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ÈÊ‚‡ ‰ÓÚ+ בעקבות נמען לא ידוע: סיפור על ילד מלובלין
8541/3=A?;<8?85/= >G4/ GC@3I80828=;I Pupils at Oren School listen to Naama Egozi
È¯Â·Ú ‰˙Èȉ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¯ÈÚ‰ ÂÈ+‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÓ„ ˙·˜Ú· ÚÒÓ‰ È÷¯˜ ¨‰‡Â˘‰ ‡˘Â+· ˜ÂÒÈÚÏ ˘„˜ÂÓ È+ÓÊ ·Â¯˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ ‰¯˜Ó· Ƙ+„ÈÈÓÏ Í¯„· ¯·ÚÓ ¯ÈÚ ¯˘‡Ó ¯˙ÂÈ ‰·¯‰ ‡Ï ˘È ‡˘Â+· ˙˜ÒÂÚ‰ ‰ÚÈ„È Â‡ ‰·˙Î Ï΢ ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ ÈAÈ„È ¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÈÓÎÁ ˙·È˘È¢· ‰ˆˆ‰Ï ‰· ÈU˜ȷ ¢„˜Â‰ ·Âˉ „¯ÂÈ ‡Ï ‰‡Â˘‰ ‡˘Â+˘ ¯Á‡Ó ÆÈÏ ¯È·Ú‰Ï ¯ÂÓ˘Ï ¨¯ÂÊ‚Ï ÆÍÎÏ ¯·ÚÓ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰·¯‰ ‡Ï ͇ ¨˜È˙Ú‰ ÔÈÓÏÚ‰ ˙È··Â ¯·ÂÚ˘ ÌÂÈ Ôȇ ¨ÈÓÏÂډ Ȅ‰ȉ ¨Èχ¯˘È‰ ÌÂȉ ¯„ÒÓ ıȘ· È˙ÚÒ+ ‰+ÂÓ˙‰ ˙ÓÏ˘‰Â ÌÈËÂÁ‰ ˙ÈÈÂÂË È„Î ÍÂ˙ Æȉ˘ÏÎ ‰ÚÈ„È ÈAÈÏ ÚÈ‚˙˘ ÈÏ·Ó Í˘Ó· ͯÚ+ ‰Ê‰ ¯+ÈÓÒ‰ ÆßÌ˘Â „Èß ÌÚËÓ ¯+ÈÓÒÏ ¯·Ú˘ ‰˙Èȉ ÆÔÂ˙ÈÚ ˙ÒÈÙ È+ÁÏ¢ ÏÚ ‰Á+‰ ȈÁ ‰+˘Î È+ÙÏ ÌÈÁ¯Â‡ Âȉ · ÌÈÙ˙˙˘Ó‰Â ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¯ÈÚ· ÌÈÈÚ·˘ ∫‰˙¯˙ÂΠßı¯‡‰ß· ‰ÚÈÙ‰˘ ȯÂÏ ‰·È·‡ Ï˘ ‰·˙Î ÂÊ ¯ÈÎ‰Ï È˙„ÓÏ ¯+ÈÓÒ‰ Íωӷ Æß NN ¯Ë‡È˙ß È˘+‡ Ï˘ ˙‡ ‰¯ˆ˜· ‰¯ÙÈÒ ‰·˙Ή Æ¢˙Ó È„Â‰È „ÏÈÏ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ¢ ÏÚ ÌÈȄ‰ȉ ÌÈÈ+ÏÂÙ‰ ‰È¯˙‡ ÏÚ ¨¯ÈÚ‰ ˙‡ ·Ëȉ ˜+„ÈÈÓ· ‰ÙÒ+˘ ȘүÈÓÂËÈßÊ ÂÈ+‰ „Ïȉ Ï˘ ¯ÂÙÈÒ Ì˙‡· Æ·¯‰ È˙Â+Ó‡≠È˙·¯˙‰ ‰¯˘ÂÚ ¯‡ÂÙÓ‰ ‰¯·Ú Â˙Áˆ+‰ ¯ÂÙÈÒ ˙‡ ‰·Á¯‰· ‰¯‡È˙ ڢ˙ Ô· Â˙Âȉ· ÂÈ+‰ ÈÈÁ· ÔÂȈ ˙„˜+ ¯ÃÁ‡ ·Â¯˜Ó È˙ȘÁ˙‰ ÌÈÈÚ·˘ ¯Ë‡È˙ß È˘+‡ ¨ÌÈ+ÏÂÙ ÌȯÈÚˆ ˙ˆÂ·˜ È„È· È¢ÎÚ‰ È˙ÙÒ‡ ¨È˙ÓÏȈ ¨È˙˘ÙÈÁ ¨È˙¯˜Á˙ ¨È˙χ˘ ÆÂ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Æß NN ¨ÌȯÓÂÁ „Â‡Ó ‰·¯‰ È˙Á˙Ó‡·Â ‰˙È·‰ È˙·˘ ÆÈ˙„ÚÈ˙ ‰˜ÂÓÚ ‰˜ÊÁ ‰˘ÂÁ˙ È˙˘‚¯‰ ‰+¢‡¯ ‰‡È¯˜· ¯·Î ÌÚÙ Ïη Ê‡Ó Æ̘Ӊ χ ˜Â„‰Â ÌÁ ¯˘˜ ¯˜ÈÚ· ͇ È·Ï ˙‡ ‰·˘ ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ƯˆÂ‡ ‰ÏÈ‚˘ ÈÓ ˘Á˘ ÂÊÏ ‰Ó„‰ ˙Ò+Î+ È+‡˘Î Ɖ˜ÊÂÁ· ÌÚÂÙ ·Ï‰ ¨¯ÈÚÏ ˙·¯˜˙Ó È+‡˘ ˙˜˙¯Ó Ïʇ٠˙·Î¯‰ ˙·ÏÓ· ˜ÂÒÈÚÏ È˙‡ ¢·‡˘¢Â Æ˙¢‚¯˙‰ ‡ÏÓ˙Ó ·Á¯˙Ó ·Ï‰ ¨‰Èχ ÆÌȯˆ˜‰ ÂÈÈÁ ˙·˜Ú·Â „Ïȉ Â˙‡ ˙·˜Ú· ‰·ÂÁ‰ ÏÚ ÛÒÂ+˘ È˙˘Á ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ È˙ÓÏ˘‰ ̯˷ „ÂÚ ≠˙· ¨¯„È·‡ ÚË+ ˙‡ È˙¯˙ȇ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈˆÓ‡Ó ¯Á‡Ï ˙ÏËÂÓ ¨˜+„ÈÈÓ· ¯Ù‡‰ Ï˙Ó ÂÈ+‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÓ„ ˙‡ χ‚Ï ‰Óη ‰˙ÁÙ˘Ó ¯ÂÙÈÒ ˙‡ ‰¯ÙÈÒ˘ ÈÓ ÂÈ+‰ Ï˘ Â˙„„ ¨ı¯‡· ԇΠÈÎÂ+ÈÁ ÍÈω˙ ÌÈÈ˜Ï ∫˙ÙÒÂ+ ‰·ÂÁ ÈÃÙ˙Î ÏÚ Í˘Ó· ¨Ê‡Ó ÆßÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÏÂ˜ß Ï˘ ÌÈӄ˜‰ ˙Â+ÂÈÏÈ‚‰Ó Ï˘ ÌÈÁψÂӉ ÌÈÓÈ˘¯Ó‰ ÌÈ˘È¯ى ˙‡¯˘‰· ÂÈ+‰ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ÈÃ˙ÂÚÈ„È ˙‡ È˙·Á¯‰ ¨ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ ‰ÓΠƢ‰˜Ê„¯‚ ‰Ó‡¯·¢· ˙·˘Âȉ ˙ȇ+ÈÏ·Âω ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ ‰ÏÂÚÙ‰ ÛÂ˙È˘ ÆÚË+ Ï˘ ‰+Ó‡+‰ ‰˙¯ÊÚ· Â˙ÁÙ˘Ó È+·Â ‰ÓÎ ÌÚ ¯˘˜ ¯ÂˆÈÏ È˙‡ ‰¯¯ÂÚ Âʉ ˙ÂÁÈÏ˘‰ ˙˘ÂÁ˙ ƯÂÒÓ ÔÓ‡+ ‰È‰ ‰+ÓÓ ÂÏ È˙ÈÎÊ˘ Æ· ‰¯‚ È+‡˘ ÔÂÙˆ‰ ¯Âʇ· ÌÈÏÚÂÙ‰ ¯ÙÒ≠È˙· Èω+Ó Â˙‡ È+ÙÏ ÆÔÈÏÂÙ· ˙ÂÚÒÓ ‰Îȯ„Ó È+‡ È˙„Â·Ú ˙¯‚ÒÓ·
˙‡ ÂÓˆÚ ÏÚ Á˜Ï ‰ÙÙΉ ˙‡ Ìȯ‰ ¯·„ Ï˘ ÂÙÂÒ· ˙·ÈËÁ ω+Ó ¨‡¯‚ Ô· ÈÓ¯ ˙Â+Ȉ¯‰ ‡ÂÏÓ· ‰Ê‰ ¯‚˙‡‰ ÌȯÂÓ‰ ˙ˆ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÒÈÈ‚ ‡Â‰ ƉÏÂÙÚ· ¢Ô¯Â‡¢ ÌÈÈ+È·‰ ¯Á‡Ï ¨ÌÈ˘‚ÙÓ ˙¯„Ò ˙¯‚ÒÓ· ‡˘Â+‰ ˙‡ „ÂÓÏÏ ÂÏ˘ „˜Ó˙‰˘ ÈÎÂ+ÈÁ ÌÊÈÓ ˘·Â‚ ÈÎÂ+ÈÁ‰ ˙ˆ‰ ˙¯˘Î‰ ∫ÌÈÈÊÎ¯Ó ÌÈÚ¯ȇ ‰˘ÂÏ˘·
‰È˙„ÏÂ˙ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ‡˘Â+· ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ· ¯˜Á ˙Â„Â·Ú ÂÁ˙Ù ‰‡Â˘‰ ‡˘Â+ ˙‡ ÌÈ„ÓÂω ßË ˙Â˙ÈÎ È„ÈÓÏ˙ – >8?0>24@8?4F/6E8A3?0?>8;04;8=:6I08H8;H083G=<12 ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ˙‡ È„ÂÒÈ ÔÙ‡· „ÓÏ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¯ÈÚÏ ¯‰Âˆ Amagni'cent model of Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva ÍÂ˙Ó ¯Á· „ÈÓÏ˙ ÏΠƉ· ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰Ïȉ˜‰ Ï˘Â ‰Ï˘ was built by Tzach Akunis and Dan Banin ·˙Π„ÁÂÈÓ· Â˙‡ ÔÈÈ+ÚÓ‰ ‡˘Â+‰ ˙‡ Ìȇ˘Â+ ÔÂÂ‚Ó ÁÒÙ‰ ˙˘ÙÂÁ ¯Á‡Ï „ÈÓ Â˘‚‰ ˙„·ډ Ư˜Á ˙„Â·Ú ˙¯ÂÓ‰ ˙ÈÈÁ+‰·© ÂÈ+‰Ï ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ+ÏÂÙ‰ ÌÈ·˙ÂÎÏ ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙Ï Âڈ‰˘ Ìȇ˘Â+‰ Æ®‰‡Â˘‰ ÌÂÈ È+ÙÏ ÌÈÈÓÂÈ© ÌÈÓÂψ˙‰ ÔÂÈί‡· ÔÂÈÚ ¨ÌÈ˯ҷ ‰ÈÈÙˆ ¨®˙ÈÏ‚+‡Ï ·¯‰ ¨Ï¢˘¯‰Ó‰ ¨‡+΢ ÌÂÏ˘ È·¯ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ‰ÊÂÁ‰ ∫Âȉ Æ„ÂÚ ßÌ˘Â „Èß Ï˘ Ô˜Ӊ ˙·È˘È ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌÈÓÂ˙ȉ ˙È· ¨ÒÂÙ‚+Ï ‰+‡ ¨‡¯ÈÙ˘ ¯È‡Ó ¯ÎÊÏ ˘„˜ÂÓ ‰È‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·· Ҙˉ ÂÓˆÚ ‰‡Â˘‰ ÌÂÈ· Æ„ÂÚ „ÂÚ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÂË‚ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÈÓÎÁ ÏÏÓ· ¨¯È˘· ‰‚ˆÂÈ Ú¯ȇ‰ Êίӷ ‰„ÓÚ Â˙ÂÓ„ ÆÂÈ+‰ Ï˘ Ï˘ Ìȷȉ¯Ó ÌÈÓ‚„ ·ˆÂ‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· ˙Â+¯„ÒÓ· Æ˙Â+ÂÓ˙·Â ÆÂ+· ˙¯Ú+‰Â ÌȯÚ+‰˘ ÌÈÓ‚„ ¨¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÈÓÎÁ ˙·È˘È¢ Ú¯ȇ ‰˙Èȉ ‰‡Â˘‰ ‡˘Â+· Ï¢+‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ ÈÎ ˜ÙÒ Ôȇ ‰„ÈÓÏ ˙ÈÈÂÂÁ ÂÊ ‰˙Èȉ ÈÎ ¯ÎÈ+ ¢‚‰˘ ˙„·ډ ÈÙÏ ÆÏÏη ¯ÙÒ≠È˙··Â ˯ٷ ‰Ê‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·· ¨Í¯„ ı¯ÂÙ ÆÌ¯Â·Ú ˙È˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó Æ¢‡˘Â+· ˙Ú‚Ï¢ ÌÈ˘˘ÂÁ˘ ¯ÙÒ‰ È˙· ÌÈ·¯ ¨Ú„ÈÎ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·· Ɖ·¯‰ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ ‡Ï ÈÊÎ¯Ó ÈÓ˘¯ Ò˜ËÏ Ë¯Ù ‰¯ÂÙÈÒ – ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ „ÏÈ ÏÚ ¯ÂÙÈÒ ∫ÚÂ„È ‡Ï ÔÚÓ+ ˙·˜Ú· ‰˜ÂÓÚ ˙È˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ‰„ÈÓÏ ˙ÈÈÂÂÁ ÂÂÁ ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰ ¢Ô¯Â‡¢ ßË ˙Â˙ÈÎ È„ÈÓÏ˙ ÏÎ Æ„ÈÁȉ Ï˘ ¯ÂÙÈÒ ¨‰Ïȉ˜ Ï˘ ˙‡ „Â‡Ó Á·È˘ ÈÎÂ+ÈÁ‰ ˙ˆ‰ Ì‚ ÆÌ·Ï· ‰˙¯Á+˘ È+· ÌÚ ¯„È·‡≠ȘүÈÓÂËÈßÊ ÚË+ ÌÚ Â˘‚Ù+ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·· ÆÂÊ ˙ÂÒ+˙‰Ó ˙·¯ „ÓÏ ÈÎ ÔÈȈ ÍÈω˙‰ È˙Ï· ‰È‰ ˘‚ÙÓ‰ ƯÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÚÓ˘˘ ¯Á‡Ï ‰˙ÁÙ˘Ó ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· ‰È‰ ÂÈ+‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÓ„· ˜ÒÚ˘ ÛÒÂ+ ¯ÙÒ≠˙È· Æ„Â‡Ó ·Â˘Á ˘‚¯Ó ¨ÈÚˆÓ‡ Û˘Á+˘ ÌÈÎ+ÁÓ‰ ˙ˆ ÆÚ¯ÊÓ ı·Ș·˘ ¢¯Â·˙ ÌȘÓÚ¢ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ Êίӷ ÂÈ+‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÓ„ ˙‡ „ÈÓÚ‰Ï ¯Á· ¯ÂÙÈÒÏ ‰‡Â˘‰ ÌÂÈ È+ÙÏ ÌÈÈÓÂÈ – ‰„ÈÓÏ ÈÊίӷ ‡È˘ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ÂÓÈȘ˘ ÌÈ˘¯Ó‰Â „·ÂÎÓ‰ Ҙ˷ Ɖ‡Â˘‰ ÌÂÈ· ‰Óη ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ Ì‰Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·Ï ·¯Ú· ÂÚÈ‚‰ ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰ ¨Ï‡Ú¯ÊÈ ˜ÓÚ ˙ȯÂʇ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˘‡¯ ÁÎ+ ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰ ßʇϘ ˙+Ή ¨ßÌ˘Â „Èß Ï˘ „Ú‰ ÈÙ„ ÌÚ ˙¯Îȉ ∫˙Â+Á˙ ¯„È·‡≠ȘүÈÓÂËÈßÊ ÚË+ ˙¯·‚Ï È˘ ˜È+Ú‰ ¯˘‡ ‡Â‰Â È+ÙÏ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˙‡ ˙„Ú˙Ó‰ ˙Â+ÂÓ˙ Ï˘ È˙Â+Ó‡ ÆҘ˷ ‰‡˘+˘ ÌÈ˘‚¯Ó‰ Ìȯ·„‰ ÏÚ ‰Ï ‰„‰ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ˙·È˙Î ¨ÂÈ+‰Ï Ìȯ·„ ∫ÈËÈÙ¯‚ ˙+Á˙ ¨‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ˙Á˜Ï ¯Á·˘ ¨Ï¢+‰ ÌÈÈÎÂ+ÈÁ‰ ˙„ÒÂÓ‰ È+˘ ÏÚ ÛÒÂ+ ¨˙È˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ ÒÈҷΠ· ˘Ó˙˘‰Ï ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ ¯ÂÙÈÒ ˙‡ ÂÚÓ˘ ÌÈÙÒÂ+ ÌÈ·¯ ¯ÙÒ≠È˙·Ó ÌÈÎ+ÁÓ ˙Â‡Ó ÈÎ È· ˙ÓÈȘ˘ ‰+ÂÓ‡‰Â ÈÏ˘ ‰˜ÊÁ‰ ‰˘ÂÁ˙‰ ÆÂÈ+‰ Ï˘ ‡˘Â+Ï ‰È˙ÙÓ‡ ¯¯ÂÚÏ ÏÎÂ+ È˘È‡‰ ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ˜¯ ÂÏÈ·ÂÈ ÂÏȷ‰˘ Ô‰ ¨Ô„·Â‡‰ ÏÚ Ï·‡˙‰Ï ÏÎÂ+ ‰‡Â˘‰ Ï˘ ‰+ÂÎ+‰Â ‰ÓÈ˘¯Ó‰ ‰ÈÈ˘Ú‰ Ɖ·ÏÓ· ÍÈ˘Ó‰Ï È˙‡ ˙‡ ԉ ‰‡¯˘‰‰ ˙‡ Ô‰ ÈÏ ˙+˙Â+ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ÈÃ˙ÈÓÚ ÈU·Á ÆÂÊ Á¯· ÌÈÓÊÈÓ Â+ψ‡ ԇΠÌÈÈ˜Ï ˙ÂÒ+Ï ˙ÂÈ‚¯+‡‰
ÌȯÂÓ ˙¯˘Î‰Ï ‰Ó‚Ó· ÔÂÙˆ ÊÂÁÓ ˙Êί ‡È‰ ˙¯·ÁÓ‰ >8;04;/H4?0 >G4/ @80828=;II4240A ÆßÌ˘Â „Èß· Pupils works concerning Lublin
¢‰˜+¯Î‡¢‰ ÈÓÂ˙ÈÏ Ô¯ÎÈÊ ˙„Úˆ· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ¯ÚÂ+ È+· youtube Ï˘ ¯ˆ˜ ˯Ò
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELZOklWro8A&feature=related
≤∞∞∏ ı¯Ó· ≤¥ ˙ÂÈ·Â˙Î ˙ÂÚÈÙÂÓ youtube Ï˘ ˯ҷ „ÈÏ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ¯ÚÂ+ È+· ÌÈÙÒ‡˙Ó ı¯Ó· ≤¥≠· ∫‰„Úˆ‰ ‡˘Â+ ˙‡ ˙¯ȷÒÓ‰ ¯Ú˘¢ È˘+‡ Ʊ± ‰˜Ê„¯‚ ßÁ¯· ÌÈÓÂ˙ȉ ˙È· ¯ÚÂ+‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÏÈ·ÂÓ ¢ NN ¯Ë‡È˙ ≠ ‰˜Ê„¯‚ ±π¥≤ ı¯Ó· ≤¥ ̉ Æ¢‰˜+¯Î‡¢‰ È„ÏÈÏ Ô¯ÎÈÊ ˙„Úˆ· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ¯ÙÒÓ ‰˜Ê„¯‚ ·ÂÁ¯· ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ‰˜È˙Ú‰ ¯ÈÚ· ÌÈ„Ïȉ Ï˘ ‰+¯Á‡‰ Ìί„ ˙·˜Ú· ÌÈÎω ÌÈÓÂ˙ȉ ˙È· ±π≠‰ ‰‡Ó‰ ˙ȈÁÓ Ê‡Ó Ô΢ ¨±± Ʊπ¥≤ ı¯Ó· ≤¥≠· ÌȄ‰ȉ ∫˙È· ȯÒÁ ÌÈ„Â‰È ÌÈ+˜ÊÏ ‰ÒÁÓ‰ ˙È·Â ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ Ô¯‰‡ Ï˘ Â¯È˘ ‡Â‰ Ì˙‡ ‰ÂÂÏÓ‰ ¯È˘‰ ÆOchronka Æ¢ÌÈ„Â‰È ÌÈ„ÏÈ Ï˘ ˙ÂÓ˘¢ ÔÈÏËÈȈ ‰Ïȉ˜‰Â ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ˙ÈȯÈÚ È„È· ˜ÊÁÂ˙ ‰Ê‰ „ÒÂÓ‰ È¢Ú ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ¯Â+ · ¯˙‡Ï ÌÚÈ‚‰· È˙Â¯È˘ ¨‰ÒÁÓ Â+˙È+ ÌȯÈÚˆ‰ ÌÈÒÂÁÏ Æ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ÆÔ¯ÎÈÊ ˙¯+ ÌȘÈÏ„Ó Ì‰ ¨ÌȈ‡+‰ ÆÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏÏ ˙¯˘Ù‡Â ÌÈ„‚· ¨‰˜ÊÁ‡
th March @G/=0
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Șҷ˜˘ÂÈ È΄¯Ó ¯¢„ ∫˘È„È‡Ó Ì‚¯˙
th anniversary of the execution of Jewish children from the Orphanage
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NN G7/8I8F@?8 524@>8 EG=48F@04F88 EH=4I <8=4;EI
ÌÈÓÂ˙ȉ ˙·˜Ú· Ô¯ÎÊ ˙„Úˆ ≤µÆ≥Æ≤∞∞π ¢È˜ÒÏ·ÂÏ ¯Èȯ˜¢ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ
http:// www .kurierlubelski.pl/module -dzial -viewpub -tid -9-pid -69433 .html
Marsz pamięci, marsz niewiedzy W marszu uczestniczyli głównie uczniowie Taką samą drogę 24 marca 1942 r. przebyły szkół średnich. Fot. Jacek Babicz żydowskie dzieci, po czym dokonano Kilkaset osób, głównie uczniów, uczciło ich egzekucji. Większość z przybyłych wczoraj pamięć żydowskich dzieci uczniów miała mgliste pojęcie o tej tragedii. zamordowanych w Lublinie w 1942 roku. Wiedzieli głównie, że marsz ma upamiętnić 67 lat temu podczas likwidacji getta na śmierć dzieci, ale na tym znajomość tematu Podzamczu, naziści zabili wychowanków się kończyła. Znalazło się jednak kilka żydowskiej ochronki. wyjątków, jak Adam Rządkowski z klasy Id Uczniowie przemaszerowali spod kamienicy III LO. - Interesuję się II wojną światową i przy ul. Grodzkiej 11 (tam znajdowała się chciałem sprawdzić historię Lublina z tego ochronka) na boisko osiedlowe na Tatarach. okresu. Tak trafiłem na opis mordu - mówi. - Ale to fakt znany garstce osób, powinno się go mocniej nagłośnić. Organizator akcji Ośrodek Brama Grodzka Teatr NN zdaje sobie sprawę z niewielkiej wiedzy na temat zbrodni. - Marsze są jedynie punktem wyjścia do zapoznania się z tą smutną historią - mówi Monika Krzykała. Paweł Franczak
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±π≤≤ ˙+˘· Æı¯‰ ‰ËÒ‚ ÔÓ¯˜‡ ‰¯˘ ¨¯„Ù ‰+È„ ¨ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ Ï„+ÈÓ Æ¢ÌÈËÂÚÈÓ‰ ˘Â‚¢Ï ˙„‰ È+ÏÂÙ‰ Ë+ÓϯÙÏ Ò+ÎÈ‰Ï ÚÈ‚‰ ‰ÈÈ+˘‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ È+ÙÏ˘ ˙Â+¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ+˘· ÆÌÈÈ˙‡ÓÏ Ô‚¯‡· ÌÈ˘+‰ ¯ÙÒÓ Æ˙ÂÈ+ÂȈ ˙ÂÈ˙¯·Á ˙¯ËÓ ÌÈ˘‚‰Ï È„Î „ÒÂ+ Ô‚¯‡‰ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· Ï˘ ˙È+ÂȈ‰ ‰˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ‰‡Ë·˙‰ ‰Ó· ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·Ï ¯ÊÚ ¨˙ÂÈ+ÂȈ‰ ¯ÚÂ+‰ ˙ÂÚÂ+˙Ï ˙ÂÒÁ Ô˙+ ‡Â‰ øÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· Æ˙ÂÙ҇ ˙‡ˆ¯‰ Ô‚¯‡Â ¢˙·¯˙¢ Ô¯˜‰ß – ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙ÂÈÓ‡ω ˙Â+¯˜· ‰ÏÈÚÙ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ï· ∫ÌÈ˘+‰ Ô‚¯‡ Ï˘ ÌÈËÏ· ÌÈÏÚÙÓ ‰ÓÎ ÔÈȈ+ Æß„ÂÒȉ Ô¯˜ß ßχ¯˘ÈÏ ˙ÓÈȘ‰ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ßıÂÏÁ‰ß ˙ÚÂ+˙ È„ÒÈÈÓÓ ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰ Ȅ‰ȉ ÌÈÏÂÁ‰ ˙È·· ÌÈ„ÏÈ ˙˜ÏÁÓ Æ‡ ˙‡ÈˆÓ·Â ‰¯˘Î‰ Ȉ·Ș ˙Ó˜‰· ‰ÏÈÚÙ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ï· „ÂÒÈÈÏ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· ‰ÏÚÙ ‚¯·+Ȉ ¯¢„ ÌÚ „ÁÈ È¯·Á ÌȈÂÏÁ‰˘ ÍÎÏ ‰‚‡„ ‡È‰ Æ̉ȯ·ÁÏ ‰˜ÂÒÚ˙ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· Ȅ‰ȉ ÌÈÏÂÁ‰ ˙È·· ÌÈ„ÏÈ ˙˜ÏÁÓ Æ®ÌÈ˘ÈÙÈ˯ҩ ‰ÈÈÏÚ È¯Â˘È‡ ÂÏ·˜È ߯ÈÚˆ‰ ¯Ó¢‰ß Ʊπ≥∞ ˙+˘· ÌÈ„Ïȉ ˙˜ÏÁÓ Â· ‰Á˙Ù+ ÌÈ˘+‰ Ô‚¯‡ ≠·˘ÂÈ ÌÈÓÈÏ© ßÈ+ÂȈ‰ ¯ÚÂ+‰ß ˙ÚÂ+˙Ó Ô¯Â‰ ‰È˙˙Ó ¯¢„ ԂΠ¯¢„ ÆȇÂÙ¯‰ „ÂȈ‰ ·ËÈÓ· ‰„Ȉ ‰˜ÏÁÓ‰ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ï· ÈÎ ¯ÙÈÒ ®Ï‡¯˘È· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È‡ˆÂÈ Ô‚¯‡ ˘‡¯ ÆÌÈ„Ïȉ ˙˜ÏÁÓ· ÌÈÁ˜ÙÓ ÌȇÙ¯ Âȉ ÌÈ·++Ë ˙¢¯‰Ï Ìȯ‰‰ ÏÚ ‰ÚÈÙ˘Ó Ìȯ‰ ˙ÂÙÕÒ‡· ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ ‰ÓȘ‰ Æ„ÚÒ ‰˘È‚‰ ÆÌÈÓÂ˙È ¨ÌÈ·ÂÊÚ ÌÈ„ÏÈ ‰ÙÒ‡ ‡È‰¢ È„ÏÈÏ ÌÂÈ ËÏ˜Ó ∫ÌÈ„ÏÈ ˙È· – ¢ÌÈȉ≠¯Ú„+Ș¢ Æ· Ì„‡˘ ÌÂ˜Ó Ïη Ɖ„·ڷ È˙¯ÊÚ È+‡ Ì‚ ·˘ ¨Á·ËÓ ˙„·ÂÚ ˙«‰Ó‡ ÏÙ˜ ߯ ¨‰È·‡ ÌÚ ‡È‰ ¨‰ÚÈÙ‰ ‡È‰ ‰¯ÊÚÏ ˜Â˜Ê ‰È‰ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ˜È˙Ú‰ ڷ¯· ¨¥± ¯ÙÒÓ ‰˜ˆÈÈ·¯˜ ·ÂÁ¯· ≠≠≠Æ‚¯·Ò‚È+˜ ˙˘Â¯Á‰ ˙È· Ì˘ Ô΢ ¯·Ú· ÆÚÂگ Ï„‚ ˙È· „ÓÚ ‰ÂÂÏÓ ‰Ï˜ ÆÈÏ˘ ˘Ù+ ˙„È„È ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ‰ÎÙ‰ ÆÂ+„„ÈÈ˙‰¢ ‰+¢‡¯‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ¯Á‡Ï ÆȘˆÂÒ¯˜ Ï˘ ˙Âȯ‚ÈÒÏ ÆÌÈ˘+‡ ˙Â‡Ó ÂÓÓÁ˙‰ ˙„„ÂÚÓ‰ ‰È+Ù ¯Â‡Ï ÆÈ˙‡ ÆÌÈÈ+Ú‰ ÈÈ+Ú Â· ¯¯Â‚˙‰ Æ˙È·‰ ˙‡ ‰Ïȉ˜‰ „Ú ‰+˜ ÂÏÚÙ˙‰ ÌÏÂÎ ÆÌÈÓÂȇ ‰˜ÂˆÓ ÈÓÈ· Ì‚ ˙˜Á¢ ÌÈ+Ù ÌȘ‰Ï ËÈÏÁ‰ ®¢ÔÈȇ¯ÚÙ ÔÚȯ٠¯Ú˘È„ÈÈ¢© ÌÈ˘+‰ Ô‚¯‡ ÂχΠÌÈ˘+ ̇ ∫ÈÓˆÚÏ È˙¯Ó‡ ÌÚÙ ‡Ï Ɖ˙ÓÎÁÓ ‰+Ù Ô‚¯‡‰ Ư˙ÂÈ· ˙ÂÈ+Ú‰ ˙·΢‰Ó ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ÌÂÈ ÔÂÚÓ ≠≠≠ ÆÁˆ+È ‡Ï ÌÏÂÚ· Ú¯‰ ¨˙ÂÓÈȘ ˙¯Ȅ‰ ˙Á‡ ˙‡ ÒÂÙ˙Ï Â˙¢¯ ˙‡ ϷȘ ‰Ïȉ˜‰ „ÚÂÂÏ ‡Ï Æ·Ú¯ ˙Ù¯ÁÓ ÌÈ˘+‡ ÏȈ‰ ‰Ï˘ Á·ËÓ‰ ˜¯Ó ȯ‰¢ Ɖ˜ˆÈÈ·¯˜ ·ÂÁ¯·˘ ˙È·· ˙‡ ‰Ù˜˙˘ ‰ÓÂȇ ˙„Ȅ·Ó Ì‚ ‡Ï‡ ¨‰ÏȈ‰ ·Ú¯Ó ˜¯ ıÂÙÈ˘Ï ‚‡„ Ô‚¯‡‰ Ʊπ≤∑ ˙+˘· „ÒÂ+ ¢ÌÈȉ¯Ú„+Ș¢‰ Ì„‡ ˘˜È· ̇ ƉÓÁ ‰+ÈÙ ‰¯ˆÈ ‡È‰ Æ̉‰ ÌÈÓÈ· Ì„‡‰ ÆÌÈ„ÏÈ ÔÂÚÓÏ Â˙Ó‡˙‰Ï ÂËÂ‰È¯Ï ¨˙È·‰ ¢Æ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· ß·‚ ˙‡ ‡ˆÓ ‡Â‰ ¨˙ÂÎ·Ï ÂÓȘ‰ ÍÂÏ· ‰Ò„‰Â Ԃ·+Ï+ˆ˜ ‰Î¯· ¨‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· È„Î ¯ÈÚ‰ È¯È˘Ú Ï˘ ̉È˙ÂÓ¯˙ ÊÂÎÈ¯Ï ˙„ÁÂÈÓ Ô¯˜ ˙ÂÚ˘ ͢ӷ ÔÂÚÓ· ‰˘ ÌÈ„ÏÈ ˙¯˘Ú ÆÔÂÚÓ‰ ˙‡ ÏÚÙ˙Ï ÂϷȘ ‰Ê‰ ÔÂÚÓ· ÆÌ˙„·ڷ Âȉ ̉ȯ‰˘ ˙Ú ¨ÌÂȉ ®Û¯ÂÁ· ¯˜ÈÚ·© Ìȇ˙Ó „‚ȷ ¨‰ÓÁ ‰Á¯‡ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÆÈ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÈÓÂ‡Ï È„Â‰È ÍÂ+ÈÁ ÆÌÈ„Ïȉ ˙È·· ˙Î+ÁÓ ‰˙Èȉ ȘÒ+Èßʄ¯≠ÔÈÈˢÈÈ+ ‰È+Ó ∫ÍÎ ‰·˙Î ‰È˙Â+¯ÎÈÊ· ˜¯ ‡Ï Ư˙ÂÈ· ‰˘˜ ‰È‰ ÌÈ„Ïȉ Ï˘ È˘Ù+‰ Ì·ˆÓ¢ ¨ÌÈ„ÏÈ Âȉ Æ˙ȯÒÂÓ ‰+ÈÁ·Ó ¯˜ÈÚ· ‡Ï‡ ¨˙ÈÏÎÏÎ ‰+ÈÁ·Ó ≠È˙·· ·˘È ̉ȯ‰˘ ‡ ¯‰ÂÒ‰ ˙È·· „ÏÂ+˘ ¨‰Ó‚Â„Ï ‰Ï„‚ ‰Î ‰˙Èȉ ‰˜ÂˆÓ‰ ÆÌÈÈÏÈÏÙ ÌÈ˘ÚÓ ÏÏ‚· ‡ÏÎ ¨‰ËÈÓ‰Ó ÌÓȘ‰Ï ¯˜Â·‰ ˙ÂÚ˘· ˙¯˘Ù‡ ‰˙Èȉ ‡Ï˘ Âȉ Ìȯ‰‰ Æ˙È·· ¯Â+˙‰ ˙˜Ò‰Ï ÌÁÙ ‰È‰ ‡Ï˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ÌȈχ+ Â+Èȉ Æ˙ÂÎÈÓ˘· ÌÈÙÂËÚ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ˙‡ ÌÈ‡È·Ó ‡Ï˘ ÌÁ ‰˜˘Ó Ì‰Ï ˙˙Ï ̉Ȅ‚· ˙‡ ÛÈÏÁ‰Ï „ÈÓ È¢Ú ˙ÂÒÎÏ ‰È‰ Íȯˆ ·Èˆ˜˙‰ ÏÎ ˙‡ ≠ ≠ ≠ Æ˙È·· ‰È‰ ˙„ÒÂÓ ÌÈ·„+˙Ó È¢Ú ÂÓ¯˙+ Ï· Èίˆ Ì‚ Æ˙ÂÓ¯˙ Ï˘ ‰˙ÓÊÂÈ· ‰˘Ú+ ¯·„‰˘ ˘È‚„‰Ï ˘È ÌÚÙ „ÂÚ ¨ÌÈ+¢ ¢ÆȘÒ+Èßʷ„ ß·‚‰ ÌÈÈχȈÂÒ‰ ˙„ÒÂÓ‰ „Á‡ ‰È‰ ÌÈȉ≠¯Ú„+Ș‰ ƯÈÚ·˘ Ìȯ‡ÂÙÓ‰ ÌÈÈÎÂ+ÈÁ‰Â ȯ·Ȉ Á·ËÓ Æ‚ Á·ËÓ ÌÈ˘+‰ Ô‚¯‡ Á˙Ù ±π≥π≠· ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ı¯ٷ ÈÓÂ˜Ó È„Â‰È „Ú ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏÏ Â‡·˘ ÌÈËÈÏÙÏ ˙ÂÁ¯‡ ˜ÏÈÁ ¯˘‡ ȯ·Ȉ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ‰¯ÊÚÏ ÆȘүËË Ô„ÈÈÓ ÂË‚Ï ÌÚ‰ Á·ËÓ ¯·Ú‰ ±π¥≤ ˙+˘· ÌÈËÈÏÙÏ ‰¯ÊÚ ¨˙˜·„ÈÓ ˙ÂÏÁÓ ¨·Ú¯ – ‰˜ÂˆÓ ‰¯¯˘ ȘүËË Ô„ÈÈÓ· ˘ÂÏ˙ „Ú Á·ËÓ· „·Ú ÌÈÈÁ· ¯˙Â+˘ Ô‚¯‡‰ ˙¯·Á ÆÒÂÙÈË ÌÈÈÙχÎÏ Ìȯ‰ˆ ˙ÂÁ¯‡ ˜ÏÈÁ Á·ËÓ‰ ÆÔ¯Á‡‰ ÔÓÂÈ ÌÂÏ˘˙ ‡ÏÏ ‰Á¯‡Ï Ɖ˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· ‰„ÓÚ Á·ËÓ‰ ˘‡¯· Æ˘È‡ ∫¢‰‡Â˘‰Â ˙È·‰¢ ‰¯ÙÒ· ‰·˙Î ‚¯·„Ï‚≠ÔÓ¯Ï ‰˜·¯ <878;C;>45=8H4;I Food Coupons for the refugees ‰+ÁÓ· ‰È¯‡ ¯ÈÚˆ‰ ‰+· ÌÚ „ÁÈ ‰Áˆ¯+ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· ÆÈ˯ى È+ÂȈ‰ ‰ÓÂÏÁ ˙‡ ÌÈ˘‚‰Ï ‰˙Èȉ ‰ÏÂÎÈ Æ˜+„ÈÈÓ ÆÔ˙+ ‰+· ˙‡ ¯˜·Ï χ¯˘È ı¯‡Ï ‰ÚÒ+ ±π≥∂≠· Ƈȉ Ì‚ ‰‡Â˘· ‰˙ÙÒ+ ‰+Á ‰˙· Ìȯه ¨‰ˆ¯‡ ÂÏÚ˘ Ìȇ+ÈÏ·ÂÏ ÌÚ ‰˘‚Ù+ χ¯˘È ı¯‡· ¯‡˘È‰Ï ‰˙‡ Ú+Î˘Ï ÂÒÈ+ ̉ ÆÏ·ÂÒ„Ï‚ ÛÒÂÈ ÔÈÈˢ+ȇ ‰ÏÚ ‡Â‰ ÆÌÈÈ+ÈÚ ‡Ù¯ ‰È‰ ¨ ÌÈ·ÂË Ô· Ô˙+ ¯¢„ ¨‰+· Æı¯‡· Ʊπ≥µ ˙+˘· ¨‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏ „ÂÚ ‰ˆ¯‡ ÌÎÏ˘ ‰Èˆ·ÈËÂÓ‰¢ ∫‰˙+Ú ̉ȘÂÓÈ+Ï ‰·È˘˜‰ ‰Ï· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï·¢ ¨ÂÓ‡ ¯ÎÊÏ ¯ÙÒ ÌÒ¯Ù ±π∏∂≠· ÌÈ+ÂÎ+ ¨‰ÏÈÏÁ ¨Ì‡ ÈÎ ¨ÈÓÚ ÔÈ· ÈÓÂ˜Ó˘ È˙‡ ˙Ú+Î˘Ó ¯¢„ Ï˘ Â˙Îȯڷ ¯Â‡Ï ‡ˆÈ ¯ÙÒ‰ Æ¢˙ȯÂËÒȉ ˙ÂÓ„ – ¨‡Â·Ï ÌÈÏÂÏÚ˘ ÔÈÏÂÙ ˙„‰ÈÏ ÌȯÂÁ˘ ÌÈÓÈ ÏÚ Íȯ·„ ¯ÙÒ· ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È‡ˆÂÈ Ô‚¯‡ „„ÈÚ·Â ıȷ¯‰ Ô+Áχ ÂÏ ¨ÈÏ˘ ¯Â·Èˆ‰ ÍÂ˙· ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰È ÔÈ· ÈÓÂ˜Ó Èʇ ÆÏ¢Ê ‰Ï· ˙„‡ ÏÚ ÂÒÙ„+˘ Ìȯ·„‰ ÏÎ ÌÈÊÎÂ¯Ó ¯˙ÂÈ ‡È·‡ Ì˘ Æ˙¯ÈÒÓ Ï˘ ÌÈ+˘ ˙¯˘Ú È˙˘„˜‰ ˙‡ Æ˙Â+ÂÓ˙ ˙Â‡Ó ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È‡ˆÂÈÓ ÛÒ‡ ÌÈ·ÂË Ô· ¯¢„ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓÎ ªÈ˘Ù+ ˙‡ ÏȈ‰Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ È+‡˘ ˙Ú„ÂÈ È+‡ Æ˙ÏÚÂ˙ Æ¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ì·χ¢ ·Â˘Á‰ ¯ÙÒ· ±ππ≥≠· ÌÒ¯Ù ˙Â+ÂÓ˙‰ ¨È˙ÁÙ˘Ó ˙‡ ‡È·‰Ï ¯˘‡Ó ÈÏÈ·˘· ¯˙ÂÈ Ï˜ ¯·„ Ôȇ Ï˘ ‰ÙÈ˜Ó ‰+ÂÓ˙ Ô˙Â+ ˙Â+ÂÓ˙ ∂∞∞≠Î ÏÈÎÓ Ì·χ‰ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È+·Ï ¯ÓÂÏ Ï· ‰Ó ¨È+ÂÙˆÓÏ ‰+Ú‡ È+‡ ‰Ó Ìχ ÌÈ+‚¯‡‰ ¨˙‚ÏÙÓ‰ ¨˙„ÒÂÓ‰ ¨‰È˘È‡ ¨˙Ȅ‰ȉ ¯ÈÚ‰ ¨‡Ï ‡Ï °È˙ψ‰ È˘Ù+ ˙‡˘ øÈ·‚ ȯÂÁ‡Ó Â„È‚È ‰Ó ¨ı¯‡· Ɖ‡Ï‰ ÔΠÈÓÂ˜Ó Ê‡ ¨ÔÈÏÂÙ· Ȅ‰ȉ ÌÚÏ ‰¯ˆ ˙Ú ‡Â·Ï ‰„È˙Ú Ì‡ ¢ÆÌȷ¯˜‰ ÌÈÓÈ· ¯ÂÊÁÏ È˙Ú„ ‰˘ÂÁ+ ̉È+È· ∫˙Â¯Â˜Ó ∫ÔÈÈˢ+ȇ Ìȯه ·˙Î ‰+˘ ‰‡Ó ¢˙ȯÂËÒȉ ˙ÂÓ„ – ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï·¢ Ì˘ „ÂÚ ¯ÈÎÓ È+‡ Â+ÓÚ ˙‡Â˘ Ï˘ ‰„ȯÁÓ‰ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ·¢ ıȷ¯‰ Ô+Áχ ¯¢„ ˙Îȯڷ ‰˙„ÏÂ‰Ï ¨ÂÏ ÚˆÂ‰˘ ÈÙÎ ¨Â˘Ù+ ˙‡ ÏȈ‰Ï ‰È‰ ÏÂÎÈ˘ „Á‡ ˘È‡ Ï˘ ±π∏∂ – Ô‚ ˙Ó¯ – Â¢Ó˘˙ ¯¢„ ‰È‰ ‰Ê ÆßÈÈ„ÏÈ ÌÚ ÈÓÂ˜Ó ¨‰„Â˙ß ∫‰Â‡‚· ‰+Ú ‡Â‰Â ·È·‡≠Ï˙ ≠ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨˙ÂÈÂÏ‚ Ï˘ ‰È„ÙÂϘȈ+‡ ∫ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¢ÆÏ‚„‰ Í+ÁÓ‰ ¨˜‡ßˆ¯Â˜ ±πµ∑ <8047>0>I?G2IFC30>8;04;<40;/ 3F@?8 50423;0;>4G:85GC@ Lublin album produced by Nathan Ben Tovim Amemory book for Bela Dobrzinska ¯Ó‡Ó· ¯Îʉ˘ ˙ÂȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ˘+‰ Ô‚¯‡· ˙¯·Á ®±π≥∏–±∏∏≥© ®‚¯·+ʯ ˙È·Ï© Ԃ·+Ï+ˆ˜ ®È+·© ‰Î¯· ƉÚˆ˜Ó· ˙„ÏÈÈÓ ‰„ÓÏ˘Î Æ‰˜ÊÁ ˙È˙¯·Á ˙È+ÂȈ ˙ÈÓÂ‡Ï ˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ ˙ÏÚ· ÌÈ˘+Ï ‰¯ÊÚ Æ˙·˘· „ÂÓÏÏ ‰·¯ÈÒ ¨˙ÈÒ¯‰ ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚· ˘‡¯· ‰„ÓÚ Æ˙ȇÂÙ¯ ‰¯ÊÚ ¯Â·Ú ÌÏ˘Ï ÂÏÎÈ ‡Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ+Ú ÌÈÓÂ˙ȉ ˙È·Ï ·¯ ÔÓÊ ‰˘È„˜‰ Æ˙ÂÈ+ÂȈ‰ ÌÈ˘+‰ ˙„‚‡ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÔÂÚÓ· ‰ÏÈÚÙ ‰˙Èȉ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ®¢‰+¯Î‡¢© ÌÈÈ+Ú ÌÈÏÂÁÏ ‰¯ÊÚ·Â ¢ÊÀ‡Ë¢ ˙¯·Á· ¨®¢ÌÈȉ¯„+Ș¢© ÆȄ‰ȉ ÌÈÏÂÁ‰ ˙È·· ÌÚ ‰ˆ¯‡ ‰˙ÏÚ È+ÂȈ‰ ‰ÓÂÏÁ ˙‡ ‰ÓÈ˘‚‰ ±π≥≥ ˙+˘· Ì˘ ‰ÙÒ+ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ¯‡˘+ Ԃ·+Ï+ˆ˜ χ¯˘È ‰ÏÚ· ƉȄÏÈ Æ‰ÈÚ¯ ‰‡Ù¯‰ ¨Ì˙· ÌÚ „ÁÈ ®˜+‡Ï· ˙È·Ï© ÍÂÏ· ‰Ò„‰ Æ˘ÚÓ≠˙·¯Â ‰ÏÈÚ٠͇ ¨‰È˙ÂÎÈω· ‰ÚÂ+ˆ ‰˘È‡ ‰¯ÊÚ „Ú¢ ˘‡¯· ‰„ÓÚ ¨˙ÈÒ¯‰ ‰ÎÙ‰Ó‰ ÈÓÈ ¨±π±∏≠· Æ¢·Â·Ï· ̯‚ÂÙ‰ ˙Â+·¯˜ ÔÚÓÏ ÏÚ ‰¯˙È ‡Ï ‰È·‡·Â ‰È„ÏÈ· ÏÂÙÈˉ ÌÚ „·· „· Ô‚¯‡¢· ‰ÏÈÚÙ ‰˙Èȉ Æ˙ÏÂʉ ÔÚÓÏ ˙·„+˙‰ ˙„Â·Ú ˙„Â·Ú ˙‡ ‰ÈÏÚ ‰Ï·È˜ ‰Ê Ô‚¯‡· Æ¢˙ÂȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ˘+‰ Æ˙·¯˙‰Â ‰Ï΢‰‰ ˙˜ÏÁÓ· ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ ˙‡Â ˙»¯ÈÎÊÓ‰ ÆÌÈȉ≠¯Ú„+Ș‰ ˙˜ÊÁ‰· ˙¯ÈÒÓ· ‰„·Ú ÆÂÚ„Â+ ‡Ï ‰˙¯ÈË٠̘Ӡ‰˙ÂÓ ÌÂÈ Æ‰‡Â˘· ‰˙ÙÒ+ ®ÌÈ·+¯È· ˙È·Ï© ÔÓ¯˜‡ ‰¯˘ ˙„ÒÂÓ·Â ˙È+ÂȈ‰ ‰ÚÂ+˙· ‰ÏÈÚÙ ¨‰„ÈÓ‡ ‰ÁÙ˘ÓÏ ˙· ˙È˙·¯˙ ¨‰ÓÈÚ+ ‰˘È‡ Ɖ˙¯ÈÚˆÓ ÌÈ+¢ ÌÈÈχȈÂÒ Ï‡˜ÊÁÈ ¨‰ÏÚ· ‰Ï ÚÈÈÒ ˙ȯ·Ȉ‰ ‰˙ÂÏÈÚÙ· Ɖ„‰‡Â Æ·˜ÚÈ Ì+· ÌÚ ‰ÏÚ· ÌÚ „ÁÈ ˜+„ÈÈÓ· ‰˙ÙÒ+ ÆÔÓ¯˜‡ ı¯‰ ‰ËÒ‚ ˙È+‚Ò ‰˙Èȉ Æ˙ȯ·Ȉ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ ˘„˜Â‰ ‰ˆ¯Ó ·ËÈÓ ¨˙ÂȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ˘+‰ Ô‚¯‡ Ï˘ ˙ȯ·Ê‚ ˘‡¯≠˙·˘Âȉ øÔ‚¯‡Ï ‰Ù¯Ëˆ‰ „ˆÈΠƢ˙ÂÈ+ÂȈ ÌÈ˘+ ˙„‚‡¢ ÌÈÓÈÏ ‡·ˆ· ÔȈ˜ ‰È‰ È·‡ ∫¯ÙÈÒ ®ı¯‰ χ¯˘È© ˯˜ ‰+· Æ߯ÈÚˆ‰ ¯Ó¢‰ß ¯·ÁÏ È˙Èȉ È˙„¯Ó È+‡ ÂÏȇ ¨ÔÈÏÂÙ ÌÈ˘˜ ÌÈ˘ÈÏÙ+˜Ï ˙È·‰ ˙·ÈÊÚÏ È˙‡ ‰‡È·‰ Èί„ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· ‡Ï ̇ È·‡ ˙‡ ¢Ú+Î˘Ï¢ ‡· ÈÓ ÆÂ˙œ‡ ¢‰ÏȈ‰¢ ˜¯ ‡Ï ‡È‰Â ÆÆƉ„‚+ „ÂÓÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ȇ˘ ‰˘È‡‰ – ‰˘·Î Ì‚ ‡Ï‡ ¨˙È·‰ ÌÚ ¯˘˜ ˙¯È·˘Ó ‰Áȯ·Ó È˙‡ Ô‚¯‡¢© Kobiet Kolo ≠‰ ˙‡ ‰+‚¯‡˘ ‡È‰ ∫ÈÓ‡ ˙‡ Æ˘Ù+ ·Ï· ¯Â·Èˆ· ÂÏÚ٠ԉ ¨®¢ÌÈ˘+‰ ÆÂË‚· ȯ·Ȉ‰ Á·ËÓ‰ ˙ω+Ó ¨‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· ‰·˙΢ ÌȘ˙Ù ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˇ¯+„Âȉ Ï˘ ÌÈÎÓÒÓ‰ ÛÒÂ‡Ó ˙‡ӂ„ ̉ ‰Ï‡ ÌÈÙ„ These documents are examples from the collection of material from the Judenrat in Lublin. ÈÈÏ„+‡Ó ¯˙Ò‡ ∫¯˜ÁÓ ¯È‡Ó ˙È„Â‰È ∫Ì‚¯˙ Ϙ+Èٯ‚ ·˜ÚÈ ∫ÁÂ+ÚÙ· ¯ÊÚ ‰ÎÂ+Á· ¯ÂÁ˘ ‰Ù˜Ï ÌÈ+ÓÊÂÓ Ë‡¯+„Âȉ ȯ·Á ≠ ∞± ÍÓÒÓ Members of the Judenrat are invited to co)ee in Hanukkah ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· Ï˘ ‰˙ÓÈ˙Á·Â ‰„È ·˙η ˙È+ÏÂÙ· ·Â˙Î ˛˙Ó˙ÂÁ Ï‡Ó˘ „ˆ·¸ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌȄ‰ȉ ˙ˆÚÂÓ È¯Â·Èˆ È„Â‰È Á·ËÓ ∏ ˜+ȯ ÌȄ‰ȉ ˙ˆÚÂÓ Ï‡ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ȯ·Ȉ‰ Á·ËÓ‰ ˙ω+‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓ È¯·Á ÏÎ ˙‡ ‰+ÈÓÊÓ ¯ÂÁ˘ ‰Ù˜Ï ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÂÈ· ˘‚ÂÈ ¯˘‡ ‰ÎÂ+Á· ÈÁÎÂ+‰ ˘„ÂÁ· ≤π≠‰ Ô¢‡¯ Ï˘ Ìχ· ˆ¢‰Á‡ µ ‰Ú˘· Æ®∏ ˜+ȯ© Á·ËÓ‰ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· ˛˙Ó˙ÂÁ¸ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌȄ‰ȉ ˙ˆÚÂÓ È¯Â·Èˆ È„Â‰È Á·ËÓ ∏ ˜+ȯ ȯ·Ȉ‰ Á·ËÓÏ ÈËÂÏÊ ≥∞∞∞ Ï˘ ‰‡ÂÂÏ‰Ï ‰˘˜· ≠ ∞≤ ÍÓÒÓ ‰Ó„‡ ÈÁÂÙ˙ ˙˘ÈÎ¯Ï ÈËÂÏÊ ±∞∞∞ Ï˘ ‰‡ÂÂω ‰¯˘Â‡ Request for zloty allowance ) asum of zloty for buying potatoes was approved ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· È¢Ú ÌÂ˙Á ˙È+·˙Î È¢Ú ·Â˙Î ±π¥∞ ¯·Â˘‡· ≤∂≠‰ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï‡ ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙Â‡È˘+ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ Ï˘ ˙Â‡È˘+‰ ˙ÓÊÂÈÏ Ì‡˙‰· ȯ·Ȉ È„Â‰È Á·ËÓ Ì˜Â‰ ˙Ȅ‰ȉ Æ∏ ˜+ȯ ·ÂÁ¯· ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰Ïȉ˜· ÌÈ·Á¯ ÌÈ‚ÂÁ Á·ËÓ ˙ÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ‰˙Â·È˘Á· ¯ÈΉ ÌÈ„ÚÂÒ‰ ˙ÂÙ˙˙˘‰ ÍÎÏ È‡ Æ‰Ê ˙ÈÊÁ˙‰Â È·ÂÈÁ ÈÙÒΉ Á¢Â„‰ ƉÏ„‚ ‡ÏÏ ¨˙‡Ê Ïη ƉÁÂË· ËÚÓÎ ‰Áψ‰Ï ˙ÎÙ‰ Á·ËÓ‰ ˙ÏÚÙ‰ ÈÏÂÚÙ˙ Ô‰ ıÂÁ+ ·¯˜˙Ó Û¯ÂÁ‰ Æ˙ȯ˘Ù‡ È˙Ï·Ï Ï˘ ÌÂÎÒ ıÂÁ+ ÂÊ ‰¯ËÓÏ ÆȇÏÓ ÔÈÎ‰Ï ÆÈËÂÏÊ ®ÌÈÙχ ˙˘ÂÏ˘© ≥∞∞∞ ˙ÂÁÙÏ ‰˘˜·· ÌÎÈχ ÌÈ+ÂÙ Â++‰ ÔÎÏ ·ÈÈÁ˙+ Â+‡Â ‰Ê ÌÂÎÒ Â+Ï ˙ÂÂÏ‰Ï µ∞∞ Ï˘ ÌÈÈ˘„ÂÁ ÌÈÓÂÏ˘˙· ¯ÈÊÁ‰Ï ˙‡Ê ¨„Á‡ ÏÎ ÈËÂÏÊ ®˙Â‡Ó ˘ÓÁ© ÆÂÊ ‰+˘ ¯·Ó·Â+· ±µ≠Ó ÏÁ‰ ¨˙È·ÂÈÁ ‰¯È‰Ó ‰ËÏÁ‰Ï ‰ÈÙȈ· ¨·¯ „·η ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ Æ· ̇·+ÒÈ+ Æ· ˙È+·˙Ή – ®‰·Â+Ó¯˜ ˙È+ÏÂÙ·© ÔÓ¯˜ ÆÏ ˛∫ÔÂÒÎχ· ‰+¢ „È ·˙η ÍÓÒÓ‰ Ï˘ Ï‡Ó˘ „ˆ·¸ ˙·ÈÈÁ˙‰ ÌÚ ÈËÂÏÊ ±∞∞∞ ÍÒ· ‰‡ÂÂω ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÏ˘ Â·Ï ˙Ó¢˙Ï Ú·˘ ÏÎ ÈËÂÏÊ ±∞∞ Ï˘ ‰‡ÂÂω Ï·˜Ï ˙¯˘Ù‡Ï ˛‰ÓÈ˙Á¸ ≤∑Ʊ∞Æ¥∞ ‰Ó„‡ ÈÁÂÙ˙ ˙˘ÈÎ¯Ï ¯˘Ù‡‰ ˙„ÈÓ· ¯˘‡Ï Ú·˘Ï ÌÈ‚„ ‚¢˜ ∂∞ ˙·ˆ˜‰Ï ‰˘˜· ≠ ≥ ÍÓÒÓ Request for getting kilos of 'sh in aweek ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· Ï˘ ‰˙ÓÈ˙Á·Â ‰„È ·˙η ˙È+Ó¯‚· ·Â˙Î ˛˙È+ÏÂÙ· ˙Ó˙ÂÁ Ï‡Ó˘ „ˆ·¸ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌȄ‰ȉ ˙ˆÚÂÓ È¯Â·Èˆ È„Â‰È Á·ËÓ ∏ ˜+ȯ ‰„·Î+‰ ‰Ï‰+‰Ï ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˯+„Âȉ Ï˘ „‡Ó ‰˘˜ ¯˘·· ¯ÂÒÁÓÓ ‰‡ˆÂ˙Î ÆÁ·ËÓ‰ ˙‡ ω+Ï ‰„·Î+‰ ‰Ï‰+‰Ï ÌÈ+ÂÙ Â+‡ ÍÎÏ È‡ ÌÈ‚„ ‚¢˜ ∂∞ ˙·ˆ˜‰ Ï˘ ‰˘˜·· Ï˘ ÍÒ È˘ÈÓÁ È+˘ ÌÂÈ ÏΩ Ú·˘Ï ®‚¢˜ ≥∞ Æ˙Â+Ú‰Ï ÂÏ„˙˘‰ ‡+‡ Á·ËÓ‰ ˙ω+‰ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ Æ· ≤¥Æ±≤Æ¥∞ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È˜Ò·Â˜ÈÈ߈ ˘ÓÂ˙ 2F31<;71:72=3@<3H371327;7G>=30F. ßÓ ¨ÔÈÈˢ„Ï‚ ‰+Á ¨Ì‡·+ÒÈ+ ߯ ¨®˙È+‚Ò‰© ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ó˘Â ‰˙ÂÓÚ ‰˘¯Â· ‰Ó˘¯+ ±π≤∑ ËÒ‚‡· ≥∞≠· Ư+ÊÈȇ≠¯„Ù ‰+È„Â ¯ÙÙ ßÙ ¨È˜Ò¯Ù ßÁ ¨ÔÙÈÈÊ ß¯ ¨ÔÈÈˢ¯Â· ‰˙ÂÓÚ‰ Ï˘ È+ÏÂÙ‰ ‰Ó˘ ÆÈ¢+‡ ¨¢˙ÂÈ„Â‰È ÌÈ˘+ Ô‚¯‡¢ ˙Â·È˘È Æ˙·„+˙‰· ԄȘÙ˙ ˙‡ ‡ÏÈÓ ‰Ï‰+‰‰ ˙¯·Á ÆZwiazek Kobiet Zydowskich ¨ ZKZ ‰È‰ ÆÌÈÈÚ·˘ ‡ Ú·˘ È„Ó ÂÓÈȘ˙‰ ‰Ï‰+‰‰ ÆÔÈÏÂÙ È·Á¯ Ïη ÌÈÙÈ+Ò ˙Ó˜‰ ¯˘Ùœ‡ ‰˙ÂÓÚ‰ ÔÂ+˜˙ ˙ÂÓȘӉ ˙Á‡ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· Ì‚ ̘‰ ‰ÊÎ ÈÓÂ˜Ó ÛÈ+Ò ¨®ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ˙ÈȯÈÚ ¯ÓÂÏΩ Á˜ÙÓ‰ Û‚‰ Ï˘ ÌÂ˘È¯‰ ÈÙÏ ‰ÏÈÚÙ ¨‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· ‰˙Èȉ ȇ+ÈÏ·Âω ÛÈ+Ò‰ Ï˘ ÈÚ˘ ˙‡ˆÂ‰‰ ˙Â+·˘Á Æ¢‰¯Ú ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ¢ ωÈ+ Ô‚¯‡‰ ÌÈ˘+‰ Ô‚¯‡ ÏÚÙ Ô΢ ±π≥∑–±π≥µ ÌÈ+˘· ƉÚÂ„È ˙È+ÂȈ ‰È‰ Ô‚¯‡‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÓ È¯‡‰ ˜ÏÁ˘ Ìȯ˘‡Ó ˙ÂÁ„‰ Æ¥± ¯ÙÒÓ ‰˜ˆÈÈ·¯˜ ·ÂÁ¯· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙ÂȄ‰ȉ ®Ì„˜ ‡Ï ̇© ±π≥≤ Ïȯه· ±≠‰Ó Æ ≤¢‰¯Â„Ó¢Ï ˘„˜ÂÓ ˙Â‰Ê ¯¯ÂÚÏ ¨È˙·¯˙ ÁÂ˙ÈÙ Ì„˜Ï ‰„ÚÂ+ Ô‚¯‡‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ¯ÙÒÓ ‰˜ˆÈÈ·¯˜ ·ÂÁ¯·˘ ÔÈÈ+·· ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÔÂÚÓ ÏÚÙ Ô‰Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÂÎʉ ÏÚ Ô‚‰Ï ˙ÂȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ˘+‰ ÔÈ· ˙È„Â‰È ∫ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ÔÂÚÓ‰ ˙Ó˜‰ Íȯ‡˙ ‰È‰ ‰Ó ¯Â¯· ‡Ï Æ¥± ÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏ·Â ÍÂ+ÈÁ· ‰¯ÊÚ ˙˙Ï ¨®˙ÂÈÚˆ˜Ó‰Â ˙ÂÈÏÎÏΉ© ¯Á‡ ¯Â˜Ó·Â ¨±π≤∂≠· „ÒÂ+ ‡Â‰˘ ÚÈÙÂÓ „Á‡ ¯Â˜Ó· ¯ÂÊÚÏ ÌÈÈ˙¯·Á Ìȯ˘˜ ˙Â+·Ï ¨ÌÈÈÚˆ˜Ó ÌÈÈÏÏΠ¢Ó˙˘‰˘ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ Ʊπ≤∑ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±µ Íȯ‡˙‰ Ì¢¯ ˙«‰Ó‡· ÏÂÙÈˉ ÆÔ‚¯‡‰ ˙¯·Á Ï˘ ˙ÂÙË¢ ˙ÂÈÚ·· ¨ÌÈ„ÏÈ≠Ô‚ ‰Ê ‰È‰ ̈ڷ Æ˙ÂÚË‰Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ ¨¢ÔÂÚÓ‰¢ ¨‰· ÂÚÒ+˘ ˙¯‚‰ÓÏ ˙ÈÏÎÏΠ˙Èχ¯ÂÓ ¯ÊÚ Ì‚ ÌÈ„ÏÈ·Â ¨ÌÈ„ÏÈ≠Ô‚© ¢ freblowka ¢ ‡¯˜+ Ô· ‡Â‰ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏ Ɖ+È˙˘ÏÙÏ Ì‚ ¢Ó˙˘‰ ÌÈÈÓ˘¯‰ ˙ÂÁ„· ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ Æ®˙È+ÏÂÙ· ω+Ï Â˘¯Â‰ ZKZ ≠‰ ˙¯·Á ‰Ï‡ ˙¯ËÓ ‚È˘‰Ï È„Î Æ≥®ÌÈ„ÏÈ ÔÂÚÓ© ¢ dzieciniec ¢ ‰ÏÈÓ· Ʊ˙ÈÎÂ+ÈÁ ˙È˙·¯˙ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· ‰‚Ȉ‰ ¢‰¯Â„Ó¢‰ ˙Ó˜‰Ï ‰·ÈÒ‰ ˙‡ ƯÈÚ‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓ ˙·È˘È· ˙·ÂËÏ ‰„·ÚÏ ¯˜ÈÚ· ÂÓˆÚ ˙‡ ˘È„˜‰ ȇ+ÈÏ·Âω ÛÈ+Ò‰ ·Èˆ˜˙‰ ÏÚ ÁÂÎÈ ˙Ú· ±π≤∑ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ≤∑≠· ‰Ê ‰È‰ Æ¢‰¯Â„Ó¢ ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ÔÂÚÓ ∫ÌÈ„ÏÈ· ÏÂÙÈË Ï˘ ÏÚÙÓ‰ „‚+ ʇ ‰˙ÁÓ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙¯·Á Ʊπ≤∏Øπ ˙+˘Ï ‰˜ˆÈÈ·¯˜ ·ÂÁ¯· ˙È·· ‰Ê‰ ÔÂÚÓ‰ ÏÚÙ ±π≥π–±π≥≤ ÌÈ+˘· ÈËÂÏÊ ÌÈÙχ ˙˘ÓÁ ‰·Â‚· ¢‰¯Â„Ó¢ Ï˘ „ÂÒ·Ò‰ ÏÂËÈ· ∫˙«¯·Á È‚ÂÒ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ‰+Ó ZKZ Ï˘ ÔÂ+˜˙‰ Æ¥± ¯ÙÒÓ ∫‰ÈȯÈÚ‰ ·Èˆ˜˙Ó Æ˙„ÓÏ˙Ӊ „Â·Î Ì˘Ï ˙¯·Á‰ ¨˙«ÏÈÚÙ‰ ˙¯·Á‰ Ï˘ ÈÙÂÒ+ȇ‰ È+ÂÚ‰ ˙‡ ÌȯÈÎÓ ÌÈ+„‡‰ ̇‰¢ „Ú ±∏∞ ȇ+ÈÏ·Âω ÛÈ+ÒÏ ÂÎÈÈ˙˘‰ ±π≥∑–±π≥µ ÌÈ+˘· ÌÈÚ·¯‰ ˙‡ ÌȯÈÎÓ ÌÈ+„‡‰ ̇‰ øÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ+ÂÓ‰‰ ‰Ï· ¨ÔÂÒ+ÈÂÏ ‰¯Â„ Âȉ ‰Ï‰+‰‰ ˙¯·Á Æ˙¯·Á ≤∞∞ ̉ ̇‰ ø̉· ÌȘÓ+ ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈÈ+Ú‰˘ ˙¯‡Ӊ ‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈ˘+‡‰ Ìȇ¯Â+ ÌÈȯËÈ+Ò Ìȇ+˙ Âχ· ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ ∫‰˘¯Â‰ Ô‚¯‡‰ ÈÏÏÎ ÔÙ‡· ± ¯‰Ó ÌÏÚÈ‰Ï È„Î ÌÈ„ÏÂ+˘ ÌÈ„Ïȉ Ì‚ Ì˙œ‡ „ÁÈ ¨ÌÈÈÁ ÌÈÒÂ+ÈÎ ¨˙‡ˆ¯‰ ¨‰‡¯˜‰ È·¯Ú Ô‚¯‡Ï ®± ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ È„ÏÈ ÔÈ· ‰˙ÂÓ˙‰ ø‰Ê‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰Ó ÌÈү˜ ω+Ï ˙ÂÈÓÓÚ ˙‡ËÈÒ¯·È+‡ ÁÂ˙ÙÏ ®≤ ‰‡È¯˜ Ìχ ‰ÈȯÙÒ ˜ÈÊÁ‰Ï ®≥ ÌÈÏÂÎÈ ÌȇÙ¯‰ ÌÈ+„‡‰˘ ‰„·ÂÚ ¨˙Ș+Ú ‡È‰ ‰ÈÈ+Ú‰ „È≠È·˙ΠÌÈ+ÂÏÚ ˜ÈÙ‰Ï ®¥ ˙ÈÊÈÙ ‰„Ó˘‰Ï ÌÈ„ÏÂ+ ÔÎ Ì‚ ¨ÌÈ„¯Â˘ ¯˘‡ ‰Ï‡Â Ư˘‡Ï ÌÈ‚ÂÁ ¨˙Âω˜Ó Ô‚¯‡Ï ¨˙¯·Á‰ ·¯˜· ‰¯·Á ÈÈÁ Á˙ÙÏ ®µ ˙·ÈÒÓ ¨ÌÈ˯ˆ+˜ Ô‚¯‡Ï ¨ÌÈÈËÓ¯„ ÌÈ‚ÂÁ ˙ÂÏÓÚ˙‰Ï ÍÒ ¢‰¯Â„Ó¢ ¯Â·Ú ‡ˆÂ‰ ZKZ ±π≥∂≠≥∑≠ ±π≥µ≠≥∂ ÌÈ+˘·≤ ÌÈ··ÂÁ ˙‚ˆ‰Â ·Èˆ˜˙ Ï˘ π≤• ‰Â‰ ¯˘‡ ¨ÈËÂÏÊ ¥¨∞π±Æ∑∂≠ ÈËÂÏÊ ≥¨µµ¥ ÌÚ≠È˙· Á˙ÙÏ ®∂ ÆÔ‚¯‡‰ ω+Ï ‰¯ÊÚ ‰Á‚˘‰ ¨˙Â¯È‰Ê È‡˘Â+· ÌÈү˜ ÁÂ˙ÙÏ ®∑ ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ „ÚÂ+ ȘÏÁ ÔÙ‡· ÌÈ„ÏÈ· ¢ÏÙÈË¢˘ ÔÂÚÓ – ÌÈ„ÏÈ ÔÂÚÓ ≥ ‰„·ÚÏ ÍÂÂÈ˙ È„¯˘Ó ÆÈ„ÂÒÈ ¯ÙÒ≠˙È·· ÌÈ„ÂÓÈω ˙ÏÈÁ˙ ÏÈ‚Ï „Ú ÈˆÁ ‰+˘ È+· ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ ˙ȇÂٯ ˙È˯٠‰¯ÊÚ Ô‚¯‡Ï ®∏ ˙ÂÚ˘ ͢ӷ ȯÓÂÁ ÏÂÙÈË ÍÂ+ÈÁ ¨‰‚‡„ ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ÁÈË·‰ ÔÂÚÓ‰ È˙· ¨ıȘ ˙Â+ËÈȘ ¨ÌÈ+„ÚÂÓ ¨ÌȈÈÊÓ˜ ¨ÌÈ˘ÙÂ+ ω+Ï ®π È+ÓÊ Â‡ Ú·˜ ÔÙ‡· ω+˙‰Ï ÏÂÎÈ ‰È‰ ÌÈ„ÏÈ ÔÂÚÓ ÆÌÂȉ ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ˙Â+ÂÚÓ ¯ÙÒ≠È˙· ¨˙Â+ÂÚÓ ¨‰ÓÏÁ‰ Æ®ıȘ‰ ˙+ÂÚ· ˜¯ ÁÂ˙Ù ˙ÂÈ‰Ï Ï˘ÓÏ© Ɖ·ÏÓ≠È˙·Â ˙ÂÈÂ+Á ¨ÌÈ·È˯Ù‡˜ ÌȘ‰Ï ®±∞ I4H26<88;A?<38280H:4=;4E<82;83GC@=3FE880GF046G0<82;83>4A= "e Kinderheim at Krawiecka Street "e children were photographed holding new shoes in their hands ˙·È˘È· ‰ÒÁÈÈ˙‰ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· Ï˘ Ï¢+‰ ‰È¯·„Ï Æ˙È˘Ù+Â Ï˘ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙¯·Á ±π≤∏ ¯·Â˘‡· ≤≠‰Ó ¯ÈÚ‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓ ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ÌÈÂÂ‰Ó ˘Ó˘ ‡ÏÏ Ìȯ˜‰Â ÌÈ·Â˯‰ ÌÈÙ˙¯Ó‰¢ ‰ÙÊÂÈ ¨®˙ÈËÒÈχȈÂÒ‰ ˙È+ÏÂÙ‰ ‰‚ÏÙÓ‰© PPS Ô„ÚÂÓ ÌȈÏÁ+ ̉ ˙˜ÂÁ¯ ÌÈ˙ÚÏ ÆÌÈÈÁ· Ì„ÂÚ· Ìȯ·˜ ‰Ï‡‰ ∫‰˜ˆÈ+˜ ‡Ï È˙˜ÂÊÁ˙ ·ˆÓ· ¨·ÂÁ¯Ï ÌÙÈÏÁ‰Ï È„Î ˙‡Ê – Ì˘Ó ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙¯·Á ‰¯·È„ ·Ï‰ ˜ÓÂÚÓ ·ÂË Ôˆ¯·¢ ‡Ï „Ïȉ ¨˙ÂÁȯÒÓ ˙ÂÈÏÂÏ˘Â ÍÂÏÎÏÓ ıÂÁ Æ·ÂË ¯˙ÂÈ ÆÌÈ+ÏÂÙ‰ ψ‡ Ì‚Â ÌȄ‰ȉ ψ‡ ¨È+ÂÚ‰ ÏÚ ‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰ÈȯÈÚ‰ Ûˆȯ ‡ ‡˘„ ȯΠ¨ÔÂ+È‚ Ư·„ Ì¢ ˘‚ÂÙ ≠‰ Ô„ÚÂÓ Ì‚ Á΢ ‡Ï ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈÈ+Ú‰ Ï˘ Ìϯ‚ ˙‡ Â˙Ó˘+ ˙‡ ßÍÏÎÏÓß „Ïȉ ÍΠ¨ÌȯÁ‡ ÌÈÚ·¯Ï ˙„ÚÈÈÓ ‡Ï‡ ̯ Ϙ· ˜ÂÚˆÏ ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ ‡Ï Â+‡˘ ‡Ï‡ ¨ PPS ¨‰Á‚˘‰ ÈÏÏÂ˘Ó ÌÈÈ+Ú‰ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÏÏΠͯ„· ÆÔ˘‰ ÂÙ‚ ¨„ÂÒ·Ò‰ ÏÂËÈ·· ÍÂÓ˙Ï Â+ÈÏÚ ‰È‰ „·Î ·Ï· °˙¢ÚÏ Ôȇ ¨Áȯ‰Ï „·ÚÏ ˙«‰Ó‡‰ ˙‡ ˘¯‚Ó È+ÂÚ‰˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ ‰‚‡„‰Â ˙‡Ê ¢¯„ ¯ÈÚ‰ Ï˘ ÌȷȈ˜˙‰˘ È+ÙÓ ˜¯ ˙‡Ê Ôȇ ÆÔ‰Ï˘ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÏÚ ˙ÂÒÁ Ô+ȇ ‰Á+ʉ ˙ÂÏÁÓ˘ ‡ÏÙ ÌÈ·˙η ÂÓ˘¯+ Ìȯ·„‰˚ µ¢Æ˙‡Ê ‰˘¯„ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙ÂÓÏ˘Ï ¨ÌÈ·ÂÊÚ‰ ¨ÌÈÏÏÓ‡‰ 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ÏÂÂÚ‰ „‚+ ¨‰ÁÂÓ È+‡ ‰Ê „‚+ ˝ÆÆÆ˚ ‰Ê ÌÊÈÓÏ „ÂÒ·Ò‰ ˙‡ ÆÔ‚‰ Ï˘ ˙¯„‰+‰ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓÏ ¯ÂÚ¯Ú· ‰+ÂÙ ¨Ô˜È˙ ÔÂÚˉ ÔÂÚÓ‰ ˙·ÂËÏ ˝ÆÆÆ˚ ·Èˆ˜˙‰ ˙‡ ¯˘‡Ï ÈKÂÓÈ+· ÍÂÓ˙Ï ÆÚ·˘ „Ú ÈˆÁ ‰+˘ È+· ÌÈ„Â‰È ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ „ÚÂ+ ÌÈ„Ïȉ Ô‚ ¥¢Æ˙ÂȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ˘+‰ Ô‚¯‡· ±≤–±± ͢ӷ ÁÂ˙Ù ‰È‰ ‡Â‰ ÆÈÓˆÚ ÔÂ+˜˙ ‰È‰ ‡Ï „ÒÂÓÏ ÈÙÏ ÆÌÂÈ· ˙ÂÚ˘ Ú·˘ ‡ ˘˘ · ‰˘ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÆÌÈ˘„ÂÁ „ÒÂÓ· ‰˘˘ ÌÈ„Ïȉ Ï˘ ÔÈÓ ˙ÂÓÎ ÂÚÓ˘ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ¢Æ¯˙ÂÈ· ‡ÏÓ ‰È‰ ÌÂȉ¢ ¨˙ÂÁ„‰ „Á‡ ±π≥∏ –±π≥≤ ÌÈ+˘· Ì‰Ï ‰˙Èȉ ÆÈÎÂ+ÈÁ ¯ÓÂÁ ÂϷȘ ˙„‚‡ ¨ÌȯÂÙÈÒ Â· ÔÈÓ ÌÈ„ÏÈ ¯ÙÒÓ ‰+˘ ÔÓÊ· Æ˙ÂÏÓÚ˙‰Â ¯ÂȈ ¨‰¯È˘ ¨„È ˙Â„Â·Ú Ï˘ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ Ì‚ ÌÈ+· ≥∞ ∑∂ ±π≥≤رπ≥≥ È+˜˙Ó· Â+Ó‡˙‰Â ÌȘÁ˘Ó·Â ÌÈÚˆڈ· ˜ÁÈ˘ ¯˙Â+‰ ˙Â+· ¥∂ ¨ÌÈÏÒÙÒ ¨˙Â+ÁÏ¢· „ÈÂˆÓ ‰È‰ Ô‚‰ ÆÔ‚· Âȉ˘ ˙ÂÏÓÚ˙‰ ÌÈ+· ≤¥ ∏≥ ±π≥≥رπ≥¥ ˘ÂÏ˘ Û¯ÂÁ· ÂϷȘ ¢‰¯Â„Ó¢‰ È„ÏÈ Æ˙È++ÂΠ˙Â+¯‡ ˙Â+· µπ ÆÌÈȯ‰ˆ ˙Á¯‡Â ¯˘Ú ˙Á¯‡ ¨¯˜Â· ˙Á¯‡ ∫˙ÂÁ¯‡ ÌÈ+· ≤∞ ∂∞ ±π≥¥Ø±π≥µ ÏÎ Ì‚ Â+‰+ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÆÚ·¯‡ ˙Á¯‡ Ì‚ ‰ÙÒÂ˙ȉ ıȘ· ˙Â+· ¥∞ „·Ú ±π≥π–±π≥≤ ÌÈ+˘· ÆË·Ó‡· ‰ˆÁ¯Ó ÌÈÈÚ·˘ ÌÈ+· ±∏ µµ ±π≥µØ±π≥∂ ÆÌÈ˘+‡ ‰˘ÈÓÁ „Ú ÌÈÈ+˘ ÔÂÚÓ· ˙Â+· ≥∑ ÌÈÙÒÂ+ ÌÈ+Â˙+ ‡ÏÏ ∑∞ ±π≥∂رπ≥∑ ÌÈ+· ±∏ ∑∞ ±π≥∑رπ≥∏ ‰˘È‚„‰ ‡È‰ ¨‰˜ˆÈ+˜ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓ ˙¯·Á Ï˘ ̇+‰ ͢Ӊ· µ ˙„ÒÂÓ· Ì‚ ÂÓÎ ¨ÌÈÈ„Â‰È ˙„ÒÂÓ· Ì‚ Ú‚ÂÙ „ÂÒ·Ò‰ ÏÂËÈ·˘ ˙Â+· µ≤ ÆÌÈÈ+ÏÂÙ ∫ÈËÂÏÊ Ûχ ≤∏π Ï˘ ÍÒ· ‰È‰ ÌÎ˙Ò‰ ÂÏÂÎ „ÂÒ·Ò‰ ÌÂÎÒ ÏÎ Ûχ ±¥¥ ¨ÌÈÈ+ÏÂÙ ÌÈ+‚¯‡Ï ·ˆ˜Â‰ ÈËÂÏÊ Ûχ ∏∂ ÂÎÂ˙Ó Æ˙ÂÈÏÏÎ ˙¯ËÓÏ Â„ÚÂ+ ÈËÂÏÊ Ûχ µπ≠ ÌÈÈ„Â‰È ÌÈ+‚¯‡Ï ¥ m´ªª ´£ªn¥³¡³¥¥l²µª¡¶ ˙ÂÁ„‰ ÌÈ‡È·Ó ‰Ê‰ „ÒÂÓ· ˜ÒÂÚ‰ Ú„ÈÓ ‰·¯‰ „Â‡Ó ·Â˘Á ‰È‰ ˙È·‰Â ÌÈ˘‡‰ ˙„‡ ÏÚ Ú„ÈÓ ÏÎ ¯˘Ù‡ ˙ÂÁ„· ÔÂÈÚ ¯Á‡Ï Ʊπ≥∏–±π≥≤ ÌÈ+˘‰Ó ÌÈÈÙÒΉ ÈÂÈÙÏ ÌȈ ˙È·‰ ȯÈÈ„Ï Â¯ÒÓ ±π≥π ˙˘· ÆÈ¯Â·Ú Æ˙ÂÈ„ÈÓ˙ ˙ÂÈÙÒÎ ˙ÂÈÚ· ÌÚ „„ÂÓ˙‰ „ÒÂÓ‰˘ Ú·˜Ï ÌÈ„Ïȉ È¯Â‰Ï Æ˙‡ˆÂ‰‰ ˙‡ ÂÒÈÎ ‡Ï ˙ÂÒ+Ή‰ ÌÚÙ Û‡ ‰˙Ù ÂÊ ¨˙ÁÏ˘Ó Â¯Á·Â „Á‡˙‰ ‰Ï‡ Æ̉È˙¯Ȅ ÌÈÓÂÏ˘˙ ‰Ï‡ Âȉ ÏÏΠͯ„· ∫˙ÂËÚÓ ˙‡ˆÂ‰ ˜¯ Âȉ Æ˙„ÒÂÓÏ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ˙·È˙η ‰˙ÁÓ˙‰ ¯˘‡ ‰¯·ÁÏ ¯Â·Ú ÆÌÂÈÏ ˘Â¯‚ µ ÍÒ· ¢˙ÂÈ·ÏÁ‰ ˙Â+Ó‰¢ ¯Â·Ú ÌÈÈÏÓÒ ˙Â¯È˘ ¯Â·Ú ÂÓÏÈ˘Â ¯ÈÚ‰ ˘‡¯Ï ‰ÈÈÙ ÂÁÒÈ ÌȯÈÈ„‰ Ìȯ‰ ‰ÓÎÓ ÛÂÒ‡Ï ÂÁÈψ‰ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÏÎ ÂϷȘ˘ ÌÈÈÏÚ+ Ï˘ ÌÂȇ‰ ÈÏÎÏΉ ·ˆÓ‰ ¯‡Â˙ ·˙ÎÓ· Æ„Á‡ ÈËÂÏÊ ‰Ê ˙‰˘Ï ÈÓÂȉ ÌÂÏ˘˙‰ ±π≥∏–±π≥∑ ÌÈ+˘· ÆÈËÂÏÊ ≤¥ ˜Â¯ÈÙ „ÚÂÓ ˙‡ ˙ÂÁ„Ï ‰˙Èȉ ‰˘˜·‰Â ¨‰Ï‡ ÌÈ˘‡ ¯Î˘‰ ˙‡Ê ˙¯ÓÏ ¨„·Ï· ˘Â¯‚ µ ‰È‰ ÔÂÚÓ· „ÏÈ Ï˘ ÏÚÂÙ· ÆÌ¯Â·Ú ˙¯Á‡ ‰È٠ȉ˘ÂÊȇ ˙‡ÈˆÓÏ „Ú ÔÈÈ·‰ È˘Â˜· ¢˜ÈÙÒ‰¢ · ‰˘˘ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÌÈÚ·˘Ó Ï·˜˙‰˘ ˙˜ÊÁ‡Ï ‰˘¯„+˘ ˙ÈÓÂȉ ‰‡ˆÂ‰‰ ÆÌÈ„ÏÈ ÌÈÚ·¯‡ ¯Â·Ú ˜ÏÁ Æ˙È·‰ ˜Â¯ÈÙ ˙‡ ‰˙Á„ ¯ÈÚÏ ÌÈÓ¯‚‰ ˙ÒÈÎ ˙„‰ ÌÈȘ˙‰ ÏÚÙÓ‰ Æ˘Â¯‚ ±∏ ‰˙Èȉ „Á‡ „ÏÈ ÌȯÈÈ„‰ Ɖ¯È„ ¯·Ú ÌȯÁ‡ ¨Á¯ÊÓÏ ÂÁ¯· ÌȯÈÈ„‰Ó Æ˙ÂÈ˯٠˙ÂÓ¯˙Ï ÌÈ+¢Ó ÌÈ+¢ ÌÈ„ÂÒ·ÒÏ ¯Á‡ ¨ÌÏÁÏ ÁÏ˘ ‰˘ÈÓ Æ˙¢ ˙„·ÚÏ Â‡¯˜ ±π¥± ˙˘· Ɖ·ÂÙÈÏ· ‰ÁÓ· ‰„·ÚÏ ÔÂÓÈÊ Ï·È˜ ¯„+ÒÎχ ¯‡È˙ ¨ı¯Â¢ ‰+‡ ¨¢‰¯Â„Ó¢‰ ˙¯ÂÓÓ ˙Á‡ ˙‡ ÂÏÈÁ˙‰ ÌȯÈÈ„‰ ÆÔÈÈ·‰ ˙‡ Ò¯‰Ï ‰˘È¯„ ‰‡ˆÈ Ï˘ ÔÈÈÁ‡‰ ÌÚ ˙Á‡ ‰˙Èη ‰È‰ ËÙȯ˘ ¯Ó ÆÏ¢Ê ËÙȯ˘ ˙‡ ÁÈË·‰Ï ¢˜È·Â ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰ˆÚÂÓÏ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ÁÂÏ˘Ï ∫˙È· ȯÂÚÈ˘ Â+ÈΉ Ì‚ ̉ „ÁÈ·Â ¨ı¯Â¢ ‰¯ÂÓ‰ ª‰Ê ÌÈ„ÏÈ≠Ô‚· ‰¯ÂÓ ‰˙Èȉ ˙Á‡ Æ˙ÂÈÁ‡ È˙˘ Âȉ ‰Ï‡¢ ÔÓÈÒ‰ ̈ڷ ‰Ê ¨‰Ï‡Î ÌÈÎÓÒÓ ‰ÓÎ ÈÏ ˘È Æ˙¯Ȅ‰ ˙¯‚·Ӊ ÂÊ Æ‰¯ÓÊÏ ‰¯ÂÓ ‰˙Èȉ ¨¯˙ÂÈ ˙¯‚Â·Ó ¨‰ÈÈ+˘‰ ÆÒ¯‰ ‰Ê‰ ˙È·‰ ±π¥± ËÒ‚‡· Ɖχ ÌÈ˘‡Ó Ô¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ„ÏÈ ‰ÓÎ Ì‰Ï Âȉ ÆÔÓςȈ ¨„ÈÓ‡ È„Â‰È ÌÚ ‰+˙Á˙‰ ˙Ú· ˙ÂȯÂ˙ Âȉ ˙ÂÚ˘ ÂÏȇ· Ìȯ˘‡Ó‰ ÌÈÎÓÒÓ ˘È Æı¯Â¢ ˙È·‰Ó ‡¯˜ ˙ÂÈÁ‡Ï ÆÌÈÈÙ‚Ó ÌÈÈÏÚ+Ï ˙Â+Á ƉÒȯ‰‰ ÌÚÙ ‰ÚÈ‚‰ Ô˙ÁÙ˘Ó˘ ÁÈ+Ó È+‡ Ɖ‰Î ¯ÂÚ Ô‰Ï ‰È‰ ¢Æ„¯ÙÒÓ ÌȄ‰ȉ ˘Â¯È‚ ¯Á‡Ï ÔÈÏÂÙÏ ¤³¥¡´° ³¡® ¤´ ´²¡¥n ´¨° ¥l¢¬ ÈÂ+ÈÙ‰ ˆ ˙‡ ÂϷȘ ‡Ï ¢‰¯Â„Ó¢ ÔÂÚÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂωÈ+˘ ‰Ï‡ mgyv ³²¥¥´³g ¢ÌÈÁ¯Â‡Ï ÊÙ¢ ˙¯·Á ±π≥π ˙+˘· ÂϷȘ ¯˘‡ ÔÈÈ+·Ï ø‰ÊÎ ¯·„ ‰˘ÂÚ ¯ÈÚˆ Ì„‡ ÚÂ„Ó Æ˘È¯ٷ È˙ÈÈÚ˙‰ Â+ÂÚÓÏ Ô‚‰ ¯·Ú ±π≥π ˙+˘ ÚˆÓ‡· ÆÌÈÈ˯٠ÌȯÈÈ„Â „˘ÂÁ ڄÂÈ ‡Ï „ÂÚ È‡ Â˙œ‡ ˙Â˘È‚Ù ¯ÙÒÓ È¯Á‡ Æ≤Ø¥ ‰ËÂÏÊ ·ÂÁ¯·˘ ˘„Á‰ ‡Ï ÏÏη ‰Ê ͇ ÆÚ„ÂÈ Âȇ ‡Â‰ Ì‚ ¯·„ Ï˘ ÂÙÂÒ·˘ ‰Ó„ ˙·¯˜ ÌÈ˙ÚÏ Æ‰˘ÂÚ ‡Â‰˘ ‡Â‰ ·Â˘Á‰ – ·Â˘Á ‰˜È‡„ÂÈ· ÔÈÏÂÙ· ÌȯÈÚˆ ÌÈ˘‡ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÈÈÚ˙‰˘ ÈÏ Ë‡Ï≠Ë‡Ï Í‡ ¨‰Î ‰È‡ ÌȄ‰ȉ Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ·Â ¨˙È˘Â‡‰ ˙¯˜Ò‰ ̈ڷ ÂÊ ÆÈ˙Ú„ ˙‡ ‰˘Ó ȇ ˙˜ÒÚ˙‰Ï ˙„‰ ÆÈÚ·Ë ÍÈω˙ Â‰Ê Æ¯˙ÂÈ· ‰Î ‡È‰Â ¨ÂÏ˘ ˙ÈÏÂÙ‰ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÏ‚Ó Â‡ ÌȄ‰ȷ ¨Ú„ÂÓ ‡Ï È¯Ó‚Ï ÔÙ‡· ÏÈÁ˙‰ ‡Â‰ Æ˙‡Ê ‰˘ÂÚ ˜ÓÂË ÔÈÈÚ˙Ó ‡Â‰ ÌȄ‰ȷ ‡Ï˘ ÔÈ·‰Ï ÏÈÁ˙Ó ‡Â‰ ‰‚¯„‰·Â ÆÂÓˆÚ· ‡Ï‡ ¯È‡Ó ˙È„Â‰È ∫˙È+ÏÂÙÓ Ì‚¯˙ «P¬ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ¢„+·¢‰ ˙‚ȉ+Ó ÔÓˆÏÊ ‰˘Ó Ï˘ ¯ÙÒÓ Ì‚¯Â˙Ó ¯Èˆ˜˙ ËÏ‡Ë˘Ú‚≠ÔÚȯ٠گÚÏÂt‡t È„ – À‡¯Èt‡˘ ‡ÏÚa <840?@8?0FA83;A04/G8CH3;0 Bela Shapiro and her second husband Jacob Nissenbaum ‰È‰ Ɖȯ‰ ‰˙‡ Â+˙ÈÁ ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚· ‰È„ÂÓÈÏ ÌÂÈÒ ¯Á‡Ï ˙+˘· ‰„ÏÂ+ ¯ÈÙ˘ ‰Ï· ¨Â˙Ó‡ ‡Ï˘ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó ÈÙ ÏÚ ‰ÏΉ Ô˙Á‰ ȯ‰ ∫˙ÂÈ˙„ ˙ÂÁÙ˘Ó· ‚‰+Î ¨ÍÂ„È˘ ‰Ê ÌÈ+·¯ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó· ‰È˘¯Â˘˘ ˙È„ÈÒÁ–˙È˙„ ‰ÁÙ˘ÓÏ ±∏π± ‡Ï ‰˙‡¯ ‡Ï ‰Ï· ÂÏȇ ¨ÌÈ‡Â˘È+‰ ÏÚ Ì‰È+È· ÂÓÈÎÒ‰ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ¯¯Â‚˙‰Ï ¯·Ú È‡ÏÂÙ· „ÏÂ+ ‰È·‡ ÆÌÈÚÂ„È ˙· ʇ ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰ ÆÌ˙+Â˙ÁÏ „Ú „ÚÂÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ‰¯ÈΉ ˙Â+Á ÌȘ‰ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· Ɖ„·Î+ ‰˘Â¯È ÂÈ„ÈÏ Ï·È˜˘ ¯Á‡Ï Ɖ¯˘Ú≠‰+ÂÓ˘ ‰È‰ ‡Ï Ì+Ó‡ ƯÈÚ‰ Êίӷ ÒÂÙ„ ˙È·Â ‰·È˙Î ÈίˆÏ ‡ÏÏ ¨ÔÈÈ+· ÏÚ· – ¯ÙÈ˘ χ˜ÊÁÈ ß¯ Ï˘ Â+· ‰È‰ Ô˙Á‰ È„ÈÒÁ‰ ÂÒÂÁÈÈ ‰ÈÂˆÓ ‰˙Èȉ Â˙Ò+¯Ù ͇ ¨Ï„‚ ¯È˘Ú Ï˘ È˙ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ÒÂÁÈÈ· ÔÈÈ+ÂÚÓ ‰È‰ ‡Â‰ ÆÒÂÁÈÈ ÏÎ ÆÚÂ„È ‰È‰ ‰„·Ú ‰Ï· ÂÏȇ ¨ÏÚ·‰ „ÓÏ Ì‰È‡Â˘È+ ¯Á‡Ï ƉϷ ¯„Á· Í+Á˙‰ „ÈÁȉ Ô·‰Â ¨È˙„–È„ÈÒÁ ‰È‰ ˙È·‰ ÂÏÚ ÌÈ‡Â˘È+‰ ÆÌÈ+· È+˘ „ÏÂ+ ‚ÂÊÏ Æ‰È·‡ Ï˘ Â˙Â+Á· ®Ô‰È+È·Ó ‰Ï„‚‰ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ï·© ˙Â+·‰ ˘ÂÏ˘ Ɖ·È˘È·Â ÂÏȇ ¨¯˜ÈÚ‰ Âȉ ˘„˜‰ È„ÂÓÈÏ ÏÚ·‰ ¯Â·Ú ∫ÔÂ˯˘ ÏÚ ¯È˘Ú‰Ï „ÈÙ˜‰ ͇ ¨˙È·· ¢„ÓÏÓ¢ ÌÚ Ô˙„ÏÈ· „ÓÏ ‰+˜· ‰˙ÏÚ ‡Ï˘ ˙Ó„˜˙Ó ‰È‚ÂχȄȇ· ‰˜ÈÊÁ‰ ‰Ï· ƉËÈÒ¯·È+‡·Â ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚· „ÂÓÏÏ ÂÎÈ˘Ó‰Â Ô‰È˙ÂÚÈ„È ˙‡ È+· Ɖ˙È·· ˙·˘Âȉ ‰ÈÈÚ¯Ï ‰ÏÚ· Ï˘ Â˙˘È¯„ ÌÚ „Á‡ ‰‡¯Â‰· ˜ÒÚ Ô˙Ï΢‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ‰Ï· Ï˘ ‰È˙ÂÈÁ‡ ˙‡ ‰·ÊÚ ‡È‰ ƉÈ+· È+˘ ÌÚ ‰¯‡˘+ ‰Ï·Â ¨Â˘¯‚˙‰ ‚Âʉ ˙+ÈÈËˆÓ ‰„ÈÓÏ˙ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ï· Æ˙È+ÏÂÙ–˙Ȅȇ‰ ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚· ˙ω+ÓÎ „·ÚÏ ‰ÏÈÁ˙‰Â ‰È·‡ Ï˘ Â˙Â+Á· ‰˙„Â·Ú ‡Â¯˜Ï ‰·‰‡Â ˙Â+ÈÈˈ‰ ˙„ÂÚ˙ ‰Ï·È˜ ¨‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚· Æ˙Â+·˘Á ÆÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙»¯ÙÒÓ ‰ÏÚÙ ‡È‰ Æß„+·߷ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓ· ‰È„ȘÙ˙Ï ‰Ï· ‰¯ÊÁ ¯·„© ÔÈ˘Â¯È‚ ∫‰˙ÁÙ˘ÓÏ Ô‰Â ‰Ï·Ï Ô‰ ¨ÌÈ·¯ Âȉ ÌÈÈ˘˜‰ ˙‡ ¨È˜ÂÁ ÈÓ˘¯ ÔÙ‡· ¨˘„ÁÓ ÁÂ˙ÙÏ È„Î ˙Â‡Ï ‡ÏÏ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ˜ÈÁÏ ıÂÁÓ ‰„Â·Ú ¨®ÌÈ+˘ Ô˙‡· Ï·Â˜Ó ‡Ï ÔÓÊ· ¯‚Ò+ ¯˘‡ ÂÈ˙„ÒÂÓ ߄+·߉ È+„ÚÂÓ Ì˙‡ ÏÎ ‰Ï· ‰È˘ÚÓ· Ìχ Æ®˙ÂÈ˙„ ˙ÂÁÙ˘Ó· Ï·Â˜Ó ‡Ï ¯·„© ÆÌ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ˙‡ ÍÈ˘Ó‰Ï ˙Â+ÂËÏ˘‰ ˙ˆӷ ‰¯Ò‡Ó Æ˙È‡ÓˆÚ ‰˘È‡Î ‰ÁÂÎ ˙‡ ÌÏÂÚÏ ‰˙‡¯‰ È„ÂÒÈ ¯ÙÒ≠˙È· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· Á˙Ù+ ±π±π ¯·Ó·Â+· ±µ≠· ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ Íωӷ ƉӜ‡ ÌÚ ‰Ï·Ï ‰È‰ „ÁÂÈÓ ¯˘˜ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ¯ˆ˜ ÔÓÊ Æ˘È„È‡ Â˙Ù˘˘ ÌÈÏÚÂÙ‰ È„ÏÈÏ Ô¢‡¯ ‰È„ÏÈ ÌÚ „ÁÈ ‰¯ÊÁ ‡È‰Â ¨‰Ï· Ï˘ ‰È·‡ ¯ËÙ+ ‰+¢‡¯‰ ÆÌ‰Ï˘Ó È„ÂÒÈ ¯ÙÒ≠˙È· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÂÁ˙Ù ßÔÂȈ ÈÏÚÂÙß Ì‚ ¯˘‡Î Ì‚ ͢Ó+ Ô‰È+È· ·‰Â‡‰Â ÌÁ‰ ¯˘˜‰ ƉӜ‡ ˙È·Ï ¯ÚÂ+‰ È+·Ï ·¯Ú Èү˜ Ì‚ ÂÁ˙Ù+ ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ ‰ÓÎ ¯Â·ÚÎ ∫ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙ÈËÒÈ„+·‰ ‰ÚÂ+˙‰ Ï˘ ‰‚ȉ+ÓÎ ‰Ï· ‰¯Î‰ ∫ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÈ˘˜· ‰ÂÂÏ ‰Ê ÍÏ‰Ó ÆÌÈÏÚÂÙ‰ „ÓÚÓÓ ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈÓÈ· ˙Ò+Ή ˙È·Ï ‰Óœ‡ ˙‡ ˙ÂÂÏÏ ‰„ÈÙ˜‰ ‡È‰ ʇ Ì‚ ȯ‰ ‡ÒÈ‚ ̈́ȇÓ ¨ÌÈÈ˘˜ ÂÓȯډ ˙Â+ÂËÏ˘‰ ‡ÒÈ‚ „ÁÓ ‰˘ÂÚ ‡È‰ ‰Ó Ì¢ ÏÚ ËÒÈ„+· ‰˙‡ χ˘˘Î ÆÌȇ¯Â+‰ ÁÂÏ˘Ï ÂÒÒȉ ۇ ‰Ï‡‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ È˙·· ˜٘٠ÌÈ„Ïȉ È++ȇ Ìχ ¨ÌÈÈ‚‰ ÔÈ· ˙„·ÂÚ È+‡ Ì+Ó‡¢ ∫‰˙+Ú ¨˙‡Ê ˙‚˘Ó ‰˙Èȉ ‡Ï Ì„È˘ ÔÂÂÈΠ̉· „ÂÓÏÏ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ˙‡ È+·˘ ÌÂ˜Ó Ïη ¨È+‡ ‰È„Â‰È Æ˙ÏÏ·˙Ó È++ȇ ‰È‚ ÆÂÏω ÌÈ„ÂÓÈω ˙‡ ÔÓÓÏ Ì‰ ̇ ÆÌ+‚ȷ Ì˙ÁÓ˘· ¨Ì˙œ‡ È+‡ – · ÌȇˆÓ+ ÈÓÚ ÊÎ¯Ó ˙Ó˜‰ ˙‡ È+ÏÂÙ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ¯˘È‡ ±π≤¥ ˙+˘· ÌÈÎ·Ó Ì‰˘Î ÆÌ˙œ‡ ˙Îω È+‡ – ˙Ò+Ή ˙È·Ï ÌÈÎω ˘ÂÏ˘Ï Û˙Â˘Ó ‰È‰˘ ÊÎ¯Ó ¨ ≤¢‡˘Èˆ¢ Ȅȇ‰ ÍÂ+ÈÁ‰ Ì˙œ‡ ˙ÂÎ·Ï È+‡ ‰ˆÂ¯ – ¯Ó‰ Ìϯ‚ ˙‡ ̉È˙ÂÏÈÙ˙· ÍÂ+ÈÁ‰ ÈÊÎ¯Ó È¯ÂÁ‡Ó „ÓÚ ¯˘‡ ˙ÂÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÂ+˙‰ ¢ÆÌ·Ï ÈÚˆÙÏ È¯ˆ ÈÃ˙ÂÚÓ„ ‰+Èȉ˙ »Ï Æ„ÁÈ ÆßÌÚ‰ ˙‚ÏÙÓß ßÏ‡Ó˘ ÔÂȈ ÈÏÚÂÙß ¨ß„+·߉ ∫¯ÈÚ· ÌÈ+¢‰ ‰·ÂË ˙¯·‚ ˙‡ ÏÏ΢ „Ú ¯Á·+ ÂÏω ˙ÂÚÂ+˙‰ ȯ·Á ÔÈ·Ó ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰„‚‡· ÏÂÚÙÏ „·ÚÏ ‰Ï· ‰ÏÈÁ˙‰ ¯˘‡Î ¯Ó ¯·ÏÈÊ+ÈÈ٠̉¯·‡ ¯Ó ¨ÔÓÏËÈÓ ‰ÓÏ˘ ¯Ó ¨ÔÓ¯·ÈÏ ÈÓ˘· ‰ÏÂÚ ·ÎÂÎ ÌÏÂÎ ‰· ‡¯ ¨ ±¢¯ÈÓʉ¢ ¨˙·¯˙Ï ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ÈÓÂȉ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰ ͯÂÚ ÌÈÓÈÏ© ÌÈ·+ÒÈ+ ·˜ÚÈ ˙¯ÈÎÊÓÏ ‰¯Á·+ ‡È‰ ¯ˆ˜ ÔÓÊ ÍÂ˙ Æ˙ȇ+ÈÏ·Âω ‰¯·Á‰ Ʈ¯ÈÙ˘ ‰Ï· Ï˘ È+˘‰ ‰ÏÚ·Â ¨¢Ë‡Ï·‚‡Ë ¯Ú+ÈÏ·ÂÏ¢ ®±π±∏–±π±¥© ‰+¢‡¯‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Â+˘· Ɖ„‚‡‰ Ï˘ ˘‡¯‰≠˙·˘ÂÈ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ‰¯Á·+ ˙ȯÏÂÙÂÙ‰ ¯ÈÙ˘ ‰Ï· ‰¯·Ú ¢¯ÈÓʉ¢ Ï˘ ‰ÈȯÙ҉ ¨¢¯ÈÓʉ¢ ˙„‚‡ ‰¯¯ÂÙ˙‰ Ƈ¢˘Èˆ „Ú Æß„+·߉ È„ÈÏ „Ú ȯ·ÁÓ Â˘¯„+ ÌÈÏ„+ È˙Ï· ÌȈӇÓ ‰·¯ ˙¯ÈÒÓ ‰‡ˆÓ ߄+·߉ ˙ÚÂ+˙Ï ‰Ï· ‰Ù¯Ëˆ‰ ±π±∏ ¯·Ó·Â+· ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÍÂ+ÈÁ ˙‡ ¯˘Ù‡Ï È„Î È˙+˘≠Ú·˘‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· ˙ÏÂÎÈ ‰˙ÏÈ‚ ‰¯‰Ó „Ú Æ˙+ÂÂ‚Ó ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ ·Á¯+ ¯Î Ì˘ ˙È· ˙ÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ˙È˘„ÂÁ‰ ˙ÂÏÚ‰ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌȄ‰ȉ ‡˘Â+· ˙ˆ¯‰Ï ‰˙·¯‰ ‡È‰ – È˙·¯˙‰ ÌÂÁ˙· ‰·¯ ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰ ȯ‰ ÆÈËÂÏÊ ÌÈÙχ ˙˘ÂÏ˘ ÏÚ ‰„ÓÚ ¯ÙÒ‰ È˙¯·Á‰ ÌÂÁ˙· ¨ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ÌÂÁ˙· – ¯ÚÂ+‰ È+· ˙‡ „ÓÏÏ ¯Â·Ú ÌÏ˘Ï Â˘˜˙‰ ÌÈÏÚÂÙ‰ „ÓÚÓÏ ÂÎÈÈ˙˘‰ ¯˘‡ Ɖ·È·Ò˘ ‰Ï‡ ÏÎ ÌÚ ˘Â+‡‰ ÈÒÁÈ·Â ¯ÙÒ‰ È˙· ˙‡ Â+ÓÈÓ ˙Â+ÂËÏ˘‰ Æ̉ȄÏÈ ÍÂ+ÈÁ ˙¯ÈÁ· ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓÏ ˙¯ÈÁ·‰ ˙‡¯˜Ï Æ‰Ê È˯٠¯ÙÒ≠˙È· ÔÂÓÈÓ· ÚÈÈÒÏ Â·¯ÈÒ Í‡ ¨ÌÈȯ·Ȉ‰ ˙‡ ‰+¢‡¯Ï ‰Ï· ‰˘È‚‰ ¨±π±π ˙+˘· ÂÓÈȘ˙‰˘ ˙ÂÓ¯˙ ÛÂÒȇ Ï˘ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ ÂÓ˙¯+ „Ú‰ ȯ·Á ÍÎÈÙÏ ‰˙ÏÈ‚ ‡È‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ· ƉˆÚÂÓ ˙¯·ÁÏ ‰¯Á·+ ‰˙„ÓÚÂÓ ÔÈÏÂÙ· ˙¯Á‡ Ìȯڷ ÌÈȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ+‚¯‡‰Ó ¨¯ÈÚ‰ È+·Ó ¨‰Á¯ ‰¯·Á ȇ˘Â+· ˯ٷ ¨¯ÈÚ‰ È+ÈÈ+Ú· ˙‡Ș· Ɖ˜È¯Ó‡· ÌÈ+·„+Ó Û‡Â È‡+¢ ̘ÏÁ – ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ȯ·ÁÓ „·Î ‰Î¯Ú‰Ï ‰˙ÎÊ ˙Ó˘+ ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰ Æ˘‡¯‰≠˙·˘ÂÈ ˜¯ ‰˙Èȉ ‡Ï ‰Ï· ‰Î¯„ ˙‡ ‰ÒÏÈÙ ‡È‰ „·· „· ÆÌÈÓ˘ÈË+‡ ۇ ÌÈ„Â‰È ‰È¯Á‡ ÛÂÁÒÏ ‰Ú„È ‡È‰ ÆÌÈ„ÏÈ ≤µ∞ ‰+Ó˘ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ß„+·߉ ˙‚ȉ+ÓÏ Ì˙¯ÂÎ˘Ó ˙‡ ÂϷȘ ‡Ï ÂÏω ·Â¯ÀÏ© ÌÈ„·ÂÚ‰ ˙ˆ ˙‡ ˙ÙȘ˙ „‚+ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓ· ÛȯÁ ̇+ ‰‡˘+ ±π≤∞ ˙+˘· ‰ÏÈÚÙ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÏÚ ‰·Â‰‡ ‰˙Èȉ ¨®ÏÏη ̇ ¨ÔÓÊ· ‰+ȇ¯˜Â‡ ˙ÂÓ„‡ ˘Â·ÈΠ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰≠˙ȯ· ˙‡ ÔÈÏÂÙ ˙Â+˘ ˘ÂÏ˘Ï ‰ËÙ˘+ ¨‰¯ˆÚ+ ‡È‰ ÆÔÈÏÂÙ È„È· ˙ÈËÈÈ·ÂÒ‰ ¨ß„+Â·ß ÌÈÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‚ÏÙÓ ÂÓȘ‰˘ ÍÂ+ÈÁ‰ ˙˘¯ – ¢‡¢˘Èˆ¢ ≤ ‰¯Â¯Á˘ ÌÚ „ÈÓ Æ„·Ï· ‰+˘ ¯Á‡Ï ‰¯¯Á¢ ͇ ¨¯Ò‡Ó ‰Ï‡ ¯ÙÒ≠È˙·· ÌÈ„ÂÓÈω ÆßÌÚ‰ ˙‚ÏÙÓß ßÏ‡Ó˘ ÔÂȈ ÈÏÚÂÙß Æ˘È„È‡‰ ˙Ù˘· Âω+˙‰ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ‰„ÒÂ+˘ ˙È„Â‰È ˙ÈÓÂ‡Ï ‰„‚‡ – ¢¯ÈÓʉ¢ ˙„‚‡ ± ˙Ù˘Â ¨ ¢˙·¯˙¢ ‡¯˜+ ˙È+ÂȈ‰ ÍÂ+ÈÁ‰ ˙˘¯ Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ‰ È˙· ¯È‡Ó≠ÌÈÈÁ ¨Ï„¯‚ ‰˘Ó ¨ÌÈ·++Ë ˘¯‰ ¯¢„ È„È· ±π∞∏ ˙+˘· Æ˙ȯ·Ú ‰˙Èȉ ̉· „ÂÓÈω Æ˙·¯˙‰ ÁÂÙÈË ‰˙Èȉ ‰˙¯ËÓ ÆÌȷ˯ χÈ+„ ÔÓΉ ßÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ß ˙ÚÂ+˙ Ï˘ ˙È˙„≠˙È+ÂȈ‰ ÍÂ+ÈÁ‰ ˙˘¯ Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ‰ È˙· ‰ÈȯÙÒ‰ ˙‡Â ÈËÓ¯„ ‚ÂÁ ¨˙¯ÂÓÊ˙ ¨‰Ï‰˜Ó ‰ÓȘ‰ ‰„‚‡‰ ÂÏȇ ¨˙ȯ·Ú· ̉· Âω+˙‰ ˘„˜ È„ÂÓÈÏ Æ ¢‰+·È¢ ‡¯˜+ ‰ÓÈȘ ˙·˘ ˙ÂÏÈÏ· ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ‰+¢‡¯‰ ˙ȯ·Ȉ‰ ˙Ȅ‰ȉ Æ˙È+ÏÂÙ· Âω+˙‰ ÌÈÈÏÏΉ ÌÈ„ÂÓÈω ÆÌÈÈ˙¯ÙÒ ÌÈÙ˘+ 388?H33G4H35:G=0I0H483;0 >8;04;0GC@38I0>41G/;HI81412C33EA4=3 "e Pedagogic Council of Schools Organization in Lublin Bela sits in the middle of the second line Â+‡ ˙‡Ê ÌÚ ÆÆÆÚÈÈÒÏ ˙‚˘Ó Ìȯ‰‰ Ï˘ Ì„È Ôȇ ¨‚‚ ÌÈÓ¯Â‚Ó ˙ÂÓ¯˙ ÛÂÒȇ·Â ˙ÂÈ+¯ÈÚ ˙ÂÈ„ÈÒ·ÂÒ ˙Ï·˜· È+˘„Á „ÂȈ· ÌÈ„ÈÂˆÓ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ¨˙Â+ÂËÏ˘‰ „ˆÓ ¨ÌÈ˘¯„+ Æ‰Ï ‰ˆÂÁÓ ÔÈÏÂÙ· ÌÈ+¢ ÆÆƯÙÒ‰ ˙È· ˙‡ ¯Â‚ÒÏ ·Â˘ ıχÈ+ ¨‡ÏÀ – „ÈÓÏ˙ ÏÎ ‰ÎÊ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ ˙Â+¢‡¯‰ ÌÈ+˘· ¨ÔÈÏÂÙ· ¯˙ÂÈ· ˙ÂÈ+Ú‰ ÌÈ¯Ú‰Ó ˙Á‡ ‡È‰ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÆÆÆ ˙Âττȉ ÌÚ ÔÓʉ ÌÚ Í‡ ¨È¯Ë ·ÏÁ ÒÂÎ ÌÂÈ Ïη Ï·˜Ï ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Ì˘ÈÈÏ ˘ÓÓÏ È„Î ÌÈÈ+È˘ ÌȘ¯ÂÁ Â+‡Â ÌÈ˘È˘ ¨Ô‚‰ È„ÏÈ Ìχ Æ˙‡Ê ˜ÈÒÙ‰Ï ÂˆÏ‡+ ˙ÂÒ+Ή‰ Â+‡ ÌÈÈ˘˜‰ ÏÎ ˙¯ÓÏ ÆÆÆÂ+Ï˘ ˙·¯˙‰ ˙+ÈÙ· ‰ÈÈ+ÓÁÏÂ È¯Ë ·ÏÁ ÒÂÎ ÌÂÈ È„Ó Ï·˜Ï ÂÎÈ˘Ó‰ ¨¯ÙÒÓ· ÆÆƉ¯ÂÒÓ‰ Â+˙„·ڷ ÌÈÎÈ˘ÓÓ Â˘‡¯·˘ ÌÈ˘+‰ Ô‚¯‡ Ï˘ ÂÚÂÈÒÏ ˙„‰ ˙‡Ê ¨‰ÈÈ¯Ë ÏÚ ˙Á˜Ï ÌÈ+ÎÂÓ Â+‡˘ „·Î‰ ÏÂÚ‰ Â‰Ó ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ ÌÏÂΠƯ˘Ë˜ ‰‡Ï ˙¯·‚‰ ‰„ÓÚ ÌÈ+ÂÙ Â+‡ Æ„È˙Ú· Â+˙œ‡Ó ˘¯„È˙ ‰È‚¯+‡ ‰ÓÎ ¨Â+ÓˆÚ Â˘¯„ Ô„ÚÂÓ‰ Ï˘Â ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· Ï˘ ÚÂÚ¯‰ ‰+·Ó ÏÏ‚· ÌȘ‰Ï Â+Ï ÚÈÈÒÏ ˜¯ÂÈ≠ÂÈ+·˘ Ìȇ+ÈÏ·Âω Â+È˙ÈÓÚ Ï‡ ‰ÁÈψ‰ ‰Ï· ƯÙÒ‰ ˙È· ˙‡ ¯Â‚ÒÏ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˙Â+ÂËÏ˘ ÆÆÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ·˘ ¢ı¯Ù ÆÏÆÈ¢ È„ÂÒȉ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· ˙‡ ͢ӷ ÏÂÚÙÏ ÍÈ˘Ó‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·Â ¨‰¯ÕÊ‚‰ Úˆȷ ˙‡ ˙ÂÁ„Ï Ô„ÚÂÓ ¨¯ÙÒ≠˙È·Î Ì‚ ˘Ó˘È˘ ‰+·Ó – ÔÂ+Î˙· ˙‡ ˘ÓÓÏ È„Î ‰ÏÚÙ ‰Ï· ˙Ú‰ ‰˙‡· Æ˙ÂÙÒÂ+ ÌÈÈ˙+˘Î ¨Ô¯ˇÈ˙ Ìχ ¨ÌÈ„ÏÈ Ô‚ ¨˙ÂÈ˙·¯˙ ˙ÂÈÂÒ+Î˙‰Ï ‰‡¯+ ¯·„‰ ƯÙÒ‰ ˙È·Ï ˘„Á ‰+·Ó ˙ÈÈ+· ∫‰˙ÁË·‰ ¢ÆÆÆ˙¯ÂÓÊ˙Ï Ìȯ„Á ‰ÈȯÙÒ ¨Ë¯ÂÙÒ Ìχ Æ˙ÂÈÏÎÏΉ ˙ÂÈÚ·‰ ÏÏ‚· ˜¯ ÂÏ ¨‰ÈÙ¡Πȇ+ÈÏ·Âω „Ú‰ χ ‰˙+٠¯ÈÙ˘ ‰Ï· ±π≥µ ¯·Óˆ„· Æ˙ÂÓ¯˙‰ ÚÂÈÒ· ¨‰+·+ Ô· ı¯ÙÆÏÆÈ Ì˘≠ÏÚ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· ∫ÍÎ ‰·˙Π‰˜È¯Ó‡·˘ ˙Â+‰ÈÏ ÂÈχ Ò+ÎÈ‰Ï Ì‰È¯Â‰Â ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÂÎÊ ‡Ï ÏÊÓ‰ ÚÂ¯Ï ˙ÈϘȄ¯ ‰˘È‚·Â ˙Ȅȇ‰ ‰Ù˘· ω+˙Ó ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· ÆÆÆ¢ Æ≥Ì˙‡ ˙¯˘Ï ‰È‰ ¯ÂÓ‡˘ ˙·¯˙‰ ˙È·Ó ÈÁÎÂ+‰ ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ·ˆÓ·˘ ¯·„‰ ‡ÈÏÙÓ ‡Ï ÆÆÆ˙È+˘„Á ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰ ÆÆÆ˙Â+ÂËÏ˘‰ „ˆÓ ‰¯ÊÚ ÏÎ ˙+˙È+ ‡Ï – ∫ÂÓ˜ÈÓ Æß„+·߉ È„È· ‰+·+ – ¢ı¯Ù ÆÏÆÈ ˘¢Ú ˙·¯˙‰ ˙È·¢ ≥ ˙ÂÈÏÚ·Â ˙·ÂÁË ˙¯Ȅ· ÌÈÈÁ ¨ÌÈÈ+Ú ÌÈ˙·Ó Ìȇ· ÌÈÏÂÁ‰ ˙È·Â ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÈÓÎÁ ˙·È˘È „ÈÏ ¨¥ ˜Ë¯ÂÂ߈ ·ÂÁ¯· >8;04;02?403;H8/=026/I?1C30I=/4?4G8CH3;031;C=3I183?