 1.4.1.4 Italian contact with Asian countries . 1.5 Renaissance Literature 1.6 Renaissance Art 1.7 Renaissance Architecture 1.8 Renaissance Sculpture 1.9 Renaissance Painting 1.10 Renaissance and fine arts 1.11 Renaissance and science 1.11.1 Physics 1.11.2 Astronomy 1.11.3 Chemistry 1.11.4 Anatomy 3 1.11.5 Medicine 1.12 Features of Renaissance 1.12.1 Humanism 1.12.2 Classicism 1.12.3 Free culture 1.12.4 Nature based 1.12.5Explicating in Vernacular literature 1.12.6 Nature and Experiment 1.13 Importance of Renaissance 1.13.1 New form of Education 1.13.2 Scientific outlook 1.13.3 Enriched literature 1.13.4 New form of Arts 1.13.5 Process of Colonialism 1.13.6 Evolution of Strong monarchy 1.13.7 Prelude to reformation. 1.14 Reformation 1.14.1 Meaning of Reformation 1.15 Factors of Reformation 1.15.1 Religious factors 1.15.2 Interference of Church 1.15.3 Role of middle class 1.15.4 Rise of Nation states 1.15.5 New spirit of learning and enquiry 1.15.6 Schism in Church 1.15.7 Triangular struggle for supremacy 1.16 Beginning of Reformation 1.16.1 Reformation in Germany 1.16.2 Reformation in Switzerland. 1.16.3 Reformation in France 1.16.4 Reformation in England 1.17 Impact of reformation 1.17.1 Permanent schism in church 1.17.2 Religious Persecution. 1.17.3 Development of education 4 1.17.4 Growth of Individualism 1.17.5 Nationalist and monarchical forces 1.17.6 Rise of nation states 1.17.7 Spirit of intolerance 1.17.8 Growth of vernacular languages 1.18 Age of Enlightenments 1.18.1 Meaning of Enlightenment 1.19 Background of Enlightenments 1.19.1 Rene Descartes 1.19.2 Baruch Spinoza 1.19.3 Francis Bacon 1.19.4 Montesquieu 1.19.5 Voltaire 1.19.6 Rousseau 1.19.7 Kant 1.20 Major ideas of Enlightenment 1.21 Importance of Enlightenment 1.21.1 Administrative reforms 1.21.2 Epoch of Monarchic Repentance 1.21.3 Progress of Literature and Arts 1.22 American Revolution 1.22.1 British colonies in America 1.23 Causes of American Revolution 1.23.1 Defective Administration 1.23.2 Restriction on colonial Trade 1.23.3 Impact of seven years war 1.23.4 Role of Intellectuals 1.23.5 The Stamp Act 1.23.6 The Declaratory Act 1.23.7 Reactionary policy of Townshend 1.23.8 Lord North's policy 1.23.9 The Boston Tea party 1.24. Declaration of Independence 1.25. Course of the war 1.26. The Treaty of Paris 1.27 Significance of the Revolution 5 1.27.1 Formation of USA 1.27.2 Creation of new society 1.27.3 Social and political reforms 1.27.4 Principle of Liberty and democracy 1.27.5 Set-back to colonialism 1.27.6 System of Federalism 1.27.7 Outbreak of French Revolution 1.27.8 Human Rights 1.28 Nature of American Revolution 1.29 The Constitution of America 1.29.1 Political and Economic Conflict 1.29.2 Drafting of the Constitution 1.29.3 Sources of Constitution 1.29.4 Formation of the present constitution 1.29.5 Ratification of constitution 1.29.6 Chief Adjuncts of the constitution 1.29.7 Characteristics of the American constitution 1.30 Abolition of Slavery 1.30.1 Slavery system in America 1.30.2 Different between Northern and Southern America 1.30.3 Chattel slavery 1.30.4 Abolition of Slavery 1.31 French Revolution 1.32 Causes of French Revolution 1.32.1Political causes 1.32.1.1 Louis -XIV 1.32.1.2 Louis-XV 1.32.1.3 Louis-XVI 1.32.2 Social factor 1.32.2.1 First Estate 1.32.2.2 Second Estate 1.32.2.3 Third Estate 1.32.3 Economic factor 1.32.3.1 Extravagance of ruling class 1.32.3.2 War like nature of the Louis monarch 1.32.3.3 Defective taxation 6 1.32.3.4 Financial bankruptcy 1.32.3.5 Turgot, Necker and Callone 1.32.4 Intellectual causes 1.32.4.1 Montesquieu 1.32.4.2 Voltaire 1.32.4.3 Rousseau 1.32.4.4 Encyclopaedists 1.32.4.5 Physiocrats 1.32.5 Impact of International events 1.32.6 Immediate cause 1.33 Beginning of the Revolution 1.34 Impact of the French Revolution 1.34.1 End of Despotic Bourbon dynasty 1.34.2 New social system 1.34.3 End of Supremacy of Church 1.34.4 Impact on Economy 1.34.5 Administrative reforms 1.34.6 Declaration of Human Rights 1.34.7 Influence on Britain 1.34.8 Impact on World 1.35 Limitation of French Revolution 1.35.1 Reactionary movement 1.35.2 Anti-Democratic 1.35.3 Retrogressive 1.36 Let us Sum Up 1.37 Key Words and concepts 1.38 Self assessment questions 1.39 Further readings 7 1.0 Objectives By going through the unit the student can be able to : define the renaissance and point out the factors for the growth of renaissance. explain the changes in human thought and behavior due to renaissance. consequently to learn the rise of reformation movement against the Roman Catholic and how reformation to the rise of Protestantism in the early 16th century. Illustrate the meaning and concept of Enlightenment. outline the factors and results of Enlightenment. describes the causes, results and significance of American Revolution. outlines the causes, results and limitations of the French Revolution. summarize the abolition of slavery. 1.1 Introduction During 15th and 16th century A.D. the European society witnessed tremendous changes. The beginning of Renaissance developed enquiring spirit and scientific outlook among the Europeans. The Reformation movement challenged the medieval religious set up. It was against the Orthodox Church and the abuses of the pope. It gave birth to a new religious order i.e. Protestantism. The age of Enlightenment was the age of reason and science. It enhanced the thought of the artist and scientist. During this age there was growth individualism. The American Revolution of 1776 was against the British colonialism. As a result the independence of thirteen American colonies was achieved. Later on, there was also end of the inhuman practice of slavery. The French Revolution of 1789 overthrew the ancient regime and medieval absolutism from France. It championed the cause of liberty, equality and Fraternity. 1.2 Renaissance Putting an end to the medieval age, the Renaissance marked the transition from middle age to the modern age. In the fifteenth century A.D. Europeans developed new form of literature, art, architecture and culture i.e. renaissance. It started in Italy first, spread over to other countries of Europe. Systematically Renaissance expanded the horizon of human knowledge which reflected in various fields including art, literature and science. 1.2.1 Meaning Renaissance means “rebirth” or “revival”. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are known as period of renaissance. The spirit of renaissance started when many educated men turned from religious speculation to the study of ancient Greek and roman authors. They challenged the religious and philosophical teachings of the medieval church. They were not satisfied with the study of the medieval translation of the famous authors of ancient Greece and Rome. They 8 developed their keen interest in the original works of Plato, Aristotle and others. In fact the writers introduced classical learning into the main stream of the western thought. However, renaissance was not merely a revival of ancient learning. It developed the spirit of enquiry and freedom of thought.
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