Water Quality Early Warning System
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WATER QUALITY EARLY WARNING SYSTEM ON TRANSBOUNDARY WATERCOURSES of the Tisza river basin Chapter 1-4, 2014 Initial Study ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTE s.r.o. Okružná, 784/42, 972 41 KOŠ Slovak Republic EWS Initial Study - 1 - Chapter 1-4 Table of Contents 1. Specifying recommended installation locations of monitoring system and recommended monitoring parameters in the Tisza catchment area. ...................................... 7 1.1. Preface ............................................................................................................ 7 1.2. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9 1.3. Characterization of the TISA River Basin ........................................................ 9 1.4. Cross-border cooperation agreements ...........................................................14 1.4.1. Legal framework – International conventions ...........................................14 1.4.2. The Hungarian-Slovakian Transboundary Commission ...........................15 1.4.3. The Hungarian-Ukraine Transboundary Committee .................................16 1.4.4. The Hungarian-Romanian Water Management Committee .....................16 1.5. TransNational Monitoring at present ...............................................................17 1.6. Water management in the countries of the Tisa catchment area ....................19 1.6.1. Ukraine ....................................................................................................19 1.6.2. Slovakia ...................................................................................................19 1.6.3. Romania ..................................................................................................23 1.6.4. Hungary ...................................................................................................26 1.6.5. Serbia ......................................................................................................27 1.7. Areas studied for designing EWS monitoring network ....................................30 1.8. Background information for designating monitoring locations .........................30 1.8.1. Basic data................................................................................................30 1.8.2. Thematic information ...............................................................................32 1.8.3. Technical preparation ..............................................................................33 1.9. Methodology of designating monitoring locations ...........................................33 1.9.1. Designating ARS spots in the Tisza catchment .......................................33 1.9.2. Designating transboundary monitoring sites ............................................38 1.9.3. Designating monitoring spots by catchment .............................................38 1.9.4. Aggregation and recommendation for designating monitoring stations ....49 1.10. Summary ......................................................................................................53 2. Evaluation of measurement methods usable at monitoring stations and describing and specifying monitoring systems required for their implementation ...................................56 2.1. Analyzing the current method and equipment .................................................56 2.1.1. Monitoring of surface waters ....................................................................56 2.1.2. Methods and devices ...............................................................................59 2.2. Trends in technology, standards, breakthrough points .................................59 2.2.1. Technical trends of measurement devices and sensors ...........................59 2.2.2. Optional, auxiliary devices .......................................................................63 2.2.3. EWS with surface water monitoring .........................................................64 2.3. General requirements .....................................................................................68 2.3.1. Modernity.................................................................................................68 VRIC & EI 2014 EWS Initial Study - 2 - Chapter 1-4 2.3.2. Unification................................................................................................68 2.3.3. Reliability .................................................................................................69 2.3.4. Manageability ..........................................................................................69 2.3.5. Connection ..............................................................................................69 2.3.6. Safety ......................................................................................................69 2.3.7. Upgradability ...........................................................................................70 2.3.8. Following technology trends ....................................................................70 2.4. Operation, services ........................................................................................72 2.4.1. Ensuring early warning signal - Early Warning .........................................72 2.4.2. Scheduled measurement program ...........................................................72 2.4.3. Accomplishment of non-scheduled, event-driven tasks............................72 2.4.4. Management of events and warning signals ............................................72 2.4.5. Polling data access ..................................................................................73 2.4.6. Maintenance – maintenance system based on reliability .........................73 2.4.7. Maintenance work during operation .........................................................74 2.4.8. Objective documentation, historical data storage .....................................74 2.4.9. Data display .............................................................................................74 2.5. Aspects of implementation .............................................................................74 2.5.1. Traditional monitoring stations .................................................................74 2.5.2. Standalone monitoring stations, online connection ..................................75 2.5.3. Sampling .................................................................................................75 2.5.4. Implementation of monitoring station .......................................................75 2.5.5. Data collection and provisioning system ..................................................75 2.5.6. Documentation system ............................................................................76 2.6. Instrumental equipment ..................................................................................76 2.6.1. Field monitoring and communication system ...........................................76 2.6.2. Sensor .....................................................................................................77 2.6.3. Sensor interface electronics ....................................................................80 2.6.4. Controller .................................................................................................81 2.6.5. Communication unit – data transmission .................................................84 2.7. Questions of power supply and options for producing energy .........................90 2.7.1. Objective .................................................................................................90 2.7.2. Structure design ......................................................................................91 2.7.3. Availability of solar energy .......................................................................92 2.7.4. Energy supply in the winter seasons........................................................94 3. Evaluation of technically applicable sampling systems in the EWS, taking into account different riverbed types, furthermore sample and data archivation system types and introduction of design options ...............................................................................................96 3.1. Elements to be integrated ...............................................................................96 3.1.1. Formerly developed system .....................................................................96 3.1.2. Water quality parameters .........................................................................96 VRIC & EI 2014 EWS Initial Study - 3 - Chapter 1-4 3.1.3. Typical measurement methods applied for the most important parameters .....................................................................................................................................97 3.2. Basic principles ............................................................................................ 117 3.2.1. "Basic CookBook" approach .................................................................. 117 3.2.2. „LEGO” principle approach .................................................................... 117 3.2.3. „Pre-Installed host” principle .................................................................. 118 3.2.4. Rack case principle ............................................................................... 118 3.3. Sampling systems taking different riverbeds into account ............................. 119 3.4. Establishment of