= Party leader Bela Shapiro speaks at May Day demonstration of the Bund in Lublin Â+ȇ˘Â Ȅ‰ȩ ¯ÈÚ‰ È·˘Â˙Ó „Á‡ ÏÎÏ – ‰„¯˘ÓÏ ‰‡ÂÙ¯Ï ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· ÌÂÈÎ ÌȇˆÓ+ ̘‰˘ ‰+·Ó· Ïη ¯ÂÊÚÏ ˙»+ÂÎ+‰ ¨¯ÈÚ‰ ÈÈ+ÚÏ ‰È˙ÙÓ‡‰ ¨®È„Â‰È ˙Â+ÂËÏ˘‰ Æ˙‡ϘÁÏ ˙ίÚÂӉ ˙¯ÎÂÓ‰ ‰ËϘى ¯Â·ÈÁ ∫Ìȇ˘Â+ Ô‚ӷ ‰ÓÓȉ ˙ÂÚ˘Ó ‰Ú˘ Ïη ‰ÈÚ· ˙Âȯ·Ú ˙ÂÈ˙‡· ·Â˙ÈΉ ˙‡ ˙¯ÎÊÓÏ ¯È‡˘‰Ï ¢¯‰ ‡Ï ¯ÈÚˆ Ï˘ ‡ÏÎ‰Ó ¯Â¯Á˘ ¨ÏÓ˘Á‰ ˙˘¯Ï ‰Î¢Á ‰ËÓÒ ÆÂ˙ÈÈ+· ÔÓÊ· ‰+·Ó‰ ˙‡ Ë˘È˜˘ ÈÎ ‰ÏÂÚ „ÂÚ Æ‰‡Ï‰ ÔΠȇӷ „Á‡‰ „ÚˆÓ· Û˙˙˘‰˘ ÌÂÁ ‰˜È+Ú‰ ‡È‰ ÈΠÌÈÁ¯Â‡ ÒÈ+ÎÓ ÁÂ˙Ù ‰È‰ ‰˙È· Ï˘ ÌÈ+ÂÂÈΉ ˙·¯Â ‰¯ÂÒÓ‰ ¨˙ȇÏ+≠È˙Ï·‰ ‰˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ‡Â‰ ̇ ÔÈ· ¨‰+Ϸ˜ Ï·˜Â ‰¯ÊÚ Íȯˆ ‰È‰˘ ÈÓ ÏÎÏ ·¯ ˙¯‚ÒÓ· ‰Úˆ·˙‰˘ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ¨‰Á¯ ‰¯·Á ȇ˘Â+· ‰Ï· „ÈÓ˙ ‰˜È+Ú‰ ‡È‰ ƯÈÚÏ ıÂÁÓ ‡Â‰ ̇ ÔÈ·Â ¯ÈÚ‰ ·˘Â˙ ˙ÚÂ+˙ Ï˘ ‰„ÓÚÓ ˙‡ ‰˜ÊÈÁ ¨¯ÈÚ‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓ· ‰˙„Â·Ú Æ‰ÏÂÚÙ ‰ˆÚ ¨‰·ÂË ‰ÏÈÓ ¨‰·Â˘˜ Ôʇ ˙ÂÈ„‚+˙‰‰Â ÌȄ‰ȉ ˙ÂÙÈ„¯ ˙¯ÓÏ Æ‰ˆÚÂÓ· ß„+·߉ ±π≤∑ ˙+˘· ÂίÚ+˘ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓÏ ˙¯ÈÁ·· ¨Ì˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ ÔÂÁˆÈ+ ¯Á‡Ï˘ ‰Ù˜˙· ÂÚÈ‚‰ ¯˘‡ ÌÈÚ¯‰ ÌÈ+Óʉ ‰+ÂÓ˘· ¯ÈÙ˘ ‰Ï· Ï˘ ‰˙‚‰+‰· ß„+·߉ ˙ÓÈ˘¯ ‰˙ÎÊ ˙Â+ÂËÏ˘‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ+¯Ë+˜ ˙ÂÏÂÚ٠¯¯ÂÚ ‰È+Ó¯‚· ÌÊÈ˘Ù‰ ÆÌȄ‰ÈÏ ÌÈ„ÚÂÈÓ‰ ÌÈ·˘ÂÓ‰ ¯˘Ú≠‰˘È˘ ÍÂ˙Ó Ï˘ ˜·‡Ó ¨˙ÂÈÂ+Á ˙ÊÈÊ· ∫˙»ÈÓ˘ÈË+‡Â ÌȄ‰ȉ ÈÙÏÎ ÌȄ‰ȉ ·ˆÓ Ú„ÈΠʇ ¨±π≥∏ ˙+˘· ÂÓÈȘ˙‰˘ ˙¯ÈÁ·· ¨˜Â˘Ï ˜Â˘Ó ¯·Ú˘ ÌÈ„Â‰È ÌÈÏί „‚+Î ˙Â+ÂËÏ˘‰ ÍÂ˙Ó ‰+ÂÓ˘· ß„+·߉ ˙ÓÈ˘¯ ‰˙ÎÊ ¨„ÁÂÈÓ· ˘È‚¯ ‰È‰ ˙ÂˆÓ˘‰ ÚÒÓ ¨ÌÈ„Â‰È ÌÈË+„ÂËÒ ÏÚ ˙ÂÈÂÏÙ+˙‰ ÆÌȄ‰ÈÏ Â„ÚÂÈ˘ ÌÈ·˘ÂÓ‰ ‰¯˘Ú ÂÚÈÙ˘‰ ÂÏω ˙ÂÏÂÚÙ‰ Æ„ÂÚ ˙È„Â‰È ‰ËÈÁ˘Ï ˙„‚+˙‰Â ‰ÚÙ˘Â‰ ‡Ï ‰Ï· Ï·‡ ¨ÌȄ‰ȉ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È·˘Â˙ ÏÚ ‰Ú¯Ï Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÓ„ ‰ÏÂÚ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ˘+‡ ÌÚ ÂÓÈȘ˙‰˘ ˙ÂÁÈ˘Ó Æ‰˙ÁÙ ‡Ï ‰˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ‰Ú‚Ù+ ‡Ï ‰˙„Â·Ú ∫‰Ï‡ ÏÎÓ ‰ÁÂ˙Ù‰ ˙Ï„‰ ¨˙ÂÈ˙Ù·‰ ‰˙‡ Â+ÈÈÙ‡ ƯÈÙ˘ ‰Ï· ‡Ï˘ ¨˙Á‡ ÂÏ ¨‰ˆÚÂÓ ˙·È˘È ‰˙Èȉ ‡Ï ÈÎ ÌȯÙÒÓ Ï˘ ÌÁ¯ ˙¯ÂÓÏ ˙‡Ê ¨Â¯ÈÙ˘ ‰Ï· Ï˘ ‰Ï˜ ‰· ÚÓ˘+ ‰¯ÂÓ‡ ‰˙Èȉ ˙È·‰ ˙ÎÂ+Á Ʊπ≥π≠· ‰ÓÏ˘Â‰ Â˙ÈÈ+· ÆȄ‰ȉ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ‰ˆ¯Ù ‰Ê ÌÂÈ· Ʊπ≥π ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±≠· ÌÈȘ˙‰Ï ƉˆÚÂÓ‰ ȂȈ+ ƉÈÈ+˘‰ ˙‡Â ‰Ï· ˙‡ ‰¯ÈΉ˘ ÈÓ ¨ËÏ·¯·Ï–„+¯· ‰ÂÁ ‰¯ÙÈÒ ÌÈÏÂÁ≠˙È·Ï ‰+·Ó‰ Ï˘ „ÂÚÈÈ ˙‡ ·҉ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ˙Â+˘· ∫Ì˙ˆÈÁÓ· ‰„·Ú ˙·¯ ÌÈ+˘ ͢ӷ ‰ÏÚ· Æ‰Ê ÔÈÈ+·· ÂÊί ÒÂÙÈˉ ˙Ù‚Ó· ÌÈÏÂÁ‰ Æ˙˜·„ÈÓ ˙ÂÏÁÓÏ ‡È‰ Æ˙‡Ê ‰˘Ú˙ ‡È‰ – ‰˙È·‰ ¯ÂÊÁÏ ¯˘Ù‡ „ÂÚ Ï΢ ˙‡ È˙‡¯˜˘Î ¨‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË· ¯È‡Ó ‰„Ï‚ ˙‡ È˙ȇ¯˘Î ÆÆÆ¢ Ȅ‰ȉ ÌÚ‰ ȇ+¢ ¨ÌȈ‡+‰ ÈÎ ‰Ú„È˘ Û‡ ˙‡Ê ‰ËÈÏÁ‰ ÌÈ˘+ Âȉ Ô‰È˙˘ ƯÈÙ˘ ‰Ï· ÈÃ+ÈÚ ÏÂÓ ‰„ÓÚ – ‰È¯·„ Æ˘È‡ ÏÚ ÂÏ˜È ‡Ï ¨Ë¯Ù· Ȅ‰ȉ ÌÊÈχȈÂ҉ ÏÏη Ô‰È˙˘ ÆȄ‰ȉ ÌÚÏ Â‚‡„ ¨ÌÈ˘+‡ ÔÈ· „ÂÁÈ‡Ï ÂÏÚÙ˘ ‡ ˜+„ÈÈÓ ÂÈ‰È ÈÎ ‰ÓˆÚÏ ¯‡˙Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ ‰˙Èȉ ‡Ï ‡È‰ Ô¯˙ÙÏ ˙È·È˯҇‰ Ô˙„ÈÓÚ Ï˘· ÌÈ·¯ È„È ÏÚ ÂίÚ‰ ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰ ˙ÒÈ+Î È+ÙÏ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ˙‡ ‰·ÊÚ˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ ¨‰˜+ÈÏ·¯Ë ¢ÆÆÆ˙ÂÈ˙¯·Á ˙ÂÈËÈÏÂÙ ˙ÂÈÚ· ˙‡ Ú+Î˘Ï ‰Ï· ‰ÁÈψ‰ ˙ÂÚ·˘ ¯ÙÒÓ ¯Á‡Ï ƯÈÚÏ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏÏ ¯ÂÊÁÏ ‰ÏÚ· ˙ȇ·ˆ ‰Î¯ÚÓ ‰ÏÁ‰ ¨±π≥π ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ± ¨È˘È˘ ÌÂÈ· ÚÈÈÒÏ È„Î ÏÂÚÙÏ ÂÏÁ‰ ‚Âʉ È+· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÏ Ì·Â˘ ÌÚ „ÈÓ ‰ÓÁÏÓÏ È¯È˘Ú‰ ÌÂÈ· ÆÔÈÏÂÙ· ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰ Ï˘ Ì„Ó ‰·Â˜Ú ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÏ ÂÚÈ‚‰ ̘ÏÁ ƯÈÚ· ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈËÈÏÙ Ì˙‡ ÏÎÏ Â¯ÈÙ˘ ‰Ï· Ï˘ Ì˙È· Ì‚ ·¯Á+ ʂÙ‰ ˙„·Î‰ ˙ÂÊ‚Ù‰ÏÂ È„È ÏÚ Ì˘Ï Â‡·Â‰ ÌȯÁ‡ ÌÈÙχ ¨ÌÓˆÚ ˙ÂÁÂη ‡Ï ˙Ú‰ ‰˙‡· ¨ÏÊÓ‰ ‰·¯ÓÏ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Êίӷ˘ 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‰ÏÈΉ ‰‚Èω Ï˘ ‰ÈȯÙÒ‰ ƉÙÈ˘+ ÌÈ+Â˙ÈÚ Â· Âȉ ¨Ï„‚ ‰‡È¯˜ Ìχ ‰È‰ ˙·¯˙Ï ‰‚ÈÏ· 2?403;H>4A40HA=87HGA?8;04; Lubliner Shtime Bund party s weekly ¯È‡Ó ˙È„Â‰È Ë¯ÂÙÒ ˙·¯˙ Ï˘ ÌÏÂÚ ÈÓ‡ ‰‡ˆÓ ß„+·߷ ¨˙ȇ˯ÂÙÒ È˙Èȉ˘ ÍÎÏ ˙„‰¢ ∫ÈÏ ‰¯Ó‡ ÌÚÙ ‡Ï ‰„ÏÂ+ ¨ÔÓ¯˜‡ ˙È·Ï „+ȘÒÈÊ ‰ÎÏÓ ¨ÌÂÏ˘‰ ‰ÈÏÚ ÈÓ‡ ¢Æ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ˙ÂÚÂÂÊ ˙‡ „¯˘Ï ÈÏ Â¯ÊÚ ˙Ï·҉ ˙ÂÊȯʉ ®˘È„ȇ· ¢ÚÈÏ Ȅ¢ ¨ Kalinowszczyzna © ‰+ÊÈ߈˘·Â+ÈϘ· ‰Ù˘· ß„+·߉ Ï˘ ‰ÈȯÙÒ· ‰ÈÂ+Ó ‰˙Èȉ Ì‚ ‡Ó‡ Ɖ·ÏÓ ÈÏÚ·Â ÌÈÏÚÂ٠· ¯‚˘ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ڷ¯ – Æ˘È„È‡· ‰ÈȯÙÒ Ì‚ ‰˙Èȉ ß„+·ßÏ˘ Û‡ ¨˙È+ÏÂÙ‰ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ÌÈÚ‚ڂ· ÈÏ ‰¯ÙÈÒ Ì‚Â ‰¯ÈÚ ˙‡ ‰·‰‡ ‡È‰ ‰„ÁÎ+˘ ‰Ù+Ú‰ ÌȄ‰ȉ ˙ÈÈÒÂÏ· ˙ÒÒÂ˙‰ ‰¯ÈÚ ‰ÏÈÓ ÏÎ ÏÚ¢ ∫‡Ó‡ ÈÏ ‰¯Ó‡ ¨‰+˘ ‰„ÏÈ È˙Èȉ ¯˘‡Î ƉÏÂÎ ËÚÓÎ Ëχ‰ Ϙ· ÈÏ ‰¯˘ ‡È‰ ¢Æ˘È„ȇ· ¯È˘ ÍÏ ¯È˘‡ ¨È‚‰˙˘ ‰¯˘˘ ˙Ú· ‰„ÓÏ ¯˘‡ ÌÈ¯È˘ ¯ÂÙÒ+ȇ ‰Ï˘ ˜ÂÓÚ‰ Ï˘ ˯ÂÙÒ‰ Ô„ÚÂÓÏ ‰ÎÈÈ˙˘‰ ‡Ó‡ „Â‡Ó ¯ÈÚˆ ÏÈ‚Ó Æß„+·߉ Ï˘ ‰Ï„‚‰ ‰Ï‰˜Ó· ƯÁ˘‰ ·ÎÂÎ – ¢Ô¯Úˢ+‚¯À‡Ó¢ ¨ß„+·߉ ÂÚÈÙ‰ ÌȯÈÚˆ‰ Ìȇ˯ÂÙÒ‰ Æ„Â‡Ó ÏÈÚÙ ‰È‰ Ô„ÚÂÓ‰ ÌÈÚÈÙ˘Ó‰Â ÌÈ·Â˘Á‰Ó ‰È‰ ß„+·߉ Ô‚¯‡ ¨‰È¯·„Ï Ï˘ Â˙ÏÈÁ˙ È+ÙÏ Ì‚ ÂίÚ+˘ ‰Ï‡Î ¨ÌÈ·¯ ˯ÂÙÒ ÈÚÙÂÓ· ƉÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏ˘ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ˙„‰È ¯Â·Ú ¯˙ÂÈ· ÆÚÂ+Ϙ Ô¯ˇÈ˙ ˙‚ˆ‰ >G7H?1G4=2?403;H7G4C@IE40F Morgenstern Bund s sports club team ÂË+¯ÂË ¨‡·‡ ‰ÓÏ˘ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· Ì˙ÂÈÓ‰ ı¯Ù ÆÏÆÈ ˙È· ˙¯˙ÂΉ ˙Á˙ ±π∏∏ ˙+˘ ¨≤¥ ßÒÓ ¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˜¢· ˘È„ȇ· ÌÒ¯Ù˙‰ ‰Ê ¯Ó‡Ó ¢Ã‡ÓÀ‡ÏÒ ‡·‡ ØÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ôȇ Êȉ≠ı¯Ù ÆÏÆÈ ÚËÓÂ˙ȯ‡Ù Ò‡„¢ ªÍ· Ô¯‰‡ ÔÈ„‰ ͯÂÚ ªÔ¯Â‰+˘¯‰ ‰ÓÏ˘ ¯¢„ ªÌÈ·+ÒÈ+ ˙ÚÏ ˙ÚÓ ÈÎ ‰‡Â¯ È+‡ ¨¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˜¢· ‡¯Â˜ È+‡˘ ˙Ú· Ô˙ÈÈ ÈÓ ÆÔȘËÂÏÙ ¯¢„ ªÏÙÓ¯˜ ˘È¯ÈÈ· ªÔÓÒ¯˜ ‰¯ÂÓ‰ ˙È· – ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰È ÂÓȘ‰ ¯˘‡ ˙„ÒÂÓ Â· ÌȯÎÊÂÓ ÌÈȄ‰ȉ ˙„ÒÂÓ‰ ¯ÎÊ ˙Áˆ+‰· ÂÚÈÈÒÈ ‰Ï‡ ÈÃ˙ÂÏÈÓÔ ˙„ÒÂÓ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÈÓÎÁ ˙·È˘È ¨˘¯„Ó‰ È˙· ¨ÌÈÏÂÁ‰ –ÈÒÓ· ÂÏÚÙ ¯˘‡ Ï¢+‰ Ìȯ·ÁÏ Â+˙„Â˙ ˙Ú·‰·Â ÌÈÙȉ Ì˘≠ÏÚ ÌÚ‰ ˙È· ˙‡ Ì‚ ¯ÈÎÊ‰Ï È˙Ú„ ÏÚ ‰ÏÚ ÆÌȯÁ‡ Ɖ¯·Á‰ ÔÚÓÏ Ì˙ÈÈ˘Ú· ˙»¯ Æı¯ÙÆÏÆÈ ·¯Á+ ‡Ï ı¯ÙÆÏÆÈ Ï˘ ÂÓ˘≠ÏÚ Á΢+≠È˙Ï·‰ ˙·¯˙‰ ˙È· ˙„‡ ÏÚ È˙¢¯· ̉˘ÏÎ ÌÈÎÓÒÓ Ï˘ ̯„Ú‰ ˙ÓÁÓ ‡Ï ¨¥ ¯ÙÒÓ ˜Ë¯‡ÂÂ߈ ·ÂÁ¯· – ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÂÓ˜ӷ ‡ˆÓ+ ¯·Ú ÌÈ+˘ ÌÈ˘ÈÓÁÎ ÆÈ+¯ÎÈÊ ÏÚ ˜¯ ÒÒ·˙Ó È+‡ ¨‡˘Â+‰ ÌȯÂÓ‡ Âȉ ÌÈ+ÈÈ+·‰ È+˘ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÈÓÎÁ ˙·È˘ÈÓ ˜ÂÁ¯ Ï˘ ÂÓ˘≠ÏÚ ‡¯˜+˘ ‰Ù‰Ùȉ ÔÈÈ+·‰ ˙‡ ÂÓȘ‰ Ê‡Ó ¯·Î –ÓÂÚ ˙ÚÎ ÆÚ„ÓÏ ˙„‰È È„ÂÓÈÏÏ ÌÈ„¯Ù+ ÌÈÊÎ¯Ó ˙ÂÈ‰Ï –ÂÏ È„Â‰È ÂÚȘ˘‰ ıÓ‡Ó ‰Á¯Ë ‰·¯‰ ÍÎ ÏÎ Æı¯ÙÆÏÆÈ ÁÂË· È+ȇ ÆÌÈ„Â‰È ‡ÏÏ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌÈÓ˙ÂÈÓ Ì‰È+˘ ÌÈ„ ˙È·‰ ˙ÈÈ+·· ¨ÌÈËÂ˘Ù ÌÈÏÚÂÙ ÌÈÈÓÓÚ ÌÈ˘+‡ ¨ÔÈÏ· ¯˘‡ Ô¯ÎÈÊ ˙Ï·Ë ˙‡ˆÓ+ ı¯Ù ÆÏÆÈ ˙È· Ï˘ ¯È˜‰ ÏÚ˘ ˙„‰È‰ ˙„ÒÂÓ Ï˘ ¯˙Ή ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ¯ÂÓ‡ ‰È‰ ‡Â‰ °‰Ê‰ ™ÆÂ˙‡ ÂÓȘ‰˘ ‰Ï‡Â „ÒÂÓ‰ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ¯ÙÒ˙ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙ÈÓÏÂÚ‰ –È+‰ ˙‡ Ô·¯„È ı¯ÙÆÏÆÈ ˙È· ˙‡ ‰Ê ȯ‡È˙˘ ‰Â˜˙ È+‡ ¯ÙÒ≠˙È· Ï˘ ˙Â˙ÈÎ Ú·˘ ÏÈÎ‰Ï È„Î Â· ‰È‰ ı¯Ù ÆÏÆÈ ˙È· –ȉ ˙„ÒÂÓ‰ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ·Â˙ÎÏ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈψ –ÏÈÏ ÈÓÂÈ Ô„ÚÂÓ ∫È+¯„ÂÓ ¯ÙÒ≠˙È·Ï ˘Â¯„‰ ÏÎ ÏÚ ¨ÈÓÓÚ ÆÌ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ÌÈÓÓ˜Ӊ ÏÚ Ì‚ ÂÓÎ ¨ÌȯÁ‡‰ ÌÈȄ‰ ¨Ë¯ÂÙÒ Ìχ ÌÂȯÂËȄ‡≠Ô¯ˇÈ˙ ¨˙„·ÂÚ ˙«‰Ó‡ È„ ¯˘‡ ˙·¯˙Ï ‰‚Èω Ï˘ ‰Ï‰˜Ó ʇ߂ ˙¯ÂÓÊ˙ ¨‰ÈȯÙÒ ÌÈ+˘ ¥µ ÔÂȈ ˙¯‚ÒÓ· ¨±π∏∑ ¯·Ó·Â+· ∫˙ίÚÓ‰ ˙¯Ú‰ ™ –ˆ¯Ó‰ ƯÈÚ· ˙ÂÈ˙Â+Ó‡‰ ‰È˙ÂÚÙ‰· Ì˘ ‰ÓˆÚÏ ‰˙˘Ú È˙· ÏÚ ‰Áˆ+‰ ÈËÏ˘ ·ˆÂ‰ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÂË‚ Ï˘ ÂÏÂÒÈÁÏ ˙‡ Ì‚ „ÈÓ˘‰ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ˙„‰È ˙‡ ÂÁˆ¯˘ ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰ ÌÈÁ Ư·Ú‰Ó ̉È˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ÌÈ+ÈȈӉ ‰Ï‡‰ ¯Â·Èˆ‰ Æ‰Ï˘ ˙·¯˙‰ ˙„ÒÂÓ ˜ÏÁ ÂÁ˜Ï˘ Ìȯ·Á‰ ˙‡ ¯ÈÎÊ‰Ï È+ˆ¯· ÂÊ ˙Â+ӄʉ· Ú+¯· ‰¯˘ ∫˙ȯ·ÚÏ ˘È„È‡Ó Ì‚¯˙ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌÈÚ„ȉ ÌÈ+˜ÒÚ‰ ∫ı¯Ù ÆÏÆÈ ˙È· Ï˘ Â˙ÈÈ+·· ·˜ÚÈ ‰Ïڷ ¯ÈÙ˘ ‰Ï· ̉ ‡Âω ¨˙·¯˙‰ ÈÓÂÁ˙· House Perec over pkaques Memorial DGCI80;A>4G:8587;H Photo Tomasz Czajkowski 8F@04F88 EH/=4I <4;EI Perec House today <48:DGCI80 G047F4/4?88?00DGCI80 October Perec House in construction DGCI80;3?8C3>0/I6?3 Laying the cornerstone for Perec House ¯„È·‡ ȘүÈÓÂËÈßÊ ÚË+ ˙È+ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ z«ª¬«@¤"£¡@ 784GF2;8H1G0@;2?=3;0 Bella Mandelsberg Schildkraut ˜˙ȯ ÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏ ÌȯÙÒ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ‰˜Ò·Ï·ÂÒ Ï˘ ÔÂÎÈ˙‰ ˙¯ÎÊ+ ¢¨˙ÈËÒÈ+Ó‰‰ ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· È˙„ÓÏ¢ Ɖ˙‡ ‰Ï·Â ÏË+ÓÂÏ· ÔÓÁ+ ÌȯÂÓ‰¢ Ư˜+ÓÂÏÙ≠„Èȯ٠„·ÎÂÈ ‰·Ò È+Ù· ‰++Á˙‰ ‰¯Ú+ ‰„ÂÚ· „ˆÈÎ ¯ÙÈÒ Ï‡ÂÓ˘ ‰ÈÁ‡ ¨ÌÈ„ÂÓÈω ˙ÂÚ˘Ï ıÂÁÓ ÆÌÁ¯· ÌȯÈÚˆ Âȉ ‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó ∫„ÂÓÏ˙ ‰˙‡ „ÓÏÈ˘ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ˙·ÂÁ¯· Ì˙œ‡ ÏÈÈËÏ Â+˙‡ ÂÙÁÒ Ì‰ ¨˙Â˙·˘· ‰¯ÒÓ˙‰ ‰Ï· ƉÈ˙¯ˆÙ‰ È+Ù· „ÂÓÚÏ ‡·Ò ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï¢ ¯ÈÚ‰ Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ· ÌÈ¯Â˘˜‰ ÌÈ+¢ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó ¯ÈΉÏ ‰··Ï ÌÂÁ Ïη ¨‰+Ή ‰˙·‰Ï˙‰ Ïη ˘„Á‰ ‰„ÂÓÈÏÏ ¢Æ˙È+ÏÂÙ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ ˙È„Â‰È ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ – ¯‚Ò˘ ÌÂȷ Ɖȯ Ú„È ‡Ï˘ ‰¯Â˙Ï ‰+‡ӈ Ïη ¨‰˘Ù+ „ÓÈÏ˘ ÌÈ+ÂȯÂËÒȉ È+˘ Æͯ„Ï Â‡ˆÈ ÌȯÂÓ È+˘ ˙Èȉ ÂÏ °Íη ‰˘‡Ï È„ß ¨˙ÂÈËÏÁ‰· ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙‡ ‡·Ò Ɖ‡Â˘· ‰˙ÙÒ+ ‰Ï· ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙ÈËÒÈ+Ó‰‰ ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚· ¢Æ‰¯ÚˆÏ ÛÂÒ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ߨÈÂÏÈÚÏ Í˙‡ ‰˘ÂÚ È˙Èȉ ¨¯ÂÁ· ÏË+ÓÂÏ· ÔÓÁ+ ÆψÈ+ ¨ÏË+ÓÂÏ· ÔÓÁ+ ÔÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ ¨‰„È„È Æ‰˙˘¯ÂÓ È„È¯˘ ˙‡ ‰Á΢‰Ó ÏȈ‰˘ ‰Ê ‰È‰ – ‰˘¯Â· ‰ËÈÒ¯·È+‡· ÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏ ÌȯÈÚˆ‰ ÌÈ+ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ ‚ÂÁ ˙„ÏÈ ±π≤∏ ˙+˘· Ɖ˘¯Â· ‰ËÈÒ¯·È+‡· ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ ‰„ÓÏ ‰Ï· ¯È‡Ó≠χȯÊÚ ‰È¯Â‰Ï ±π∞± ˙+˘· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ‰„ÏÂ+ ‰Ï· ƉȯÂËÒȉ· ¯ËÒÈ‚Ó ¯‡Â˙Ï ‰È„ÂÓÈÏ ˙‡ ‰ÓÈÏ˘‰ ¨˙ÂÁ‡ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ï·Ï Ư˘„Ï‚ ˙È·Ï ‰·ÂË ‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈË+„ÂËÒ‰ Ï˘ ̯ÙÒÓ ‰È‰ ·¯ ˙Ú‰ ‰˙‡· ·ÂÁ¯· ‰È‰ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ˙È· ÆχÂÓ˘ ¨Á‡ ‰Ï ‰È‰Â ª‰+È‚¯ ƉȯÂËÒȉ „ÂÓÏÏ Â¯Á·˘ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È··Â È„ÂÒÈ ¯ÙÒ≠˙È·· ‰„ÓÏ ‡È‰ Ʊ∞ ¯ÙÒÓ ˜+ȯ Rynek Street Houses number GC@=<8I0I?HF?8G046G ÌÈ+ÏÂÙ‰ ÌȯÂÒÙ¯ى χ „·η ÒÁÈÈ˙‰Ï ȇ¯‰ ÔÓ øÚÂ„Ó Ìȇ˘Â+· ˜ÂÒÈÚ‰ ˙‡ ¯˘È‡˘ ˙‡ËÈÒ¯·È+‡· ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ È¯Á‡ ˙ȇӈډ ÔÈÏÂÙ ˙Ó˜˙ ÌÚ È„Â‰È ˙„ÏÂ˙ ÌÈ+ÏÂÙ‰ ÌÈ+ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ È+ÈÚ· ÆÌÈȄ‰ȉ ¨ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÈ„Â‰È ÌÈÈ+ÂÎÈ˙ ¯ÙÒ≠È˙· ÂÁ˙Ù+ ‰+¢‡¯‰ Æ˙È+ÏÂÙ‰ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰Ó ˜ÏÁÏ Â·˘Á+ ÔÈÏÂ٠ƉËÈÒ¯·È+‡ ȯ‚· ÌȯÂÓÏ Â˜˜Ê+ ‰Ï‡Â ÆÍη È„ ‰È‰ ‡Ï Ï·‡ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ È„ÂÓÈÏÏ ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌȯÈÚˆ‰ ¯‰+ ÚÂ„Ó Ï·‡ ˙‡ ±ÌÂÏ·Ï‚+ȯ χÂ+ÓÚ ¯ÈÚˆ‰ Ë+„ÂËÒ‰ ÌÊÈ ±π≤≥ ˙+˘· ø‡˜Â„ Ɖ˘¯Â· ÌȯÈÚˆ‰ ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ+ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ ‚ÂÁ ˙Ó˜‰ ∫ÔÈÏÂÙ È„Â‰È ÈÈÁ· ˙¯ÚÂÒ ‰Ù˜˙ ÂÊ ‰˙Èȉ˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ Æ‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó ‰Ï· ‰˙Èȉ ‚ÂÁ· Ìȯ·Á‰ È+¢‡¯ ÔÈ· ˙ÈÓ‡ω ˙¯¯ÂÚ˙‰‰ ¨‰ÈÒ¯· ˙Șȷ˘Ï·‰ ‰ÎÙ‰Ó‰ ˙ÈÈÏÚ ¨˙È+ÂȈ‰ ‰ÚÂ+˙‰ ˙ÈÈÏÚ ¨ÔÈÏÂÙ È„Â‰È Ï˘ ˙È+ȄӉ ˙Ù˜˙· ¯˘‡ ÔÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ ‰È‰ ÌÂÏ·Ï‚+ȯ χÂ+ÓÚ ¯¢„ ± ‡Â‰ Ɖ˘¯Â ÂË‚ ˙¯˜ ˙‡ ¢˙Ó‡ ÔÓÊ·¢ „ÚÈ˙ ‰‡Â˘‰ ÏÚ ̉È˙ÂÈÂÎÊ ÏÚ ÌȄ‰ȉ ˜·‡Ó ¨ÌÈÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÂ+˙ ÈË+ÂÂϯ ¯ÓÂÁ ÏÎ ÂÙÒ‡˘ ÔÂÈί‡ È˘+‡ Ï˘ ˙ˆ Ô‚¯‡ ˙‡ ÂÒÈÒ˙‰ ‰Ï‡ ÏÎ – Ì·˘ÂÓ ˙ÂÓ˜ӷ ÈÏÎÏΉ ÌÓÂȘ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ˙ÂÈÂ„Ú Ì‚ „ÚÈ˙ ÛÒ‡ ‡Â‰ Ưˆ+‰ ÂË‚‰ ÈÈÁÓ ¨‰¯·Á‰ ˙ÂÈÚ·· ˙Â+ÈÈ+Ú˙‰‰ ˙‡ ¯ȷ‚‰Â Ȅ‰ȉ ·ÂÁ¯‰ ÔÂÈί‡‰ ˙‡ ÆÔÈÏÂÙ È·Á¯· ˙ÂÈ+ÂÓ‰‰ ˙„Ӣ‰‰Â ÌÈ˘Â¯È‚‰ ˙ÂÈÚ·· ˜¯ ‡Ï ‰˙Èȉ ˙Â+ÈÈ+Ú˙‰‰ ƉÓ‡‰Â ‰ÏÎÏΉ ÆÛ˙¯Ó· ÔÈÓˉ Ì˙‡ ¨·ÏÁ ȄΠÁÙ ˙·È˙ ÍÂ˙· ‡È·Á‰ Æ˙ȯÂËÒȉ‰ Ô˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰· Ì‚ ‡Ï‡ ¨‰Â‰‰ ÂÎ¯Ú˘ ¢˙·˘ ‚+ÂÚ¢ ÔÂÈί‡ ¨‰Ê‰ ÔÂÈί‡‰ Ï˘ Ï„‚ ˜ÏÁ ˙È+ÏÂÙ ˙ÈÏÏÎ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ „ÓÏ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ„Â‰È ÌÈË+„ÂËÒ Ï˘ Â˙„Â·Ú Û˜È‰ ƉÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡ ‡ˆÓ+ ¨ÊÙ· ‡ÏÂÒÈ ‡Ï Ú„È ÆȯÂËÒȉ ¯˜ÁÓ·Â ˙ÂÈÚ„Ó ˙ÂËÈ˘· Ú„È ˘ÂÎ¯Ï È„Î „Á‡ Â˙‡ ÌÈÎÙ‰ Ô‰· ÏÚÙ˘ ˙·ÈÒ+‰Â ÌÂÏ·Ï‚+ȯ ¯¢„ ˙Â„Â·Ú ¨˙ÂÈ+Âȯ+ÈÓÒ ˙Â„Â·Ú ·Â˙ÎÏ Ì‡Â·· ÂÓ˘ÈÈ ‰Ê ‰ÙÒ+ ‡Â‰ Æ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ· ÌÈ·Â˘Á‰ ÌÈ+ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ ÆÌÈÈ„Â‰È Ìȇ˘Â+· ÌÈ˯¢„ ¯Ó‚ Ʊπ¥¥≠· ‰˘¯Â· ‚ÂÁ ˙‡ ‰ÏËÈ· ‡Ï ˙È„Â‰È ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰Ï ‰¯„˙˜‰ ˙Ó˜‰ ‰È‰ ‰˘¯Â· ÌȯÈÚˆ‰ ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ+ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ ‚ÂÁ ȯ·Á Æ·Á¯˙‰Â Íω ‚ÂÁ‰ °ÍÙÕ‰Ï ÆÌȯÈÚˆ‰ ÌÈ+ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ „„ÈÚ ∫ÔӘτΠÂȉ ‚ÂÁ‰ ˙¯ËÓ Æ˙È„ÂÁÈÈ ‰ÚÙÂ˙ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ˙ÂÈÚ· ˙‡ ¯¯·Ï ͯˆ ÌÈȘ ÈΠ¢Á ‚ÂÁ‰ ÌÈÁ˜ω ¯˜ÁÓ È‡˘Â+ ¯ÂÁ·Ï ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰Ï ÌÈË+„ÂËÒ‰ ˙ȯÂËÒȉ‰ ‰Ù˜˘‰‰ Ï˘ ‰Èȇ¯ ˙ÈÂÂÊ ÍÂ˙Ó ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ˙¯˜Ӊ ˙„‡ ÏÚ Ú„ÈÓ Ô˙Ó ª˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ÔÓ Æ¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙ËÈ˘Â ¯Â¯È· – ˙ȯ˜ÈÚ‰ ‰¯ËӉ ª‰Ê ÌÂÁ˙· ÌÈȯÂËÒȉ‰ ¯ÈÎÊ+ ‚ÂÁ· Ìȯ·Á Âȉ˘ ÌÈÏ‚„‰ ÌÈ+ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ ÔÈ·Ó ÌȄ‰ȉ Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ¯˜Á ˙Ú· ˘+Ï ˘È˘ ‰ËÈ˘‰ ¯È‡Ó ¨˜+Â¯Ë Â‰ÈÚ˘È ¨¯Ï‰‡Ó χٯ Ï˘ ̉È˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ÆÔÈÏÂÙ· Æ˘ÈÓ¯˜ ÛÒÂÈ Ôßʘ Ï˘ ‰˜ÊÁ ‰ÚÙ˘‰ ‰¯ÎÈ+ ‰Ê ÈÓ„˜‡ ‚ÂÁ· ÈÎ ÔÈÈˆÏ È‡„Î ÆßÏ‡Ó˘ ÔÂȈ ÈÏÚÂÙß ˙‚ÏÙÓ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙ÈÎÂ+ÈÁ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ È„ÂÓÈÏ ‡˘Â+· ‰Ï„‚‰ ˙·‰Ï˙‰‰ ±≠· ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏÏ ‰Ï· ‰¯ÊÁ ‰˘¯Â· ‰È„ÂÓÈÏ ÌÂ˙ ÌÚ ˙È„Â‰È ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰Ï ‰¯„˙˜ ˙ÁÈ˙ÙÏ ±π≤µ≠· ‰‡È·‰ ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰Ï ‰¯ÂÓÎ ‰˙„Â·Ú ˙‡ ‰ÏÈÁ˙‰ ±π≤∏ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· °‰˘¯Â ˙ËÈÒ¯·È+‡· Æ˙ÈËÒÈ+Ó‰‰ ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚· Ɖ˘‡¯· „ÂÓÚÏ ‰+ÂÓ ≤Ô·Ï· ¯È‡Ó ¯ÂÒÙ¯٠ÆȄ‰ȉ ڷ¯‰ È˙· Ï˘ ÌÈÓÂ˘È¯ ÔÓ‡ „È· Ì˘¯ ¨¯MŒ+Õ‰ ˙‡ „ÚÈ˙˘ Ï‚„‰ ÔÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ ‰È‰ Ô·Ï· ¯È‡Ó ¯ÂÒÙ¯٠≤ „ÂÚÈ˙ ‰ÂÂ‰Ó ‰Ê ¯ÙÒ Æ±π±π ˙+˘· ÔÈϯ·· ÌÒ¯ÂÙ ¯ÙÒ‰ ÆÔÈÏÂÙ ˙„‰È ˙¯˜ ˙ÓÁÏÓ· ·¯Á ¯˘‡ Ȅ‰ȉ ڷ¯‰ Ï˘ ˙‡ȈӉ ¯˜È ˙ÓÁÏÓ· ∫Ô·Ï· ßÙÂ¯Ù Ï˘ ¯·Ú· ‰È‰ ·Â˘Á ȇ+ÈÏ·ÂÏ ˜¯Ù ƉÈÈ+˘‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ‡Â‰ ¨È¯ËÒ‡‰ ‡·ˆ· Â˙¯˘ ˙¯‚ÒÓ· ¨‰+¢‡¯‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙È·· ¯·˜+ ±π¥≤ ˙+˘· ‰˘¯Â ÂË‚· ˙Ó Ô·Ï· ¯È‡Ó ßÙ¯٠˙‡ ·˙Î Ì˘ Â˙Âȉ· ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¯ÈÚ· ‰+˘ ȈÁΠ͢ӷ ‰‰˘ Ɖ˘¯Â· Ȅ‰ȉ ˙¯·˜‰ „¯Îȯ Ë˯˘‰ ¨Â¯ÊÂÚ Æ¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ Ȅ‰ȉ ڷ¯‰¢ ¯ÙÒ Jewish historians <82438<8?48G47@83 <840?@8?0FA84G8CH3;0<4;0?54G<8GC/1G0@;2?=3;0 Bella Mandelsberg Efraim Rosenblum Bela Shapiro Jacob Nissenboim ¢ÆÈ˘È‡‰ ÔÂÙˆÓÏ Ì‡˙‰· „ÓÏÏ ÂÏ„˙˘‰ ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚· „ÓÈÏ˘ ÌȯÂÓ‰ ·Â¯ ‰ÓÏÂÚ ˙Ù˜˘‰ ˙‡ ‰Ï· ‰˘ÓÈÓ ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚‰ ÈÏ˙ÂÎÏ ıÂÁÓ ˙ÂÈ˘È‡‰ ̉È˙ÂÚ„ ˙‡ ·¯ÚÏ ÈÏ·Ó ÌÈ„ÂÓÈω ˙È+Î˙Ï ∫ÌÈÓÂÁ˙ ‰˘ÂÏ˘· ‰¯·Á ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰ Ɖ+¢ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ï· Æ„ÂÓÈω ȇ˘Â+· ˙ÂÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ‰È˙ÂÚ„ Ƈ ÌÏÂÚ ˙Ù˜˘‰· ‰+ÁÈ+ ßÏ‡Ó˘ ÔÂȈ ÈÏÚÂÙß ˙‚ÏÙÓ· ˙¯‚ÒÓ· ‰Ï· ‰˙ˆ¯‰ ˙ÂÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ‰È˙ÂÚ„ ˙‡ ˘˘Á ω+Ó‰ ƯÙÒ‰ ˙È·· ‰ÈÏÚ Â˘˜‰ ‰È˙ÂÙ˜˘‰ Ɖ¯Â¯· ÆßÏ‡Ó˘ ÔÂȈ ÈÏÚÂÙß ‰ÏÈÚÙ‰˘ ˙ÈÓÓÚ‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·È+‡‰ ˙‡ „ÓÏÏ Â·¯‰ Ì˘ ¨˙‰·‚‰ ˙Â˙Èη „ÓÏÏ ‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡Ï ¨±∞ ˜+ȯ· ‰È‰ ˙ÈÓÓÚ‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·È+‡‰ Ï˘ ‰·˘ÂÓ ÌÂ˜Ó Æ‰˘„Á‰ ÔÈÏÂÙ ˙„ÏÂ˙ ƉϷ Ï˘ ‰È¯Â‰Ï ÍÈÈ˘ ‰È‰˘ ˙È·· ¯ÓÂÏÎ ∫ÏË+ÓÂÏ· ÔÓÁ+ ÍÎ ÏÚ ·˙Î ÌÚ‰ ˙Ù˘Î ˘È„ȇ‰ ˙Â·È˘Á· ‰¯Î‰ Æ· È„ÈÏ ‰‡· ˙Á‡ ‡Ï ˙ÈχȈÂÒ≠˙ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ‰˙Ù˜˘‰¢ ‡¢˘Èˆ Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ‰ È˙· ˙˘¯ ˙ω+‰· ‰¯·Á ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ï· ¨È+ÏÂÙ‰ ÌÚ‰ ˙„ÏÂ˙ ȯ‰˘ ƉȯÂÚÈ˘· ˙Ú„Ó≠‡Ï˘ ÈÂËÈ· ˙Ù˘ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ®ÚȈ‡ÊÈ+Ç‚¯À‡ Ï¢ Ú˘È„ÈÈ Úχ¯Ë+Úˆ© ˜¯ ÂÙ˜È˘ ¨˙È+ÏÂÙ ˙ÈËÒÈ+Ó‰ ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚· „ÓÏ+˘ ÈÙÎ Æ˘È„È‡ ‰˙Èȉ ÂÏω ¯ÙÒ‰ È˙·· ‰‡¯Â‰‰ ¯·„ Ï˘ Â˙ÈÓ‡Ï Í‡ Ɖψ‡‰ ¨ËÈÏ˘‰ „ÓÚÓ‰ ˙‡ ¯Ú˘È„ÈÈ© ‡¢ÂÂÈÈ È¯Á¢ ˙¯·Á ˙„ÒÈÈÓÓ ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰ ÏΠÆÌȯÎȇ‰Â È+Â+È·‰ „ÓÚÓ‰ Ì‚ Ô‰· ÂÙ˙˙˘‰ ȯ‰ Ȅ‰ȉ ÈÚ„Ó‰ ÔÂÎÓ‰ – ®ËÂËÈËÒ+ȇ ¯ÚÎÚÏËÙ‡˘+ÒÈ ‡Ï˘ ‰ÏÎÈ ‡Ï ¨ÍÎÓ Ú+ÓÈ‰Ï ‰Ï„˙˘‰ ‰Ï·˘ ‰ÓÎ Æ˘È„È‡· Âω+˙‰ Ì˘ ÌÈ„ÂÓÈω Æ˙„‰È‰ ¯˜ÁÏ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ú˘ ‰˙‡˘ ¨˙„ÓÚÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙‡ ¯ÈÎÊ‰Ï Ï‰˜Ï ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ˙ÏÁ+‰ Æ‚ ¨¯ÓÂÏ ¯˙ÂÓÏ ÆÈ+ÏÂÙ≠È„Â‰È ÔÂÎÈ˙ ¯ÙÒ≠˙È·· ·‡Ë ¯„‚· ·Á¯‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·· ¨‰Ï‡ ˙Âχ˘· Â+ÈÈ+Ú˙‰ ‡˜Â„ ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰˘ ˙ÚÈ„ÈÏ ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰¯·Á‰ Ï˘ ÛÈ+Ò‰ È„ÒÈÈÓÓ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ï· ÌÈ‚ÂÁÏ ÂÎÈÈ˙˘‰ ¨‰¯ÂÒ‡ ˙¯ÙÒ Â‡¯˜ ̉ ÆÂÏ ‰ˆÂÁÓ ‰·˙Î Ì‚ ‡È‰ ƯÈÚ· ÌÈ+‚¯Â‡Ó ÌÈÏÂÈË ‰Îȯ„‰Â ı¯‡‰ ¨ÂÏ„˙˘‰ ‰Ï· Ï˘ ‰˙Ù˜˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÚ„È˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ÆÌȯÂÒ‡ Æ¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¯ÈÚ· ˙ÂȄ‰ȉ ˙˜È˙ÚÏ Íȯ„Ó¢ ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰ ˙Ú˘· ‰˙ÂÏÚ‰Ï ¨˙¯‚˙‰ ˙+ÂÂη ‡ ˙ÂÓÈÓ˙· ¨Ë˜‡Ë ‰·¯‰Ï Ì„‡ ‰È‰ ˜Â˜Ê Ɖχ‰ ˙ÂÈÚ·‰ ÏÂÏÒÓ ÏÚ ÈÏÚÂÙß ˙‚ÏÙÓÏ d¯·Á ¨Ëȯ˜„ÏÈ˘ ¯È‡ÓÏ ‰‡˘È+ ±π≥µ≠· ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰ ˙‡ ˜ÙÒÏ È„Î ‰‡ˆÓ‰ ÁÂΠ˙ÈÓˆÚ ‰ËÈÏ˘ ÆßÏ‡Ó˘ ÔÂȈ ÆÆÆÌ‚Â ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· ˙Â˘È¯„Ï ÔÓ‡+ ¯‡˘È‰Ï ‰Ú˘·≠‰·Â ¨ÌȘÈ˙Ú ÌÈ·˙Î ÌÂȉ ¯Â‡ŸÏ ‰˙ÏÚ‰ ˙ÂȯÙÒ‰ Èη+Ó ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰È ˙„ÏÂ˙ ‡˘Â+· Ìȯ˜ÁÓ ÛȘӉ ˯ÂÙÓ‰ ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ Ì‰Ó ‰˙+·Â Ì˙‡ ‰„ÚÈ˙ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰È ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ‰È‰ ‰È¯˜ÁÓ ÏÎ Ï˘ ÈÊίӉ ¯Èˆ‰ ¨‰˘ËÈÏ ¨‰·˙Î ‡È‰ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰È ˙Ïȉ˜ ˙„ÏÂ˙ Ï˘ ·Â˘ ‰˙‡ ˜ÈÒÚ‰˘ ‡˘Â+‰Â ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ˙„ÈÏÈ ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰ ‰+˜È˙ ·Â˘Â ·Â˘ ‰˜„· ¨ÌÈÈÏ¢ ˙¯ډ ‰ÙÈÒ‰ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰È ˙Ïȉ˜ Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ‰È‰ ·Â˘Â Æ‰Ï˘ ˜+Ú‰ ˙„Â·Ú ˙‡ ‰ÓÈÏ˘‰˘ „Ú ˙Â+˜„˜„· ˙Ù˜˘‰Â ‰˜ÂÓÚ ˙ÈÓÂ‡Ï ˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ ÍÂ˙Ó Â˘Ú+ ‰È¯˜ÁÓ ÆÒÂÙ„Ï ÔÎÂÓ „ȉ ·˙Î ‰È‰ ±π≥π≠· Æ˙˜‰·ÂÓ ˙È˙¯·Á ÌÏÂÚ ¨Ìȯ˜È‰ Èǯ˜ ÏÂÓ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ‰˜È˙Ú‰ ¯ÈÚ‰ ·Ï· ‰Ï„‚ ‰„ÏÂ+ ‰Ï· Ɖ+˘ ÌÈÚ·˘ È+ÙÏ ‰Ê ‰È‰ ‰+ʇ˘ ˙È+¯˜Ò ‰„ÏÈ ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰ Ư˙Ή Ï+Â·È¯Ë ˙È· ‡Ï ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ‰‡ÏÓ‰ ‰ÈÙ¯‚Â+ÂÓ‰ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ˙„‚‡‰Â ÌȯÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ ÚÂÓ˘ÏÓ ‰Ú·˘ ‡Ï ÌÈ·˘ÁÓ· ÌÈÈ·Ȃ ÂÏ Âȉ ‡Ï Æ·˘ÁÓ· ¯ÂÓ˘ ı·Â˜ ‰˙Èȉ Ô‡È ÍÏÓ‰ Ï˘ Â˙È· ∫‰·È·Ò˘ ÌÈȯÂËÒȉ‰ ÌÈ+·Ó‰ Æ DVD ‡ CD È·‚ ÏÚ Â¯Ó˘+˘ ÌȘ˙ÂÚ ÂÏ Âȉ ‡Ï ÆÌȯÁ‡ ˙È·˘ ¢È„‰ȉ ¯Ê+Ó‰¢ ¨Ï+·ȯˉ ˙È· ¨˜+ȯ· ȘÒÈÈ·ÂÒ ˜˙ÂÚ Æ¯ÈÈ+ ÈÙ„ È·‚ ÏÚ „Á‡ ˜˙ÂÚ Æ„„· „È≠·˙Î ‰Ê ‰È‰ Ɖ‡Ï‰ ÔΠÂÈÏÚÓ ‡˘+˙Ó Ô˘È‰ ˙¯·˜‰ ¨‰È‡ˆÓÓ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÏÈΉ ¨˙¯˜Ӊ ÏÎ ˙‡ ı·È˜˘ „Á‡ ȯÂÁ‡Ó ˙Ó‡‰ ˙‡ ˙ÂÏ‚Ï ‰˙ˆ¯ ‰Ï· ‰Ï„‚˘Î ‰+ÂÓ˙‰ ˙‡ ‰+·˘ „Á‡ ˜˙ÂÚ Æ‰È˙Â+˜ÒÓ ˙‡ ÁÒÈ+ Æ˙ÂÈ˘ÚÓ‰ ¯ÈÚ· ÌÈÈ„Â‰È ÌÈÈÁ ˙Â+˘ µ∞∞ Ï˘ ˙·Î¯ÂӉ ‰Ï„‚‰ Ìȯ˜ÂÁ È„È· ÌÈ·Â˙Î Âȉ ‰‡ˆÓ˘ Ìȯ˜ÁӉ ÌȯÙÒ‰ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ – ÔÈÏÂÙ· ˙Á‡ ÌȯÙÂÒ È„È· ·˙Î+ Ìȯ‡È˙‰Ó ˜ÏÁ ÆÌÈ+ÏÂÙ ÌȯÙÂÒ ƉÓÁÏÓ‰ ‰ˆ¯Ù ¨¯ÙÒ‰ ˙ÒÙ„‰ ·¯Ú ¨±π≥π≠· ÌȄ‰ȉ Ï˘ ̘ÏÁ ˙‡ ˜Â„·Ï ‰˙ˆ¯ ‡È‰ ÆÌÈÓ˘ÈË+‡ Ɖ˙ÙÒ+ ‰Ï· È„È· ‰ÎωΠ‚ˆÂ‰ ‡Ï˘ ˜ÏÁ‰ Â˙‡ ¨¯ÈÚ‰ ˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰· Æ„·‡ „ȉ ·˙Î ÆÌÈ+ÏÂÙ‰ ÌÈ+ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ Æ̉ Ì‚ „·‡ ̉ÈÏÚ ‰ÎÓ˙Ò‰˘ ˙¯˜Ӊ Ì˘≠ÏÚ ‰˜È˙Ú‰ ‰ÈȯÙÒ· ¢‰¯ÙÁ¢Â ‰¯·+ ‡È‰ ¯˜ÁÓ‰ ¨˙¯˜ÂÁ‰ Áˆ+Ï Â„·‡Â ÂÙ¯˘+ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ˘‡· ÏÂÓ – ˜+ȯ‰ ¯ÎÈÎ Êίӷ – Ï+·ȯˉ ÔÈÈ+·· ¨È˜Ò+È߈ÙÂÏ Æ˙¯˜Ӊ ≠È·˙Î ¨ÌÈÎÓÒÓ ¨˙„ÂÚ˙ ‰‡ˆÓ ‡È‰ ƉÁÙ˘Ó‰ ˙È· ‰˜È҉ „Á‡Ï „Á‡ Ì˙‡ ‰ÙÒ‡ ÆÌ˙‡ ‰Á+ÚÙ Æ„È Æ˙Â+˜ÒÓ ÌÈÂÂÏÓ¢ Ï˘ ÌÚÎ ÌȄ‰ȉ Ï˘ ‰Ó‚ÈËÒ‰ „‚+ ‰‡ˆÈ ‡È‰ Æ¢˙ȷȯ· Ɖ·ÏÓ ÈÏÚ· Âȉ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰ÈÓ Ï„‚ ˜ÏÁ ÈÎ ‰ÁÈΉ ‡È‰ ω+Ï ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈÏÓÚ‰ ˆχ+ ÌÂȘ ˙ÂÎÊÏ Ì˜·‡Ó ˙‡ ̉ȯÁ˙Ó „‚+ È+¯ÈÚ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ „‚+ ¨ÈÊίӉ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ „‚+ ÌȯˆÂ+‰ ÌȯÁ˙Ó‰ ÆÌÈȯˆÂ+‰ ÌÈÈÚˆ˜Ó‰ ÌȄ‚ȇ‰ – ıÂÁÓ Ï‡ ÌȄ‰ȉ ‰Î‡ÏÓ‰ ÈÏÚ· Ï˘ ̉ÈÏ‚¯ ˙‡ ˜Á„ ÆÌÈÈ˙„ ÌȘÂÓÈ+· ˘ÂÓÈ˘ È„Î ÍÂ˙ ÌÈ˙ÚÏ ¨¯ÈÚÏ Ì‚ Âȉ ÌÈ+˘ ˙Â‡Ó Í˘Ó· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌȄ‰ȉ ˙¯˜ ÆÌÈÈ˙¯·Á ÌÈÈÏÎÏÎ ¨ÌÈÈËÈÏÂÙ ÌȘ·‡Ó Ï˘ ‰„ÏÂ˙ ‰˘¯Â· ‰ËÈÒ¯·È+Â‡Ï ‰Ï· ‰˘È‚‰˘ ¯Ó‚‰ ˙„Â·Ú ‡˘Â+ Ï˘ ‰+¢‡¯‰ ˙ȈÁÓ· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌȄ‰ȉ ˙¯˜Ϣ ∫‰È‰ ÔÂÎÓ· ÌÂȉ ˙‡ˆÓ+ ‰¯Ó˙˘‰ ÂÊ ‰„Â·Ú ¢Æ±∑≠‰ ‰‡Ó‰ ÂÓÒ¯Ù˙‰ ‰+ÓÓ ÌÈÚ˘ Ɖ˘¯Â· ȯÂËÒȉ‰ Ȅ‰ȉ ƢˇϷ‚‡Ë ¯Ú+ÈÏ·ÂÏ¢ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÈÓÂȉ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ· Â+ÓÊ· ‰Ï„‚‰ ‰¯ÈˆÈ‰ ˙·È˙ÎÏ ‡ˆÂÓ ˙„˜+ ‰È‰ ‰Ê ¯Â·ÈÁ 3;0;H3I240A0GAH324=A ∫˙·¯ ‰„Â·Ú ˙Â+˘ ‰Ï ‰˘È„˜‰ ‡È‰˘ ‰¯ÈˆÈ ¨‰Ï· Ï˘ >8;04;82438I42;4I;<8GF6= Æ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ‰ÈÙ¯‚Â+ÂÓ "e title page to Bella s work On the history of Lublin Jewry È„Â‰È ˙ȯ‡˘ ÌÚ „ÁÈ ‰‡¯+Î ‰¯·Ú‰ ±π¥≤ Ïȯه· ‰Ï· Ï˘ ÌÈ+¯Á‡‰ ‰ÈÓÈ ‰¯·Ú‰ ±π¥≤ ¯·Ó·Â+· ÆȘүËË Ô„ÈÈÓ ÂË‚ χ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ‰ÏÚ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰≠˙ȯ·Ï ÂÁ¯· ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ı¯٠ÌÚ Â˙‡· Ʊπ¥≥ Ïȯه· ≥ „Ú Í¯Ù· ‰„·Ú Ì˘Â ¨˜+„ÈÈÓÏ Ò+Ó ¨‰+È‚¯ ‰˙ÂÁ‡ Ï˘ ‰ÏÚ·Â ¨Ëȯ˜„ÏÈ˘ ¯È‡Ó ¨‰Ï· Ì˘Â ¨ıÈÈÙÓ¯˜ ¯ÚÈ Ï‡ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰ÈÓ ˜ÏÁ ‡·Â‰ ÌÂȉ ˜¯ ÌÈÏÏÚ˙Ó ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰ Ô‰ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÚÂÓ˘ ʇ ÂÁ¯ ÆÌÏ Æ‰Ï· Ì‚ ‰˙Èȉ ̉È+È· Æ˙Âȯȷ Â˙Ó‰ ‰ÏÂÁ‰ ‰˙ÂÁ‡ ÌÚ „ÁÈ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ‰¯‡˘+ ‰Ï· ÆÆÆÌȯ·‚· ÈÚˆÓ‡ ‡ÏÏ ‰¯˙Â+ ‰Ï·Â ¨Â¯‚Ò+ ¯ÙÒ‰ È˙· ƉÈ+· È+˘Â Æ˙È+ÂȯÂËÒȉ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ï· ≠‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ˙Ș„Ò È¯ˆÂÓÏ ˙Â+Á‰ ƉÈÈÁÓ ÌÈÚ¯ȇ‰ Ï˘ ˙ȯÂËÒȉ‰ Ì˙Â·È˘Á ˙‡ ‰+È·‰ ‡È‰ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ‰¯·Ú‰ ‰ÈÈ+ÏÂÙ ‰¯ÂÓÏ ‰¯ÒÓ+ Ëȯ˜„ÏÈ˘ Ɖ˘Â·Î‰ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ¢Á¯˙‰˘ ÆÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰ È„ÈÏ ˜¯Ù· ÌÈÙ„ ‰+ÓÂÈ· ‰Ó˘¯ ÌÂÈ È„Ó ÆÔÓÂÈ ‰Ï‰È+ ÂË‚‰ ÈÓÈ· ‰ËϘ ‰Ï· Æ̉È˙·Ó ¢¯Â‚ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ„Â‰È ±π¥∞ ¯‡Â¯·Ù· ˙‡ ‰„ÚÈ˙ ‡È‰ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰È ˙Ïȉ˜ Ï˘ ÌÂȇ‰ ÌÂÈÒ‰ – ÌÈ˙ÈÓÚ ÌȯÂÓ ‚ÂÊ ±∞ ¯ÙÒÓ ˜+ȯ ·ÂÁ¯·˘ ‰˙¯È„· ˙ÓÓ„Ó‰ ¨˙·Ú¯ÂÓ‰ ¨˙ÏÙ˘ÂÓ‰ ¨‰Ú‚ى ‰Ïȉ˜‰ ȯÂÒÈÈ ÆÌ˙·Â Â˙˘‡ ¨Ô¯Â˜ ÔÓÁ+ Æ˙ÂÏÎ „Ú È+˘ ∫ÌÈ„Ïȉ ˙˘ÂÏ˘ ˙‡ ‰Ï· ‰„ÓÈÏ ‰ÙÂÙˆ‰ ‰¯È„· ƯÈ˙Ò‰Ï È„Î È¯ˆÂ+Ï ‰¯ÒÓ ‰+ÓÂÈ ˙‡ „ÓÏÏ ‰Ï ¯˘Â‡ ±π¥±≠· Æԯ˜ ÔÓÁ+ Ï˘ Â˙·Â ‰˙ÂÁ‡ È+· ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏÏ Ëȯ˜„ÏÈ˘ ¯È‡Ó ‰ÏÚ· ¯ÊÁ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡ ү˜· ‰„ÓÈÏ ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ ‰ÓΠ͢ӷ Æ˙ȯ·Ú· ү˜ ƉÂ˙· ÂÏÚ ÂÈ˙Â+ÂÈÒÈ+ ÏÎ ÆÔÓÂȉ ˙‡ ‡ÂˆÓÏ ‰ÒÈ+ ‡ÂÂ˘Ï ÆÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ÌÈ+ÂÓ˘Î Æ‡ˆÓ+ ‡Ï ‰Ï· Ï˘ ‰+ÓÂÈ ˙Ïȉ˜ ÈÈÁ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ‰·˙΢ ‰ÈÙ¯‚Â+ÂÓ‰ ‰„·‡˘ Ì˘Î Ï˘ ‰˙È·· ÌÈÓȉ Ì˙‡ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ·˙Πԯ˜ ÔÓÁ+ Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÓ ˙‡ · ‰„ÚÈ˙˘ ÔÓÂȉ Ì‚ „·‡ ÍÎ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ˙¯Á+ ¯˘‡ „Á‡ Ú¯Â‡Ó Ô‡Î Ëˈ‡ Æ˙È+ÂȯÂËÒȉ‰ ƉÏȉ˜‰ ∫Â+¯ÎÈÊ· „‡Ó ˙¯ÂÂÈÁ Ô‡ÎÈ„· ‰È¯˘ ‰˙È·‰ ‰Ï· ‰¯ÊÁ ÌÚÙ¢ ‰¯ÎÊÏ ¨‰ÙÒ‰ ÏÚ ‰Á+ˆ ‡È‰ Æ¢·ÈÈ˙+˘ ˙ÂÚÓ„ ˙·˜Ú ‰È+Ù ÏÚ ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚· ‰Ï· ÌÚ „ÁÈ „ÓÈÏ˘ ÈÓ ¨ÏË+ÓÂÏ· ÔÓÁ+ ‰È‰ ‰˘˜ ƉÁÙÈÈ˙‰Â ‰È„È ˙ÂÙη ‰È+Ù ˙‡ ‰ËÈω È„ÒÈÈÓÓ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡ ‰È‰ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙ÈËÒÈ+Ó‰‰ ˜Â+Á Ϙ· ‰¯ÙÈÒ ÛÂÒ·Ï Æ‰˙ÈÈη ¯˘Ù ˙‡ ‰ÈÙÓ ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï ‰ˆ¯‡ Â˙ÂÏÚ ¯Á‡Ï Ɖ˘¯Â· ȯÂËÒȉ‰ Ȅ‰ȉ ÔÂÎÓ‰ Æ ≥‰Ï¯„˙˜‰ „ÈÏ ‰¯·Ú· ‰˙‡ ‰¯˜ ¯˘‡ ˙‡ ˙ÂÚÓ„Ó ‰·ÂÁ ‰‡¯ ‡Â‰ ÆßÌ˘Â „Èß „ÒÂÓ· Ìȯ˜ÂÁ‰ „Á‡Ï ‰È‰ ÆÂÈχ ·¯˜˙‰Ï ‰ÈÏÚ ‰ÂÂȈ Ì˘ „ÓÚ˘ ‰Â·‚ È+Ó¯‚ ÔȈ˜ ‰˙„Â·Ú È¯ÙÓ ‡ÂˆÓÏ ÁÈψ‰˘ ËÚÓ‰ ˙ψ‰· ‰˘Â„˜ ¨ÂÈχ ‰·¯˜˙‰ ¯·„ ‰+ÓÓ Ï‡˘Ï ‡Â‰ ‰ˆÂ¯˘ ‰·˘Á· ÆËȯ˜„ÏÈ˘≠‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó ‰Ï· ¨Â˙˙ÈÓÚ Ï˘ ÌÈ+˘‰ ˙·¯ ‰Ï·+ ‰˘ÚÓ ÏÚ ˙ÂÁÓÏ ‰˙ÒÈ+˘Î ƉÈÁÏ ÏÚ ¯ËÒ ‰Ï‰Â ‰Ï„‚‰ ‰˙·ÏÓÓ Â¯˙Â+ ˙ÂÁÂÏ È¯·˘ ˜¯¢ ∫·˙Î ÍΠ¢Æ‰ÚÈ‚¯‰Ï ‰È‰ ‰˘˜ ÆÂÁ„˜‡· ‰ÈÏÚ ÌÈȇ ¨‰ÊÎ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏ ÂÒÙ„+˘ ‰È¯Ó‡Ó ̉ ‰Ï‡ Ɖ¯˜Ó ͯ„· ÆÔ·ÏÚ‰ ÆÔ·ÏÚ‰ ÆÔ·ÏÚ‰ ¯Ó‚‰ ˙„Â·Ú Ï˘ „ȉ≠·˙Î ÔÎ ÂÓΠ¨ÌÈ+¢ ˙Ú È·˙η ≠ ≠ ≠ ˙·¯Âˆ ‰Î – ˙·¯Âˆ‰ ‰ÏÙ˘‰‰ ‰È„Úˆ ˙È˘‡¯· ‰·˙΢ ¨‰˘¯Â Ï˘ ‰ËÈÒ¯·È+‡· ‰Ï˘ ˙‡ ¯ȷ‚‰ ÂË‚· ÌÈ˘˜‰ ÌÈȯËÈ+Ò‰ Ìȇ+˙‰Â ·Ú¯‰ ÌȘ¯Ù Âȉ ‰ËÈÏÙÏ Â¯˙Â+˘ ÌȯӇӉ ÔÈ· ¢ÆÌÈÈÚ„Ó‰ Æ˙ÈχȈÂÒ‰ ‰¯ÊÚ· ʇ ‰„·Ú ‰Ï· Ɖ˙ÂÓ˙‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ÈÓÂȉ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ· Â+ÓÊ· ÂÓÒ¯Ù˙‰ ¯˘‡ ÌÈ„Á‡ ‰+‚¯‡ ¨‰Ú„ȉ ˙È+ÂȈ‰ ˙È+˜ÒÚ‰ ¨‰˜Ò+Èßʷ„ ‰Ï· ƢˇϷ‚‡Ë ¯Ú+ÈÏ·ÂÏ¢ ÏÎ ‡Ï ͇ ÆÌÈίˆ+Ï ˙ÂÓÁ ˙ÂÁ¯‡ ˙+Î‰Ï ÈÓÓÚ Á·ËÓ ¨Â˙˘‡Â ‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó Ï‡ÂÓ˘ ¨‰Ï· Ï˘ ‰ÈÁ‡ ÂÈÁ χ¯˘È· ‰Ï‡Î Âȉ Ɖʉ ·ÂÏÚ‰ ÈÂÁÓ˙‰ ˙È·Ï Ìȇ· Âȉ ÌÈίˆ+‰ „ÂÚ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ‰ˆ¯‡ ÂÏÚ ÌÈÈ+˘‰ ÆÔÈÈˢ˜ÈÏ‚ ˙È·Ï ‰ÓÈÒ ‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó ‰Ï· ÆÌ˙È·Ï ‰¯ÊÚ‰ ˙‡ ‡È·‰Ï ͯˆ ‰È‰˘ ƉÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏ ÌÈÎω ÔÂÊÓ ÌÁÏ ˙Â+Ó Ì˙‡ ÌÈÁ˜ÂÏ Âȉ ԯ˜ ÔÓÁ+ Âȉ˘ ‰ÚÂÂʉ ˙Â+ÂÓ˙ ˙‡ ¯‡˙Ï ‰˘˜¢ ÆÌÈÈ+Ú‰ È˙· χ Æԯ˜ ÔÓÁ+ ·˙Î ¢¨Â+È+ÈÚÏ ˙ÂÏ‚˙Ó ‰˜Ò·Ï¯˜Â ‰ßˆ˘ÈÈÓ„˘Ù ‰È˜Ò·Â˜¯˜ ˙·ÂÁ¯‰ ˙+ÈÙ· ≥ ∫˙Â¯Â˜Ó È‡ˆÂÈ Ô‚¯‡ß ‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó Ï‡ÂÓ˘ ¨ÏË+ÓÂÏ· ÔÓÁ+ È„Â‰È ˙„ÏÂ˙Ï Ìȯ˜ÁÓ¢ Ø Ëȯ˜„ÏÈ˘≠‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó ‰Ï· ‰Ï· Ï˘ ‰Ó˘ ȯȘÂÓ ‚ÂÁ ˙‡ „ÒÈ ßÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÆËȯ˜„ÏÈ˘≠‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó ¯Ï‰‡Ó Ư ¨ÏË+ÓÂÏ· Æ+ ˙‡Ó ˙¯·ÁÓ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ¯Ó‡Ó ÌÚ ‰Ï· Ï˘ ÌÈÓ„˜ÂÓ‰ ‰È¯Ó‡Ó ˙‡ ‚ÂÁ‰ ÌÒ¯Ù ±π∂µ≠· Æԯ˜Æ+ ƢÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰È ˙„ÏÂ˙Ï Ìȯ˜ÁÓ¢ ¯ÙÒ· ȯȘÂÓ ‚ÂÁ È¢Ú ¨®±π∂µ© ‰¢Î˘˙ ¨·È·‡ Ï˙· ¯Â‡Ï ‡ˆÈ ÆÂ˙ÂÁ‡ Ì˘≠ÏÚ Ô¯˜ ‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó Ï‡ÂÓ˘ „ÒÈ ±π∂∏≠· ÆËȯ˜„ÏÈ˘≠‚¯·ÒÏ„+Ó ‰Ï· Ï˘ ‰Ó˘ ÌÈ„ÓÂω ÌÈË+„ÂËÒÏ ‰‚ÏÓ ˙˜ÏÁÓ Ô¯˜‰ ‰+˘ È„Ó ÆÏË+ÓÂÏ· ÔÓÁ+ ÒÂÙ„‰ ˙È·Ï ‡È·‰ ˙¯ÈÚˆ‰ ˙ÂÈË+„ÂËÒ‰ ˙Á‡ ÆÔÈÏÂÙ ˙„‰È Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ ˙¯˜ÂÁÏ ÌÈÓȉ ˙·¯· ‰˙Èȉ ÂÊ ÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏ ˙‚ÏÓ· ‰˙ÎÊ˘ Æ˙¯ÂÙ ‰+È„ ¯ÂÒÙ¯٠¨˙Ú„Â+‰ ‰‡Â˘‰ 3=8@4IH/1G0@;2?=;/4=H3;0;H386/ 3;0;H3G:5;GC@34 Bella s brother Shmuel Mandelsberg his wife Sima and the book in memory of Bella ~¶¥®ªµ¬ ª~¦ª¡¨µ ª ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ÔÓÊ· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ Æ¯‡Â„‰ ˜ – Ï˙Ù+ ˜„ 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¨±π∂≤ ˙+˘· ∫·˙ÂΉ ÈÓ „Èß „ÒÂÓÏ ÌÈ+˘ ‰ÓÎ È+ÙÏ È˙¯ÒÓ ˙ȯ˜Ӊ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ˙‡ ÆÔÓ¯˜‡ ‰ÁÓ˘ Ï˘ ÂÈ·˙ÎÓÓ „Á‡Ï ‰·Â˘˙ ‡È‰ ÂÊ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ ÆßÌ˘Â Æ‰ÁÓ˘ Ȅ„ ϷȘ˘ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ‰+¯Á‡‰ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ȉÂÊ Ï‡ ‰ÈÁ È˙„„ ∑ƥƱπ¥±≠· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ‰ÁÏ˘ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ˙‡ ÌȯÎÊ+‰ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ È+· Ï˘ Ìϯ‚· ‰ÏÚ ‰Ó ® Novosybirsk © ˜Ò¯ÈaÈÒ«·«+ ¯Âʇ· ‰ÁÓ˘ ‰ÈÁ‡ ∫ԇΠƉÈÒ¯·˘ ·˙ÎÓ‰ Ï·˜Ó – ÔÓ¯˜‡ ‰ÁÓ˘ ‰˜Ò+˜‡È„Èί‡ ·ÂÁ¯· ‰+˘ ‰¯È„· Â+¯‚ ÔÓʉ Â˙‡· ˙ˆ¯‡· „„+ ÆÔÈÏÂÙÏ ‰ÈÒÂ¯Ó ¯ÊÁ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡ ÆȄ„ ÍÂ+Á ¨È˙·ÒÂ È·Ò Â+¯‚ ÂÊ ‰¯È„· Æ® Archidiakonska © Ʊππ∑ ˙+˘· ÏÈʯ·· ¯ËÙ+ Æ˙Â+¢ ÈÓ‡ ª ÔÓ¯˜‡ ‰ÈÁ ‰JŸÏŒ‡ ¨È˙„„ È˙˘ ª ÔÓ¯˜‡ ‰¯˘Â ÔÓ¯˜‡ ‰+‡ Æ˘˘ ˙· ‰„ÏÈ Ê‡ È˙Èȉ˘ ¨È+‡Â Í· ‰+‡ Æ≤∞∞∞ ¯‡Â+È· ‰ÙÈÁ· ‰¯ËÙ+ ƉÁÓ˘ Ȅ„ Ï˘ Â˙˘‡ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó˘ ȯÁ‡ ‰Èχ Â+Ú‚‰ Æ˙+ÂË+˘ ‰˙Èȉ ‰¯È„‰ Í· ‰+‡ ¨‰ßˆ˘ÈÈÓ„˘Ù ‰È˜Ò·Â˜¯˜ ·ÂÁ¯·˘ ‰˙¯È„Ó ‰˜¯Ê+ È·Ò Æ±π∑∑ ¯‡Â+È· ‰ÙÈÁ· ‰¯ËÙ+ ÆÈÓ‡ Ș˘ÂÈ߈˘Â˜ ·ÂÁ¯·˘ Â+˙¯È„Ó Â+˜¯Ê+ ÈӇ È+‡Â ˜Ë‡ÈÓ Æ∑ ¯ÙÒÓ ® Kosciuszki © ‰ÓÎ „ÂÚ ‰˘¯Â ÂË‚ ˙‡ „¯˘ ÆÔÓ¯˜‡ ‰+‡ Ï˘ ¯ÈÚˆ‰ Á‡‰ ‰ÈÒ+Î „ÈÏ ¨˜+È¯Ï ·Â¯˜ ‡ˆÓ+ ‰˜Ò+˜‡È„Èί‡ ·ÂÁ¯ ƯËÙ+ Ì˘Â ‰+ÈË+‚¯‡Ï ¯‚ȉ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡ Æ˙Â+ÁÓ Ì‚ ¯‚ ÔÈÈ+·‰ Â˙‡· ÈÎ ¨ÁÂ˙Ù ÂË‚ ‰È‰ ‰Ê ¯Âʇ· ƉÏ„‚ ÔÓ¯˜‡ ÍÂ+Á ‰È+Ó¯‚ ÔÈ· ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ı¯٠ÌÚ˘ ˙¯ÎÂÊ È+‡ ÆÌȯˆÂ+ ÌÈ+ÏÂÙ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ‰„ˆӷ ‰ÙÒ+ ÆÈ·Ò ¢‰·¯Ú˙‰¢ Â+Ï˘ ‰ÈÈ+ÏÂÙ‰ ‰+΢‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰≠˙ȯ·Ï ÔÓ¯˜‡ ‰¯˘ È„È· ÏÂÙÈ˙ ‡Ï ‰·˜ÒÂÓ ÌÈÂÒÓ ÌÂÈ „Ú Ì‡ ∫ÈÓ‡ ÌÚ ÆßıÈ·ÈȘ˘Ï≠‰‚‡ÏÙ ‰+ÁÓ· ‰˙ÙÒ+ ÆÈ˙·Ò ‰ÁÈΉ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ÆÏÂÙÈ˙ ‡Ï ¯·Î ‡È‰ ʇ ¨ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰ ÔÓ¯˜‡ ‰˜Ï‡ Ɖ˜„ˆ Â+Ï˘ ‰+΢‰˘ ÆßıÈ·ÈȘ˘Ï≠‰‚‡ÏÙ ‰+ÁÓ· ‰˙ÙÒ+ ÆÈ˙„„ ˙‡ ˜˙Ù· ÔÓÒÏ ÂÂȈ ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰Â ¨ÒÂÙÈË ˙Ù‚Ó ‰ˆ¯Ù ÂË‚· ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙·˙ÂÎ – ÔÓ¯˜‡ ®‰˜+ω© ‰ÈÁ ¨ÒÂÙÈË· ‰˙ÏÁ ‰˜Ï‡ È˙„„ ÆÌÈÏÂÁ ̉· Âȉ˘ ÌÈ˙·‰ ÆȘүËË Ô„ÈÈÓ ÂË‚ ÏÂÒÈÁ ˙Ú· ˙ÂÂÓÏ ‰˙¯Â+ ÆÈ˙„„ ˙È·· ‰ÏÙÂË È˙„„ Æ˙È·‰ ˙‡ ‰+ÓÈÒ ‡Ï È˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï·‡ ƇÙ¯ È„È· ¨´y ª£¨ª «ª¢«¥¨¡¨ª©¥¶§ª Ô¯˜≠Ï„¯‚ È˙¯ ˙¯ÎÊÓÏ „Ú≠Ï‚ ≠ ¢Ì˘Ó¢ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ Æ¯Ó‡ ¨¢ÌÈÚÒÂ+ ˙‡ ·ÊÚ Ê‡Ó ‰+˘ ÌÈ˘È˘Ó ¯˙ÂÈ È¯Á‡ ¨¯·„ Ï˘ ÂÙÂÒ· ÔÓ È˙˘˘Á Ʒ‡Ή ¯·Ú‰ ÌÚ ˘‚ÙÓ‰ ÔÓ È˙˘˘Á ÆÈ˙·¯ÈÒ Ê‡Ó ÌÈ+˘‰ ÏÎ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ¯Â˜È·Ï ‡·‡ ¯ÊÁ ¨Â˙„ω ¯ÈÚ ‰ÈÁ · ÌÂ˜Ó ¨˙È· ÌÚÙ ‰È‰˘ ‰Ó ÏÂÓ ‡·‡ Ï˘ ‰‡¯Ó‰ ˙È·‰ ÔÓ ¨Ï‡ÂÓ˘ ¨ÂÈÁ‡ ÌÚ ¨Ï„¯‚ χÂ+ÓÚ ¨‡·‡ ËÏÓ+ Æ„ÂÚ ‰++ȇ Æ˙¯˘Â‡Ó ‰ÓÁ ‰Ï„‚ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó ¢Ì„ÏÂÙÒ¢‰ Û˙¢Ӊ ˙È·‰ ‰Ê ¨±π ·ËÒ·¯٠·ÂÁ¯· ÆԇΠÈ˙¯‡˘+ ‰¯Ù˘ Ìȯ‰‰ ˙‡ ¯ÂÁ‡Ó ÌȯÈ˙ÂÓ ¨±π≥π ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ̉˘ ‡·‡ ¯ÙÒ ¨ÌÈÈ˙Ú·‚Ï ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ÔÂÙÏˉ ˙ÂÁÈ˘· ¯˙È ÌÚ ÂÙÒ+˘ ¨‰¯Â·„ ‰Ï„‚‰ ˙ÂÁ‡‰ ˙‡Â ¨‰˘Ó ˙‡¯Ï ¨ÌÈÈÏ‚¯· ˘ÂÁÏ ÌȈ¯ ¨ÌÈÎω ÌÈÎω ÌÈÎω ¨‰Ï‡‰ ˙·¯‰ ÌÈ+˘‰ ÏÎ ¨˜+‡„È‡Ó ‰+ÁÓ· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰È Æ˙ÂÓ˜Ӊ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÌÈÈ+ÈÚ· ÆÔÈÏÂÙÏ ¯ÂÊÁÏ ‡·‡ ‰ˆ¯ ‡Ï Ɖ‡Ù¯ÓÏ ÍÙ‰ ≤≤ ‰ßˆÈ˘‡ËÒ· „ÏÂ+ · ˙È·‰ ÌÚ ¨„·Ï· ±∑ Ô· ¯ÈÚˆ ¯Ú+ ‡Â‰Â ‰¯È¯· ˙ÈÏ· ·ÊÚ˘ ˙‡ ˆχ+˘ „Ú ¨±π≥π „Ú Â¯¯Â‚˙‰ · ˙È·‰ ≠ ¢Ì„ÏÂÙÒ¢‰ Æ˘Â‚ÙÏ ·Â˘Ï ‰ˆ¯ ‡Ï ¨ÌÈ+˘ Ú·¯‡· Â+ÓÓ ¯‚·‰ ÂÈÁ‡ ÒÏÎÂ‡Ó Æ„ÓÚ ±π ·ËÒ·¯٠·ÂÁ¯· ˙È·‰ ‰Ê ¨Á¯·Ï ¯·Î ˙È·‰Â ¨ÂÙÒ+ ®È˙„„ ¨È˙·Ò ȷҩ ˙ÂÁ‡‰Â Ìȯ‰‰ ÆÌ˙Ò‰ ÔÓ ÌÈ+ÏÂÙ È¢Ú ¨¯Ú+Î ¯È‡˘‰˘ ̘Ӊ ¨ÌȯÁ‡ ÌÈ˘+‡ Ï˘ Ì˙È·Ï ÍÙ‰ È˙‡·˘ ·˘ÁÈ „ÂÚ¢ ÆÒ+ÎȉÏ ˙Ï„‰ ÏÚ ˜ÂÙ„Ï ÂÊÈÚ‰ ‡Ï ˙¯ÂÎÊ˙ ˜¯ ‡Ï‡ ‰È‰˘ ‰Ó ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ¯˙ÂÈ ¯ÊÁ ‡Ï˘ ̘Ӊ Ƈ·‡ ¯È·Ò‰ ¨¢˙È·‰ ˙‡ Ì‰Ï ˙Á˜Ï ‰ˆ¯ ‡Ï ‰Ê‰ ̘Ӊ ˙‡ ¨˙ÂÈ‰Ï ¯ÂÊÁÈ ‡Ï˘ ‰ÓÏ ˙·‡ÂΠƉ¯È„‰ ˙Â+ÂÏÁ χ ÌÈËÈ·Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÚ ÆıÂÁ·Ó ¯‡˘+ Æ˙‡¯Ï ·Â˘Ï Ìȯ·˜‰˘ ¯·˙ÒÓ ÆȄ‰ȉ ˙¯·˜‰ ˙È·Ï ÂÎω Ì˘Ó ÌȯÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ΢Ӊ· ÈÏ ¯ÙÒÓ ‡·‡ ‰È‰ ‰„ÏÈ È˙Èȉ˘Î Ìȯ·˜‰ ÏΠ¨·Â¯˜· ±∂∞∞ ˙+˘ „Ú Ìȯ·˜ Âȉ Â¯Ó˘+˘ ¨ÔÈÏÂÙÓ Ï‡ÂÓ˘ „„ ‡Â‰ ÂËÏÓ+ Íȇ ÏÚ ¯ÚÈ˘‰ ȯÓÒÓ Æ˜ÁÓ+ ±π≥π „ÚÂ Ê‡Ó ÏÚ ÂÏÚ Íȇ ¨‰·Â¯˜ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ÔÒÁÓ· ¯˙˙Ò‰ Íȇ Ƙ+‡„È‡Ó ‰+ÁÓ· ¯Â˜È·Ï ÂÎω ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ‰Ïȷ‰˘ ˙¯Á‡‰ ˙·Î¯‰ ÏÚ ‡Ï ¨Ò+· ˙ÓÈÈÂÒÓ‰ ˙·Î¯‰ ·ÂÁ¯· ¨˙‡Ê‰ ¯ÈÚ· ԇΠÂÈÁ˘ ÌÈ˘+‡‰ Ì˙‡ ÏÎÏ ¯ÎÊ Ôȇ ‰„Â·Ú ‰+ÁÓ· ˙¢˜ ÌÈ+˘Â ¨ÌȄ„+ ˙‡Ï˙ Æ˙ÂÂÓ‰ χ ¨Ì‰Ï ¯·˜ ‡Ï Æ̉È˙·‡Ï ‡Ï ¨Ì‰Ï ‡Ï Ɖʉ ˙È·· ‰Ê‰ ‰È‰ ‰˘˜˘ ÌÈ+˘ ¨‰˘˜‰ ‰„·ڷ ¨·Ú¯· ¯Â˜· ¨¯È·ÈÒ· ƯÎÊ Ì¢ ¨‡˙·Ò ‡·ÒÏ ‡Ï ¨‡Ó‡Ó ¨˙È·‰ ÔÓ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙ÂÎÊ· Ï·‡ ¨Ô˙‡ „¯˘Ï ¨Ô¯ÎÈÊ ‡Ï ¨¯·˜ ‡Ï ¨¯‡˘+ ‡Ï ¯·„ Ì¢¢ Æ˘‚¯+ ¯ÊÁ ‡·‡ ÊÓ¯ ‡ÏÏ ¨ÌÓÂÏ˘Ï ‰‚‡„ ȯ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ¨‰¯Â·„Ó ¨‡·‡Ó ‰È‰ ‡Ï ÂÏȇΠÍÎ ÌÏÚÈ ÏΉ ¨ÌÈ+ÂÓ˘ Ô·Î ¯·Î È+‡ Ì‚ ÔÂËÏ˘ ˙Á˙ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙È·· ¨Ì˘ ˘Á¯˙Ó˘ ÏÚ Â‰˘ÏÎ Æ·Î˘Ó‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÏÈÏ· ˙·˘ÁÓ‰ ÂÏ Â˜Èˆ‰ ¨¢¯·„ Æ„ÓÚÓ Â˜ÈÊÁ‰ Âχ‰ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙ÂÎÊ· ¨ÌȈ‡+‰ χ ¯ÊÁ ‡·‡ ¨˙Â+¯ÎÈʉ ˙‡ ˘„ÁÓ ‰ÏÚ‰ ÔÈÏÂÙ· ¯Â˜È·‰ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙‡ ‰‡¯Ó ¨ÂȯÂÙÈÒ ˙‡ ÈÏ ¯ÙÒÓ ‰È‰ ‡·‡ ‰¯Ù˘ ÂӇ ‰˘Ó ÂÈ·‡ ‰+‰ ¨˙Â+ÂÓ˙· ˙ÂÒÂÓÚ‰ ˙¯ȂӉ ¯ÈÚÏ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÏ ¨Ì˘Ï ¯ÂÊÁÏ Ï·‡ ¨ÌÈ+˘‰ ÏÎ ¯Ó˘˘ ‰Á¯‡· ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ÏÎ ˙¯Á‡ ‰+ÂÓ˙·Â ¨ÌÈÙÂ˜Ê ÌÈ„ÓÂÚ‰ Ɖˆ¯ ‡Ï ¨˙È·Ï ¨‰È˙·ÂÁ¯Ï ıÈˆÓ ··Â˘‰ Ô˘‰ ˜ÏÂ+Ó ¨‡·‡Â ÔÁÏ¢‰ ·È·Ò ˙È‚È‚Á Ɖ+˘ ÌÈ˘È˘ ÍÎ ÆÂȯ‰ È+˘ ÔÈ· ÏÈ‚‰ ÆÌ˘Ï ÚÂÒ+Ï ‰Úˆ‰‰ ·Â˘ ‰˙ÏÚ‰ ¨‰+˘ È+ÙÏ Ï˘ Ï„‚ ¯Â¯ˆ ÆÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ Ì‚ Âȉ ÌÈÁ+ÂÓ ˙Â+ÂÓ˙‰ ˙Á˙ ÌÏÂÚÏ Ê‡ ÂÈ˘ÎÚ ‡Ï ̇˘ ‰ÚȄȉ ÌÈ+ÂÓ˘Ï ·¯˜˙Ó‰ ¨‰¯Â·„ ‰ÁÏ˘˘ ¨‡Ó‡ ‰ÁÏ˘˘ ¨‡·‡ ÁÏ˘˘ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ¯·„ Ï˘ ÂÙÂÒ· Âχ ÏÎ ¨ÚÂÒ+Ï È‡„Î ˙‡Ê Ïη Èχ ¨‡Ï ÆÈ·‡Ï ¨È„Â„Ï Æ˜ÏÂ+ÓÏ ¨˜ÏÂÓ˘Ï Æ¯È·ÈÒÏ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏÏ ¯ÂÊÁÏ ¨ÚÂÒ+Ï ‰ËÏÁ‰Ï Â˙‡ ÂÏȷ‰ ÔÈÈÓ„ ¨¯ÈÚˆ ‰Î ÌÏÚ Ê‡ ‰È‰˘ ¨‡·‡ Ì˙¯ÊÚ·˘ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ ‰¯Ù˘ Â˙·Â χÂÓ˘ „„ Ì‚¢ ¨ÂÈχ ۯˈ‡˘ ˘˜· ‡·‡ ÌÈ„·Î˙Ó ¨·¯Ú· Ú·˘· ¯‡Â¯·Ù· ≥ È˘È˘ ÌÂÈ· ÚÓ˘ ÂÏȇΠ¨Ï‰Â‡Ï ¯·ÚÓ ·Â¯˜ ԇΠ‡Ó‡Â ‡·‡ ‰+‰˘ ¨Ï„¯‚ ‰˘Ó ‰¯Ù˘ ¨ÌÎ+ÈÓÊ‰Ï ¨Â˙‡ ˜ÈÊÁ‰˘ ̉ ÆÌÓÂÁ ˙‡ ˘È‚¯‰ ÂÏȇΠ¨ÌϘ ˙‡ Æ…˙ÂÈ‚È‚Á ˙ÂÙÂÒÎ ˙ÂÈ˙‡· ÍÎ ≠ ÆȯȷÈÒ‰ ¯Â˜· Ì˘ Â˙‡ ÂÓÓÈÁ˘ ̉ ÆÌȈ‡+‰ ˙Ó˙ÂÁ· ÌÈÓ˙ÁÂÓ‰ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ ÏÂÓÓ Û„·Â ͯ„‰ ÏÎ ÂÙ‚ ÏÚ Ì˙‡ ‡˘+ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙‡ ¯Ó˘ ‡Â‰ ±π¥∞ È+ÂÈÓ Â·˙Î+˘ ˙ÂÈÂÏ‚Â ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ „ÂÚ „ÂÚ Ì‰È¯Á‡Â ¨˜È¯‰ ˙È·‰ χ ‡·˘Î ¨‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÏ ‰¯ÊÁ Æ±π¥± È‡Ó „Ú ˙ÂÁ‡‰Â Ìȯ‰‰ ˙ÂÓ Ï˘ ‰‡¯Â+‰ ˙‡„‰ χ ¨Ò¯‰‰ χ ̇‰¢ ¨‰Ï„‚ ‰‚‡„· ‡Ó‡Â ‡·‡ ÌÈ·˙Â΢ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ Æ‰·Â‰‡‰ … ¨ ¢ø‰˘˜ „·ÚÏ Ï‚ÂÒÓ ˜ÏÂ+Ó Ì‡‰ ¢ ¨¢øÌÎÏ ¯˜ ‡¢¯+‡ ‰+ÁÓÏ ‰È+Ó¯‚Ï ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ Í¯„· Ì˙‡ ‡˘+ ‡Â‰ ˘Á¯˙Ó˘ ÏÚ ˙·˙Î+ ‡Ï ‰ÏÓ Û‡ Æ¢¯„Ò· ÏΉ Â+ψ‡¢ ˙‡Ï˙·Â ˙Ù¯ˆ· ÈÈÒ¯ÓÏ ‰ÚÈÒ+· Ì˘Ó ¨‰ÈÈÏÚÏ ‰+˙Ó‰· ÆÔÓʉ Â˙‡· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· Ì˘ ˙‡ÈˆÈ¢© Ò„ÂÒ˜‡ ˙ÈÈ+‡· ‰‚ÏÙ‰‰ Íωӷ ˙¢˜‰ ˜ÈÙÒÓ ÌÎÏ ˘È ̇‰ ¢ ¨¢øÌȯÙÒ ÌÎÏ ˘È ̇‰¢ ∫„ÂÚ ‰È+Ó¯‚Ï Â˘¯Â‚˘ ¯Á‡Ï ‰¯ÊÁ·Â ¨Ï‡¯˘ÈÏ ‰Î¯„· ®¢‰Ù¯ȇ ÌÈÎȯˆ ÌÎ+ȇ ¢ … ¨¢ÌÂÏÎ Â+Ï Ôȇ Ì΄·ÏÓ¢ ¨¢øÌÈ+·Ï ˙+˘· ¨Ï‡¯˘ÈÏ ˙Èχ‚Ï ‰¯Âˆ· ÌÚÙ‰ ¨·Â˘ ‚ÈÏÙ‰ Ì˘Ó ˙Âί· ‰¯Ù˘ ‡˙·Ò ˙·˙ÂÎ ¯Á‡ ·˙ÎÓ·Â Æ ¢Â+Ï ‚‡„Ï Æ ±π¥∏ Ï˘ Â„È ·˙΢ ∫‰ÙÈÒÂÓ ¨Ï‡ÂÓ˘ Ȅ„ Ï˘ Â˙„ω ÌÂÈÏ ÆÌÚÙ Û‡ „¯Ù+ ‡Ï ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ ÔÓ ¯ÂÓ˘˙ ø‡È¯· ‡Â‰ ̇‰ ¨È+ÈÚ· ÔÁ ‡ˆÂÓ ‡Ï ˜ÏÂ+Ó ˙‡ Á˙Ù ˙Â¯È‰Ê·Â Ë‡Ï ¨‰¯È‚Ó‰ ÔÓ Ì‡ÈˆÂ‰ ÂÈ˘ÎÚ Æ¢‡Ó‡ Ư‚· Á‡Î ÂÈÏÚ ˙ÂÈ˙‡‰ ˙‡ ÂÈ˙ÂÚ·ˆ‡· ÛËÏÓ ¨˙·ȉˆÓ‰ ˙ÂÙËÚÓ‰ Ïη ˘ÙÁÓ ‡Â‰ ¯‡Â„‰ ÚÈ‚Ó˘Î˘ ·˙ÂÎ ‰˘Ó ‡·ÒÂ Ï˘ ȯÂÁ‡‰ „ˆ· ‰˘Ó ‡·Ò Ï˘ ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ˙·ÈίӉ Æ¢ ‡·‡ ƘÊÁ ˜˘+Ó ¢ ÆÌÂÏÎ Ôȇ ¨˙ÂÏÈ·Á‰ ˙Ó˙ÂÁ· ‰ÒÂÎÓ ‰¯ÂÁ˘ ÂÈ„· ·Â˙Ή Ì˘‰ ¨‰ÙËÚÓ‰ ËÚÓΠ̉ ÈÎ ‰¯Ù˘ ‡˙·Ò ‰˘Ó ‡·Ò ÌÈ·˙ÂÎ ·Â˘Â ·Â˘ ˙Ó˙ÂÁ ≠ ¨Ò¯˜ ·Ïˆ ˜ÈÊÁÓ‰ ¯˘+ ‰‡¯Â+‰ ‰Ó„‡‰ ÍÎ Ìψ‡ Ï·‡ ÆÂÈÁ‡Ó ȷ‡Ó ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ÌÈÏ·˜Ó Ì+ȇ ÆȈ‡+‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÆÌȇȯ· ÌÏÂΠ˘„Á Ôȇ ÏÈ‚¯Î ÏΉ ÌÈ·˙ÂΠ̉ ˙ÂÚÓ„ ¨·Â˘Â ·Â˘ ‡¯˜Â Á˙Ù ¨ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ· ËÈ·‰ ‡·‡ ·˙Π̉˘ ¨‰¯È¯· ˙ÈÏ· ‡ ÔÂÂÎÓ· ÌÈ·ÊÎ ÏΉ ȯ‰ ‰Ê¢ ƯӇ ¨¢‰¯È‚Ó‰ χ ¯ÊÁÈ ‡Ï ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰¢ ¨ÂÈ+ÈÚ· ˘È ̇ ¨Â·˘Á Â+ÈÏÚ ˜¯¢ ¨‡·‡ ÈÏ ¯Ó‡ ¨¢¯„Ò· ÏΉ˘ ˙‡ ÒÈ+Ή ˙¯ȉʷ ¨„ÁÂÈÓ Ì·χ ‰+˜Â Íω ˙¯ÁÓÏ Ì‰˘Î ¨Ì˙‡ ÔÈÈ+Ú˘ ‰Ó ‰Ê ¨‡Â¯˜Ï ÌȯÙÒ ÆÌȯÙÒ Â+Ï È+‡ ÍÎ ¨˙ȯ·ÚÏ Ì‚¯˙ ·˙Π̘ÏÁÏ Æ‰ÓÈ+Ù ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ ¨‰+ÎÒ ˙Á˙ ÍÎ ÏÎ ÌÈ˘˜ ÌÈÈÁ ȇ+˙· ¯·Î Âȉ ȇ„· ‡˙·Ò ‡·Ò ·˙Î ‰Ó ÔÈ·‰Ï ‡Â¯˜Ï ÏÎÂ+ È„ÏÈ ¨ÈÏڷ Ƣ¯·„ ¯ÙÒ ‡Ï Æ„ÁÙ· ÆÂÙÒ+˘ È+ÙÏ ÌȯÂÙÒ ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ ‰„„ ˙È·‰ ÔÓ ÚÈ‚‰ Ó¢‰È¯·Ï ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰ ˙˘ÈÏÙ ÌÚ ±π¥± È+ÂÈ· ∫̯ÎÊÏ Û„ Ì·χ‰ ¯Ú˘· ÆÔ¯Á‡‰ ·˙ÎÓ‰ ÆÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˜ÒÙ ÂȯÁ‡ Ï˘ ̯ÎÊÏ „ÈÏ Ï‡ÂÓ˘ „„ ‡·‡ Ï˘ ‰+ÂÓ˙ ∫ Ì·χ· Ô¯Á‡‰ Û„· ¨Ï„¯‚ ‰˘Ó ‰¯Ù˘ Â+ȯ‰ ÌÈ˘È˘ ȯÁ‡ Ʊπ ·ËÒ·¯٠·ÂÁ¯· ¨¢Ì„ÏÂÙÒ‰¢ ˙È·‰ Æ„¢È‰ ‰¯Â·„ Â+˙ÂÁ‡Â Ɖ+˘ ‰„Ó˘‰ ‰+ÁÓ· ÌȈ‡+‰ È„È· ÂÁˆ¯+˘ Ư·„ Ì¢ ¨‰·ˆÓ ¨¯·˜ ÂÏÈÙ‡ Ư˙Â+ ‡Ï ¯·„ ÆÔÈÏÂÙ·˘ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¯ÈÚ‰ „ÈÏ Ì‰ÈÈÁ ˙ÂÒÈÙ ˙‡ ÏÈÎÓ‰ Ì·χ· È„È· ˙ÊÁ‡ È+‡ ¨ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ÛÒ‡ ˘È‚Ó ˜ÏÂ+Ó ‡·‡ ¨È˙·ÒÂ È·Ò ¨È˙„„ Ï˘ ˙Â+¯Á‡‰ Ƅ¯Ó+ È+·Ï ‰ÓÚ+ È˙·Ï ∫ÂÈ„Î+Ï ˙¢‚¯˙‰· Â˙‡ ¨È+Ó¯‚ ˘Â·Î·˘ ®ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ© ˙È·‰Ó ÂÁÏ˘+˘ È+‡Â ¨¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰ Æ¢¯‡˘È ‰Ê ¨Ô¯ÎÈʉ ‰Ê ¨‰·ˆÓ‰ ÂÊ¢ ÆÓ¢‰¯··˘ ¯È·ÈÒ· ‰„·ډ ˙Â+ÁÓ ≠Ï ÊÂÁ‡Ï ͯ„‰ ˙‡ ‡ˆÓ˘ ¯˘Â‡Ó ˘È‚¯Ó ‡Â‰˘ ˙Ú„ÂÈ ÆÌÈȘ ¯ȇ˘‰Ï ¨˙‡Ê Ïη Ô¯ÎÈÊ· ˙˜Â+È˙‰ ÌÚ Ìȯ‰‰ ¨Ìȯ‰‰ ¨˙Â+ÂÓ˙‰ ÍÎ ¯Á‡Â Ì‚Â ÆÔ˘‰ χÂ+ÓÚ ‡·‡Â χÂÓ˘ Á‡‰ ¨‰¯Â·„ ‰+¢‡¯‰ ∫ÛÒΉ ˙+Â˙ÁÏ ‰+Óʉ ;2G1;/4=H ;2G1;/4?=A Shmuel Gradel Emanuel Gradel ;2G13G402 3 FG402IF4?8I33G4:03 >6;4H3080@I81816364G/0;2G1I6CH= >8;04;0383<6I80 A warm house was in Lublin Gradel family around the table 41/2$24/=<:;GF ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙ȯ·· χÂ+ÓÚ χÂÓ˘ ÌÈ+·‰ χ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· Ï„¯‚ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÓ ·˙ÎÓ ±≥Ʊ≤Ʊπ¥∞ ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰≠˙ȯ· ¨˜Ò·ÂÏ„¯·Ò ¨Ï„¯‚ χÂ+ÓÚ χÂÓ˘ ∫ ÔÚÓ+‰ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ±π ·ËÒ·¯٠ßÁ¯ ¨Ï„¯‚ ‰˘Ó ∫ ÁÏ¢‰ 98G/I06;H?H0I:=3 2E 2E 2E 2E °Ìȷ‰‡ ÌȯÂÁ· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ±≥Ʊ≤Ʊπ¥∞ Â+ϷȘ˘ Ôˆ¯ ÈÚ·˘ Â+Á+‡ ¨Â+ϷȘ ÌÎÏ˘ ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙‡ °Ìȷ‰‡ ÌÈ„ÏÈ Â+Èȉ ‡Ï ÌÈ+¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ· ¨ÌÎÓ ‰ÚÈ„È ‡È‰˘ ÂÊȇ Ɖ¯ÊÁ Â+È+Ú Ú‚¯· · ±∞Ʊ≤≠· Â+ϷȘ Ô¯Á‡ ·˙ÎÓ Æ¯¯·˙‰ ÍÎ Ô· ‰Ê ˙¯˜Ï ÏÂÎÈ ‰Ê˘ Â+·˘Á ÆÌÈ˘˘ Â+Èȉ Â+Á+‡ ¨Ô¢‡¯‰ Ìη˙ÎÓ Ì˘Â¯ ˙Á˙ „ÂÚ Â+Á+‡ „ÂÚ ÁÓ˘+ Â+Á+‡Â Ư„Ò· ‰È‰È ÏΉ ‚‡„˙ χ Ï·‡ ‰ÓÏ Æ‰¯˜˘ ‰Ó ‰Ê Ï·‡ ƉÊÏ Â+ÈÎÁ ‡Ï ÌÈÏ‰Â·Ó ÆÌÈ„¯Ù+ Â+Èȉ˘ ·¯‰ ÔÓʉ ȯÁ‡ øÌÎÓˆÚ ÏÚ ËÚÓ ÍÎ ÏÎ ÌÈ·˙ÂÎ Ì˙‡ ÏÎ ˙Ú„Ï ÌÈ+¯˜Ò „‡Ó Â+Á+‡ ÆÌÎÓˆÚ ÏÚ ¯˙ÂÈ Â·˙Î˙ Ú·˘· ÌÈÓÈ ‰ÓΠƘÈÈ„ӷ ÌÈ˯ى ÏÎ ˙‡ ·˙Î˙ øÌ˙·˙Î ‡Ï ÔÓÊ ‰·¯‰ ÍÎ ÏÎ ‰ÓÏ ÆÌÎÈÏÚ Ë¯Ù ˯٠ÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó øÌÂÈ· ˙ÂÚ˘ ‰ÓΠøÌÈ„·ÂÚ Ì˙‡ ÆÌÈÈÁ ¨˘„Á ¯·„ Ì¢ Ôȇ Â+ψ‡ Ì˙‡ ‰ÓÎ ø‰‡È¯˜Ï ÌȯÙÒ ÌÎÏ ˘È ̇‰ øÌÈ·¯Ú· Æ˙·¯˜ ¯˙ÂÈ ÌÈ˙ÈÚÏ Â+Ï Â·˙Î˙ øÔÓÈÂ+ Ô„‡ ÌÚ ‰Ó Â+˙‡ øÌȘÒÚ˙Ó Ì˙‡ ‰Ó·Â øÏ·‰ Íȇ øÌÈÁÈÂÂ¯Ó ¨ÌÎ˙‡ ˙·‰Â‡ ø„‡Ó ÌÎÏ ¯˜ ̇‰ ø¯È‡‰ ‚ÊÓ ‰Ó ÆÔÈÈ+ÚÓ „‡Ó ‰Ê ‰ß˜¯Â„ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ÌÈ˘+‡ „ÂÚ ÌÎ˙‡ „ÁÈ ˘È ̇ ÔÎ Ì‚ ·˙Î˙ ˙·Â˙ΠÌÎÏ˘ ˙·Â˙Î ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙ÏÁ˙‰· ·˙Î˙ ™™ ˜ÏÂ+Ó Ï˘ ·˙Ή øÌȯÁ‡Â ¨Ì‡·Ï„+Ó ¨‚¯·ˆÏ‰ ÂÓÎ ÆÌÈ˘¯Â„ ̉ ‰ÎÎ ¨Â+Ï˘ ‡Â‰˘ ÂÏȇΠ‰‡¯+ ‡Â‰ ¨È+ÈÚ· ÔÁ ‡ˆÂÓ ‡Ï „‡Ó ·˙Î˙ ø„‡Ó ÛÈÈÚ Â‡ ¨‰ÏÂÁ ˙Ó‡· ‡Â‰ ̇‰ ‰ÏÂÁ ÁÂÎ ÏÏη ÂÏ ˘È ̇‰ ø˘È‚¯Ó ˜ÏÂ+Ó Íȇ Æ˙Ó‡‰ ˙‡ °ÈÏ˘ Ìȷ‰‡ ÌÈ„ÏÈ ø„·ÚÏ ¨Â+Ï ‚‡„Ï ÌÈÎȯˆ ÌÎ+ȇ ¨ÏΉ ·˙Î ¯·Î ‡·‡ ̈ڷ Â+Á+‡Â Ìȯ„Á È+˘ Â+¯Î˘‰ ¨ÌÈÁÈÂÂ¯Ó ¯„Ò· ÏΉ Â+ψ‡ È+‡ ¨‰ÁÂ+Ó ÈÏ Ô˙Â+ ‡Ï ‰Ê ÆÌÎψ‡ ÚÓ˘+ ‰Ó ¯˜ÈÚ‰ Æ˘„ÂÁÏ ÈËÂÏÊ ±∂µ Ì¯Â·Ú ÌÈÏ·˜Ó Íȇ Æ˙¯˜Ï ‰ÊÏ Ô˙+ ÂßÊ+ÂÓ „„ Íȇ ÔÈ·‰Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï ̇ Ìȯ„Á ‰·¯‰ ÍÎ ÏÎ ÌÈÎȯˆ Â+Á+‡ ‰Ó ÏÈ·˘· ø‰‡¯+ ‡Â‰ Íȇ ø‡È¯· ‡Â‰ ̇‰ øȷ‰‡ ˜ÏÂ+Ó ˘È‚¯Ó øÌÎÈ„ÚÏ· ÌȇˆÓ+ Â+Á+‡ øÌÈ+·Ï øÌÈ„‚· ˜ÈÙÒÓ ÌÎÏ ˘È ÌÈÎȯˆ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ·˙Î˙ ¨‰ÏÈ·Á ÌÎÏ ÁÏ˘+ ÏÎÂ+ ̇ ¯ÂÊÚ˙ ‡È‰ Èχ øԯ‰˘¯È‰ ‰˜·¯Ï ·˙Î˙ Ì˙‡ Èχ ÆÔÂÊÓÏ Ë¯Ù ÆÌÎÏ ¨‰·¯‰ ·˙Î˙ ¨Ìȇȯ· Âȉ˙ Â+Ï Ôȇ ÌÎÏ Ë¯Ù ¨Â+˙‡ ÁÓ˘Ó ‰Ê ¨ÏΉ ÏÚ Â·˙Î˙ ≠ ˜ÊÁ ˜˘+Ó Æ¯·„ Ì¢ ÆÌÎÏ˘ ‡·‡ Æ„„ÂÚ˙˙ ¨·ÂË „ÂÚ ‰È‰È „ÓÚÓ Â˜ÈÊÁ˙ ¨È·ÈÏ Ïη ¨ÌÎ˙‡ È+‡ ƘÊÁ ÌÎ˙‡ ˙˜˘+Ó ÆÌÎÏ˘ ‡Ó‡ Ô¯Á‡‰ ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙ȯ·· χÂ+ÓÚ χÂÓ˘ ÌÈ+·‰ χ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· Ï„¯‚ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÓ ·˙ÎÓ – ±≥ÆµÆ±π¥± ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰≠˙ȯ· ¨˜Ò·ÂÏ„¯·Ò ¨Ï„¯‚ χÂ+ÓÚ χÂÓ˘ ∫ ÔÚÓ+‰ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ±π ·ËÒ·¯٠ßÁ¯ ¨Ï„¯‚ ‰˘Ó ∫ ÁÏ¢‰ ±≥ÆµÆ±π¥± ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ °Ìȷ‰‡ ÌÈ„ÏÈ ÌÚ ‰È+˘ ‰ÏÈ·Á Ì˙ϷȘ ̇ ¨·˙ÎÓ Ì¢ ÌÎÓ Â+ϷȘ ‡Ï Ú·˘‰ Æ ÌÈ„‚· ˙ÂÏÈ·Á ≤ ‰+ÓÓ Â+ϷȘ Æ·˙ÎÓ Ôȇ ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ¯·Î ¨™ ‰„Â„Ó Æ˙ÂÏÈ·Á‰ ˙‡ Â+ϷȘ˘ ‰Ï ·˙Î˙ ÆÔÂÊÓ ÌÚ Æ‰Ï ‰·˙Î ™‰Ëȇ ‰„„ Ì‚Â ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ±∞ Èχ ‰Ï Â+·˙Î øÔÓÈÂ+ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÌÚ ¯˘˜ ÌÎÏ ˘È ̇‰ øÌÎψ‡ ÚÓ˘+ ‰Ó Íȇ Ɖ¯٠ÏÈÚÓ ¯„ÂÂÒ ˘·ÂÏ È+‡Â ȇӷ ±≥ ¯·Î Ư˜ „‡Ó Â+ψ‡ øÌÎψ‡ ÆϘ+¯ÙÓ Ì‚Â ‰˜¯Â„ ‡Ó‡Ó ÌÂÏ˘ ˙˘È¯„ ¨˜ÊÁ ÌÎ˙‡ ˜˘+Ó È+‡ ÆÌÎÏ˘ ‡·‡ Ì‚Â ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌÈ¯Â‰Ï ÌÈ„‚·Â ÔÂÊÓ ÂÁÏ˘˘ ¨‰ÈÒÂ¯Ó ˙„„ È˙˘ ™ ‰+ÁÓÏ ÂÚÈ‚‰Â ÂÁ¯·˘ χÂÓ˘Â Ï‡Â+ÓÚ ÌȯÈÚˆ‰ ÌÈÁ‡‰ È+˘Ï ƯȷÈÒ· ‰„·ډ ´¬¥¢y ª£¨ª «ª¢«¥¨¡¨ª©¥¶§ª ∫±π¥∞ ËÒ‚‡· ≤¥ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ·˙ÂÎ ¯‚+ÈÊ Ô˙+ ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰≠˙ȯ·· Ș¯Â‚ ¯ÈÚ·˘ ¯‚+ÈÊ ‰¯Â„ Â˙ÂÁ‡ χ ‰·˙Π‰Ó‚¯˙ ¨˙ίÚÓÏ ˙ÂÈÂÏ‚‰ ˙‡ ‰‡È·‰ Ï¢Ê ¯‚+ÈÊ Ô˙+ Ï˘ Â˙+Óχ ¨ ¯‚+ÈÊ ‰È+Â‡Ï ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰≠˙ȯ· ¨È˜Ò·ÏÈ‚ÂÓ ¯Âʇ ¨È˜¯Â‚ ¯ÈÚ· Ë+ËÒ¯ ËÒÂÙ ¨¯‚+ÈÊ ‰¯Â„ ∫ ÔÚÓ+‰ ‰È+Ó¯‚ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¨±∞Ø¥ ˜+ȯ ¨¯‚+ÈÊ ±‰Ó˙ ∫ ÁÏ¢‰ Ɖ¯Â„ Ô˙+ Ï˘ ÌÓ‡ ‡È‰ ¯‚+ÈÊ ‰Ó˙ ± ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ¯Â‡È˙ ≤¥Æ∏Æ¥∞ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÆÌ¢¯ ¯‡Â„· ‰ÁÏ˘+ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ °‰¯˜È ‰È߈¯Â„ ÌÈ¯Ó˘+ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ Æ¢¯ÂÓ˘ ¯‡Â„¢ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ Ë+ËÒ¯ ËÒÂÙ „Â‡Ó ÌÈÁÓ˘ Â+‡ Æ∂Æ∏ ÌÂÈÓ Í˙ÈÂÏ‚ ˙‡ Â+ϷȘ ÌÂȉ ‡Ï Â˙·Â˙΢ ÔÚÓ+ ¯Â·Ú ¯ÈÚ‰ Ï˘ ÈÊίӉ ¯‡Â„‰ ÛÈ+Ò· È+ÙÏÓ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ Â+ϷȘ ±ÒÂ·Â˜Ó Æ‰ˆÂ¯Ó ˙„·ÂÚ ˙‡˘ Ɖ+Ȉ Ú·˜ ÔÙ‡· ÌÂÏ˘ ˙Â˘È¯„ ÍÓÓ ÌÈÏ·˜Ó Â+‡ ÆÌÈÈÚ·˘ ∫˙ÂÓ˙ÂÁ ˘ÂÏ˘ ˙ÂÚÈÙÂÓ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ® Gutherbst © ËÒ·¯‰Ë‚ Ì˘· ‰˘È‡ ÂÊÈ‡Ó ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ÁÂÏ˘Ó ÌÂÈ ÌÂ˜Ó ˙‡ ˙+ÈȈӉ ¯‡Â„ ˙Ó˙ÂÁ ˙‡ ÁÏ˘ Û‡ ‡Â‰ ÆȘ¯Â‚ ¯ÈÚ· ‡ˆÓ+ ‡Â‰ Ì‚˘ ¨‰ÈÁ‡ Æ≤¥Æ∏Ʊπ¥∞ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ – ÆÈÂÁÈ„ ÈÏ· ‰+ÂÓ˙ ÍÓÓ ÌÈ˘˜·Ó Â+Ï˘ Ìȯ‰‰ ÆÂ˙+ÂÓ˙ ÆÒ¯˜‰ ·Ïˆ ÏÓÒ ‰ÈÏÚ ˙È+Ó¯‚ ˙Ó˙ÂÁ ‰Ó≠¯·„ ˙ϷȘ ˙‡ Èχ Æ ≤ÒÂÏ‡Ï „Â‡Ó ÌÈ‚‡Â„ Â+‡ ˙Ú‚‰ Íȯ‡˙ ·ÎÂΉ ÏÓÒ ‰ÈÏÚ ˙ÈËÈÈ·ÂÒ ˙Ó˙ÂÁ ¨˙È·‰Ó ȯ„Ú‰ ÔÓÊ· ¨˘„ÂÁ È+ÙÏ ÆÂ+Ï È·˙Î ‡+‡ ÆÂ+ÓÓ Æ≤∞ÆπƱπ¥∞ – ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ÌÈÈ˙+È· Ɖ˙‡ ˙ϷȘ ȇ„ ƉÈÂÏ‚ ÍÏ Â·˙Î Â+ȯ‰ ¨ ≥‰˜ßÊÂ¯Ó ¨Ìȯ‰‰Ó ˘¢„ ÆÌȇȯ· Â+‡ Æ˘„Á Ôȇ Â+ψ‡ Ș¯Â‚ Æ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰≠˙ȯ··˘ Ș¯Â‚ ¯ÈÚ‰ ‡È‰ ÔÚÓ+‰ ˙·Â˙Î ÆÍÏ˘ ˙¯·Á‰Ó Ô¯‰‡Ó ¨‡˙·ÒÓ È„È ÏÚ „¯‚·Â+ È+ßÊÈ+ ˙ÈÒ¯‰ ¯ÈÚÏ Ô˙È+˘ Ì˘‰ ‡Â‰ – Í˙‡ ˜˘+Ó È+‡ ÆÈËÒÈ+ÂÓ˜‰ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ Ô˙+ ƉÈÒÂ¯Ï Á¯· ‡Â‰ Û‡˘ ¯ÈÚˆ‰ Á‡‰ ¨ ¯‚+ÈÊ ·˜ÚÈ Â+‰ Ò·˜ ± ° ‰ È + Ó ¯ ‚ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ∫ÁÏ¢‰ ˙·Â˙ÎÏ ·Ï ÌÈ˘Ï È‡„ΠƉ+È˙˘ÏÙ· ‡ˆÓ+˘ Á‡‰ ¨¯‚+ÈÊ Â‰Èχ Â+‰ ÒÂχ ≤ Ɖ‡Â˘· ‰˙ÙÒ+ ‡È‰ ÆÔ˙+ Ï˘ ‰+¢‡¯‰ Â˙˘‡ ‰˙Èȉ ‰˜ßʯ ≥ ∫±π¥± Ò¯‡Ó· ≤¥ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ·˙ÂÎ ¯‚+ÈÊ Ô˙+ ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰≠˙ȯ·· Ș¯Â‚ ¯ÈÚ·˘ ¯‚+ÈÊ ‰¯Â„ Â˙ÂÁ‡ χ ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰≠˙ȯ· ¨È˜Ò·ÏÈ‚ÂÓ ¯Âʇ ¨È˜¯Â‚ ¯ÈÚ· Ë+ËÒ¯ ËÒÂÙ ¨¯‚+ÈÊ ß„ ∫ ÔÚÓ+‰ Ë+Ó+¯·Â‚ ϯ+‚ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¨±∞Ø¥ ˜+ȯ ¨¯‚+ÈÊ ‰Ó˙ ∫ ÁÏ¢‰ Ʊ±Æ¥Æ¥± ∫Ș¯Â‚ ¯ÈÚÏ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ˙Ú‚‰ Íȯ‡˙ ˙‡ ˙+ÈȈӉ ˙ÈËÈÈ·ÂÒ ˙Ó˙ÂÁ ˙È+Ó¯‚ ˙Ó˙ÂÁ ˙ÂÚ·ËÂÓ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ÏÚ ÂÊ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ Ï˘ ˙„ÁÂÈÓ‰ ‰˙Â·È˘Á ≤¥Æ≥Æ¥± ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„È ÏÚ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ‰ÁÏ˘+˘ ‰+¯Á‡‰ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ȉÂÊ Æ± Ư‚+ÈÊ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó °‰¯˜È ‰È߈¯Â„ ÊȯΉ ¨±π¥± Ò¯‡Ó· ≤¥ ¨‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ˙·È˙Î Íȯ‡˙· Æ≤ Â+Á+‡ Æ„ÈÓ ÍÏ ˙Â+ÚÏ Â+ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï Â+· ˙ÂÈÂÏ˙ Ô+ȇ˘ ˙·ÈÒÓ ÏÎÓ ÌȄ‰ȉ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÂË‚ ˙Ó˜‰ ÏÚ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ÂÓ ‰+¯˜ Â+Ï˘ ‰¯ÎÓ‰ ÆÌÈÓÏ˘Â Ìȇȯ· ¨Ì˜ӷ Â+ÏÂΠʯΉ˘ ÌÂÁ˙‰ ÍÂ˙ χ Ò+ÎÈ‰Ï ÂˆÏ‡+ ¯ÈÚ‰ È·Á¯ Â+‡ ÆÌÈÈÚ·˘ È+ÙÏ ‰˙Ó ±∞ ‰˜Ò·Â˯·ÂÏÓ ® Korona © ÆÂË‚Î Íȇ øÍψ‡ ÚÓ˘+ ‰Ó Æ„Â‡Ó ‰Èχ Â+¯˘˜+ ÈÎ ÌÈ˘‡ÂÈÓ ¢‰+¯˜¢ Â+˙„È„È ∫·Â˘Á ÈÂÓÒ ¯ÒÓ ‰ÈÂÏ‚· ˘È Æ≥ Â+ÁÏ˘˘ ‰ÏÈ·Á‰˘ ȯÁ‡ ø‰ÊÏ ıÂÁÓ ‰Ó ¨ÏÏη ‰„·ڷ ÈÎ ‰Ó„ ÆÌÈÈÚ·˘ È+ÙÏ ‰˙Ó ±∞ ‰˜Ò·Â˯·ÂÏÓ ˘¢„ ƉÈÈ+˘‰ ÌÚÙ· ‰˙‡ ÁÂÏ˘Ï Ï„˙˘+ ¨Â+Èχ ‰¯ÊÁ‰ ˙ÂÙ¯˙Ï ¯ÁÒÓ≠˙È· ¨È˙ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ˜ÒÚÏ ‡È‰ ‰+ÂÂΉ ÆÌȄȄȉÓ ‰˜ßÊÂ¯Ó ¨Ìȯ‰‰Ó ˙È··Ï ÆÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰ È„È· ̯Á‰ ‡ ¯‚Ò+˘ ¨ÌÈϘÈÓÈΠÔ˙+ ÈÏÚ· ÌÈ˙·‰ ÆÂË‚‰ Ï·‚ ‰È‰ ‰˜Ò·Â˯·ÂÏ ·ÂÁ¯ ıÂÁÓ Âȉ ‰˜Ò·Â˯·ÂÏ ·ÂÁ¯· ÌÈÈ‚Âʉ ÌȯÙÒÓ‰ ÆÂË‚‰ ÌÂÁ˙Ï 3?;8440<8;463I8003IG06 >8;04;3F@047G04;>G24=474C <4;EI >8;04;0 @'04F0FA86/3 Photo Modern Lubartowska Lublin Brother Jacob Kobus in Lublin >8;04;0G1?85;/F5680/3 Father Ezekiel Zinger in Lublin ¯‚+ÈÊ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÆÔÈÏÂÙ·˘ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¯ÈÚ· „ÏÂ+ ¨˙ÂÈÂÏ‚‰ ·˙ÂÎ ¨¯‚+ÈÊ Ô˙+ ̉ÈÁ‡ ¨¯‚+ÈÊ ‰Ó˙ χ˜ÊÁÈ Ï˘ ¯Âη‰ Ô·‰ ‰È‰ ‡Â‰ È¢+ ‰È‰ Ô˙+ Ɖ¯Â„ ‰¯ÈÚˆ‰ ˙ÂÁ‡‰Â ·˜ÚÈ ¨Â‰Èχ Ï˘ ÆÌÈ+˘ ÌÈ„ÏÈ È+˘Ï ·‡Â ËÏ·+˘¯È˜ ‰˜ßÊÂ¯Ï ÆÌÈϘÈÓÈΠ˙ÂÙ¯˙Ï ¯ÁÒÓ≠˙È· ωÈ+ ÂÈ·‡ ƉÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏ „ÂÚ Ï‡¯˘È≠ı¯‡Ï ‰ÏÚ Â‰Èχ Á‡‰ ÂÁ¯· ‰¯Â„ ˙ÂÁ‡‰Â ·˜ÚÈ Á‡‰ ¨‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ‰ˆ¯Ù˘ ¯Á‡Ï Æ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰≠˙ȯ·Ï ≠˙ȯ·· ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ·˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ È+· ÔÈ· ˙·˙Î˙‰ ‰˙Èȉ Æ Ï‡¯˘È≠ı¯‡·Â ˙ˆÚÂÓ‰ ø‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ È+· Ï˘ Ìϯ‚· ‰ÏÚ ‰Ó ̉È˙·Ó Ìȯ‰‰ ¢¯Â‚ ¨ÌȯÂÙ‰ ‚Á ·¯Ú· ¨±π¥≤ Ò¯‡Ó· ÆıßÊÏ· ‰„Ó˘‰‰ ‰+ÁÓÏ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰È ÏÎ ÌÚ „ÁÈ ÂÁÏ˘+ Â˙˘‡ ˙‡ ¨ÂÓˆÚ ˙‡ ÏȈ‰Ï ÁÈψ‰ Ô˙+ ÆÂÙÒ+ ̉ Ì˘ 8/=438;/6/3 ȯ‰ ÌÚ „ÁÈ ¯¯Â‚˙‰Ï ¯·Ú ̉ ¨ÂÈ„ÏÈ ˙‡Â ‰˜ßʯ Brother Eliyahu May ‰È‰ ‡Ï Ô˙+˘ ‰Ú˘· ¨„Á‡ ÌÂÈ Æ·Â¯Â˜ ‰¯ÈÈÚ· Â˙˘‡ „ÈÂˆÓ ‰È‰ ‡Â‰ ÆÔÈÏÂÙ· ÌÈ+¢ ˙ÂÓ˜ӷ „„+ Ô˙+ ÂÈ·˘ÂÈ ÏÎ ˙‡ ‡Ȉ‰ ¨˙È·Ï ÂÒ+Î+ ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰ ¨˙È·· ÆȘÒ+È߈ÂÏ ·ÏÒÈ+ËÒ Ì˘≠ÏÚ ˙ÂÙÈÂÊÓ ˙„ÂÚ˙· Ƙȯ ‰È‰ ˙È·‰ ¨¯ÊÁ Ô˙+˘Î Æ˙ÂÂÓÏ Ì‰· ¯È ‰ˆÂÁ‰ ÂÈÁ‡ ˙‡ ‡ˆÓ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· Æı¯‡Ï Ô˙+ ÚÈ‚‰ ±π¥µ ÈÏÂÈ· ÆÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· Ú˜˙˘‰Ï ËÈÏÁ‰ Ô˙+ ƉÈχ Ì˙· ÆÌ„‡¯Ó Ϙ+¯Ù ˙È·Ó ‰È+‡Ï Ô˙+ ‡˘È+ ±πµ∞≠· ÆÔ˙+ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÁ‡ ¨‰¯Â„ Ì˘≠ÏÚ ‰‡¯˜+ ˙ȯ„ Æ®·˜ÚÈ© Ò·˜ ÂÈÁ‡ ˙Ó ÔÎȉ „ˆÈÎ Ô˙+Ï Ú„Â+ ‡Ï ÌÏÂÚÓ Æ‰Â˙· ÂÏÚ ÂȯÁ‡ ÂÈ˘ÂÙÈÁ ÏΠ· ‰„·Ú˘ ÌÈÏÂÁ‰ ˙È· ˙ˆˆÙ‰ ˙Ú· ‰˙ÙÒ+ ‰˜¯Â„ Æ®‰+ÏÈ ¯ÈÚ·© øÔ˙+Ï ¯·„‰ Ú„Â+ Íȇ „ÁÈ ‰„·Ú˘ ‰¯ÂÁ· ¨‰˜¯Â„ Ï˘ ‰¯·Á ·È·‡≠Ï˙· ˘‚Ù Ô˙+ ‰¯ÙÈÒ˘ ‡È‰ ƉˆˆÙ‰‰Ó ‰ÏˆÈ+ ÌÈÏÂÁ≠˙È· Â˙‡· ‰˙œ‡ Ɖ˜¯Â„ Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÓ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ÂÏ Æ≤∞∞≤ ˙+˘· ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ¯ËÙ+ ¯‚+ÈÊ Â‰Èχ Æ≤∞∞¥ ˙+˘· ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ¯ËÙ+ ¯‚+ÈÊ Ô˙+ øÂ+È„ÈÏ ˙ÂÈÂÏ‚‰ ÂÚÈ‚‰ Íȇ ÂÈÁ‡Ó ˙ÂÈÂÏ‚‰ ˙‡ ϷȘ Ô˙+ ¨Ï‡¯˘ÈÏ ‰ÏÚ˘ ȯÁ‡ ƉÈχ χ Ì˙‡ ÂÁÏ˘ ®Ò·˜© ·˜ÚÈ ‰˜¯Â„ ‰‡¯+‰ ÏÎÎ ÂÏ·˜˙‰˘ ˙ÂÚÈ„È· Â˙‡ Û˙˘Ï È„Î ¨·È·‡≠Ï˙Ï ¨Â‰Èχ 3F 5'G3?4H/G34IH/4>I? ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰Ó Nathan and his 'rst wife Ruzka «ª¡´y ª£¨ª «ª¢«¥¨¡¨ª©¥¶§ª ı¯‰+Èȯ ÔÓÒ¯‚ ‰·‰Ê ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ·¢‰¯‡ ¨Â‚˜È˘ ¨ÏÊÈÈÙ˘ ÆÒ ∫ ÔÚÓ+‰ ®ıÈ˘ÙÈÏ Ïˆ‡© π ȇӷ „Á‡ ßÁ¯ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¨ÔÓÒ¯‚ ÆÈ ∫ ÁÏ¢‰ ®Æ˙ÂÈ+ÈËÏ ˙ÂÈ˙‡· Ï·‡ ¨˘È„ȇ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰Ê Æ˙È+Ó¯‚ ·Â˙ÎÏ Âȉ ÌÈ·ÈÈÁ ˘Â·ÈΉ ÔÓÊ·© ∏Æ∑ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¨ÈÒÈ‚Â ‰·Â‰‡‰ È˙ÂÁ‡ Â+Á+‡ ÈÎ ¨ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ ‰Ú·˘ ȯÁ‡ Â+˙¯È„Ï Â+ϷȘ ¯·Óˆ„· ≤¥≠Ó ÌÎÏ˘ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ˙‡ ÆÌ˘ ‡Ï Â+‡ ÆÂ+Ï˘ Ô·‰ ÌÂÏ˘Ï ÌÈ‚‡Â„ Ì˙‡˘ ÏÚ „Â‡Ó ÌÎÏ ÌÈ„ÂÓ Â+‡ ¨‰·Â‰‡‰ È˙ÂÁ‡ ÆÂ+Ï˘ Ô·‰ ˙‡ ÂÁ΢˙ ‡Ï˘ ÌÈ˘˜·Ó ÆÌÈ˜Â˜Ê „Â‡Ó ø‰ÏÈ·Á ÁÂÏ˘Ï ÌÈÏÂÎÈ Ì˙‡ Èχ ¨‰·Â‰‡‰ È˙ÂÁ‡ ƉÈÒ¯· ˙¯Ó‡ ˙‡Ê ¨Ò‡·Ó„· ‡ˆÓ+ ¨Ï·ÈÈÙ ¨Â+Ï˘ Ô·‰ Ɖ·Â˘˙ „ÈÓ ÈÏ È·˙Î øÈÏ˘ ˜ÁˆÈÓ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ˙Ï·˜Ó ˙‡ ̇‰ øÍψ‡ ÚÓ˘+ ‰Ó ø˙·‰ ÌÂÏ˘ ‰Ó ÆÍÏÚ·Ï ˘¢„ ÆÌȘ˘+Ó ÌÎ˙‡ ÌÈί·Ó Â+‡ ¨ÌÈ„ÏȉÓ ÈÏÚ·Ó ˘¢„ ‰È·Èˆ ˛˘„ÂÁ‰Â ÌÂȉ ˜¯ ¨˙¯ÎÊÂÓ ‡Ï ‰+˘‰¸ ¢Æ‰·Â˘˙ „ÈÓ ÈÏ È·˙Î øÈÏ˘ ˜ÁˆÈÓ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ˙Ï·˜Ó ˙‡ ̇‰¢ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ÔÓÊ· ‰˜È¯Ó‡Ï ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ‰ÁÏ˘+˘ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ˙‡ ËÚÓ ¯·„Ï Ú„È˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ ıÚ‰ ˙ÈÈ˘Ú˙· ÌÈ+Ó¯‚ ÌÚ ÔÓÊ· ‰ÁÏ˘+˘ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ Â+È„ÈÏ ‰ÚÈ‚‰ ÌÈÚ˘˙‰ ˙Â+˘· Æ˙È+Ó¯‚ ·Â˙ÎÏ ˘ÓÓ Ú„È ‡Ï ‰‡¯+‰ ÏÎÎ ÈΠ̇ ¨‰Ù˘‰ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ÆÔÓÒ¯‚ ˜ÒÂÈ≠Ϙ+ÚÈ ¨È·Ò È„È ÏÚ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ˙ÂÈ˙‡· Ì+Ó‡ ‰·Â˙Î ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰˘ ÍÎÏ ‰·ÈÒ‰ ÂÊ˘ ¯˘Ù‡ È„«„ Ɖ˜È¯Ó‡·˘ ‰ÓÈÒ ‰˙ÂÁ‡Ï È˙·Ò Ì˘· ‰ÁÏ˘+ Æ˙È+Ó¯‚Ó ˘È„ȇ ¯˙ÂÈ Ô‰ ‰· ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ͇ ¨˙ÂÈ+ÈËÏ ‡È‰Â ¨‰˙Ï·˜ ȯÁ‡ ¯ˆ˜ ÔÓÊ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ˙‡ Â+Ï Ì‚¯˙ ‡¯˜ Â˙ÁÙ˘ÓÓ Â+Ï Â¯˙Â+˘ ÌÈËÚÓ ÌÈÎÓÒÓ Ì˙Â‡Ï ‰Ù¯Ëˆ‰ ÆÔÓÒ¯‚ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ¨È·‡ Ï˘ ÔÓÊ· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÔÓÒ¯‚ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ‰Ï¯Â‚ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ¢∏Æ∑ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ¢ ȯÁ‡ ÆÔÓÒ¯‚ ˜ÏÙ≠Ï·ÈÈÙ ¨È„„ Â+Ï ¯ÙÈÒ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ͇ ¨Íȯ‡˙‰Â ̘Ӊ ˙‡ ˙Â+ÈÈˆÓ ˙Â+¢‡¯‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ Â˙‡· È·Ò ÌÚ „ÁÈ ‰‰˘˘ Ì„‡ ˘‚Ù ‡Â‰ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ Æ±π¥± ˙+˘· ¯·Â„Ó˘ ‰ÁÈ+Ó È+‡ Ɖ+˘‰ Ï˘ ÔÂȈ Ôȇ Ú„È È·Ò ÈÎ ¯ÙÈÒ ‰Ê Ì„‡ ÆȘүËË Ô„ÈÈÓ ‰+ÁÓ· ˙È·‰ ̄˜‰ ·˙ÎÓ‰ ÈÎ ÔÈ·‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡ ·˙ÎÓ‰ Ï˘ ÂÎ˘Ó‰Ó Û‡Â ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ Â+ÓÓ Ï·È˜ ‡Â‰ ªÈ·˘· ‡ˆÓ+ ¨Â+· ¨È·‡˘ ̉ ÈΠªÌÈ˘„ÂÁ ‰Ú·˘ ¯Á‡Ï ÚÈ‚‰ ‰˜È¯Ó‡Ó ‰ÓÈÒ Ï˘ ¨È·Ò Ï˘ Ìϯ‚ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ¯ÙÒÏ Ú„È ‡Â‰ Ɖ¯ÊÁ· ÂÏ ·˙ΠƯÈÚ‰ Êίӷ „ÂÚ Ìȯ‚ Ì+ȇ ¨ ‰Ù≠ÏÚ·˘ ˙Â„Ú ‰˙Èȉ ÂÊ Ìχ ÆÈÃ˙„„ È˙˘Â È˙·Ò ˙·È˙Î ˙Ú· ƉÈÒÂ¯Ï Ï·ÈÈ٠Ȅ„ Á¯· ±π≥π ÂÈ˙Ò· ‰ÈÂÏ‚ ‰˙‡ ÈÎ ‰Ó„ ÆÈ+˘ ¯Â˜Ó ¯„‚· ‡È‰ ÌÏÂÚÏ˘ ˙Â„Ú È·‡˘ ˙ÈÓ˘¯ ‰ÚÈ„È ¯·Î ˘È ¨·Â·Ï· ‡Ï ‡Â‰ ·˙ÎÓ‰ ‡È‰ ‰˜È¯Ó‡· ‰„„‰ ˙· Ï˘ ‰+·ÊÈÚÓ Â+Ï ‰¯˙Â+˘ ˙È˙ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ÔÓ ÆÈ+Ó¯‚‰ È·˘· ‡ˆÓ+ ˜ÁˆÈ ÆÂ+·ÏÏ ‰¯˜È ‰Î ‡È‰ ÔÎ ÏÚ ¨¯˙ÂÈ ¢‰ÈÁ¢Â ‰·Â¯˜ ˙Â„Ú ˙·˜Ú· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ·˘ ÂÈ¯Â‰Ï ‰ÈÂÏ‚ ÁÏ˘ È·‡˘ ˙Ú„ÂÈ È+‡ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ Ì‚ ÁÏ˘˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ ÆÂψ‡ ßÌ„‡‰ ·Ïˆ‰ß Ï˘ ¯Â˜È· ‰Ò+Ó ¨˙Â¯Â˘‰ ˙‡ ˙‡¯Â˜ ¨·Â˘Â ·Â˘ ‰ÈÂÏ‚· ‰ËÈ·Ó È+‡ Ɖ˜È¯Ó‡· ‰„Â„Ï ¨‰„ÈÁÈ ˙Á‡ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ ÆÈ˙·ÒÂ È·Ò Ï˘ ÌÓÏÂÚ ÏÚ „ÂÓÏÏ ·„+˙‰ È·‡ Æ˙Ù¯ˆÏ ˙È+Ó¯‚‰ ‰˘ÈÏÙ‰ ‰˙Èȉ ±π¥∞ ȇӷ ÔÓÊ· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ‰˜È¯Ó‡Ï ‰ÁÏ˘+˘ ¨‰·Â˘Á ‡Ï ‰¯Â‡ÎÏ ˙¯˙ÁÓ‰ ˙¯‚ÒÓ· ÂÓÁÏ˘ ˙ÂÈ+ÏÂÙ‰ ˙„ÈÁÈÏ ˙Ù¯ˆ· ‰˙‡ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ˙¯˙Ò+ ÈÏ ‰Ï‚Ó Âʉ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ƉÓÁÏÓ‰ ̇ Ìχ ª‰·˘+ ÔÎȉ ÌÁÏ ÔÎȉ ˙Ú„ÂÈ È+ȇ Æ˙Ù¯ˆ· ÌÈ˜Â˜Ê Ì‰˘ ÌÈ·˙ÂΠ̉ ƯÈÎ‰Ï È˙ÈÎÊ ‡Ï˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó ‰ÏÂÎÈ ‰˙Èȉ ‡Ï ˙‡Ê‰ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ¨±π¥∞ ·È·‡· ‰·˘+ ÂÁÎ˘È ‡Ï˘ ÌÈ˘˜·Ó ¨‰ÏÈ·Á ÌÈ˘˜·Ó ̉ ¨‰¯ÊÚÏ ÆıȘ‰ Â˙‡· ·˙ÎÈ‰Ï ÌÈÏÈÓ Âχ Æ·˙ÎÓ Â+ÓÓ ÂϷȘ ̇ Ìȯ¯·Ó ȷ‡ ˙‡ Ïȯه· Ô΢ ¨ÌÈÈÁ· Âȉ ‡Ï È˙„„ È˙·Ò ±π¥≤ ıȘ· ˙Ú·‰Î ¨‰¯ÊÚÏ ‰+ÈÁ˙Î ¨‰‡ÂˆΠ˘¯Ù˙‰Ï ˙ÂÏÂÎȉ È·Ò ıßÊÏ·· ÈÃ˙„„ È˙˘Â È˙·Ò ÂÁˆ¯+ ‰+˘‰ ‰˙‡ Ï˘ Ɖ·‰‡Â ‰‚‡„ ‡Â‰ ±π¥± ÈÏÂÈ˘ ‰ÏÂÚ Âχ ÏÎÓ ÆȘүËË Ô„ÈÈÓÏ ¯·Ú ¯·Ú˘ ‰Ó ÏÚ ˙·˘ÂÁ ‰¯Â˘ ¯Á‡ ‰¯Â˘ ˙‡¯Â˜ È+‡ ƉÈÂÏ‚‰ ÁÂÏ˘Ó „ÚÂÓ „ˆÈΠ·Â˙ÎÏ ‰Ó Ì˙Ú„· ÂÎÎÁ ‰ÓÎ „Ú ˙¯‰¯‰Ó Æ̉ÈÏÚ ¨¯ÈÈ+ Ï˘ Ï·‚ÂÓ ÌÂ˜Ó Â˙‡ È·‚ ÏÚ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÁÒ+Ï ‰Ò+Ó Æͯ„· ÌÈ+¢ ÌÈÓ¯Â‚Ï Û˘ÁÈ‰Ï ÈÂÙˆ ÁË·Ï˘ ¯ÈÈ+ Æ˙Ú„Ï Ï· ‡Ï ÌÏÂÚÏ˘ Ìȯ·„ ¯Ú˘Ï ¢ÈÒÈ‚Â ‰·Â‰‡‰ È˙ÂÁ‡¢ Æ‚˜È˘· ʇ ÂÈÁ˘ ÏÊÈÙ˘ Èϯ߈ ‰ÓÈÒÏ „ÚÂÈÓ ·˙ÎÓ‰ Æ˙È+Ó¯‚ ˙Ó˙ÂÁ ‰ÈÏÚ ˙ÒÒÂ+˙Ó ˙È+Ó¯‚ ‰·Â˙Î ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ÆÈ˙·Ò Ï˘ ‰¯ÈÚˆ‰ ‰˙ÂÁ‡ ‡È‰ ‰ÓÈÒ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ Æ˙È+Ó¯‚· ·Â˙ÎÏ ‰˙Èȉ ‰·ÂÁ Ȉ‡+‰ ˘Â·ÈΉ ÈÓÈ· ‡Â‰ ·˙΢ ‰·ÈÒ‰ ÂÊ ¨È˙·ÒÓ ¯˙ÂÈ ˙È+Ó¯‚ Ú„È È·Ò˘ „ÁÈ È·Ò „·Ú ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏ ÈÎ Â+Ï ¯ÙÈÒ È„Â„ ƉÓ˜ӷ ˙¯Ó‡ ˙‡Ê ¨Ò‡·Ó„· ‡ˆÓ+ ¨Ï·ÈÈÙ ¨Â+Ï˘ Ô·‰¢ Â+˙¯È„Ï Â+ϷȘ ¯·Óˆ„· ≤¥≠Ó ÌÎÏ˘ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ˙‡¢ ¢Æ‰ÈÒ¯· ¢ÆÌ˘ ‡Ï Â+Á+‡ ÈÎ ¨ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ ‰Ú·˘ ȯÁ‡ ‡Â‰ Ï·ÈÈÙ ¯ÈÚˆ‰ Ô·‰˘ ¯ÙÒÏ Â˘˘Á ÂÈ˘ÎÚ „Ú ÈÎ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ Êίӷ ̉È˙Â¯È„Ó Â˘¯Â‚ ÌȄ‰ȉ˘ ÌÈ˯ÙÓ ‡Ï ̉ ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰˘ ȯÁ‡ ¨È+Ó¯‚‰ ˘Â·ÈΉ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ¯·Î ƉÈÒ¯· ÔÓÒ¯‚ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Æ¢Ì˘ ‡Ï Â+Á+‡¢ ÌÈ+ÈÈˆÓ ˜¯ ‡Ï‡ ¨¯ÈÚ‰ ·Â·ÏÏ Á¯·È ‡Â‰˘ È˙·Ò ‰ËÈÏÁ‰ ¨‰„·ÚÏ Â˙‡ ÂÁ˜Ï Șҷ˜¯˜ ·ÂÁ¯ ∫¯ÈÚ‰ Êίӷ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ·¯Ú ‰¯‚ ¨ÁÏÓ‰ ˙¯ÎÓ· „·ÚÏ „„‰ Íω ‰Ó≠ÔÓÊ È¯Á‡ ƉÈÁ‡Ï ÏÚ ˙+ȈӉ ˙·Â˙Ή Ʊ≤ ‰¯È„ ¨µ≥ ¯ÙÒÓ ‰ßˆ˘ÈÈÓ„˘Ù ‡Â‰ ¯˙ÂÈ ¯ÁÂ‡Ó Æ¢Ò‡·Ó„¢ ‡Â‰ ‰Ê‰ ̘Ӊ Èχ ψ‡ ¨∂ ‰¯È„ ¨π ¯ÙÒÓ È‡Ó· ± ·ÂÁ¯ ‡È‰ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ È·‚ ‰˘ÈÏÙ‰ ¯Á‡Ï ‰‡¯+‰ ÏÎÎ ¨Ì„‡‰ ‡·ˆÏ ÒÈÈ‚˙‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ˙‡ ¯ÈΉ ̉˘ ¯ÙÈÒ „„‰ ÆıÈ˘ÙÈÏ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ˘È˘ ¯ÙÒÏ ÌÈÊÚÓ Âȉ ‡Ï ̉ Ìχ ƉÈÒÂ¯Ï ˙È+Ó¯‚‰ ·ÂÁ¯˘ ÍÎÏ ·Ï ÌÈ˘Ï ÔÈÈ+ÚÓ Æ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏ „ÂÚ ıÈ˘ÙÈÏ ±π¥± ˙+˘ Ï˘ ıȘ·˘ ‰ÁÈ+Ó È+‡ ÆÌ„‡‰ ‡·ˆ· Ô· Ì‰Ï ‰·˙Î+ Â+È„È·˘ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ÆÂË‚‰ ÌÂÁ˙· ‡ˆÓ+ ‡Ï ‰Ê Â˙Â¯È˘ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ÆÌ„‡‰ ‡·ˆ· Ȅ„ ˙¯Õ˘ ‡Ï ÔÈÈ„Ú ÆÂʉ ‰˘„Á‰ ˙·Â˙Î‰Ó ¯·Ú‰ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï ƘÂËÒÂÂÈ„Ï· ·ˆÂÓ „„‰ ‰È‰ ȇ·ˆ‰ ̉˘ ‰„·ÂÚ‰ ÔÓ ¨ÔÙ‡ Ïη ÆÚˆÙ+ Ì˘Â ÔÈÏÂÙ ˙ÈÊÁÏ Â+ÓÓ ÂϷȘ ̉˘ ‰ÁÈ+Ó È+‡ ¨‰ÈÒ¯· Ô·‰ ÈÎ ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ ÆıÈ˘ÙÈÏ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ˙·Â˙ÎÏ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ÏÚ „Â‡Ó ÌÎÏ ÌÈ„ÂÓ Â+‡ ¨‰·Â‰‡‰ È˙ÂÁ‡¢ ÂÁ΢˙ ‡Ï˘ ÌÈ˘˜·Ó Â+‡ ÆÂ+Ï˘ Ô·‰ ÌÂÏ˘Ï ÌÈ‚‡Â„ ¢ÆÂ+Ï˘ Ô·‰ ˙‡ ‡Ï ‰˜È¯Ó‡· ÒÈ‚‰Ó ˙ÂÁ‡‰Ó ÌÈ˘˜·Ó È·Ò È˙·Ò ˜ÁˆÈÓ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ˙Ï·˜Ó ˙‡ ̇‰ øÍψ‡ ÚÓ˘+ ‰Ó¢ ¢ÌÈ+·¢Ï ‡È‰ ‰+ÂÂΉ Èχ ÆÈ·˘· ‡ˆÓ+˘ Ì+· ˙‡ ÁÂÎ˘Ï ¢Æ‰·Â˘˙ „ÈÓ ÈÏ È·˙Î øÈÏ˘ ¯ÈÚˆ‰ Ô·‰ ˙„‡ ÏÚ Ë¯ÈÙ Â+˘È ͢Ӊ·˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ¨Â+Ï˘ ¨È·‡Ï ‰˙‚‡„ ˙‡ ‰Ï‚Ó ‰˙ÂÁ‡ ÌÂÏ˘· ˙+ÈÈ+Ú˙Ó È˙·Ò χ ¨‰Ó≠¯·„ Â+Ï ‰¯˜È ̇¢ ¨¯ÓÂÏ Âˆ¯ Èχ ƉÈÒ¯·˘ Â‰Ê Æ¯Âη‰ ‰+· ¨ÍÎ ÏÎ ·Â‰‡ Ô·Ï ˙ȉÓȇ ‰‚‡„ ÂÊ Æ˜ÁˆÈ ¢ÆÂ+Ï˘ Ô·‰ ˙‡ ÂÁ΢˙ ‰ÈÒ+ÓÈ‚ß· ÂÈ„ÂÓÈÏ ¯Ó‚ ȯÁ‡ È+ÏÂÙ‰ ‡·ˆÏ Íω˘ Ô·‰ ¯˘˜ ÏÚ ‰¯Ó˘ ‰˜È¯Ó‡Ó ‰ÓÈÒ ‰„„‰ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡ ‰Ù˜˙‰ ‰˙‡·Â Êȯٷ „ÂÓÏÏ ÚÒ+˘ Ô·‰ ¨ß‰˜ÈËÒÈ+Ó‰ ‰ÁÏ˘ ‡È‰ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡ „ÈÓ Æ‰Ï˘ ÌÈ+ÈÈÁ‡‰ È+˘ ÌÚ ÌÈ‚‡Â„ ‰Î Â+ÓÓ ÌÈÚÓ¢ Ôȇ˘ Ô·‰ ¨È+Ó¯‚‰ È·˘· ‡ˆÓ+ ˙ÂÏÎÏ ‰+˙Ó· Ô˙‡ Â+˙ÈÈ˘ È„Î ˙«ÈX„»t È˙˘ Ì‰Ï ˙‡¯Â˜ È+‡ Ɖ˜È¯Ó‡· ‰„Â„Ï Ì‚ ·Â˙ÎÏ ‚‰+˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ ÆÂÏ ÈÓ‡Ï ‰+˙È+ ¨Â‡˘È+ ȯ‰˘Î ªÔ¢‡¯ ‡˘È+ È„«„ ƇˆÓÈ˘ ∫˙È˘È¯Á‰ ‰˙˜Úˆ ˙‡ ˙ÚÓ¢ ÂÓΠÂÏω ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ˙ÂÏÈ·Á ÁÂÏ˘Ï ‰‚‰+ ‰˜È¯Ó‡Ó ‰ÓÈÒ ‰„„‰ ƉÈȯ„ÂÙ‰ Æ¢ÈÏ˘ ˜ÁˆÈ¢ ÌÈ+ÈÈÁ‡‰ ˙‡ ‰¯ÈÎʉ ‰˙‡Âˆ· ÂÏÈÙ‡ Æχ¯˘ÈÏ ÔÈÏÂÙÏ ÈÙÏ Æ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ¯Á‡Ï ÂÈÁ‡ ˙‡ ˘‚Ù ȷ˘‰ ˙‡ „¯˘ È·‡ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ¯·Î Â+È·‡˘ ¯Á‡Ï ·¯ ÔÓÊ ¨Ì‰È˙ÂÁÙ˘Ó ‰Ï˘ ÏÚ „Â‡Ó ·Â‰‡ Â+È·‡ ˜ÁˆÈ ‰È‰ Ï·ÈÈÙ „„‰ ȯÂÙÈÒ ÆÌÈÈÁ· ÆÂÓ‡ ø‰ÏÈ·Á ÁÂÏ˘Ï ÌÈÏÂÎÈ Ì˙‡ Èχ ¨‰·Â‰‡‰ È˙ÂÁ‡¢ ‰Ó ÆÍÏÚ·Ï ˘¢„ ÆÌȘ˘+Ó ÌÎ˙‡ ÌÈί·Ó Â+Á+‡¢ ¢ÆÌÈ˜Â˜Ê „Â‡Ó ø¢˙·‰ ÌÂÏ˘ ˙˘˜· ÆÈ·Ò È˙·Ò È„È ÏÚ ·Ëȉ Ϙ˘+ ȇ„ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó ¨‰˜È¯Ó‡· ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ÌÚ ‰·Â¯˜ ˙¯Îȉ ‰+˘È ÈÎ ¯ÎÈ+ ÆÁÂÒÈ+‰ ˙„‡ ÏÚ ‰·˘ÁÓ ˘¯Â„˘ ÔÈÈ+Ú „ÈÓ˙ ‡È‰ ‰¯ÊÚ Â¯‚ ˙·‰Â ̇‰˘ ‰„·ÂÚ‰ ÏÏ‚· ¯˜ÈÚ· ‰‡¯+Î ˙‡Ê ̉ ÆÌÈ˯ÙÓ ‡Ï ͇ ¨‰¯ÊÚÏ ÌÈ˜Â˜Ê Ì‰˘ ÌÈ·˙ÂΠ̉ ‰Ó˘˘ ÂÊ ¨‰„ÈÁȉ ˙·‰ ÌÂÏ˘Ï ÌÈÏ‡Â˘ ̉ ÆÌψ‡ ·ˆÓ ‰Êȇ· ·Â˘ÁÏ ‰Ò+Ó È+‡Â ¨¢ÌÈ˜Â˜Ê „‡Ӣ ÌÈ+ÈÈˆÓ ¯Á‡Ï Æı+¯ÂÏÙ ‰˜È¯Ó‡· ‰Ó˘Â ‰‚ÈÈÙ ‰È‰ ÔÈÏÂÙ· Ì˙ÁÙ˘Ó≠È+·Ï ¯ÂÊÚÏ ÔÓÊ Í¯Â‡Ï Â‚‰+˘ ‰Ï‡ Âȉ ̉ ÆÂȉ ÌÈÈ+˘ ƉȄÏÈ ˙·‰ Ï˘ ˙Â+ÂÓ˙ ÌÈÏ·˜Ó Â+Èȉ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ̉ ‰˙·Â ‰ÓÈÒ ˙ÂÁ‡‰ ˙‡ ÆÌ‰Ó ‰¯ÊÚ Ï·˜Ï ‡Ï ÍÂÓÒ ¨¯È‡È ·ÎÂη – ı¯‡· „Á‡Â ‰˜È¯Ó‡· Ìȯ‚ ‰È+·Ó ‡·‡‰Â ÏÚ·‰˘ ¯Á‡Ï ‰Ó≠˙Ù˜˙ ͢ӷ Ì˙È·· ÂÁ¯È‡ Æ·˜ÚÈ ÈÁ‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ¯Â‚Ó Ì˜ÓÏ Æ‰˜È¯Ó‡· ¯„˙Ò‰Ï ÚÒ+ È+· Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÓ È+ÙÏ ¨ÌÈÈÁ Ï˘ ¯ÂÙÈÒ ˙¯ÙÒÓ Âʉ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ¨ÌÈ„ÏȉÓ ÈÏÚ·Ó ˘¢„¢ ˙¯Â˘˜˙ ÌÂȘ ÏÚ „ÓÏÓ˘ ¯È„+ ÍÓÒÓ Â‰Ê ÆÈÏ˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ¢‰È·Èˆ ˛ÌÂ˙Á‰ ÏÚ¸ ¯˙ÂÈ Ìχ ƉÙÂ¯È‡Ï ıÂÁÓ˘ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ÌÚ ˙È„„‰ ˙·¯Ú ƉȷȈ È˙·Ò Ì˘· ·˙Î+ ·˙ÎÓ‰˘ ÌÈ„ÓÏ Â+Á+‡ Ô‡ÎÓ ÍÓÒÓ ¨È·ÒÓ ¯˙Â+˘ È„ÈÁȉ ÍÓÒÓ‰ ‡È‰ ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ ÏÂÎÓ ÔÈȈ˘ ÈÙÎ ¨‰+Èψ ‰È‰ È+ÏÂÙ‰ ‰Ó˘ ª‰È·Èˆ ‰‡¯˜+ È˙·Ò ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ˙Ù˜˙Ó ¨Â„È ·˙η ·Â˙Ή ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· Âȉ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ˙Ú· ƉÏȈ Ì‚ ‰‡¯˜+ Èχ ªÈ„„ ÆÈ·‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙ÂÈÁ‡ ¨ÈÏ˘ ˙„„‰ È˙˘ Ì‚ Ìȯ‰‰ ÌÚ „ÁÈ ı¯‰+Èȯ ÔÓÒ¯‚ ‰·‰Ê ˙ÂÁ‡‰ ÆÔ‰Èχ ˙ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ÌÈ„ÏÈ‰Ó ÌÂÏ˘‰ ˙˘È¯„ ≤∞∞π ·È·‡ ˙È˘‡¯· ʇ Âȉ Ô‰ ƉÏÂÏ ‰¯ÈÚˆ‰Â ‰ÏÙ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ï„‚‰ ÆÔ‰ÈÈÁÏ Ìȯ˘Ú‰ ˙Â+˘ ˙„ÂÚ˙· Æ˙Â˙·Ò‰ È˙˘ Ï˘ Ô‰È˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ˙‡˘Â+ È+‡ ˙„Â˙ È+˘‰ Ì˘‰ ªÔ‰Ï˘ ÌÈÈ+ÏÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ÌÈÚÈÙÂÓ ÈÏ˘ ‰„Èω ˙ȯ·ÚÏ Ì‚¯˙‰ ÏÚ Ú+¯· ‰¯˘Ï ≠ ÈӇ ¨˙ȯ·ÚÏ ÈÓ˘ Ì‚¯Â˙ ı¯‡Ï Â+ÈÏÚ ¯˘‡Î Ɖ+Èψ ‡Â‰ ˙ÈÏ‚+‡Ï ‰ÈÂÏ‚‰ Ì‚¯˙ ÏÚ ¯+ËÈ·≠‰È+˙Ó ˙+ÚÏ ≠ Ì˘‰ ËÓ˘+ ÍΠƉ„Èω ˙„ÂÚ˙Ó „Á‡ Ì˘ ˜¯ ÈÏ ‰¯È‡˘‰ ‰Îȯډ ‰¯ÊÚ‰ ÏÚ ı¯‰+Èȯ≠ÒÈ+¯‡ ÔÈϯ˜Ï ≠ ÆÈÓ˘Ó ‰+Èψ ‰ÎÈÓ˙‰Â „„ÈÚ‰ ÏÚ ¯„È·‡ ÚË+Ï ≠ Summer A crowd in Cyrulicza Street >415?655G:A=6I:G268I@:=26=6932 F:H ¯‚¯·+¯È˜ Ò˜Ó ÛÒ‡ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÂË‚Ó ˙Â+ÂÓ˙ ±π¥± ˙+˘· ÂÓψ ÛÒ‡‰Â NN ¯Ë‡È˙ ȯÂËÒȉ Ú˜¯ ≠È+Ó¯‚‰ Ô‡ÈÊÂÓ‰ ÈÎ NN ¯Ë‡È˙Ï Ú„Â+ ≤∞∞∑ Â˙Ò· ÂË‚ ˙Ó˜‰ ÏÚ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ÂÓ ¨¯+¯ˆ ÊȯΉ ±π¥± ı¯Ó· Ï˘ ÛÒ‡ Ì‚ ÂÏ˘ ÌÈÙÒ‡‰ ÔÈ· ˜ÈÊÁÓ ÔÈϯ·· ȯÂËÒȉ Ʊπ¥≤ ı¯Ó „Ú ÌÈȘ˙‰ ÂË‚‰ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÂË‚· ÂÓψ˘ ÌÈÓÂψ˙ È¢Ú ˘Î¯+ Ú·ˆ ÈÓÂψ˙ ∑∞ ÏÏ΢ ÌÈÓÂψ˙‰ ÛÒ‡ Ìψ‰ ÌÂÈ ÌÂȉ ÈÈÁ ˙‡ Ìȇ¯Ó ÌÈÓÂψ˙‰ Æ NN ¯Ë‡È˙ ‰ÓÁÏÓ· ‰È‰ ¨ÌÂÏÈˆÏ ‰¯ÂÓ Ìψ – ¯‚¯·+¯È˜ Ò˜Ó ÆÈ+Ó¯‚‰ ˘Â·ÈΉ ˙Ù˜˙· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙¯˘ ±π¥± ıȘ· ÆÈ+Ó¯‚‰ ‡·ˆ· ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ ÔȈ˜ ÆÂË‚· ÌÈÈÁ‰ ˙‡ ÌÏȈ ÆÂË‚· ÌÈÈÁ‰ ˙ȉ ˙‡ ¯ÒÂÓ ÌÈÓÂÏȈ‰ ÛÒ‡ Ë·Ó ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È„Â‰ÈÓ Ô¯Á‡ ÌÈÈÁ ÔÓÈÒ Â‰Ê ÛÒ‡· ˘È ‰Ó Ì+ÂÈÏÎ È+ÙÏ „‡Ó ¯ˆ˜ ÔÓÊ Ì‰ÈÈÁ ÏÚ Ô¯Á‡ ÆÌÂÈ ÌÂÈ ÈÈÁÓ ˙Â+ˆÒ ÆÂË‚· ÌÈÈÁ‰ ˙‡ ÌÏȈ ‡Â‰ Ɖ„ȯ٠˙Â+ÂÓ˙ ‰Ï‡ ÆËÏÁÂÓ‰ ¨˙·ÂÁ¯· ÌÏȈ ‡Â‰ ∫ıÂÁ ÈÓÂÏȈ ÌÏÂÎ ÌÈÓÂÏȈ‰ ∫˙„ÁÂÈÓ ‰˘˜·· ÌÈ+ÂÙ Â+‡ Ô¢‡¯‰ ¯Â„‰ È+· χ ÆÌȘ¢· ¨˙Â+Â΢· ˘È ƇÏÓ ÔÓʉ ÏÎ ·ÂÁ¯‰ ƉÏÂÓ‰‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÚÓ¢ ≠ ˙ÂȈ‡ÂËÈÒ‰ ‡ ÌÈ˘+‡‰ ÌÎÏ ÌȯÎÂÓ Ì‡ Æ˜Â˘ ¨¯ÁÒÓ ¨˙ˆˆÂ¯˙‰ ƯÙÒ ‡+‡ Æ˙ˆ·˜ ¨˙‚ÂÊ ¨ÌÈ„„· ∫ÌÈ˘+‡ ‡Â‰ ÂÏ˘ ÌÂÏȈ‰ ‡˘Â+ ˙È˙ÈÊÁ ÌÈ·ˆ+ ̉ ÆÌÂÏÈˆÏ ÌÈ˘+‡ „ÈÓÚ‰ ÌÈ˙ÚÏ Æ‰ÓψӉ χ ÌÈÏÎ˙ÒÓ ‡Ï ÌÈÓÈÂ·Ó ‡Ï ÌÈÈ˙ÈÓ‡ ÌÈÈÁ Ï˘ ÌÈÚ‚¯ ÒÙ˙ ÌÈ˙ÚÏ ÂË‚· ÌÈÈÁ‰ ˙‡ „ÚÈ˙ ‡Â‰ ÆÌψ‰ ˙ÂÁÎÂ+Ó ÌÈÚÙ˘ÂÓ Æ̉˘ ÈÙÎ ÌÈ˯˯ÂÙ ¨˙‰Ӈ ¨Ô·Ï‰ Ԙʉ ∫Ìȇ˘Â+ ÈÙÏ ÌÏȈ ‡Â‰ Æ˙ˆ·˜Â ÌÈ˘+‡ Ï˘ ¨¯ÎÎ ¨·ÂÁ¯ ÍÂ˙· ‡ ¨‰+·Ó Ï˘ Ú˜¯ ÏÚ ÌÈ‚ˆÂÓ ÌÈ˘+‡‰ Æ˜Â˘ ÛÒ‡· Ôȇ ‰Ó Ƈ¯Â+ ·Ú¯ Ôȇ ÆÌÈ+Ó¯‚ ÌÈÏÈÈÁ Ôȇ Æ˙ÂÈÂÏÏÚ˙‰ Ôȇ ¯ÂÓ˘Ï ÌÈÒ+Ó ÌÈ+˘È ÌÈ„‚· ÌÈ˘·ÂÏ ¨ÌÈʯ ̉ ÌÈ˘+‡‰ Ôȇ ¨‰‚Úω Ôȇ ÆȄ‰ȉ Ï˘ ‰ÈˆÊÈ+ÂÓ„ Ôȇ Æ˘Â+‡ Ìψ ÏÚ ÆȄ‰ȉ Ï˘ ‰ÎÁ‚‰ ÌÈÓÂÏȈ‰ ÈÙ‡ Æ˙È˙Â+Ó‡ Æ˙È‚ÂÏÂÙ¯˙+‡ ‡È‰ ÂÏ˘ Ë·Ó‰ ˙„˜+ ‡Â‰ Æψ ¯Â‡Ï ÒÁÈÈ˙‰ ‡Â‰ ¨˙ÂȈÈÊÂÙÓ˜ ‰+· ‡Â‰ Æ˙ÂÈËÒȯÂϘÏÂÙ ˙ÂÈÂÓ„Ï ÒÁÈÈ˙‰ Grodzka Gate 5H746I3ICJ http://www.tnn.pl/pm,2622.html NN ¯Ë‡È˙ Ï˘ ¯˙‡· ˙‡¯Ï Ô˙È+ ˙Â+ÂÓ˙‰ Ï˘ ÌÏ˘‰ ÛÒ‡‰ ˙‡ Nowa Street 524A A woman selling pancakes K62:2=5KI<6? Photos: Max Kirnberger/DHM In the ghetto 6935;6K2 Waiting for water 5?=G?=;::8?>:8=?KE:=824=:6>:?=I6K 4=:8:35I681?6?=G=>=G54?C5 Mothers K65?1 =66IJ5=CI6JH@2=9IB=C=68<464@3? @:=26=2>:465:56A?6B;< Young Jew with the marked ribbon around his arm ÛÙ˜ ‰Ï¢ ≠ ‰¯ÙÈÒ ‡Ï ‰¯·„ ‡Ï ‡È‰ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏÓ ÛÙ˜ ‰+Á Ï˘ ‰ÈÈÁ BC4F>4G3/43?6 Hana and Aron Kopf ÈÏÂÈ· ±µ ¨‰„Èω Íȯ‡˙ ƘÈÂ„Ó ‡Ï ‰Ê˘ ¯¯·˙Ó Æ·Âˆ˘Ï Û‡ ¨ÛÙ˜ ‰+Á ÏÚ ˙¢‚¯˙‰· ÌȯÓ‡ ¢¨‰·ÂË ‰˘È‡¢ ÆÔÂÎ+ ‡Ï Ì‚ ¨±π±π Ɖ˙ÂÓ Ê‡Ó ‰+˘ ≤µ ¯·Î ÂÙÏÁ˘ ø‰Ï Âȉ ˙ÂÈÁ‡Â ÌÈÁ‡ ‰ÓÎ ˙˘‚ÂÙ È+‡˘ ¯·Ú˘Ï ‰+΢ ˙¯Ó‡ ¢¨ÈÈÁ ˙‡ ‰ÏȈ‰¢ Ɖ¯ÙÈÒ ‡Ï ‡È‰ Ɖ+Â˙Á· Ô·Ï≠¯ÂÁ˘· ˙„„· ˙Â+ÂÓ˙ ˘ÂÏ˘ Ô+˘È Æ˙ÂÈÁ‡Â ÌÈÁ‡ Âȉ ¢¨‡Óȇ ÂÓÎ ¨‰·ÂË ÈΉ ˙ÂÁ‡ ÂÓÎ ÈÏÈ·˘· ‰˙Èȉ¢ È+ÈÈÙ‡‰ ÏÊ¯Â˜Ó ¯ÚÈ˘ ÏÚ· ¯ÈÚˆ ¯ÂÁ· ¨‰ÈÁ‡Ó „Á‡ Ï˘ Æ˙ÂÚÓ„ ÌÈÈ+ÈÚ· ‰ÙÈÁÓ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó ˙·Â¯˜ ˙¯Ó‡ ‡È‰ ƉȄÎ+ ‰È„ÏÈÏ ‰˘Â¯È· ¯·Ú˘ ¯ÚÈ˘ Â˙‡ ¨‰ÁÙ˘ÓÏ ‰˘È‡ ‰˙‡ Ï˘ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏ ‰ÈÈÁ ÏÚ Âχ˘˙ ̇ Ï·‡ ƉȄÏÈÏ ˙Â+ÂÓ˙‰ ˙‡ ‰˙‡¯‰Â ‰ÈÁ‡ ‰È‰ ‰Ê˘ ‰¯ÙÈÒ Æ‰È„ÏÈÓ ÂÏÈÙ‡ ‰·Â˘˙ ÂÏ·˜˙ ‡Ï ¨‰·ÂË ‰È‰˘ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ÏÂÎÈ Æ„¯˘˘ ˙„ÈÁȉ ˙Â+ÂÓ˙‰ Ô‰ ‰Ï‡ øÂ+Ï ÚÂ„È ÔÎ ‰Ó ‰¯ÙÈÒ ‡È‰ ˙·¯ ÌÈÓÚÙ ÆÁ‡‰ Â˙‡ ÌÚ „ÁÂÈÓ ¯˘˜ ‰Ï ÌÈ˙¯Á ¨¯‚ȯ˜ ˙È·Ï ‰„+ȉ „+ȯ٠ÛÏ ¨Ìȯ‰‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÆÂÏ ‰Ó„ ‡Â‰˘ ·‡Ê ‰+·Ï · ‰+ÓË+ ‡È‰ ÆÌÈ≠˙· Ï˘ ÔÈÓÏÚ‰ ˙È·· ‰˙·ˆÓ ÏÚ ¨˙Âί ‰È˙ÂÎÈω˘ ‰˜ÊÁ ‰˘È‡ ‰˙Èȉ ÛÙ˜ „+ȯ٠‰+Á ÔÓÊ· ‰+Ïȇ ‰˙·Ó ¯˙ÂÈ ‰¯ÈÚˆ ¨µ∏ ÏÈ‚· ˙Ú Ì¯Ë· ˘‡¯· Æ˙·Ȅ+ ·ÂË ˙ÚÙ¢ ¨Ïʯ· Ï˘ Ôˆ¯ ÁÂÎ ˙ÏÚ· Ɖχ ˙Â¯Â˘ ˙·˙Î+˘ ‡È‰ ÆÌȯÁ‡ ÔÚÓÏ ‰È„ÏÈ ÔÚÓÏ ‰ÈÈ˘Ú ‰˙Èȉ ‰È+ÈÈÚÓ ‰ÓœÚ ¨ÔÈÏÂÙÓ ‰Ï˘ ¯·ÚÓ‰ ˙„ÂÚ˙· ø‰„ÏÂ+ ÔÎȉ Ï·‡ ‰ÏËÈ· ÍÎ ÏÎ Ï·‡ Ɖ˙‡ ÌÈ··ÂÒ‰ ÏÚ ‰·‰‡ ‰ÙÈÚ¯‰ ¢ÔÈ+¯ËÈ„Ó¢ ‰ÈÈ+‡‰ ÏÚ ‰˙ÏÚ ‰Ù¯ȇ ˙‡ ‰˙ˆÁ ÌÈ˯٠‰È„ÏÈÏ ‰¯ÙÈÒ ‡Ï ÔÎÏ ¨‰È˙¢‚¯Â ‰ÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯ÈÚ‰ ‰·Â˙Î ¨‰È„ÏÈ ˙˘ÂÏ˘Â ‰ÏÚ· ÌÚ „ÁÈ ‰Èˆ+· ‡È‰ ƯȘ‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÈÂÏ˙ ‰¯˜Â‰ ˙„ÂÚ˙ ‰ÓÎ ÆÌȯ‚·ÓÏ ÏÚ ‰ÓÂ‡Ó ‰¯ÙÈÒ ‡Ï Ɖ¯·Ú ‰ÓˆÚ ÏÚ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈÈÒÈÒ· ‰˘È‚Ó ‰Ù˜ ‰+ÈÎÓ ¨ÁÙÂËÓ‰ ÔÂÏÒ· ˙·˘Ï Â+˙‡ ‰+ÈÓÊÓ Æ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏ ‰ÈÈÁ ˙Âȯ‚ȯ˜‰ ψ‡ ÂÓÎ ‰˜È¯·Ó ˙ÁˆÁÂˆÓ ‰¯È„‰ Æ˙ÂÈ‚ÂÚ ‡È‰ ƉÓÁÏÓ‰ ˙‡ „¯˘ ‡Ï ‰+Á Ï˘ ‰˙ÁÙ˘ÓÓ ˘È‡ ‰+Ïȇ ¯Â˜È·‰ ͢ӷ ÆÔÏÂÎ ¢˙ÂÈËÒ·ÏÚ·¢ ≠ ˙¯Á‡‰ ˙„ÏÏ ‰Ú¯Î˘ ÔÓÊ· ‰Ú„È ‡Ï˘ ‰‡¯+ Ɖ„ÈÁȉ ‰˙Èȉ ∫‰È+˙+· ‰¯È„· ‰¯˜È· ‰Óœ‡˘ ÍÎÏ ˙È˘ÁÂÓ ˙Â„Ú ˙‡ˆÂÓ Â˙‡· ˜ÂÈ„·˘ ¨±π¥∏ ȇӷ ≤¥≠· ¨ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌÈÏÂÁ ˙È·· ¯Â·Ú ˜Â¯È ˜ÈËÒÏÙÓ È·È˯˜„ Ô˜˙Ó ‡ˆÓ+ ÌÈ˙Â¯È˘· ‰˙ÁÙ˘Ó ˙‡ ÂÁˆ¯ ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰ ¨Ì„˜ ÌÈ+˘ ˘˘ ¨ÌÂȉ ÌÈ+˘ ˙¯˘Ú È+ÙÏ ‰¯Ù˙ ‰Ó‡˘ Ô˜˙Ó ¨ËχÂË ¯È+ ÈÏÈÏ‚ ‰+‰ ƉÏ„‚‰ ‰ÁÓ˘· ωÓ+ ¯Úˆ ÆıßÊÏ· ‰„Ó˘‰‰ ‰+ÁÓ· „ÈÓ˙ ‡È‰¢ ÆÈ·+χ ·ÂÁ¯· Ô˘ ÏÚÙÓ· ‰„·Ú˘ ÔÓÊ· ÍÎ ÏΠ¨¯˜È ¯È„+ ¯·„ ¨‰È„Â‰È ˙˜Â+È˙ ¨ÌÈ˘„Á ÌÈÈÁ ¢¨˙˜ȯ ÌÈÈ„È· ‡Â·Ï ‰·‰‡ ‡Ï Ɖ˘Ó ‰‡È·Ó ‰˙Èȉ ‰+Ïȇ ƉÁˆ+‰Ï ÌȘÚÂÊ Â„ÁÎ+˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó È·Â¯˜ ‰·¯‰ Ɖ„„≠˙·‰ ˙¯ÙÒÓ ‰¯˘Ú ‰È+Ó¯‚ Ï˘ ‰˙Ò·˙ ȯÁ‡ ÌÈ+˘ ˘ÂÏ˘ ˜¯ ‰„ÏÂ+ ‡È‰ ¨±π≤≤ ¨‰+˘‰ ‰˙‡· „ÏÂ+ ¢‰‚ÈÈÙ ‰+Á¢Â ‡È‰ Æχ¯˘È ˙+È„Ó ÏÚ ÔÂȯ‚≠Ô· Ï˘ Â˙ʯΉ ȯÁ‡ ÌÈÓÈ ‰+Á¢ Ì˘‰ ˙‡ ÆÌÈË·Ó ˙ÂÙÈÏÁÓ È+‡Â ‰+Ïȇ Æ˙¯ÙÒÓ ‰„ÏÂ+˘ ¨‰„+ȉ ¨‰Óœ‡ ¯ÎÊ ˙‡ ÁȈ+‰Ï ‰ËÈÏÁ‰ ‰+Á ¯·˙ÒÓ „ÂÚ Æ‰+¢‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ· ԇΠ˙ÂÚÓ¢ Â+Á+‡ ¢‰‚ÈÈÙ ¨ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÆÌÈ+˘ ¥∏ Ï˘ ˘¯Ù‰· È‡Ó ˘„ÂÁ· ‰Áˆ¯+ ¨ÔÂί„· ·Â˙΢ ÈÙÎ ·Âˆ˘Ï· ‰„ÏÂ+ ‡Ï ‰‚ÈÈÙ ‰+Á ÈÎ Â+Ï ‰È‰ ‰„+ȉ ˙ӂ„ È„Â‰È ÌÕ÷ ¨‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡˘ ÌÈ+˘· ‰¯˘ ¨˙¯Á‡ ‰„„≠˙·© ÔÈ+ÈÈ+ÈÙ ÂӢ ÍÂÓÒ ¯Ùη ‡Ï‡ Ì˘ ªÛÒÂ+ Ì˘ ‰˙·Ï ‰+˙+ ‰+Á ÆÏ·Ò+ È˙Ï· ÔÂϘ ˙‡ Æ®˙‡Ê ˙˙Ó‡Ó ¨ÔÂÏÂÁÓ ‰„ÏÈ ÏÎÂ˙ ÂÓœÚ˘ Ì˘ ª‰Ï‰ ¨ß‰ ˙‡· ÏÈÁ˙Ó ‡Â‰ Ì‚˘ ¯ÎÊ ‡ˆÓ ‡Ï ‰È+ÏÂÙ· ÌÈ+Ù‰ „¯˘Ó˘ ‰·ÈÒ‰ ˙‡Ê Èχ¢ ¨Ô‚Ï ‰„Ïȉ ‰Îω ‰Ê‰ Ì˘‰ ˙Á˙ ÆÔÈÏÂÙ· ˙ÂÈÁÏ ‰È„Â‰È ‰+Á Ɖ+ÏÈ‡Ï ˙¯Ó‡ È+‡ ¢¨ÍÏ˘ ‡Óȇ Ï˘ ‰„Èω ˙„ÂÚ˙Ï ‰„ÏÈÏ Â˜Èˆ‰˘ ÌÈ+ÏÂÙ‰ ÌÈ„Ïȉ · ¢Ó˙˘‰˘ Ì˘‰ 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˙„ÓÂÏ 3=6;=38?C;3I6CH=4 I8G46/33G4H3AE=/0G;424G3?6 Hana Rodeler in the middle of the last line and her family before the war ‰+È‚‰ ˙‡ È˙ȈÁ ÆÛÒÎ ‰·¯‰ ÈÏ˘ ÌÈ¯Â‰Ï ·ÈÈÁ ‰È‰˘ ¨Â·˘ß© ßÆÒÈÚÈË Ë˘È+¯Â‚ ˘ËÈÈ„ ‰„ „È ¨ËÈÈË Ë˘È+¯Â‚ ˙‡ ø‰Ó ¨˙+Â„Â‰È ˙‡¢ ¨ÈÏ ¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰Â ¨Â+Ï˘ ˙È·‰ „ÈÏ ®ßÆÌÂÏÎ ÌÎÏ Â˘ÚÈ ‡Ï ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰Â ¨ÌÂÏΠ¢Ú˙ χ ¨ÂÏ·˙ È˙·˙Î ‡Ï ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡˘ ˙¯ÚËˆÓ È+‡ ¢øÌÈÈÁ· ÔÈÈ„Ú ÆÌÈÈÁ· ÔÈÈ„Ú È+‡ ¨Ô΢ ‰Ê‰ ÈÂ‚Ï ÌȄ‰ȉ ˙‡ ÂÙÒ‡ ¨®È‡Ó· ≤≤© ±π¥≤≠· ¨˙ÂÚ·˘ ·¯Ú·¢ ψ‡ ¨„„‰ ¨ÛÒÂÈ ÌÚ ‰˙Èȉ ¨‰+Á Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÁ‡ ¨ÈÏÂÁ¢ ·Â˘ÓÂËÏ Ì˙‡ ÂÁ˜Ï ÌÈÒÂÒ ÌÚ ˙ÂÏ‚Ú· ‰·È·Ò‰Ó Ʒ„τÂÙÏ È˙Îω ˙„˘‰ ͯ„ Ʒ„τÂÙ· ¯Á‡ ıȯ٠‰˙Èȉ ÆÔÂÏÁ‰ ͯ„ ÌÁÏ Â+Ï Â˜¯Ê ÆÏ„‚ ®ÔÒÁÓ© ˜‡¯‡·Ï È˙¯Î‰ È+ÂÈ· Æ˘‚ÙÈ‰Ï Â+Áψ‰ ˙Ó‡·Â ¨Ì˘ ‡È‰˘ È˙Ú„È ßÆÁ¯·+ ȇ· ¨ËÓȘ ¨È„ÏÂ‚ß ¨‰Ï È˙¯Ó‡ ÆÈ„Ï‚ ¨‰¯·Á ÈÏ ˘È˘ ‰¯ÙÈÒ ‡È‰ ƉÈÂ‚Ï ‰Ó„ ‰˙Èȉ˘ ·Â˘ÓÂË· ‰¯ÂÁ· È+‡ ¨ÚˇËß ¨ÈÏ˘ ‡·‡Ï È˙¯Ó‡ Ɖ„ÁÙ ¨‰˙ˆ¯ ‡Ï ‡È‰ ˙ÂÙÈÂÊÓ ‰„ÈÏ ˙„ÂÚ˙ ¨˙¯ÈÈ+ ¯„ÒÏ ÏÂÎÈ˘ ‰˘ÈÓ ‰Ï ¢ßÆÍÓˆÚ ˙‡ ÈÏȈ˙ ¨‰ÏÂÎÈ ˙‡ Ì‡ß ∫ÈÏ ‰+Ú ‡Â‰Â ßÆ˙Á¯Â· ¨‰+ÂÓ˙ È˙‡·‰ ÆÈËÂÏÊ ∂∞∞ ø‰ÏÂÚ ‰Ê ‰ÓÎ ÆÌȯ‡ Ï˘ Ï˘ ˙Â+¯Á‡‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ Âȉ ‰Ï‡¢ Ƙ+Á+ ‰+Á Ï˘ ‰Ï˜ ¯ÚÈ˘ ‰Ï ‰È‰˘ ¨ÈÏÂÁÏ È˙¯ÙÈÒ Æ‰„ÂÚ˙ ÈÏ ‰¯„ÈÒ ‡È‰Â È˙ÏÁÊ È+‡Â ¨‰Á˙Ù+ ˙Ï„‰ ‰ÏÈÏ· ÌÈÈ˙˘· ÆÈÏ˘ ‡·‡ Ɖ˙œ‡ „ÁÈ Á¯·Ï È˙Ȉ¯ ÆÈ˙‚˘‰˘ ‰„ÂÚ˙‰ ÏÚ ¨È+È„+ÂÏ· ÌÏÂÎ ˙‡ ÂÁ˜Ï ¯˜Â·· ÆÏÈ˙‰ ËÂÁ ͯ„ Ú·¯‡ ÏÚ Ì˘Ó ¢Æ‰Ï˘ ‰„ÂÚ˙Ï ˙ÂÎÁÏ Â+ˆÏ‡+ Ɖ„ÂÚ˙ ‰+ÈÓʉ ‡È‰ Ì‚ ÆÌ˙‡ ‚¯‰Â ıßÊÏ·Ï Æ˙ÂÈ+˘ ‰ÓÎÏ ‰Á+ ‡È‰ ÌÒ‡· È˙‡·Á˙‰Â È˙¯Î‰˘ ‰ÈÂ‚Ï ¯ËÓÂÏȘ ±µ È˙Á¯·¢ ¢ÆÌÂÏÁ ÈÏ ‰È‰ „Á‡ ‰ÏÈÏ¢ Ì˘· ‰ßÊ·ÂÏ· ıȯ٠ÏÚ È˙ÚÓ˘ ÆÌÈÓÈ ‰ÓÎ ‰Ïˆ‡ ‡Ï ÌÈÏÈÓ ÆÂ+È+ÙÏ ˙„ÓÚ+ ‡ÒÈÎ‰Ó ‰Ó˜ ¯Ï„¯ ‰+Á ÈËÂÏÊ ±∞∞∞ ˙¯ÂÓ˙ ¨‰Ï„‚ ‰ÂÂÁ ÂÏ ‰˙Èȉ ÆȘÒÓÈÈÁ Æ˘ÈÁÓ‰Ï ˙·ÈÈÁ ‡È‰ ƘÈÙÒÈ ÈÏ ‰È‰ ÆıßÊÏ·Ó È˙‡ ¯¯Á˘Ó˘ ¯ÈÈ+ ˙˙Ï ÏÂÎÈ ‰È‰ ‡Â‰ ˙¯Ó‡ ‡È‰ ¢¨¯Â· ÍÂ˙Ï ÏÂÙÈÏ ˙„ÓÂÚ È+‡˘ È˙ÓÏÁ¢ ¨È‚ ¨„Á‡ Ô΢ È˙‡ ‰‡¯ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ÆÌÈ¯È˘Ú Â+Èȉ ÈÎ ¨ÛÒÎ ÌÈÁ‡‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ˙‡ ‡ÂˆÓÏ – ‰¯ËÓ‰ χ ÛÒÂ+ Ô˘ ÈÂÂÈ˘ ˙„·‡Ó ‡È‰ ÂÏȇΠ˙ÂÓ¯ÂÓ ‰È„È ¨„ˆÏ ˙+Ú˘+ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ ‡Ï ÆßÌ˘Â „Èß· Ì˙‡ Ì¢¯Ï ‰+Á Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÁ‡Â ‰ÓÏÁ ÂÏȇΠÌÂÏÁ‰ ˙‡ ˙¯ÊÁ˘Ó ¨ÏÂÙÈÏ ˙„ÓÂÚ Ϙ˘Ó ÌȇˆÂÓ Íȇ Ï·‡ ÆÂȉ ‡Ï ÂÏȇΠÌÏÚ+ ÌӢ ¨ÂÁˆ¯+˘ Æ˘Ó‡ Â˙‡ ¨‰+˘ ∂∞≠Ó ¯˙ÂÈ È+ÙÏ ÂÁˆ¯+˘ ÌÈ„ÏÈ Ï˘ ‰„ÈÏ ˙„ÂÚ˙ ‡È‰ ¢ÆÈ˙ÏÙ+ ‡Ï ¯Â·‰ ÈÙÓ È˙‡ ‰ÙÁ„ Á¯ ̇˙Ù¢ ‰„Èω ÈÎȯ‡˙ ˙‡ ‡Ï ÌÓ˘ ˙‡ ‡Ï ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ ‡Ï ̇ Æ·Â˘ ÌÂÏÁ Â˙‡ ÈÏ ‰È‰ ¯˜Â··¢ Æ˙¯˘ÈÈ˙Ó ˙¯Ó‡ øÌ‰Ï˘ ·Â˘ÓÂËÏ ÚÈ‚Ó ÂÙËÒ‚‰ ˙‡ ÔÂÏÁ‰ ͯ„ È˙ȇ¯ ˙¯ÁÓÏ È+‡˘ È˙·˘Á ÆÌȯÁ‡ ÌȄ‰È È+‡ ¨Â+¯‚ ·˘ ˙È·Ï Ò+Î+ ‰˙Èȉ ‰˙ÁÙ˘Ó Æ‰+Á Ï˘ ‰˙„ÏÈ ÏÚ ÚÂ„È „Â‡Ó ËÚÓ ÌÚ ‰˙‡ ÌÒÁ ˙Ï„· „ÓÚ ÂÙËÒ‚ ÏÈÈÁ Ɖ˙Ó ¯·Î ‰ÏÚÓ ˙Á‡ ‰„„≠˙· Ʒ¯‰ ÂÓÎ ‰ÈÈ+Ú ÌÏÂÎ ÂÓÎ ˙È˙„ ‰ÎÈ˘ÓÓ ÏÈÈÁ‰ „ÓÚ Íȇ ‰ÓÈ‚„Ó ¯Ï„¯ ‰+Á ¢ÆÌÈȄȉ È+ÙÏ „ÂÚ ˙Ó ‰+Á Ï˘ ‰È·‡˘ ˙¯ÙÒÓ ÌÂÓÚ Ô¯ÎÈÊ Æ„Ú¯ Ϙ· ¯ÙÒÏ ‰È‰ ‰+ÁÏ˘ ˙¯Ó‡ ˙Á‡ Æ®ÔÂÎ+ ‰Ê˘ ¯¯·˙È© ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ È+‡¢ ¨È˙¯Ó‡ Ú‚¯‰ Â˙‡· Æχ˘ ‡Â‰ ¢øÌÈ„Â‰È ‰Ù Ìȯ‚¢ Æ®Èχ© ‰˘¯Â· ‰È‰ ‡Â‰˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ ¨®ÔÂÎ+ ‰Ê Ì‚© Ï„‚ Á‡ ÏÚ È‡ÏË ÈÏ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ¢ÆÌ˙‡ ¯˜·Ï ˜¯ È˙‡· ƉÈ+ÏÂÙ ¯ÙÎÏ „ÂÚˆÏ ‰·‰‡ ‰+Á ¨¯Õ÷Ùœ‡ ¯È‡‰ ‚ÊӢΠ¨˙Â˙·˘· ‰·Â¯‰ ÌÚ ÏÈÈÁÏ ÆÂÏ˘ ÌÈȄȉ ˙Á˙Ó È˙˜ÓÁ „‚·‰ Ì‚˘ ‰„„≠˙·‰ ˙·¯Ï ¨‰ÏÈ‚· ˙¯·Á ÌÚ ˘‚ÙȉÏ ÍÂÓÒ ¯¯Á˘ ÌÈ+Ù· ÏÈÈÁ‰˘Â ¨‰È+ÏÂÙ È+‡˘ È˙¯Ó‡ ıÂÁ· „ÓÚ˘ ¯È˘Ï ¨˜ÂÁˆÏ ¨¯·„Ï Â·‰‡ Ô‰ Æ®‰È+˙+Ó© ‰+Á ‡¯˜ ‰Ï ÌÂÏÁ‰ ÏÏ‚· Èχ Æ˙È·‰ „ÈÏ Ì˘ ‚¯‰ ÌÏÂÎ ˙‡ ÆÈ˙‡ Æ˘È„È‡· ÌÈ¯È˘ Ɖ·Â˘˙Ï ‰ÎÁÓ ‡Ï ˙Ï‡Â˘ ‡È‰ ¢ø˙Â+ÈÓ‡Ó Ô˙‡ ÆÈ˙ψÈ+ ÌÂ˙· ¨‰˙„ω È+ÙÏ ÌÈÈ˙+˘ ÆÌÈ˘˜ ÌÈ+ÓÊÏ ‰„ÏÂ+ ‰+Á ¯·Î ˙‡ß ÈÏ ‰¯Ó‡ ‡È‰Â ¨˙Á‡ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó ˙·Â¯˜Ï È˙¯ÙÈÒ¢ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ·ˆÈÈ˙‰˘ È+ÙÏ „ÂÚ ‰+¢‡¯‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ßÆÌÈÈÁ· ȯ‡˘È˙ ÂÈ˙ÂÒÈÈ‚ È„È· ·Âˆ˘Ï È„Â‰È ÂÏÙ+ ¨˙ȇӈډ ÔÈÏÂÙ ˙+È„Ó· ÈÏÂÁ ‡·Á˙‰ Âψ‡˘ ‰Ê ¨·Â„Ï„ÂÙ Ï˘ ıȯى ÈÏÂÈ· ±∂≠·¢ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· µ≠· ÆßıÈ·ÂÁÏ· ˜Ï· È+ȇ¯˜Â‡‰ ϯ+‚‰ Ï˘ ¨‰Ù˜˙‰ ÏÎ Âψ‡ „·Ú ̉ ÆÂÙËÒ‚‰ ˙‡ ÔÈÓʉ ¨ÛÒÂÈ ˜¯Â ¨‰Ïȉ˜‰ ·¯ ˙‡ ÌȘʘ‰ ÌÈÏÈÈÁ‰ ¯҇ ±π≤∞ „ÂÚ ÛÒÂÈ ¨ÈÏÂÁ ÆÌ‰Ï ÌÏ˘Ï Í¯ËˆÈ ‡Ï ‰Î΢ Ú„È ‡Â‰Â ÆÂ˙‡ ¯¯Á˘ ÌÈϷ¯ ≤∞¨∞∞∞ ÍÒ· ¯ÙÂÎ ÂϷȘ˘ ¯Á‡Ï ‰·¯ÂÁ· ‡·Á˙‰Â ‰„˘Ï ÂÁ¯· Ì˙œ‡ Âȉ˘ ÌÈ˘+‡ ±∂ ÂÒ+‡ ¨∂∞ ÂÚˆÙ ¨‰˘È‡ ÂÁˆ¯ ‰Ê ȯÁ‡ ÌÈÓÈ ‰˘ÈÓÁ ÌÏÂÎ ˙‡ ‚¯‰Â Ì˙‡ ‡ˆÓ ÌÈ+Ó¯‚‰ Ï·‡ ÆÌ˘ ‰„ÓÚ˘ ·ÊÚ ¢˘Â¯˙‰ ÌÈ·¯ Æ˘Âί ÂÊÊ·Â ˙¯Ú+ ÌÈ˘+ ‰‡ÓÎ ¯ÂÎʇ È+‡ ¨ÌÈÈÁ· ¯‡˘‡ ̇˘ ÈÓˆÚÏ È˙¯Ó‡ Æ̘ӷ Ɖ¯ÈÈÚ‰ ˙‡ ‰È·Èˆ Ï˘ ‰ÈÁ‡ Ì‚Â ¨Â‚¯‰+ ÈÏÂÁ ÛÒÂÈ Æ‰Ê‰ Íȯ‡˙‰ ˙‡ ÂÒ+¯Ù˙‰ ÌȄ‰ȉ ·Â¯ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ È¯Á‡˘ ÌÈ+˘· ÆÌÈ„ÏÈ È+˘Â Â˙˘‡ ÌÚ ®¯‚ȯ˜ ˙È·Ó ‰ÁÙ˘Ó ·Â¯˜ „ÂÚ© ÌÈ+ÂÓ˘Î Æ‰Î‡ÏÓÓ ˙»ÏÎÂ¯Ó ¨¯ÈÚÊ ¯ÁÒÓÓ ˜Á„· ¢ø˙Â+ÈÓ‡Ó Ì˙‡ ÌȯÙη ÆÌÈ„Â‰È Âȉ ·Âˆ˘Ï È·˘Â˙ ±≤∞∞≠Ó ÌÈÊÂÁ‡ Íȯ„Ó¢· ÆÍÂÙ‰ ‰È‰ ÒÁȉ ¨ÔÈ+ÈÈ+ÈÙ Ï˘ÓÏ ÂÓÎ ¨·È·ÒÓ˘ ‰+Á Ï˘ ÔÂÏÒ· Æ̯ˆ ÔÂË· ÏˆÏˆÓ ÔÂÚ˘ ÆÌÈÓ„ӄ ˙Ú˘ ˙ÂÈÂ+Á ‰ÓÎ ˙¯ÎÊÂÓ ±π≤π≠· ÌÒ¯ÂÙ˘ ¢ÔÈÏÂÙ· ÌȘÒÚÏ È+‡˘ ‰ÙÒ‰ ‰˙‡ ÏÚ ÆÂÏ Ï‚Ï‚˙Ó ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ‰È+˙+· ¯Ï„¯ ¨¯ÈÚ· ˙ÂÈÂ+Á‰ ÏΠƯ‚ȯ˜ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÏ ˙ÂÎÈÈ˘ Âȉ˘ ·Âˆ˘Ï· Ì‚ ÂÏ·˙ Èχ¢© ‰‚ÂÚ ‰Ù˜ Â+È„È·Â ˙·˘ÂÈ ‰+Ïȇ Æ˙ÂÈ„Â‰È Âȉ ¨¯ÈÊÁ ¯˘· ¯ÎÓ˘ ‰Ï‡ ËÚÓÏ Ï‡¯˘È ı¯‡Ï ‰ÚÈ‚‰˘Î ‰‚ÈÈÙ ‰+Á Ì‚ ‰·˘È ®¢øÁÂÙ˙ ‡Â‰ Ƙ¯‡·‰ ÔÂ+‚Ò· ¯‡ÂÙÓ ˙Ò+Î≠˙È· ‰È‰ ‰¯ÈÈÚ· ÆÌÈÈÁ· ¯‡˘+˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ȷ¯˜ ıÓ˜ ˙‡ ˘ÙÁÏ ‰ÏÁ‰Â ‰¯˜Â‰Î ·Âˆ˘Ï ËÈÏ˘ È„È· ±∂≠‰ ‰‡Ó‰ ÛÂÒ· ̯˙+ ˙‡ ÂÁˆ¯ Íȇ ‰+¢‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ· ‰‡¯+Î ‰ÚÓ˘ ‰Ê‰ ¯„Á· ¯ÙÒÓ ‰È‰ ·Âˆ˘Ï· ÆÂ+· ˙‡ ‡ÂˆÓÏ ÂÏ ÂÚÈÈÒ˘ ÌȄ‰ÈÏ ¯·Î Èχ Ʊπ¥≤ ÈÏÂÈ· ±∂≠· ÛÒÂÈ ‰„„ ˙‡Â ÈÏÂÁ ‰˙ÂÁ‡ ÆÌÈÈ„ÈÒÁ ¢ÍÏÚ·Èˢ¢ Ï˘ ·¯ Ɖ¯˜˘ ‰Ó ÏÚ ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ÌÏÂÚŸÏ ¯ÙÒÏ ‡Ï ‰ËÈÏÁ‰ ʇ ¯Ó˘ ‡Â‰ ¨È+¯„ÂÓ ¯˙ÂÈ ˙ˆ˜ ‰È‰ ÌȯÈÚˆ‰Ó ‰˘ÈÓ Ì‡¢ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ È+ÙÏ ‰+Á Ï˘ ‰ÈÈÁ ÏÚ ˙„·ÂÚ ¨ÌÈ˯٠¨Ú„ÈÓ Æ‰¯ÂÙȈ ‰„„≠˙·‰ ˙¯Ó‡ ¢¨„ÂÒ· ‰Ê ˙‡ ˜È˙Ú ¯ÈÈ+ ÂÓÎ ≠ ‰ÒÈÙ˙Ï Ô˙È+ È˙Ï· ¨˜Ó˜ÓÁ ¯ˆÂÓ Ì‰ È„ÈÒÁÓ ‰È‰ ‰È·‡˘ ˙¯ÙÒÓ ¯Ï„¯ ‰+Á ‰„„≠˙·‰ ˙¯ÈÚˆ ˙„ÏÈ Âȉ „„‰ ˙Â+· ƉϘ ‰ÚÈ‚+· ¯¯ÂÙ˙Ó˘ ÆÊÏÚ· ÔÓʉ Æ̘Ӊ Â˙‡· ÂÈÁ ÔÏÂÎ ‡Ï ƉÓÁÏÓ‰ ‰ˆ¯Ù˘Î ÆÌȯ·„Ó ÈÏ˘ ÌÈ¯Â‰Ï È˙·˘˜‰Â ˘ÓÁ ˙· ͯڷ È˙Èȉ“ ÆÔ¯ÎÈʉ ˙‡ ˜Á¢ ‡ ‰È+ÏÂÙ· ˙Â+·Ï ̇ ÂÚ„È ‡Ï ˙È· ˙Â+·Ï ˆ¯ Ìȯ‰‰ „ÂÚ ¨·È·˘ „ÂÚ ¨Ë¯Ù „ÂÚ ¢Â+ÙÏ˘¢ ‰+Ïȇ È+‡ ¯Â˜È· Ïη È„Î ®¯ËÓÂÏȘ ≤∑© ÊÏÚ·Ï ·¯Ï ÂÚÒ+ ̉ Æχ¯˘ÈÏ ÚÂÒ+Ï Ìȯ·˘ „Á‡Ï ˙ÂÙ‡Â˘‰ ˙ÂÈ‚ÂχÈί‡ Â+Èȉ ÂÓÎ ¨‰„·ÂÚ Ï·‡ Æχ¯˘ÈÏ ÚÂÒ+Ï ‰Ó Ôȇ˘ ¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰ ÆÂ˙‡ χ˘Ï „Úˆ Â+˙‡ Ïȷ‰ ˯٠ÏΠƉ˜È˙Ú ˙Ù˜˙Ó Ò¯Á Ï˘ ˙˘ÂÏ˘ Æ˙ÂÈ˙„ ÌÈ˘+ ¢·Á˘ ˙ȯÎÂ+‰ ‰‡Ù‰ ¢¨ÏËÈÈ˘¢ ‡Â‰ Æχ¯˘ÈÏ ÂÁȯ·‰ ÊÏÚ·Ó È·¯‰ ˙‡Â ¨‰ÓÁÏÓ ‰ˆ¯Ù „ÏÈ ˙¯ÈÚˆ ˙¯ÂÁ· È˙˘ ¨Ì‰È¯ÂÁ‡Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÚ Ì‰È„ÏÈ øÌÈÈÁ· È˙¯‡˘+ È+‡ Íȇ Æ‡Ï ÈÏ˘ ‡·‡Â ¨ÌÈÈÁ· ¯‡˘+ Ư˘Ú Ô·Î ‰‡¯+˘ ¢Æϯ‚ ˜¯ ‰Ê ÂÚ„ÕÈ ‡Ï ÈÏ˘ ÌÈ„Ïȉ Ɖ+ÂÓ˙‰ ˙‡ ÌÎÏ Ô˙‡ È+‡¢ ‰È‰ ¨„„≠˙Â+·‰Â ‰+Á Ï˘ Û˙¢Ӊ ‡·Ò‰ ¨¯‚ȯ˜ ‰˘Ó Ɖʠ‰„·ÂÚ Æ˙Â¯È¯Ó ‡ÏÏ ˙¯Ó‡ ‡È‰ ¢¨Â˜¯ÊÈ ‰Ê ÈÓ ·¯‰ ¯ËÙ+˘Î ÆÈ+·¯‰ ÔÈ„ ˙È·· ÔÈÈ„ ¨„ÓÂÏÓ „·ÂÎÓ È„Â‰È Ïˆ‡ ¯‡˘+ „„‰ Ô·¢ Æ˙¯Ó‡ ‡È‰ ¢¨Âȉ ̉ ‰˘ÈÓÁ¢ Æ˙Â+·¯‰ ˙‡ Ï·˜È ¯‚ȯ˜ ‰˘Ó˘ ˆ¯ ¨·Âˆ˘Ï Ï˘ Ԙʉ ‰˘Ó ¨‰‚ÈÈÙ ¨‰‡Ï Æχ¯˘È· ‰Ù ‰¯ËÙ+ ËÓ¯٠ÆÌȈ‡+‰ ÆÔÈÈ„ ‰È‰ Â˙ÂÓ „Ú ¨·¯ÈÒ ‡Â‰ Ï·‡ ÆÌȈ‡+‰ ψ‡ ¯‡˘+ ϯ· Ì‚Â ¨ÌȈ‡+‰ ψ‡ Ï„+Ó ‰ÈÂÂÏÏ ÂÎω ˙ÂÈÂ+Á‰ ˙‡ ¯‚Ò ÌÏÂÎ ¨¯ËÙ+ ‡Â‰ ¯˘‡Î¢ ‰‚ÈÈ٠ƉÓÁÏÓ‰ ‰ÏÈÁ˙‰ ˜¯˘Î ¨˙ˆˆÙ‰· ‚¯‰+ ‰˘Ó ÏÏ‚· ÌÈÒÁÂÈÓ Âȉ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰¢ Ɖ¯ÂÙȈ ˙¯ÙÒÓ ¢¨ÂÏ˘ ·˘Á˘ ¨È‚ ψ‡ Ô¯Á‡‰ Ú‚¯‰ „Ú ˙¯˙ÒÂÓ ‰˙Èȉ ‰¯ÈÈÚ‰ ÏÎ ÆÌÈ+˜Ê ˙‡٠ÌÚ ¨ÌÈÈ˙„ „Â‡Ó Æ‡·Ò‰ ‰ÈÈهӉ ÁÓ˜‰ ˙+Á˙ ˙‡ Ï·˜È ‡Â‰ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡˘ ¢Æ„È‚‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡ ¨‰˙Èȉ ÂÚÓ˘ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ÛÂÒ ˙‡¯˜Ï Ï·‡ ƉÁÙ˘ÓÏ ‰˙Èȉ˘ ‰„ÓÏ ‰+Á˘ ÁÈ+‰Ï ¯È·Ò ƯÙÒ≠˙È· ‰È‰ ‡Ï ÔÈ+ÈÈ+ÈÙ· ¯ÚÈÏ ‰˙‡ Ïȷ‰ ‡Â‰ ʇ ÆÌÈ·¯˜˙Ó ÌÈÒ¯‰ ˙‡ ¯Ùη Ï˘ ÌȯÂÙÈÒ‰Ó Æ˙È·‰Ó ÌȯËÓÂÏȘ ‰˘ÂÏ˘Î ¨·Â„Ï„ÂÙ· Ï·˜Ï ÏÎÂÈ ‡Ï ‡Â‰ ÌÈÒ¯‰ ψ‡˘ Ú„È ÈÎ ¨‰˙‡ ‚¯‰Â Ɖ+Á Ï˘ ‰˙„ÏÈ ˙‡ ÔÈÈÓ„Ï ¯˘Ù‡ „„‰ ˙Â+· ¢Æ˘Âί‰ ˙‡ ˙Â˙ÈÎ Ú·˘ ‰ÓÈÈÒ ¨¯Ï„¯ ‰+Á ¨‰È+˙+Ó ‰„„≠˙·‰ ˙¯˜·Ó Â+‡˘ ‰+Á Ï˘ ˙ÈÚÈ·¯‰ ‰„„≠˙·‰ ‡È‰ ‰¯ÂÙȈ ‰˙Èȉ ‰È+ÏÂÙ‰ ‰¯ÂÓ‰ Íȇ ˙¯ÙÒÓ ‡È‰ Æ˙Â+ÈÈˈ‰· Æ˙ÂÚ·˘ ‰ÓÎ Ï˘ ‰Ù˜˙· ¨ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ≥∞ Âȉ ‰˙Èη ÆÁÂω ÏÚ ·Â˙ÎÏ ‰˙‡ ‰+ÈÓÊÓ ˙‡ÏÓ ‰ÓÁ ‰˘È‡ ¨ÔÂÏÂÁÓ ‚+ȯ‰ ‰¯˘ ¨‰+¢‡¯‰ ψ‡ ÆÌÈ„Â‰È Ì‰Ó ‰+ÂÓ˘ ¨‰ÈÈÁÏ ÌÈ+ÂÓ˘‰ ˙Â+˘· ÂÏÈÙ‡ ÌÈÈÁ ˙ÁӢ ¢ÏÙÏÙ¢ ‰È‰ ‰Ê¢ Æ˙¯ÊÁ˘Ó ‡È‰ ¢¨ÁÂÏÏ È˘‚˙ ȇ· ¨˙+Â„Â‰È ¨˙‡¢ ¯Ùη ‰„ÏÂ+ ‡È‰ ÆÌÈ¯Ó Â‡¯˜ ‰+Á Ï˘ d˙·ÒÏ˘ Â+„ÓÏ ¢Æ·Ï· ËÁÓ ÂÓÎ ‡È‰ ¨¯‚ȯ˜ ÛÏ ·˜ÚÈ ¨‰ÏÚ· Ï˘ Â˙ÂÓ È¯Á‡Â ¨ÔÈ+ÈÈ+ÈÙ ¯ÈÚˆ ÏÈ‚Ó˘ ÁÂË· Ï·‡ ¨‰ÓÈÈÒ ‰+Á ˙Â˙ÈÎ ‰ÓÎ ÚÂ„È ‡Ï Ï˘ ¯È˜‰¢ ÆÏ„‚‰ ‰˘Â¯È‰ ˙È·· ¯Â‚Ï È„Î ·Âˆ˘ÏÏ ‰¯·Ú ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï ÌÈ+˘ ƉÁÙ˘Ó‰ ˙Ò+¯ÙÏ „·ÚÏ ˙·ÈÈÁ ‰˙Èȉ ˙¯ÙÒÓ ¢¨‰Ï˘ ¯„Á‰ Ï˘ ¯È˜Ï Û˙Â˘Ó ‰È‰ Â+Ï˘ Á·ËÓ‰ ‰„·Ú ‡È‰ ƉÈÈÁ ˙Ùȇ˘Â ‰ÈÏ‚¯Ï ¯+ ‰È„ÏÈ ˙Ï΢‰ ‰È‰˙ ˙È· ¨ÚËÒ·ÏÚ· ¨‰ÈȘ+ ¨‰ÙÈ ‰˘È‡ ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰ Ɖ¯˘ ¯„Ò ˘‡¯·Â ¨‰ÓÂ‡Ó ¯ÒÁÈ ‡Ï ‰È„ÏÈÏ˘ È„Î ‰ÏÈÏ ÌÂÈ Æ‰‡È¯· ‰˘È‡ ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰ Æ„·Ï ‰ÈÁ ‡È‰ ÆȘ+ ¯„ÂÒÓ ÆÌÈ„ÂÓÈω ‡˘Â+ „ÓÚ ‰Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÂÙÈ„Ú‰ ‰Ï Âȉ ƉˆÂ¯Ó ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰ Ư˜·Ï ‡· ‰Ï˘ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ÌȯÙΉ Ïη ˙¯ÊÂÙÓ Âȉ ¯‚ȯ˜ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ˙ÂÁÂÏ˘ ¨‰+ÈË+‚¯‡Ï ÚÒ+˘ ¨˘È¯ÈÈ· ¨‰+·Ï Ì‚ Æ˙ÂÏÂÁÎ ÌÈÈ+ÈÚ Æ‰·È·Ò· ˙¯ÈÈډ ψ‡ ‰¯‡˘+© ¢Æ‰ÓÁÏÓ· ‰˙Ó ‡È‰ Æ˙ÂÏÂÁÎ ÌÈÈ+ÈÚ Âȉ ̉ „ȯ·Â+Ò¯˜· ıȘ‰ ˙˘ÙÂÁÏ Í¯„·˘ ˙¯ÎÂÊ ‰¯ÂÙȈ ®ÌȈ‡+‰ ÆÏ„+ÈÈ˘ ¨‰+Á Ï˘ ‰„„‰ ψ‡ ‰ÏÈÏÏ ÌȯˆÂÚ Âȉ Æ·‡Ê Ï˘ ‰ÂˆÓ≠¯·Ï ‰+Óʉ ÂÏÈÙ‡ Â+‡ˆÓ ‰¯˘ ψ‡ ˙Á¯‡Â Ô¢ÈÏ ÌÂ˜Ó ¨·¯Ú ˙Á¯‡ ÌÏÂÎÏ ‰+˙+ ‡È‰¢ ‰˙ÂÁ‡Ï˘ Â+ÈÏÈ‚ ¨¯Ï„¯ ‰+Á ‰„„‰ ˙· ψ‡ ¨‰È+˙+· ÌÈ¯Ê ÌÈ˘+‡ ÂÁ¯È‡ ¨ÌÈ·È„‡ „Â‡Ó ÌÈ˘+‡ Âȉ ̉ Ư˜Â· ‡È‰˘Â ˙È+È„+ÂÏ· ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰˘ ¨ÈÏÂÁ ‡¯˜ ‰+Á Ï˘ ¢Æ‰ÂÂˆÓ ÌÈÈ˜Ï È„Î Æ±π¥≤ ÈÏÂÈ· ‰Áˆ¯+ ®ø·Ï‰ ÏÎÓ Á¯‡Ï ‰+Á ‰„ÓÏ Ï„+ÈÈ˘ ‰„„‰Ó Èχ© Â+Á+‡˘Î ¨˙Ï„· „ÂÚ ÌÂÁ· ‰+Ïȇ ˙‡ ˙˜·ÁÓ ‰¯ÂÙȈ ÌÈ˘+ Ï˘ ˙Â+¯ÎÈÊ· ÈÂÏ˙ ¨ÏÙ¯ÂÚÓ ¨ÌÂÓÚ ¯·Ú‰Ó ÏÂΉ ‡È‰ ¢¨ÍÏ˘ ‡ÓÈ‡Ï ‰Ó„ ˙‡˘ ‰Ó΢ Ư˜·Ï ˙‡· Ʒ¯˜Ó ‰+Á ˙‡ ¯ÈΉ ‡Ï˘ Æ˙¯Ó‡ È+ÂÈ Ï˘ Ô¢‡¯‰ ÌÂÈ· ¨¯˜Â·· ˘˘· ƯÚ˙Î „Á „Á‡ ¯·„ ≠¯ÂÁ˘· ‰+ÂÓ˙ „ÚÂÓ „ÂÚ·Ó ‰+ÈΉ ‡È‰ Â+¯Â˜È· ˙‡¯˜Ï Ɖˆ˜Ï ‰ˆ˜Ó ‰+Á Ï˘ ‰ÈÈÁ Â+˙˘‰ ¨±π≥µ ‰ÁÙ˘ÓÏ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ȯÁ‡ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÓ ‰ÁÏ˘ ‰+Á˘ Ô·Ï Æ˙Ó ¨„+ȯ٠ÛÏ ¨‰È·‡ Ì„˜˙Ó ÔÂȯ‰· ‡È‰ ÈÎ ÔÈÁ·‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡ ‰+ÂÓ˙· Æı¯‡· ø‰¯ÂÓ‚ ˙‡„· ˙‡Ê ˙Ú„Ï ¯˘Ù‡ Íȇ ‰¯ÂÙȈ ¢¨ÔÈÒÈ¯Ù˜Ï Â+Èχ ‰ÚÈ‚‰ ‰+ÂÓ˙‰¢ Æ®‰+Ïȇ ÌÚ© „¯˘Ó ˙ω+Ó ¨ÊÂϘ ‰È¯Ó ˙¯·‚‰ ÌÚ „„ÈÈ˙‰Ï Ȉ¯Â ȇ„Î Æ˙¯ÙÒÓ ıˆӘ ˙ÂÏÈÎÓ‰ ˙ÂÏÙ¯ÂÚÓ ˙ÂÈ+٠Ʒˆ˘Ï ¯ÈÚ‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ+Ù‰ Ìȇ¯ ÂË‚· Ìψ˘ ¯È„+ È˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÌÂÏȈ ¨‰+ÂÓ˙ „ÂÚ ÔÈÏÂÙ ˙¯ȯ‚˘· ‰+ÚÓ ˙ÂÏ·˜Ó ‡Ï ˙„·ÂÚ Ï˘ Ú¢ ÆÌÚÂ¯Ê ÏÚ „„ Ô‚Ó ÌÚ È‡ÏË ÌÈ„+ÂÚ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ È+· ˙‡ · ÌÈÎȯ‡˙·Â ˙ÂÓ˘· „ÈÂˆÓ ‡Ï ‰+ÂÙ‰ ̇ Æ·È·‡≠Ï˙· ÌÚ ‰˘È‡ „ÈÏ ¨È„ÈÒÁ ÁÒÂ+· Ú·ÂΠ¢‡¯Ï ԘÂÊÓ ¯·‚ 3;E/8? 6G>8;04;0 <4F=4I4/0F48204=;7E34>8;04;0G4F80;4G564G10H<82;83 "e grown up children returned to Lublin for a visit and were photographed exactly at the same place ƉÓ¢¯ ‡Ï Â+Ï˘ ‰¯˜Ó· – ¯Â˜ÓÏ ˙Â¯È˘È ˙ÎÏÏ È‡„Î ¨ÌȘÈÂ„Ó ÌÈ¯Ó ÆÌÈÈÁ· ÔÈÈ„Ú ‰˙Èȉ ÌÈ¯Ó ‡˙·Ò ÏÊÓ‰ ‰·¯ÓÏ ÒÂÓÈ+· Í˙‡ Â+ÙÃÈ ÔÈÏÂÙ· ÌÈ+Ù „¯˘Ó Ïη ÆÊÂϘ ˙¯·‚‰ Ʊπ≥∑ ÈÏÂÈÏ ±∂≠· ·Âˆ˘Ï· ÌÂ˘È¯‰ „¯˘Ó· ‰·ˆÈÈ˙‰ ÒÙÂË ‡ÏÓÏ ‡+ ¨È+‡Ù ‰˘Â¯Ù ∫Í˙È·Ï ‰·Â¯˜‰ ˙¯ȯ‚˘Ï ≠‰ ˙· ¨‰„+ȉ ‰˙· ˙‡ Ì¢¯Ï È„Î ‰‡· ‡È‰ ∂µ ÏÈ‚· Æ·È·‡≠Ï˙· ˙¯ȯ‚˘· ÊÂϘ ˙¯·‚‰˘ „È ·˙η ‰˘˜·‰ ÏÚ ‰Ó˙Á ÌÈ¯Ó Æ¥≥ ‰Êȇ ¨˙¯Á‡ ÆÊÂϘ ˙¯·‚‰ Ï˘ ‰·ÏÏ ¯·„Ï È‡„Î ÔÎÏ Æ‰‡¯+Î ˘È„ȇ· ¨‡Â¯˜Ï ‰˙˘˜˙‰ ¨ÌȘ·Â‡Ó ÌȯÙÒ ˙¯˘Ú· ¯ÂÙÁÏ ‰Ï ‰È‰È Ò¯Ë+ȇ ÂÙÏÁ ÌÈÙÒÂ+ ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ ‰˘ÈÓÁ Æ˙ÂÈÚ·‰ ¯ӂ+ ‡Ï Íη È„Î ¨ÌÏÂÚ‰Ó Â¯·Ú ÔÓÊÓ˘ ÌÈ„È˜Ù Ï˘ „È ·˙η ÌȇÏÓ ˙‡ Ì¢¯Ï È„Î ·Âˆ˘ÏÏ ‰¯ÊÁ ‰„+ȉ ¯·Óˆ„· ±∂≠·˘ „Ú ÏÚ Ú„ÈÓ Ú¯‚ È+ÏÂÙ ‡Ë·Ó ˙ÏÚ· ˙¯·‚ ¯Â·Ú ‡ÂˆÓÏ „¯˘ÓÓ ‰‡¯+Î ‰··Â˙Ò‰ ‡È‰ ˙‡Ê‰ ‰Ù˜˙· ÆÌÈ„Ïȉ øÌÈÈÁ· Ì+ȇ ÔÓÊÓ˘ ÌÈ˘+‡ ˙„‡ ˜ÂÁ‰ ÈÙÏ Æ‰ˆˆ˘ ‰ÈÚ·Ï Ô¯˙Ù ‡ÂˆÓÏ ‰˙ÒÈ+ „¯˘ÓÏ ¯·„ ‰¯ÙÈÒ ‡Ï ‰+˘ ≤µ È+ÙÏ ‰¯ËÙ+ ÈÏÚ· Ï˘ ‡Óȇ¢ ‰„+ȉ ÛÏ¢ ÔÂÂÈÎ ¨ÌȯÊÓÓÏ Â·˘Á+ ‰È„ÏÈ È+ÏÂÙ‰ ÌÈÁ‡ ‰Ï Âȉ¢ ÆÊÂϘ ˙¯·‚Ï ‰¯È·ÒÓ È+‡ ¢¨‰˙„ÏÈ ÏÚ ÆÌÈÈÁ¯Ê‡ ÌÈ‡Â˘È+· ‡Ï χ¯˘È ‰˘Ó ˙„Î Â+˙Á˙‰ ̉ ‰ÓΠ‡ ÌÓ˘ ˙‡ ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ ‡Ï Â+Á+‡ Ï·‡ ¨˙ÂÈÁ‡Â Ô˙È+ ‡Ï ‰˘Ú+‰ ˙‡Â ¨Ì„˜ ÌÈÈ˙+˘ ¯ËÙ+ „+ȯ٠ÛÏ ¢ÆÂȉ ˙‡ Ì¢¯Ï ‰ÈÏÚ ÈÎ ‰+È·‰ ‰„+ȉ˘ ‰‡¯+ Æ·È˘‰Ï ‰È‰ ¨‰„ȯÁÓ ˙ÂÓÈÓ˙· È˙‡ ˙Ï‡Â˘ ‡È‰ ¢øÂÈ˘ÎÚ Ì‰ ‰Ùȇ¢ Ì‰Ï Ôȇ ÂÏȇΠƯ‚ȯ˜ ¨‰Ï˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ Ì˘ ˙Á˙ ‰È„ÏÈ Æ˙È„Â‰È ‰ÏÂÎ ËÚÓÎ ÌÚÙ ‰˙Èȉ˘ ‰¯ÈÈÚ· ‰ÈÁ‰ ‰˘È‡ Æ·‡ Ɖ¯È·ÒÓ È+‡ ¢¨‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ˙‡ ‰„¯˘˘ ‰„ÈÁȉ ‡È‰¢ ıÂÁÓ ÌÈ„ÏÈ ¨‰·¯‰ ÌÎψ‡ ‰¯˜ ‰Ê˘ ˙Ú„ÂÈ È+‡¢ ¢ÆÌÏÂÎ ˙‡ ‚¯‰¢ ÌȯÙÒ· ÌȄ‰ȉ ÌÈ„ÏÈ‰Ó ˘ÈÏ˘ ËÚÓÎ ÆÌÈ‡Â˘È+Ï Ï˘ ÔÂί„· ·Â˙΢ ‰„Èω Íȯ‡˙ ˙‡ ‰Ï ˙¯ÒÂÓ È+‡ ‡Ï ‰ÓÈ+· ÊÂϘ ˙¯·‚‰ ˙¯ÙÒÓ ¢¨˙·‡ ÈÏ· „ÏÂ+ ÈÏ˘ ª¯‚ȯ˜ ˙È·Ï ‰„+ȉ ¨‡Óȇ‰ ∫Ìȯ‰‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡Â ‰+Á ÆÊ· Ï˘ ˙¯˙ÒÂÓ Æ„+ȯ٠ÛÏ ¨·‡‰ ˙‡ ‰‡ˆÓ ‡È‰˘ ÏÚ ‰„Â˙ ˙¯È҇ ˙˘‚¯+ ‰Î È+‡ ÆÌÂÏÎ ˙‡ˆÂÓ ‡Ï Æ˙˘ÙÁÓ ‡È‰ ‰¯È·ÒÓ ˙˜Ù‡˙Ó È+‡ ÔÎÏ ¨‰+Á Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÁ‡‰Â ÌÈÁ‡‰ Æ·Â˘ ‰Èχ ˙+ÙÏËÓ È+‡ „„≠˙Â+·‰ ÌÚ ˙Â˘È‚Ù‰ ȯÁ‡ ȯ˜Ó Æ„Â‡Ó ÌÈÈ˙„ ʇ Âȉ ÌȄ‰ȉ˘ ÒÂÓÈ+· ‰Ï Ì˘· ‰+˘ ˙ÂÁ‡ ¨ÔÈ+ÈÈ+ÈÙ ÆÚ„ÈÓ Ï˘ ËÂÁ ‰ˆ˜ ÈÏ ˘È Â+ÈÓ‡‰ ‡Ï ÌÈ„Â‰È ‰·¯‰Â ¨¯˙ÂÈ· ÌȯȄ+ Âȉ ˙»¯ÊÓÓ ¨‡˙·Ò ¢ÈÏ ˘È¢ ‰Ï„ȇ ψ‡ χȯ‡· ¯Â˜È·‰ ȯÁ‡ ÆÈÏÂÁ χ¯˘È ˙+È„Ó· ÌÂȉ „Ú ÔÂÎ+˘ ‰Ó© ÌÈÈÁ¯Ê‡ ÌÈ‡Â˘È+· Ư¯ÈÙ˘ ÌȯÂÚ+ Ì˘ ¨ÌÈ¯Ó Æ®˙È+¯„ÂÓ‰ Í˙ÂÓÁ˘ ÌÈ+˘‰ ·È·Ò È˙˘ÙÈÁ Ï·‡ ¨˙¯ÚËˆÓ È+‡¢ ¨‰ÏÂÁ ¨‰+Á ¨ÏÚ˜+È ∫¯„Ò ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ˙‡ ÈÏ ‰‡È¯˜Ó ‡È‰ Æ˙¯Ó‡ ‡È‰ ¢¨ÌÂÏÎ Ôȇ ¨‰„ÏÂ+ Ɖ˜˘ÂÓ ‰˜·¯ ¨˘Â·Ï‡ øÔÎ˙ÈÈ ‰Ê Íȇ ÂÁˆ¯˘Î ±± Ô· ‰È‰ ‡Â‰ Ʊπ≥±≠· „ÏÂ+ ¨¯ÈÚˆ‰ ¨‰˜˘ÂÓ ‰ÏÂÚ ‰+Ïȇ ψ‡ ¯„Ò ÏÈÏ È¯Á‡ ÆÌÈ˘„ÂÁ ‰ÓÎ Ìȯ·ÂÚ ÆÂ˙‡ ̉È˙·˜Ú ÏÚ ˙ÂÏÚÏ ˙ÂÒ+Ï È‡„Î Èχ ÆÔÂÈÚ¯ ÈÁÂÓ· ̉ ÆÈ˙‡ˆÓ ÆÌ+˘È Æ˙¢‚¯˙‰· ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ˙‡ ˙Ó˘Â¯ È+‡ Ï· Ìί„ Èχ ø‡˙·Ò‰ Ï˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ¨Ìȯ¯ÈÙ˘‰ Ï˘ Ì¢¯Ï ‰È‰È ¯˘Ù‡ ÂÈ˘ÎÚ Ï·‡ ÆÂÁ΢+ ¨‰·ˆÓ ‡ÏÏ Â˙Ó Æ‰+Á Ï˘ ‰˙ÁÙ˘Ó ˙„‡ ÏÚ Ú„ÈÓÏ ÚÈ‚‰Ï ÆßÌ˘Â „Èß· Ì˙‡ ‰‰ÊÓ ¯·Î ‡È‰ ÆÊÂϘ ˙¯·‚Ï ·Â˘ ˙+ÙÏËÓ È+‡ ¯˜Â·· ˙„„‰Â ÌȄ„‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ È˙‡ˆÓ˘ ·‡ÊÏ ˙¯ÙÒÓ È+‡ ÆÈϘ ˙‡ Æ˘‡¯· ÈÏ ˙¯·ÂÚ ‰·˘ÁÓ ÆÂÏ˘ Æ˙¯Ó‡ ‡È‰ ¢¨È˙‡ˆÓ¢ ¢ø‰¯ËÙ+ ÍÓ‡ ˜ÂÈ„· È˙Ó¢ ÔÓÊ· ̉ȄÏÈ ˙‡ ÂÓ˘¯ ‡Ï ÛÏ ‰ÏÚ·Â ‰„+ȉ˘ ¯·˙ÒÓ ¢ÆÁÒÙ ·¯Ú·¢ ıÂÁ ƯÙÎ‰Ó ÌȯËÓÂÏȘ ‰Ú·˘ ‰˜ÂÁ¯ ·Âˆ˘Ï Æ„ÏÂ+˘ ¢ø‰+˘ ÂÊȇ·¢ øÌÈÎÓÒÓ· ÌÈ+˘ ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ˘È ͯˆ ‰Êȇ ¨‰ÊÓ ¢Æ±π∏±¢ „¯˘ÓÏ Ò+ÎÈ‰Ï ±π≥∑ „Ú ‰˙ÎÈÁ ‰„+ȉ ¨‰¯˜Ó Ïη ÌÈÁ‡‰ ˙‡ Â+‡ˆÓ Ɖ˙ÂÓÏ ‰+˘ ≤µ ‰Ê ÌÂȉ ¨ÍΠ̇¢ ¨„„ ˘È¯ÈÈ· ¨‰Ï˘ ÌÈÁ‡‰ ƉȄÏÈ ˙‡ Ì¢¯Ï ·Âˆ˘Ï· ¢Æ‰Ï˘ ≤µ≠‰ Ô¯ÎÈʉ ÌÂÈ· ˜ÂÈ„· ‰Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÁ‡‰Â ‰È„ÏÈ˘ ‰+È·‰ ‡È‰ ÆÌÈ+Âί„ Âίˈ‰Â ‰+ÈË+‚¯‡Ï ¯‚ȉ ÆÌÈÎÓÒÓÏ Â˜˜„ÊÈ Ì‰ Ì‚Â ÌÂÈ ‡Â·È Èχ ¨Ìȯ‚·˙Ó ‡È‰ ÆÛÙ˜ ‰+Á Ï˘ ‰˙ÏÎ ‡È‰ ÛÙ˜ ‰Ï¢ ∫ ˙¯·ÁÓ‰ ‰ÚÈÙ‰ ‰„+ȉ˘Î ÆËÂ˘Ù ‰È‰ ‡Ï ÏÏη ‰Ê˘ ¯·˙Ò‰ Ï·‡ ÛÙ˜ ·‡Ê ≠ ‰+Á Ï˘ ¯Âη‰ ‰+· ˙˘‡ ‰ÓˆÚ ‡È‰˘ ¯¯·˙‰ ¨·Âˆ˘Ï· ÔÈÒÂÏ· ÌÂ˘È¯ „¯˘Ó· ÔÓÒÏ„+‰ ‰˘Ó ÔÓÒÏ„+‰ ÈÓ˙ ø‰ÓÏ ¨‰ÓÏ ¯Á‡Ï˘ ¯Â„‰ ȯ‰¯‰Ó ‰‡Â˘‰ ÌÂÈ ˙‡¯˜Ï ‰‡Â˘‰ ‰+¢‡¯Ï ÔÈÏÂÙÏ È˙‡ˆÈ Æ„ÁÈÈ˙‰Ï ÌÈÏÙÂ+‰ ¯ÎÊ ÌÚ Ô‚·˘ Ò¢+˙Ó‰ ˙Ó· ÏÚÓ ¨Ì„˜‰ ‰‡Â˘‰ ÌÂÈ ·¯Ú· Æ„¯ÙÈ‰Ï ¨˙ÂÂÓ‰ ˙˘Â¯Á ¨˜+„ÈÈÓÓ ‰˘Ó ¨Ô‚¯‡‰ ¯·Á Ï˘ Â˙„Î+ – ÔÓÒÏ„+‰ ¯Ó˙ ¨‰+·È ∫Ìȇ·‰ Ìȯ·„‰ ˙‡ ‰‡˘+ – ÔÓÒÏ„+‰ ¨˙ÂÂÓ‰ ˙Â+ÁÓ· Ï„‚‰ ¨ıÈ¢‡ ‰+ÁÓ ÆÒ‰ ÍÏ˘Â‰ Â·È·Ò ¨‡Â‰ ˜˙¢ ¨ÌÕÓ«„ ‰Â‡‚ ‰+¢‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ· È˙˘‚¯‰ ¨‰Ó„‡‰ ‰˙‡ ÏÚ ¨Ì˘ ‰¯ÈˆÈ‰ ˙ÓÓ„ ÆÈ‰Ó Æ҂Ϙ‰ ¨Èˆ‡+‰ Ï˘ ÂÈ„È ‰˘ÚÓ øÌȇ¯ Ɖ٠È+‡¢ ∫˜ÂÚˆÏ È˙Ȉ¯ ¨ÏÏÂ˜Ó ÌÂ˜Ó Â˙‡· ¨Ì˘ ¢ÆÌ˙Áψ‰ ‡Ï ¨ÌÈÈÏÚ+ Ï˘ ˙ÂÓ¯Ú≠˙ÂÓ¯Ú ÆÈ‰Ó ˙¢‚¯˙‰ È˙˘‚¯‰ ¨‰˜Ò·Â˯·ÂÏ ·ÂÁ¯· ¨Ì˘ ¨ÌÈÈÙ˜˘Ó ¯ÚÈ˘ Ï˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ Ì˘ ˙‡ ˙‡˘Ï È˙ȇ‚˙‰Â È˙„ÓÚ ˜+„ÈÈÓ ·Ï· ÆÛË ÈÚˆڈ ˙„ÂÂÊÓ Ï˘ ¯˘‡ ÌÚ‰ Â˙Â‡Ï ˙ÎÈÈ˘ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï È˙ȇ‚˙‰ ÆÔÓÒÏ„+‰ ÆÛÚÙÚ „È+‰Ï ÈÏ· ¨Â+ÈÂÓ ˙ÈÚˆ˜Ó „È· ‰ÈÈ+Ó¯‚ ‡ÓÈ‡Ï ˙· ˙ÂÈ‰Ï È˙˘‚¯˙‰ ÆÌ˙ÈÒÈ+ „ÈÁÎ‰Ï ˘È˘ ‰‡‚ ¨‰‡Â˘ ÈψÈ+ Ï˘ ‰„Î+ È˙Âȉ· ‰‡‚ ¨‰¯ÈÈ‚˙‰˘ ÌÈ+¢ ˘„˜ ÈÏΠ˙Â˙ÈÏË Æ‰+È„Ó ÈÏ ÆÌÈ+ÂÚ Ì+ȇ ¨ÌÈ◊¯٠ÌÀÓ»„ øÌȇ¯¢ ∫‡˙·Ò ‡·ÒÏ „È‚‰Ï È˙Ȉ¯ ¨¯Ù‡‰ ¯‰ „ÈÏ ¨Ì˘ ÆÆÆø‰ÓÏ ø‰ÓÏ ¢ÆÂ+˙‡ ˜ÁÓÈ ‡Ï ¨Â+ÈÏÚ Â¯·‚ ‡Ï ̉ ÆÌÈÁˆ+Ó‰ Â+Á+‡ Ɖӯ„‰ ¨‰ÚÂÂʉ Â+ÓÚ ÏÚ ‰ÏÙ+ ¯˘‡ ˜·Â+ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÏ ˙Â„Ú – ˙ËÚ· ‰ÈÁ ˙Â„Ú Ô‡Î È+‡ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÏ ˙Â„Ú ¨˜ÂÁÓÏ ÂÏÎÂÈ˘ ·˘Á Ìȯ¯Âˆ Ì˙‡ ¨˘È¯Á‰Â ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˜˙˘ ÆÌÈÏÚ‰Ï ¨˜ÂÁÓÏ ÂÏÎÂ˙˘ Ì˙·˘Á˘ ÔÓÒÏ„+‰ ¨ÚÈ˘ÂÓ Ôȇ ÏÈˆÓ Ôȇ ÆÌ˙Áψ‰ ‡Ï˘ ÌÎÏ ‰ÁÈÎÂÓ ¨ÔÓÒÏ„+‰ ÈÓ˙ ¨Ô‡Î È+‡ Æ˘ÈÁ‰ ‡Ï ‡· ˙‡ ÁÈ˘Ó‰ Ì‚ ÆÌ˙È˘Ú˘ ‰Ó Á΢ÈÈ ‡Ï ÌÏÂÚÏ˘ ˙ȇ¯Á‡ È+‡ ÆÚÈ+Î‰Ï Â+ÈÁˆÂ¯ ˙‡ ¨Â++ÚÓÏ ‰˘Ú ¨Èχ ¨Èχ Á¢Ò˘˙ ÔÒÈ+ ¢Π¨‰‡Â˘‰ ÌÂÈ ¨¯ÎÂÊ È+‡ È˙ÁÙ˘Ó ȷ‡ ˙‡ ÔÈ·Ï ÔÈ· ¨¯·Â+ È+‡ Ȅ‰ȉ ¯·Ú· ÆÂÈ˙ÂÓˆÚ ˙‡ ¯Ù‡‰ ÍÂ˙· ˘ÙÁÓ ÆÂÈ„ÏÈ ÔÚÓÏ ˙¢ÚÏ ÂÈÈÁ· ‰·¯‰ ‰Î ¨ıßÊÏ· ¨È˜Ò¯ËË≠Ô„ÈÈÓ ÆÏ„·‰ ̉· Ôȇ ÆÏ‡Â˘ È+‡ øÈ¯È˜È ¨Ì˙‡ ‰Ùȇ øχ¯˘È ȯ·˜Ï ‡· ̉È˙ÂÓˆÚ ˜+„ÈÈÓ Ï˙· ̇‰ ≥Æ≤Æ≤∞∞∏ ÔÓÒÏ„+‰ ‰˘Ó Ï¢Ê ÌÈÈÁ ®ıÓ‡Ӊ© ÈÁ‡ ‰ÁÈ˘· Æ®ÔÈÏÂÙ·˘ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ „ÈÏÈ È+‡© ¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˜¢ ÔÂ˙ÈÚÏ Æ±π¥∂ Û¯ÂÁ ˜Â„·˙˘ È˙˘˜È· ¨¯„È·‡ ÚË+ ˙¯·‚‰ ¨ÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰ ˙ίÂÚ ÌÚ ¨Â+ÓÚ ˙‡ ‰„˜Ù˘ ‰‡Â˘‰Â ‰ÈÈ+˘‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ¯Á‡Ï ‰Ï ˘È˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ ¨ıÓ‡Ӊ ÈÁ‡ ÏÚ ÌÈ+Â˙+ ‡ÂˆÓÏ ˙¯˘Ù‡ ÔÂȯ+ÈÓÒ‰ Æ„+ω· ÌȈ·Ș ÈÎȯ„ÓÏ ÔÂȯ+ÈÓÒÏ È˙ÁÏ˘+ È˙¯·Ò‰ ˙Â+ӄʉ‰ ‰˙‡· ÆÌȯ„Ú+ ˘ÂÙÈÁ· ·¯ ÔÂÈÒÈ+ ‰˙Èȉ ‰¯ËÓ‰ Æ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ˙Â+ÎÂÒ‰Ó ÌÈÁÈÏ˘ È„È ÏÚ Ô‚¯Â‡ ÈÏ ‰ÁÈË·‰ ‡È‰ ÆÌÈÈÁ ÈÁ‡ ÔÈ·Ï È+È·˘ ¯˘˜‰ ˙‡ ‰Ï Ɖˆ¯‡ ‰ÈÈÏÚÏ ¨‰‡Â˘‰ Ȅȯ˘ ¨ÌÈËÈÏÙ‰ ˙‡ Ô‚¯‡Ï Æ‰Ê ÔÂÂÈη ÏÂÚÙÏ ÌÈÈÁ Ì˘· ÂÓˆÚ ˙‡ ‚Ȉ‰ ¨¯ÂÁ· È„ÈÏ ·˘ÈÈ˙‰ ÚÈ˙ÙÓ· ‡È‰ ∫˙È+ÂÙÏË ‰Ú„‰ ‰+ÓÓ È˙ϷȘ ¯ÙÒÓ ÌÈÓÈ ¯Â·ÚÎ ¢øÁ‡Ï È+ˆÓ‡Ï ‰˙‡ ÔÎÂÓ‰¢ ∫‰Ï‡˘· Èχ ‰+Ù ÔÓ¯„ÈÈ+˘ ‰Ú„‰ ¨Ï¢‰ˆ ÏÏÁÎ ÔÓ¯„ÈÈ+˘ ÌÈÈÁ Ï˘ ÌÂ˘È¯ ‰‡ˆÓ È˙¯˙Â+˘ È„ÈÁȉ È+‡¢ ∫ÛÈÒ‰ È˙‰ÈÓ˙ ˙‡ Â˙‡¯· È˙ÏË+˘Î Ɖȉ ÍΠƷ¯˜· Èχ ÁÏ˘È˙ ÍÎ ÏÚ ˙˯ÂÙÓ ˜ÂÁ¯≠·Â¯˜ ‡ ¨·Â¯˜ ‡ÏÏ È˙¯˙Â+ ƉÙ+Ú‰ È˙ÁÙ˘ÓÓ Â+˜ÂÈ„ ˙‡ „ÈÓ È˙¯Î‰ ¨¯‡Â„· ÚÈ‚‰ ¯˘‡ ÒÙÂˉ ˙‡ ¢øÁ‡Ï È+ˆÓ‡Ï ÌÈÎÒ˙‰ ÆÈ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÓ Ìȯ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈ+Â˙+‰ ˙Ï·˜ ÌÚ È˙ÁÓ˘ ÆÔÈÒȯ٘ ÈÓÈÓ Â˙˘˜·Ï È˙ÓÎÒ‰ ÆÆÆ˙ËÏÁÂÓ ˙Â+Ȉ¯ ‰ÚÈ·‰ ÂÈ+Ù ˙˘¯‡ Ú„‚+ ∫·¯ ·ˆÚ· ‰ÏÂ‰Ó ‰˙Èȉ È˙ÁÓ˘ Ìχ ¨ÂÈ˙¯˜ ˙‡ 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˙·Î˘+ ‰¯Â˜ ‰ÊÎ ¯·„˘ ÔÈÓ‡‰Ï ‰˘˜ ̇ ÈÏ˘ ˙·‡ÂΉ ˙ÂÓˆÚ‰ ÛÂÒ ÛÂÒ ÆÍÎÏ ‰Ó‚„‰ È+‡ ¨˙ÓÏÂÁ ˙Ó„¯+ È+‡ Æ˙ÂÁ+ ¨‰¯Â˜ ‰Ê ¨‰¯˜ ‰Ê ¨‡Ï ‡ Â+ÈÓ‡˙ ¨ÛÂÒ Ôȇ „Ú ˙΢Ó+ ‰Î¯‡ ÔÈÈ„Ú Í¯„‰Â ¨ÌÈÏÂÚ ˙Â+¯ÎÈʉ ˙„¯ÂÈ ‰ÎÈ˘Á‰ ¯˘‡Î Æ·Â˘ÁÏ ˙ÎÏÏÓ ‰ÙÈÈÚ „Â‡Ó È+‡Â ÆÈ·È·Ò ‚‚ÂÁ „Áى ˙„˜Ù˙Ó ‡Ï È+‡ ≤∞∞∏ ¯·Ó·Â+Ó ÂÏ·˜˙+˘ ˙ÂÓ¯˙ ¨ ¦¬ ¨´ ¢¯´©¨´ ¨ ¦¬ ¨´ ¢¯´©¨´ ¨ ¦¬ ¨´ ¢¯´©¨´ :=1I612A3::E 5J?@?B=4A5 =26:I4:21 =1IJ:4=EB6HA:E K:?=6J=:3I5 B8AEI=41 42<6: 4::IEIHA?6=E 4I1641FI5 5:I165JGFI5A3:=261 4::IEIHA?6=E@A8I6?=E 43I615A83A6B66 @I:J5I61 526926HB=E >5I2146I3J:6 I7C:=1@::9JAI61 5IJ:IE 5269BH6 5I61:=5I:?1 5:A6I2@?4:IE DB6:=6JH6 5A8KIE1 464@?4:IE =1IJ:6:7 >:I?B62I1 >I6:@?4:IE :<4I?65:BA@::9JI2=:7 5IJ1I:EJ@6AI1 >:I?@?4:IE 5:A61=I3A:7 5A8@:HI1 5:I16>:I?@?4:IE 2HC:653A2:A: @1:=1 =7::9J=J1 ;6I2=IE IA::6H8G::?I< DB6:B12 :E6B3I2AHAIE @6A?1@6B=4:16 5A4C@461= 5A:3II:52 >::8IH6G 51=:A2= =1:I2365=5H6462 464I6G 9A?1:4K:25:=45:I6= =16?JH69JA:2 DB6:@6?A:G 52573I2A9<:= 5A1:4;2 5=I=E6H K:465:I:1? @A86:65A82HC:@2 5A:2B@I6H >:I?=9A6? 5IJ>8A?@2 IKB1=7:H 5A:4B9:? DB6:B2 >:I?@:=9:H 6:7IKB1>5J=<:? =16?J=1IJ:I2 KAC@?BIE@:=9:H 5J?654C@::9J=:? 4::IEIHA?6=EK:IJJ6I2 @I65AJI5:?I@IH =8I4?=? IKB14I5AI2 =16A?C=4I35IEJ@6JIH 5?:B>612=4A? 5IJCAI2 B6?C6KAC@76I IKB1::=4A1? 5:E6BKHI2 K:?=6J96I >:I?@?4:IE65J?HA:?=4A? 65:?I:2:=963 K:?=6J96I :<4I?@6B=4A? 2HC:6I?K@?I963 5=2I4:I 54=63I6A? K6I3I24=63 5257FI5A::I 9A1I66:=B<=16=8I@:=:I? 568FA:?4=63 @6C?JI::I 51=>=6J? 568FA:?4=63 217B8AE@6?:I @=63 >6=2AI6H64=EA:I3K68EJ? >::89:2J >6=2AI6H5I61:C @K:1 I:I?F:2::J 5A:?>:A6=B 2HC:@?B6I3 5:A5=E2J 5?=J6=8I@?3:=B 5I624 I4J:EIA64 >86I: J:EH69J9EJ 5J?:HG:269B46C >8A?=H4 K6I@IH6>:I?=4I3=16A?C DB6:65:6AIH4 216::A6?IC H8G: 99JI2=545 IN MEMORY ˜Ú„À‡ ̈ ̯ÎÊÏ ˙·ÊÂÚ ˙‡ ¨¯˙Ò‡ ‡˙·Ò ‡Ó‡ Ô·‰ Ï˘ „ÙÒ‰ ȯ·„ Ï¢Ê ÔÂÒτȇ ¯˙Ò‡ Í˙‡ ÌÈÂÂÏÓ Â+‡ ÆÌÂȉ Â+˙‡ „Â‡Ó Â+Ï È¯ÒÁ˙ ƉÏ„‚ ‰·‰‡· ∫ÔÂ+Ó‡ ≤∞∞π≠±π±≤ ÆÆÆ„Â‡Ó ¨‡Ó‡ ¨ÍÈÈ„ÏÈ ÍÏ Â‡¯˜ ÔÎÏ ¨ÌȯÂÙ· ˙„ÏÂ+ ‰È‡Ó Ȅ‡ ¨‰+„ ¨ÔÂ+Ӈ ÏÚÈ ∫ÍÈÈÁ ÏΠ͢ӷ ˙Èȉ ‰ÎÏÓ Æ¯˙Ò‡ ¨‰ÁÓ˘ ‡·‡Ï ‰ÎÏÓ ¨ÔÂ+Ӈ ‰+„ÚÏ ‰ÎÏÓ ¨ÏÚÈ È+ÂËÏ ‰ÎÏÓ ‰ÈÂÂω· ‰‡˘+˘ Ìȯ·„ ÌÈ+È+‰ ¨ÌÈ„Î+‰ ÏÎÏ ‰ÎÏÓ ∫Ô„Â‡Ï ‰+„Ú ¨˙·‰ ˙ÂÂÏÏ ÌÂȉ ‡·˘ ÌÈ·¯‰ Ìȯ·Á‰Â Ɖ+¯Á‡‰ Íί„· Í˙‡ ËÚÓÎ ÆÌÈ+˘ π∑ ‰˙ÈÈÁ ÈÏ˘ ‡Ó‡ ¨Ë˜˘· ∫‰ÎÏÓ ÂÓÎ – ˙˙Ó Ì‚ ÍÎ ˙ÂÎȯ‡Ï ‰˙ÎÊ ‡È‰ ƉÓÏ˘ ‰‡Ó ˙Ù˜ÂÓ ¨˙Ȉ¯˘ ÂÓÎ Æ˙È·· ¨‰ËÈÓ· ‰È„Î+ ¨‰È„ÏÈ – Â+Á+‡Â ¨ÌÈÓÈ ÆÍ˙ÁÙ˘Ó È+· Ïη Â+„ˆÏ „ÂÓÚ˙˘ ÍÎÏ Â+ÈÎÊ – ‰È+È+ ‰˜¯Ê ‰·È˘Â Â+·Ò Â+¯‚·˘ „Ú ‰È‰ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÍÏ ·Â˘Á ‰È‰˘ ¯·„‰ ÆÂ+¯Ú˘· Æ˙ÂÈ΢Ӊ‰ ¨¢„ÁÈ·¢‰ ƉÁÙ˘Ó‰ ˙ÂÈÁÏ ÍÈ˘Ó+˘ ÍÏ ÌÈÁÈË·Ó Â+Á+‡ ÍÎ ÏÎ ˙‡ÏÓ ¨˙Âί‡ ÌÈ+˘ ‰‡Ó ˙„ÁÂ‡Ó ˙Á‡ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó ¨„ÁÈ· ∫Ìȯ·ÚÓ ˙ÂÓÁÏÓ ˙ÂÎÂÙ‰˙· Æ˙„ÎÂÏÓ ‰„ÏÂ+ ®¯‚+ÈÊ ˙È·Ï© ÔÂÒτȇ ¯˙Ò‡ ªÔÈÏÂÙ·˘ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙»„ÏÈ· ÏÁ‰ ‰ÙÈÏ ±π±≤≠· ¨ÔÈÏÂÙ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙È˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ‰¯È˘ÚÓ ˙»¯·Á· ¯«·Ú „ÈÓ˙˘ ¯ÎÂÊ È+‡ È˙„ÏÈ ÈÓÈ Ê‡Ó Æ¯‚+ÈÊ ·ÈÈÏ ‰„‰È τ+ÈÈ˘ ‰ÈÈÏÚ ¢¯ÈÚˆ‰ ¯Ó¢‰¢ ˙ÚÂ+˙· ÆÏÏΉ ÔÚÓÏ ·„+˙‰Ï ‰+ÎÂÓ ˙Èȉ È+· ¯·Ú ‰¯˘Ú≠‰+ÂÓ˘ ˙· ‰˙Âȉ· ͯ„ ªıÂ·È˜Ï ‰¯˘Î‰ ˙¯·ÁÎ ¯ÙÎÏ È˙‡ ˙Á˜Ï „ÏÈ È˙Âȉ· ¯˙Ò‡ ÆÏ˘ÈÓ˘Ù ¯ÈÚÏ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ Ô‰Ï ˙„‰˘ ¯ÈÚ· ‰„Â·Ú ˙Â+˘ ÌÈ˘„Á ÌÈÏÂÚ· ʇ ˙ÏÙÈË ªÌ¯„ ¯Á‡Ï ÌÈÈ˙+˘ ¨±π≥µ≠· ‰ˆ¯‡ ‰˙ÏÚ ‰È¯Â‰ ˙‡ ı¯‡Ï ˙ÂÏÚ‰Ï ‰ÁÈψ‰ Ɖˆ¯‡ ÂÚÈ‚‰˘ ˙·˜Ú· Ɖω ‰˙ÂÁ‡ Ï˘ ‰˙ÈÈÏÚ ‰‡˘È+ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ Ɖ¯ÈÚˆ‰ ‰˙ÂÁ‡Â Æ¢ˆÈ· ˙·„+˙‰ ˙·¯ ÌÈ+˘ ͢ӷ ˙·‰Â Ìȯ‰‰ Ì‚ ‰ˆ¯‡ ÂÏÚ ˙Â+·‰ ÂÏ ‰‡¯˜˘ ÈÙÎ ¨¢ıÂÏÁ≠ÏÚÂÙ¢Ï ˙¯ÈÒÓ·Â ‰·‰‡· ˙‡Ê ˙È˘Ú Æ‰ËÒ‚≠‰·ÂË ¨‰¯ÈÚˆ‰ È·‡ ÌÚ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó ‰ÓȘ‰Â ¨È˙·Ò ‡Ï Èχ ÆÌÈ+¢ ÌȄȘÙ˙ ˙‡ÏÈÓ ‰ÁÓ˘Ï ‰‡˘È+ ¯˙Ò‡ ±π≥∑≠· Æ·È·‡≠Ï˙· ̉ Ï·‡ ¨ÌÈ+Â˙ÈÚ· ̉ÈÏÚ ÌÈ·˙ÂÎ ·È·‡≠Ï˙· ‰¯‚ ‡È‰ Ê‡Ó ÆÔÂÒτȇ Ï„Ȃ Ï˘ ÌÈ+˘ Âȉ ˙‡·‰ ÌÈ+˘‰ ÆÌÈÈ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ÌÈ·Â˘Á Âȉ Æ≤∞∞π ¯‡Â+È· ±≠· ‰˙¯ÈËÙÏ „Ú ‰‡ÏÓ ˙¯Ú˙‰ ¨˙ÂÒÒ·˙‰ ¨ÌÈ„ÏÈ – ÌÈ„ÏÈ È+˘ ‰È¯Á‡ ‰¯È˙‰ ¯˙Ò‡ ‰„·Ú ı¯‡·Â ˙ȯ·Ú· ‰˙ÂÓÎ Ôȇ˘ ÌÏÂΠ¨ÏÂÎÏ ˙·˘˜ Ôʇ ˙Èȉ ‰Ú˘˙ ÌÈ„Î+ ‰˘È˘ – ÔÂ+Ӈ ‰+„Ú ‰Î˘Ó+˘ ¢ˆÈ· ‰+Ó‡+ ˙È˙·„+˙‰ ÁÁÂ˘Ï Â·‰‡ – Ìȯ‚·Ó ÌȯÈÚˆ – ÆÌÈ+È+ Ɖ˘È¯Ù‰ ÏÈ‚ ¯Á‡Ï ·¯ ÔÓÊ ÚÂÓ˘Ï ÌÏÂÚ·˘ ‡˘Â+ ÏÎ ÏÚ Í˙ȇ Æͯ· ‰¯ÎÊ È‰È Ì‚ „ÈÓ˙ Âȉ ˙ÂÁÓ˘‰ „ˆ· ÆÆÆÍ˙Ú„ ˙‡ ‡Ï Âȉ ˙»¯Â‰‰ „ˆ·Â ¨˙‚‡„ ∫‰+¯ ‰„Î+‰ Ï˘ Ìȯ·„ ¯ÈÚˆ‰ ¯Â„‰ ˙‡ ˙¯˘Â˜Â ¯·Ú‰ ‰¯Â„ ‰˙ÂÁ‡ ¯ÎÊ Æ˙„¯Á ËÚÓ ¯ÂÎÊÏ È‡„΢ ‰ÓÏ ‰È‰˘ ‰ÓÏ ˙¢˘ÁÏ Û¯Ëˆ‰ ÔÈÏÂÙ· ‰˙ÙÒ+˘ ¨‡˙·Ò ‰Ï ‰Ó„+ ‰È‰ ÌÈÓÚÙÏ Æ¯ÂÓ˘ÏÂ Ï˘ ˙Â˙Ú· ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ È+· ÌÂÏ˘Ï ‰·‰‡· ÌÂȉ ÍÓÓ ˙„¯Ù+ È+‡ Âȉ ‡Ï Èχ¢Â ÍÎ ÏÎ ˜ÂÁ¯ ÏÂΉ˘ ˙˘ÂÁ˙ ÌÚ „ÁÈ Æ‰ÓÁÏÓ ¯·˘Ó ÈÓ ÏÚ ‰˜ÂÓÚ ‰Î¯Ú‰ ÍÂ˙Ó ‰·¯ ¯È˘Ï ‰‚‰+˘ ÈÙÎ ¨¢ÌÏÂÚÓ Ìȯ·„‰ ÏÚ ‰ÁÓ˘‰ ¨ÌÈ‚˘È‰‰ ÔÓ ˜ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÏÎ Í¯Â‡Ï Â+ÏÂÎ ¯Â·ÚÂ È¯Â·Ú ˙Èȉ˘ ‡È‰ ƉÂÓÎ Ôȇ˘ ‰ÙÈ ÏÂψ Ϙ· ˙Âȯ˘Ù‡‰ ÔÓ – ‰‡+‰‰Â ˘È‰ ˙ÈÊίӉ ˙ÂÓ„‰ ˙Èȉ ÆÈÈÁ ˙Â+˘ È˙Ï· ‰ÓˆÂÚ·Â ÔÂÁËÈ·· ‰¯˘ ‰˙Èȉ ÏÎÏ ˙ÂÙ˘Áȉ‰ ÔÓ ¨‰È+Ù· ÂÁ˙Ù+˘ Ï˘ ¯Èˆ‰ ‰+·+ Í·È·Ò ¨‰ÁÙ˘Ó· Ô¯˘Èη ‰+ÁÈ+˘ ‰Ú„È ‡È‰ ªÌÈÏÈ‚¯ ÔÓ ¨ÚȈ‰Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ ˙·¯˙‰˘ ‰Ó Í· È˙ȇ¯ „ÈÓ˙ ÆÂ+˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÈÈÁ ÏÚ ‰¯Úˈ‰˘ ˙·˘ÂÁ È+‡Â ¨„ÁÂÈÓ Ì‚ ‰È‰ – ÌÏÂÚ·Â ı¯‡· ÌÈÏÂÈˉ ̇ – ˙È˙ÈÓ‡ È„ÈÈÏ ¨˙ÈÏȈ‡ ‰˘È‡ ‰˙Èȉ ‡È‰ ÆÂ˙‡ ‰˘ÓÈÓ ‡Ï˘ ÌȯȄ‡‰ ÌÈÈÂ+È˘‰ Ï˘· ÏÂÎÒ˙ ˙‚‰+˘ 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˙„˜+Ó ¨˙¯Á‡‰ χ¯˘È ‰+Â΢· ÌÈ„Ïȉ Æ˙ˆ‰Â‚Ó ‰ÈȘ+ ˙ˆ·Â˘Ó ÛÒÎ ˙Ú·Ë ‰˙‡ ˙ÈÈ+˜Ó ‡Ï˘ ÌÈ˘˜‰ Ìȇ+˙‰Ó ¨ÌÈÏÂÚ‰ ÈÎ ¢‰˜Â¯È‰ ‰„ÈÒÁ‰¢ ‰˙‡ Â+ÈÎ ¯˘ÚÏ ·Â¯˜ ‰ÈÂˆÓ˘ ˙ÂÓ„‡ ÌÈ+·‡ ¨È+ÂÚ‰Ó ¨˙„„ÂÓ˙‰ ‡Ï‡ ¯˘Ù‡ ͯ„ ‰˘·Ï ‰˜È˜„ ‰¯ÈÓ˙ ‰˙Èȉ ˙˘ÂÁ˙ È· ‰ÏÚÓ ÈÚ·ˆ‡ ÏÚ ÌÈ+˘ ÌȷίÂÓ‰ ˙ÂÓϘ‡˙‰‰ ÈÈ˘˜Ó ÏÚ Â+Èω ¯Âʇ· ˙Â+΢‰ Æ˜Â¯È Ú·˜ È˙ˆ¯Ú‰ ˙‡ ˙¯¯ÂÚ˘ ˙‡ ¨Ú‚ڂ ˙Ó˘Â¯Â ‰·È˘˜Ó È„ÂÚ·Â ÆÍÎ ÏÎ ¯„ÂÒӉ Ș+‰ ¨ÈË+‚χ‰ ‰‡¯Ó‰ Ïη ÍÏ˘ ‰Ï„+ È˙Ï·‰ ÈÏÏΉ Ú„ÈÏ ÈÎ ‰+·‰‰ È· ˙¯ÎÈ+ ¨˙Â+˙Á„˜· Ï˘ ˙·‰¢˘ ˙ÂÙȉ ˙ÂÏÓ˘‰ ÏÚ ÔÈΉÏ ¨˜+ÙÏ ˙Ú„È˘ ¨ÌÂÁ˙ ÌÂÁ˙ ˙Ï·˜Ó È+‡ ˘ÓÓ Âχ ÌÈÚ‚¯· ˙¢¯‰Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ ‚¯·„Ï‚ ˙¯·‚ ˙‡ ÌÒ˜ ͯ„ ‡Ù¯Ó˘ ˜¯Ó‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÏ„‚‰ ÌȯÂÚÈ˘‰Ó „Á‡ ˙‡ ÂÊ ‰˙Èȉ ‰˘ÚÓÏ˘Î ¨¢‰ÓˆÚÏ „ÈÓ˙ ˙ÎÈÈÁ˘ ¨Â+ÓÓ ÌÚÂˢ ÈÓ ÏÎ ˜¯ ÈÎ ÆÈÈÁ· ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈÈ˙ÂÚӢӉ ‰Ó‡˘ ¨‰˜Â¯È ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÓ˘ ‰˙‡ ÆÂ+˙ÂÁÎÂ+· ¯˘Â‡Ó ˙+¯˜ ÈÏ·Ó ı¯‡Ï ‰ÚÈ‚‰˘ ÈÏ˘ ‡˙·Ò ·¯Ú≠·¯Ú ı‰‚Ï ҷÎÏ ‰„ÈÙ˜‰ Ô‰· ˙¯˘Â‡Ó‰ ÌÈ+˘‰ ÏÚ ‰„Â˙ ¨˙ȯ·Ú· ˙Á‡ ‰ÏÈÓ ÂÏ ˙Ú„Ï Â¯¯Â‚˙‰ · ˉÂω ·ÂÏÚ‰ Ûȯˆ· ‰¯˙È ˙·‰Ï˙‰· ˙‚Ï„Ó È˙Èȉ ¨ÌÈÓ˙·Â ˙Ó‡· È˙‡ „ÓÏÏ ‰ÏÂÎÈ ÆÔÂÈˆÏ Ô¢‡¯· χ ˙ÂÒÙËÓ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó Ô˙‡ ÏÚ ˙ȯ·Ú‰ ‰Ù˘‰ Ï˘ ‰˙Â·È˘Á ÏÚ Â‡¯+ „ÈÓ˙ ‰¯˘ ‰Ó‡Â ÌÈ¯Ó ‡˙·Ò ÊÂÚÓÏ ÈÏ ‰È‰˘ ˙È·‰ ÆÌÎ˙È· ‰ËÈÏ˘‰˘ ˙ÂÏÚÓ‰ ÈÙχ Ûχ ÏÚ ˙ÓÁÏÓ· ˙ˆÈÓ‡ ˙ÂÓÁÂÏÎ ÈÏ ÆÌÚÂ+‰Â ÌÈÈÁ‰ ˙ÁÓ˘ ¨‰‡+‰‰ ‰ÏÂÚÏ ‰˙Èȉ˘ ‡È‰ ˜¯Â ¨‰+˜Ó ‰· ÛÂÒ+ȇ Ô‰ÈÏÚ ‰Óȯډ˘ ÌÂȘ‰ ÌÂÈÓ ‰+˘ ‰¯·Ú ¯·Î ¨‡˙·Ò ˘„ÂÁ ÍÂ˙ ¨˘„Á ¯ÙÒ ˙È·· ‰¯Ê Ì‡Ï Âȉ Ô‰ ÆÌÈÏ¢ÎÓ ÌÈÈ˘˜ ¯·ÂÚ˘ ÌÂÈ Ïη ͇ ¨Í˙¯ÈËÙ ‰·Âˉ ‰„ÈÓÏ˙Ï ‰ÎÙ‰ ÌÈÓÈ ¨‰+ÂÓ˘ ˙· ‰+˘ ‰„ÏÈ ˙ȯ‰ „Á ‰¯˜È‰ ¨˙‡ ÈÎ ‰+·‰‰ È· ˙˘·‚˙Ó ˙˜·„ ÏÚ ˙Â¯Â‰Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ ¨‰˙η ¨ÌÈÈÂÎÈÒ‰ ÏÎ „‚+Î ı¯‡Ï ÂÏÚ˘ Ú‚¯ Ïη ˙ÁÎÂ+ ‰¯ÂÊ˘ ¨ÍÎ ÏÎ ÈÏ ¯ÚÂ+‰ ¯Ùη ‰„ÓÏ˘ ‡È‰Â ¨‰¯ËÓ· ˙ÈÈ˯˜Â¯È· ÏÚ ˙¯·Â‚ Ô„ÂÚ· È˙„ÏÂ+˘ ÌÂÈ‰Ó ¨ÈÈÁ· ‰ÓÈ˘+ Ïη ¨Á¢ÓÏÙ· ‰˙¯È˘˘ ¨¢ÔÓ˘ Ô·¢ ÔÈÈ+Ú ‰˙Èȉ ‡Ï˘ ÌÈ+Âί„‰ ˙‚˘‰ ͯ„ ¨‰+¢‡¯‰ Í˙„Î+Ï È˙Èȉ ˙ʯΉ· χ¯˘È ÌÚ ÏÎ ÌÚ ‰„˜¯˘ ÆÌÈÓÈ Ì˙‡· Íη ‰Ó Ï˘ „ˆÏ ¨˙ÂÙ˙Â˘Ó ˙ÂÈÂÂÁ ‰È¯ ˙„ÏÈ ‰·¯‰ ÍÎ ÏÎ ‰˙ÂÂÁ ¨‰+È„Ó‰ Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂÙÈÒÏ Û˘ÁÈ‰Ï È˜ÏÁ· ÏÙ+ ÌÂÈÎ ÛÂÒ·Ï ˙¯‚· ‰¯ÂÁ·Î ÈÈ˙Â+˘ Íωӷ ÈÏ ‰Â‰˙ ‡È‰ ≠ ‰ÈÈÁ· ˙ÂÓ„ ˙‡ ÈÁ¯ È+ÈÚ· ˙‡¯Ï ¨‡˙·Ò ˙ÂÈÂÓ„‰ ˙Á‡Ï ˜Â˜Á Ô¯ÎÈÊÎ ≠ ˙ÓÎÁ ÔÂÈÒÈ+ ˙¯ÂËÚ ˙ÂÓ„ ¨ÈÈÁ ˙ÂÈÓ‡˙Ù· ˙·ÊÂÚ ‰+˘‰ ‰„Ïȉ È˙ίډ˘ ‰˘‡Ï ÈÈÁ· ˙ÂÈÊίӉ ÈȘÙ‡ ˙‡ ·ÈÁ¯˙ ¨¯È˘Ú˙˘ ÌÈÈÁ ˙·Î¯· ˙ÚÒÂ+ ‰˙„„ ˙È· ˙‡ ÆÈ·ÈÏ Ïη È˙·‰‡Â ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‡Ï˘ Ìȯ·„ È˙‡ „ÓÏ˙ ˙Ú„Ï ÈÏ·Ó Ï‡¯˘ÈÏ ‰˙‡ ÏÈ·Â˙˘ ÆÌÈÈÁÏ ÌȯÂÚÈ˘ ≠ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·· ¨‰·Ò ˙‡ ˙‡¯Ï ·Â˘˙ ‡Ï ÌÏÂÚÏ˘ ¨˙Ú‚Ú‚˙Ó ˙·‰Â‡ ÌÈÏÈÓ Â‡ ˙ÂÏ·‚ Ôȇ ¨‡˙·Ò ÂÙÒ+˘ ¨·Â‰‡‰ ‰„„ Ô·Â ‰˙·Ò Ô¯˜ ‰ÓÚ+ Í˙„Î+ Ï˘ ÌÎ¯Ú ˙‡ ¯‡˙Ï ÌÈÏÂÎÈ˘ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï ÌÈ+˘ ¯ÙÒÓ ‰‡Â˘· ¨˙‡ ÆÈÏ ˙˜+Ú‰ Ì˙‡ Ìȯ·„‰ Æ„¯ÙÈ‰Ï ‰˜ÈÙÒ‰ Ì¯Ë Ì‰Ó ‰¯ÂÓ ¨‰·Â‰‡ ˙ÂÓ„ ÈÏ ˙Èȉ˘ ‰˙„ÏÈ ˙‡ ‰ÙËÚ˘ ˙‡ȈӉ ¯ÎÓ¯·ÏÂÙ ‰ÏȈ ËÏ·˘¯˜ ˙È·Ï ≤∞∞π ≠ ±π≤∂ ‰¯ÎÊÏ ÌÈÏÈÓ ‰˙ÂÓÏ ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ ‰˘È˘ ˙‡ÏÓ· ÂË‚·˘ Â+˙ÁÙ˘ÓÏ ÌÁÏ ˙Â+˜Ï ˙ÈÚÈ·˘‰ ¨ËÏ·+˘¯˜ ¯„+ÒÎχ Â+„¯Â‰˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ˙‡ˆÏ Â+Ï Â¯˘Ù‡© È¯Â‰Ï Â„ÏÂ+˘ ÌÈ„Ïȉ ˙+ÂÓ˘ ÔÈ·Ó ¨Â+„‚·Ó Ìȷ‰ˆ‰ ÌȇÏˉ ˙‡ Â+¯‚ ÆÔÈÏÂÙ Êίӷ˘ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¯ÈÚ· Æ®˙ÂȄ‰ÈÎ Â+˙‡ ‰ÈÊ ‡Ï ÍÎ Ï˘·Â ¯Â˜Ó Ƶ≥ ȘҷÈȯ˜ˆÏÙ ·ÂÁ¯· ¯Ú˘Ï ·¯Ú ˙‡¯˜Ï Â+Ú‚‰ ¯˘‡Î ˙È· ‰È‰ È˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ‰Ò+¯Ù‰ ÂË‚‰ ƯÂÊÁÏ Ô‡Ï ‰È‰ ‡Ï ¯·Î ÂË‚‰ ˙ÂÏÚ··˘ ˙ÈÎÂÎÊ ˙¯ÂÁÒÏ ¯ÁÒÓ ÂÓÒÁ ÌȯË¢ ¨ÂÈ·˘ÂÈÓ ‰+ÂÙ ‰˜Ò„ÂË+ÈÈ·˘ ∫·ÂÁ¯· ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ˜Ï˙Ò‰Ï Â+ÈÏÚ ÂÂȈ ‰˘È‚‰ ˙‡ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¨∏ Æ®˙ÂȄ‰ÈÎ Â+˙‡ ‰ÈÊ ‡Ï ¨¯ÂӇΩ ÆÈ˙„ ‰È‰ Â+˙È·· ÌÈÈÁ‰ Á¯Â‡ ¯ÂÁ‡Ï Â+È+Ù ¨Â+È„È· ÔÈÈ„Ú ÌÁω˘Î Â+Èȉ ‡Ï ª·ÂË ‰È‰ ÈÏÎÏΉ Â+·ˆÓ Êίӷ ˙·Î¯‰ ˙+Á˙ ¯·ÚÏ Â+„ڈ ƯÂÒÁÓ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ͇ ¨ÌÈ¯È˘Ú Â·˘ Ô¯Á‡‰ ÌÂȉ ‰È‰ ‰Ê ƯÈÚ‰ ‰Ïȉ˜Ï ˙·¯ ‰Ó¯˙ Â+˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÌÈÁ‡ ¨Ìȯ‰ ¨Â+˙ÁÙ˘Ó ˙‡ Â+ȇ¯ Ô˙Ó Ï˘ ͯ„· ¯˜ÈÚ· ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· È˙ÂÁ‡Â ¨±∂ ˙· ʇ È˙Èȉ Æ˙ÂÈÁ‡Â ˙·È˘È¢ ˙Ó˜‰· Ì‚ ͇ ¨¯˙Ò· Ʊ∏ ˙· – ‰ÂÁ Æ˙¯‡ÂÙӉ ‰Ú„ȉ ¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÈÓÎÁ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈ·Âˇ ÍÂ˙Ó ËÂËȈ ˙+Á˙· Â+ȉ˘ ¨‰ÏÈÏ Â˙‡ ÏÎ Í˘Ó ‰˙Èȉ Â+˙‡‚˘ ¨È+‡ ˙¯ÎÂÊ ¢Ì˘Â „È¢ ÔÂÈί‡Ï Â+ÓÊ· ‰·˙΢ Â+˘‚È+ ¯˜Â·· ˙¯ÁÓÏ Æ˙·Î¯‰ ·ˆÈÚ˘ ˙ÈÎÂÎʉ ˙Â+ÂÏÁ ÏÚ ∫ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ÏÒÙÒÏ ‰·Âˉ Â+˙¯·Á Ï˘ ‰˙È·Ï ˙ÈÎÂÎÊÓ ÌÈÈ¢ډ ¨‰·È˘È‰ ˙‡ ¨˙ȯˆÂ+ ‰ÁÙ˘ÓÓ ¨ÌÈ„ÂÓÈω ¯˘‡Â ¨˙Â+Ó‡· ˙¯ËÂÚÓ ˙È+ÂÚ·ˆ ¯ÎÓ¯·ÏÂÙ ‰ÏȈ ∫ÈÓ˘¢ ÆÈ+ÓÊ ‰ÒÁÓ Ì˘ ‡ÂˆÓÏ Â+˘˜È·Â ˙Ó¯˙ – ÌÈÈÙÂÈ· Ìȷȉ¯Ó Âȉ ‰ÏȈ ∫ȯ‰ ˙È·Ó È¯Â˜Ó‰ ÈÓ˘ ͢ÓÏ ‰˙È·· ˙‰˘Ï ˙¢¯ Â+ϷȘ ƉÁÙ˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ˜ÒÚ‰ ˙È·Ó È¯Â‰ ËÏ·+˘¯˜ ̇‰ ͇ ¨˙ÂÏÈÏ ‰˘ÂÏ˘≠ÌÈÈ+˘ ͇ ¨È¯ˆÂ+ È„ÂÒÈ Ò¢È·Ï È˙ÁÏ˘+ Ì˘ ¨„+ȘÒÈÊ≠¯„+ÒÎχ ∫È·‡ Ì˘ Ì¯Â·Ú ÔÎÂÒÓ ¯·„‰ ÈÎ Â+Ï ‰¯È‰·‰ ˜ÈÒÙ‰Ï È˙ˆÏ‡+ ‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ ˙·˜Ú· ‰·ÂË≠‰¯˘ ∫ÈÓ‡ ‡È‰ Â+·ÊÚ˘ È+ÙÏ Æ·ÂÊÚÏ Â+ÈÏڢ È˙‚‰+ È˘ÙÂÁ‰ È+ÓÊ· ÆÈ„ÂÓÈÏ ˙‡ ¨˙ÈÓ¯٠∫È˙ÂÈÁ‡Â ÈÁ‡ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â+Ï ‰+˙+ ¨„ÒÁ Â+˙ȇ ‰˙˘Ú ‡Â¯˜Ï ¨ÌÈÙϘ ¨Ï·Á ¨Ò‡Ï˜ ˜Á˘Ï ¨‰˜+¯· ¨‰+È+Ù ¨˜ÁˆÈ ¨‰ß‚„‡ ¨‰È˙Â+· È˙˘ Ï˘ ‰„Èω ˙„ÂÚ˙ ˙ÚÂ+˙Ï ¨ÌÈÏÂÈËÏ ˙ÎÏÏ ¨ÌȯÙÒ ·‡Ê ‰ÂÂÁ ˙¯Ú+ Ï˘ ˙‰ʉ ˙Á˙˘ ‰Â˜˙· ÆÌÈ‚ÂÁÏ ¯ÚÂ+ ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¨≤ÆπƱπ≤∂ ∫‰„ÈÏ Íȯ‡˙ Â˙Â‡Ó Æ‰Ú¯Ï Â+· ÂÚ‚ÙÈ ‡Ï ˙ÂȯˆÂ+ ȯÂÚÈ˘ ˙Ï·˜Ó È˙Èȉ Û‡ ÌÚÙ È„ÈÓ ÔÈÏÂÙ È˙˘ Ï˘ ˙‰ʉ ˙‡ Â+ˆÓȇ Ú‚¯ Æ˙‚‰+˙‰ ˙ÂÏÂÁÎ ∫ÌÈÈ+ÈÚ Ú·ˆ Æ˙ÂȯˆÂ+‰ ˙ÂÈÁ‡‰ ¨±π¥≤ ¯·Ó·Â+ ˘„ÂÁ ÈÓÈÓ „Á‡· Ï˙ÏÂ˙Ó ÌÂÁ ∫¯ÚÈ˘ ˙¯˙ÂΉ ˙Á˙ ‡ÏÓ‰ ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ È˙ÂÁ‡ ÌÚ È˙‡ˆÈ ¨ÌÂȉ ȯ‰ˆ· ÚÈÙÂÓ ¢‰È„· ˙‰ʷ ˙„¯˘È‰¢ È„Î ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÂË‚Ï ıÂÁÓ Ï‡ ‰ÂÂÁ ‰·ÂË È¯Â‰Ï ±π≤∂ ˙+˘· È˙„ÏÂ+ Ï¢Ê ÒÈȇ ‰ÓÏ˘ ß‚¯Ò Ë+¯Ë+ȇ‰ ¯˙‡ Ï˘ Ô¯ÎÈʉ ÈÙ„· ∫χ¯˘È· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È‡ˆÂÈ Ô‚¯‡ Ï˘ Æwww Ælublin Æorg Æil ≤∞∞∏–±π≤¥ ¯ÎÓ¯·ÏÂÙ ‰È¯‡ ¨·Â‰‡‰ ÈÏÚ· ˙‡ È˙¯Î‰ ¨®±ππ∂ ≠· ÂÓÏÂÚÏ Íω© Ï¢Ê ÆÔÂÊÁ Ï˘ ˘È‡ ‰È‰ ß‚¯Ò Æ˘È„È‡‰ ¯ÂÙÈÒ ÆÔÈÒȯ٘· ¯‚Ò‰‰ ‰+ÁÓ· ˙È·Ï© ‰ÓÂÏ· Ôω Â˙˘‡Â ‡Â‰ ˙¯˙ÂΉ ˙Á˙ – ÂÏ˘ ˙„¯˘È‰‰ ÂÏ‚„ ¨ÂÈÈÁ ˙˘‡ ¨®¯+¯Ï≠‚¯·+ȯ‚ ‡Â‰ Û‡ ÚÈÙÂÓ – ¢‰Áȯ·‰ ¯ÂÙÈÒ¢ ÌÊÈϯÂÏى ˙„‰È‰ Èίڷ ȇˆÂÈ Ô‚¯‡ Ï˘ Ë+¯Ë+ȇ‰ ¯˙‡· „ÈÓ˙ Â¯Ó˘ ̉ ÆÌÈÁ¯Â‡ ˙Ò+Ή·Â ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ‰·ÂË ‰È+ÙÓ˘ Ï˘ ˜Â·˜· ¯¯˜Ó· ˙+Â΢· Â+¯‚ ¨±π¥∏ ≠· ‰ˆ¯‡ Â+ÈÏÚ Ï˘ ¯Â˜È·Ï ®È¯Âʇ‰ ·˜È‰ ȯ٩ Â+Ó˜‰ Æ·È·‡ Ï˙· ȯÂÈÙÈË+ÂÓ ‰È‰ ß‚¯Ò ÌÚÙ ‡Ï ÆÆÆÔÓ„ÊÓ Á¯Â‡ ÌÈ„ÏÈ È+˘ Â+Ï Â„ÏÂ+ ¨‰ÁÙ˘Ó ÔÈÂÚ Ï‰˜ ÏÂÓ ˙Â+ÂȈ‰ ÏÚ Ô‚Ó ÆÌÈ+˘ µ Ï˘ ˘¯Ù‰· ˙+È„Ó Ï˘ ÌÂȘ‰ ˙ÂÎÊ ÏÚ ÌÁÏ+ ¯ÈÚ·Â ¨Ô‚ ˙Ó¯· ¯Â‚Ï Â+¯·Ú ±πµ∂ ≠· °Ï‡¯˘È ÌÂȉ „Ú ¯Â‚Ï ‰ÎÈ˘ÓÓ È+‡ ÂÊ ÏÈÁ˙‰ ¨±π∏∂≠· ı¯‡Ï ÚÈ‚‰˘ ¯Á‡Ï Æ¢‰Ê‰ ˙Ȅ‰ȉ ‰Ïȉ˜‰ ¯ÂÙÈÒ ˙‡ ·Â˙ÎÏ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Ù˜˙· ÒÓÈȯ· ‰ÓÏÂÚÏ ‰Îω ¨‰ÏȈ ‰·Â‰‡‰ ÈÓ‡ ¯ËÙ+ Ï¢Ê Ò+Èȇ ‰ÓÏ˘ ß‚¯Ò ˙·È˙ÎÏ ¯ÒÓ˙‰ ‡Â‰ ƉÈÈ+˘‰ ÆË¢Ò˘˙ ¨Ë·˘· ߇ ¨≤∂ƱÆ≤∞∞π ≠· ¨Ë¢Ò˘˙ Ô¢Á ß‚≠· ·È·‡≠Ï˙· ÆÂÈÈÁ ˘È¯٠˙‡ · ‰‡¯Â ¯ÙÒ‰ ˜„ˆÂ Ì„‡‰ ˙·‰‡ ¨˙ÏÂʉ „·ÈÎ ‰È‰ ∏¥ Ô· Æ≤∞∞∏ ¯·Ó·Â+· ± ∫‰˘ÈÂÓ≠ÒȯÂÓ ¨ÂÈÁ‡ ÂÏ „ÙÒ ÍΠƉ˙‚‰+˙‰· „ÂÒȉ È+·‡ Âȉ ÆÂ˙ÂÓ· „Ú ±π≥π≠Ó ÒÓÈȯ È„Â‰È ÏÚ Í¯ÙÒ¢ ˙‡ ÚÈ·‰Ï ‰˘˘Á ‡Ï ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ Ô· ¨ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ¯ÈÚ‰ „ÈÏÈ ‰È‰ ß‚¯Ò ¯‡˘È ¨Í˙‡ ˘È˙‰˘ ¯ÙÒ ¨±π¥µ ¨‰Î¯„· ¯˜È+˘ ˙ÂÏÂÂÚ ÏÚ ‰˙¯Â˜È· ˙È·Ï© ‰‡Ï ‰ÈÁ Ò+Èȇ ¯ÊÚÈÏ‡Ï ¨Ì‡Â+Î Í+¯˘ÈÎ ÆÆÆÌȇ·‰ ˙Â¯Â„Ï ‰ÈÈÁ Íωӷ ‰+ÓÓ ÌȘÊÁ ÈÙÏÎ Ì‚ ÆÏ¢Ê ®ÔÈÈË˘Ï„‡ ¯È‡˘‰ ¨Â+È·‡Ó ˙˘¯È˘ Ô¯˘ÈÎ Â+ÈÁ‡ Ì‚ ÔΠÌÈËȯ· ¨ÌÈ+Ó¯‚ – ÌÚ „ÁÈ ˙Ù¯ˆÏ ¯·Ú ±π≥≥ ˙+˘· ̇+Ï ‰ÈÈÙȈ· „ÈÓ˙ Â+˙‡ ‰‚ÙÒ˘ ·‰Ê‰ ÏÏÎ ÆÌÈχ¯˘È‰ ÒÓÈȯ ¯ÈÚ· ¯¯Â‚˙‰Â Â˙ÁÙ˘Ó È+· ÈÓ ÏÎ ÏÚ Ì˙ÂÁ ˙¯‡˘‰ ÆÆÆ°‡·‰ ÒÂÓ¯Ï Ôȇ – ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ‰È¯Â‰ ˙È·· ˙ÓÁÏÓ Íωӷ ÆÔÈÈÙÓ˘ ÊÂÁÓ·˘ ˙‚‰+˙‰ ÍÈÈÁ ÏΠ¨Í˙·¯˜· ‰È‰˘ ‰ÂÂÈÏ – „¯˘Ï ˙+Ó≠ÏÚ ˙ÏÂʉ ˙‡ È+˘Â Âȯ‰ ¨‡Â‰ ‰ÈÈ+˘‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ÁÂ+˙ ÆÆÆÌÏÂÎ Ï˘ ¯·Á – ¢˘Ë+ÚӢΠÆͯ„‰ ÏÎ Í¯Â‡Ï ÈÓ‡ ˙‡ ‰˘Ó ÒȯÂÓÂ Ï¢Ê È·ˆ ȯ+‰ ¨ÂÈÁ‡ ¢ÆÆÔ˘‰ ÈÁ‡ ¨ÌÂÏ˘· Æͯ· ‰¯ÎÊ È‰È ˙ÂÏÁÓ· ÌÁÏ+ ˙Â+¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ+˘· „ÁÈ·© „„+ ¨˙¯˙ÁÓ· ¯·Á ‰È‰˘ ˙„‰ ÂψÈ+ ¯ÈÚÏ ¯ÈÚÓ ®„¯Ù+·Â ˙·˘ ÌÂÈ· ¯ËÙ+ ‡Â‰ Æ·¯ ıÓ‡· ƯÎÓ¯·ÏÂÙ Èχ ¨Ô·‰ Íȯ‡˙‰ Â˙‡· ¨Á+ ˙˘¯Ù Ï˘ È„ÈÒÁ – ˙ÂÈ˙Ù¯ˆ ˙ÂÁÙ˘Ó ‰ÓÎÏ ÆÂ˙„ω ÌÂÈ Ï˘ ȯ·Ú‰ ÆÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÂÓ‡ Ôω ¨‰˘È‡ ÂȯÁ‡ ¯È˙‰ ß‚¯Ò „ÁÈ ÏÈËÒ˜Ë ÏÚÙÓ ÌȘ‰ ß‚¯Ò Ï˘ÈÓ – ÌÈ„ÏÈ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ª‰ÓÂÏ· µ∞∞≠Π· ˜ÈÒډ ȯ+‰ ÂÈÁ‡ ÌÚ ªÌ‚ÂÊ È+·Â ϘÈ+ χÈ+„ ¨‰ÓÁ+ ÆÌÈ„·ÂÚ „Â‡Ó ÂÈχ ÂÚ‚Ú‚˙È ÆÌÈ+È+ ÌÈ„Î+ ¨˙ÏÂÊÏ ÁÂ˙Ù ¨È··Ï È„Â‰È ‰È‰ ‡Â‰ Âȯ·Á ˙·Á¯ÂÓ‰ Â˙ÁÙ˘Ó È+· Ì‚ ÏÚ·Â ‰ÈÈ˘Ú ˘È‡ ƉÁÙ˘Ó ˘È‡ ÆÌÈ·¯‰ ¨˙Â+Ó‡· ¨˙¯ÙÒ· ÔÈÈ+Ú˙‰˘ ‰ÓÊÂÈ Æͯ· ¯ÎÊ È‰È ¨ÌÈÈ+¯ÈÚ ÌÈ˘È¯ٷ ÌÈ+Ó‡· ˙·¯˙Ï Â˙·‰‡Ï ÏÈ·˜Ó· ˙‡Ê "My beloved sister, please send us a package. We the relatives in America. I am reading the words and are in great need" I can hear the silent scream "my Yizhak". My father survived the captivity and met his brother This request for help must have been thought about after the war. According to my uncle he was very very carefully by my grandparents. They write that much loved by their mother. they need help but do not specify what kind of help. They wrote "we are in great need" and I am trying to "We greet you and kiss you. Regards to your imagine the state they were in. For a long time they husband. How is your daughter?" were the ones who used to help the other members of the family – not to get help from anyone. It was We see the closeness in the family, some of it maybe in their home that Sima stayed with her daughter due to the fact that Sima and her daughter (Feige while Sima's husband had gone to America to make in Poland, Florence in the U.S.) used to live with the arrangements for their arrival. my grandma before leaving for America. After the war we used to get photos of the daughter and her "Our son Feivel is in Dumbas, Russia" children. Two of her sons live in America and one in Israel' in Kochav Yaiir, not too far to my brother It is possible that up till now they were scared to say Yakov's house. that their youngest son was in Russia. During the early stages of the German occupation he was taken "Regards from my husband and the children" to work for the Germans. My grandmother arranged Signed: Zivja for him to escape to her brother's in Lwow and later on he worked in the salt mines in Dumbas. Following The letter was written on behalf of my grandma the German invasion of the U.S.S.R. he joined The Zivja. My grandma's Polish name was Zelina or Red Army. They would not have dared to write on Zila, as my uncle pointed out. During the war my the postcard that they have a son in the red army. two aunts stayed with my grandparents. "regards I suppose my uncle was not yet in service in the from the children" referes to them. The older sister summer of 1941. I assume they have gotten letters was Fella and the younger – Lola. They were in from him from Russia and that is how they knew their early twenties at the time. about his whereabouts. During his service he was stationed in Wladiwostock and later was transferred I am bearing the names of my two grandmothers. to the Polish front where he was wounded. On my birth certificate their Polish names appear. My second name as appears on that document is "How are you? Are you getting mail from my Zelina. When we immigrated to Israel my name was Yizhak? Write to me promptly" translated into Hebrew and my mother only left one name from the original birth certificate and Zelina My grandma does not ask about her sister but reveals was dropped. her concern as to my father's unknown state. This is a real concern of a loving mother to her eldest son. This postcard is telling a life story before the tragic This is the son, who joined the army after graduating death of my relatives. It is a rare document which from his studies at the "Gymnasia Humanistika", teaches us about communication, mutual love and and then he joined the Polish army and went to bonding with the world outside of Europe. But most university in Paris and then he was taken prisoner of all it is the only document I have in my grandpa's by the Germans. They haven't heard from him in hand writing from the time of the war in Lublin. a long time, they are eager to have any piece of information. Maybe he was keeping in touch with Transalated to English by Anath Bitner calculated the words they wished to fit into the only been written in July of 1941. small space provided for them on the official post card which was for sure to be exposed to foreign "My beloved Sister and Brother in law" eyes for inspection. I'm trying to imagine things I would never be able to find out. The card is addressed to Sima and Charlie Spizel who lived in Chicago. Sima was my grandmother's The card is written in German and bears a German younger sister. postal stamp. During the Nazi occupation by law this was the only language of correspondence. "We've received your card of December 24 th to Maybe my grandfather knew German better than my our flat after seven months, because we are no grandmother and therefore he wrote on her behalf. longer there." My uncle told us that before the war my grandfather was in the wood business with the Germans and he There is no explanation about the Jews having to might have spoken some German, but he probably evacuate their places of residence from the city did not read or write German. This may explain the center. They only say "we are no longer there". fact that the card is written in German characters but The Grosmans used to live on 53 Krakowska the words are in Yiddish. Pzsedmisce flat number 12. The postcard is addressed to number 9 the first of "Lublin, the 8 th of July" May street, apartment number 6 at the Lipschitz, family. My uncle told us they had known the There is no mention of the year in which the card Lipschitz' before the war. Interestingly, the address was written. I suppose it was in 1941. We see that is not within the boundaries of the ghetto. The card the family in Lublin had received a letter from Sima we are looking at was written from this address. from America after seven months, when they no longer lived in their own flat in the center of town. "My beloved Sister, we thank you very much for In the fall of 1939 my uncle Feivel fled to Russia. inquiring after our son. We ask you not to forget When the card was sent the family already had news our son." about my father's captivity: he was in touch with them through the Red Cross. He might have been in My grandparents in Lublin ask the sister and brother touch also with the aunt in America. in law in America not to forget their son who is a P.O.W. maybe they meant "our sons" because In May of 1940 the Germans invaded France. My later on they mention their youngest son in Russia. father joined the Polish troops in France who were Maybe they wanted to say "If anything befalls us, fighting with the French resistance. I have no idea please do not forget our son". where he was fighting or where he was taken as P.O.W. Had he been taken prisoner in 1940, this After the war Aunt Sima from America contacted card could not have been written in the summer of her two nephews. She bought two boxes of facial that year. powder and sent it to them to give their future brides. My uncle was first to marry and when my parents In the summer of 1942 my grandmother and my were married my mother recalled having received aunts were no longer alive. They were killed in her box. April of that year in Belzec. My grandfather was Aunt Sima sent packages regularly to Poland and taken to Meidan-Tatarski labor camp. Israel. She remembered her nephews and their families long after our father had passed away and Hence is my conclusion that the card could have mentioned them in her will. Zehava Grossman Reinherz The Postcard from Lublin See page 71 During the German occupation of Poland all my grandfather Yankl-Josek Grosman on behalf of correspondence had to be in German. [This postcard my grandmother to her sister Sima in America. My is more likely Yiddish in German characters.] uncle read and translated it to us soon after we had gotten it, and then the card found itself among the Lublin, July 8 th * rest of the few documents which were left fro my father's family, the Grosmans. My beloved sister and brother in law, My uncle Feivel-Falek told us the whereabouts of We have received your card of Dec. 24 th , mailed to the Grosman family in Lublin during the war. After our flat, after seven months because we are no longer the war he met some man who had been with my there. My beloved sister, we thank you very much grandfather in the same barrack at Meidan Tatarski. for inquiring after our son. Please do not forget our This man told my uncle that my grandfather had son. known about his son, my father, being a P.O.W. He Beloved sister, could you please send us a package? had some correspondence with him. This man also We are very much in need. knew the fate of my grandfather, grandmother and Our son, Feivel is in Dumbas, Russia. my two aunts. However, this was but a hear-say How are you? Are you getting any mail from my evidence, which will always be considered only as Yizhak. Write to me promptly. a secondary source. The postcard left to us as part Bless you and many kisses. Please convey our best of the heritage of our American cousin is therefore regards to your husband. How is your daughter? a closer more of a vivid evidence and therefore so much more meaningful to us Best regards from my husband and myself. Zivja I'm looking at the card time and again, try to read the lines and learn about the world of my grandparents. *the year in which this card was written is not One single apparently insignificant postcard from mentioned Lublin during the war and it is telling me so much about my family which unfortunately I had never known. They write asking for help, they ask for 'a package', they ask the family in America not to "Are you getting any mail from my Yizhak? forget my father and are inquiring whether there Write to me promptly" had been any contact with him. Those words may be interpreted as a plea for help, an expression of About a card which was sent from Lublin to America love and also as a last will and testament. during the war. I'm reading this card word for word and I cannot During the nineties a special card has come to our help thinking about what they had been through. possession: this was a card sent during the war by I've been thinking about how they must have Neta Zytomirski Avidar How are you? What's new at home? Letters from Lublin during the War See page 51 Between two points there is a thin winding line – the post line. From the starting point of the sender in Lublin letters moved to the address of the son in a remote place, and vice versa. Not everything could have been written. The banal questions, e.g. "How are you?" and "What's new at home?", could have been very loaded. One who looks for horror experiences in the letters, or for descriptions of the Nazi occupation horrors in Lublin – won't find them. It was not allowed to write about it. Censorship was cruel. The letters focused in one goal: Keeping touch between family members who were alive. With no descriptions the letters focused in the most important message: We are alive. What about you? Sometimes they had managed to insert hidden messages, coded news. Letters. Postcards. From here to there. From there to here. Till the connection thread is torn. No one answers at the other side of the line. And the one that stays alive is keeping so dearly the last greeting from father- mother-brother-sister which is written in their beloved handwriting over a yellowing postcard, stamped by the swastika seal. Translation to English: Shmulik Avidar Photos documenting life in the Lublin Ghetto Max Kirnberger Collection http://www.tnn.pl/pm,2622.html See page 76 In autumn 2007, the 'Grodzka Gate - NN Theatre' passionate hobbyist photographer, he made photos. Centre was informed that the Deutches Historisches During the war he was an army officer in information Museum in Berlin has among its collections a department, and served, among others, in Poland. His number of photos made in the Lublin Ghetto. An pictures of life in the Ghettos in Rzeszów, Zamość, introductory search of the Berlin museum's resources Izbica and Lublin come from that period. Deutches showed that it includes 77 color photos which were Historisches Museum in Berlin has in its collection probably taken in Lublin. 482 color negatives of pictures made by Kirnberger A the same time, Ulrike Grossarth from Dresden between 1937 and 1941. Kirnberger had to finish appeared in the Centre, visiting Lublin in search his frontline service in 1942 due to an illness. After of materials to include in her artistic project, in the war, he returned to be a teacher in school for the which she used, among other things, photos by deaf , he also used to give clases in photography and Stefan Kiełsznia. After our talk about the collection was the author of many articles and books on it. He of photos of Lublin in Berlin, she decided to meet died in 1983. DHM's employees and helped us to obtain the Joanna Zętar photos. Description of the photos: Marcin Fedorowicz Translation: Piotr Wojcieszuk Since June 30th, 2008 the Centre owns a collection of photographs made in the area of Lublin Ghetto. They are 70 color photos. They show daily life in Lublin in the times of occupation. Most of them were made in the Ghetto area and show portraits of people, such as : a water-carrier, a bearded man with a cane, a woman selling cakes, as well as groups of people: a crowd in Cyrulicza Street, two women leaning by the Ghetto wall at Po Farze Square. The people are presented against the background of architecture or in the context of a street, a square, a marketplace. In the pictures one may see the Cyrulicza, Szeroka , Krawiecka Streets, The Grodzka Gate, and The Trynitarska Tower . Some of the pictures undoubtedly show people who posed for them, but many of them caught a real-life moment, not affected by the photographer. The pictures were made around 1941. Their author is Max Kirnberger. Max Kirnberger was born in 1902 in Landsberg/Lech. Before the war he was a teacher in a school for the deaf in Straubing. As a She completed elementary and secondary school of "ZISHO" [Central Jewish School Organization]. in Lublin, and then enrolled in the University of She was of the initiators of the Lublin branch of Warsaw where she received her Master's degree in YIVO [Institute for Jewish Research]. She was one History in 1928. of the charter members of the local branch of the While at the University she was an active member Jewish Geographical Society which was founded in in the Left Poalei-Zion movement, a group which February 1931, and perhaps the only one to conduct also numbered among its members the late Dr. E. guided tours of places of Jewish interest in the city Ringelblum and Dr. Raphael Mahler, historians who – which she made particularly interested with the later earned renown in their field. wealth of her historical knowledge about sites of Though from 1928/9 till the outbreak of World War specifically Jewish interest. She had planned to II she taught history in the Lublin Jewish secondary publish a guide in Polish and Yiddish, but though schools, she did not for a moment lessen her efforts to the work was almost ready for print, due to the further her political ideas, in spite of the professional difficult times it did not reach fruition. difficulties that this activity engendered. In 1935 she married Mr. Meir Schildkraut, who In lectures which she delivered in Yiddish to the shared her socio-political views. With the outbreak general public on historical subjects, she frequently of the war her husband fled to Russia and Bella could not restrain herself from touching upon was left with her sick sister who also had two small current political matters. Many of these lectures children, without any material support as she was were delivered under the auspices of the People's not permitted to teach during the occupation. From Evening University of the Left Poalei-Zion this time on she worked on the Committee for movement. Though the school authorities forced Mutual Assistance on a voluntary basis. her to give up these public lectures, she remained In April 1942 she was transported together with a loyal and active member of the party till the very the remnants of the Lublin ghetto to the ghetto in end. Maidan-Tatarski, from which in November 1942 Her politico-social views couldn't help but be she was transferred to Maidanek. On April 4 th of the reflected in her lessons at school, and since the youth following year she was murdered. of the time was naturally attracted to current political activities and were aware of Bella's views, she was forced to display an unusual degree of wisdom and (N. Blumenthal, R. Mahler and N. Korn, On The tact in order to remain faithful to the demands of the History of Lublin Jewry, Tel-Aviv 1965, pp. 5-7) school authorities on the one hand and to satisfy her students and her conscience on the other. Bella was also active in communal affairs. She was a member of the governing board of the Lublin branch Building of the Icchak Lejbusz Perec Jewish Cultural Center, Czwartek street Synopsis of article in Hebrew page 42 Construction on the building began in the 1930s, the forest near the village of Dys. The Perec House and its opening was officially planned for 1 became the center of Jewish life after the war. At September 1939. It was to hold a school, library, first, it served as a shelter for those who had lost all and an auditorium to be used as a cinema and for their belongings; later, it was used as an elementary theater productions. The project was planned at the school for Jewish children, run by Poale Zion Left. initiative of the Local Committee of the Socialist When the communist authorities liquidated all Party of the Jewish Bund, and the funds came independent organizations in 1949, the school was from donations from local Jews, as well as former closed, like all private and religious schools. After Jewish residents of Lublin who had emigrated. It 1949, the building was handed over to the Medical was never officially opened. During the war, the Academy. In 1987, a memorial plaque was unveiled ghettoʼs epidemiological hospital was located there. on the building's wall. Its patients and staff were shot in March 1942 in Nachman Blumenthal Bella Mandelsberg-Schildkraut: Biographical Sketch See page 44 An entire generation of promising young scholars Nevertheless, some few remnants of her work have lost their lives in the tragic events of 1939-1945, by chance weathered the terrible storm. We still and together with them the fruit of their loving and have those of her articles which had been published patient toil has been doomed to oblivion. in various periodicals before the war, and the It is our object to rescue some small part of Bella manuscript of her thesis presented to the Faculty of Mandelsberg-Schildkraut's scholarly treasure – Humanities at the University of Warsaw – though actually a mere fraction of the work of a gifted and this was of course written at the very beginning of idealistic scholar, who in spite of her many other her career as a scholar. responsibilities still found the time and energy to devote herself to basic research in the history of Bella Mandelsberg, sister of Regina and Samuel Lublin Jewry. She was already in the last stages of [Shmuel], was born in Lublin in 1901 to a well- her work on a magnum opus, and was almost ready to-do and public spirited Jewish family. Her aunt, to publish it when the holocaust which overtook Bella Brengurn, donated her house at 8 Rinek Street European Jewry came and swept everything before to the Lublin Jewish community. It served as the it. Community Hall till the very end (April 1942). and older son, Bela had left Lublin by foot in shot in the street by the Gestapo with other September 17 th ' 1939. Several weeks afterwards, Jewish workers. after realizing how the Soviets treat political Bela was probably connected to the Polish prisoners, they returned to the town. Right after resistance group, AK (Armia Krajowa), which returning to Lublin they began to try helping was active in Radom. Exposing this Radom the many refugees in town. Bund messengers group and the connection woman to Lublin led risked their lives in the dangerous travels. the Gestapo to Bela. She was caught in 1941 In 1941 the Gestapo began looking for Bela. and was arrested in Lublin's castle prison. From She managed to hide. The Germans arrested there she was transferred to Radom, and from her husband, tortured him, but couldn't break Radom to Ravensbruck in Germany. There she him. He had managed to get free and was again was killed in 1942. active at the Lublin community. Finally he was Few words about the Bund written by the Hebrew translator Shosh Grosbard-Orgad (nee Wasung) It was a secular social movement. Her aim was Jewish autonomy, not necessarily in Israel. to improve the economic status of the Jewish The Jewish worker should fight his survival workers in the little workshops and factories, war in the place he lives at. and to spread among them general education. • Opposing Zionism, because it might arouse In the time between the two world wars Bund national feelings and damage the socialistic members struggled for the recognition in activity. Yiddish as the only national language; they • They were not against natural assimilation of aided working class people; established school Jews. which the teaching language in it was Yiddish; All of these contributed to the public debate published books and newspapers; wanted to among the Jews in Poland and the Diaspora establish a secular national committee and regarding the Bund's activity. to reject the religious tradition. We should remember that Jewish Lublin had an established Synopsis and translation from Yiddish to Hebrew: religious community, and many opposed the Shosh Grosbard-Orgad following ideological views of the Bund (mainly Synopsis and translation from Hebrew to after the Second World War): English: • Solution of the Jewish problem by local Shmulik Avidar would stay at home. The two were divorced, by the three political movements which were and Bela stayed with her two sons. She left behind the various education centers in town: her work in the store and started working as a Bund, Poale Zion Left and The Folk's Party. The bookkeeper. lessons' language at JEC schools was Yiddish. A Bela was very connected to her mother. During committee was elected among these movements' the First World War Bela's father had died, members; the popular Bela Shapiro was elected and she returned with her sons to the mother's as the chairman of this committee. Members house. Their warm and loving connection of the committee collected money from Lublin continued also when Bela was recognizes as a people, Jewish organizations from other towns leader of the Bund party in Lublin; even then in Poland and even from philanthropists in she accompanied her mother to the synagogue America. Bela was the heart and soul of the during the High Holidays. school. She knew how to carry away the staff, In November 1918 Bela joined the Bund and the pupils loved her. She had tried to fulfill party and found there a lot of room for diverse her promise to build a new house for the school. activities. Soon she showed her great ability in Finally, thanks to donations Bela had managed to the cultural field (lecturing about it and teaching get, Y.L. Perec School was built. Unfortunately, the youth), in the political and social fields, as the children and their parents had not entered it human relations with all people who surrounded and couldnʼt enjoy from the Culture House that her. was to serve them: at its planned housewarming In 1919 Bela was a candidate for the Lublin at September 1 st , 1939, the Second World War town council. She was elected and became a had started. During the war it was endorsed council member. She focused in social and into a hospital for contagious sicknesses. After welfare matters and was appreciated by the the war it served the medical school and the council members, though some of them hated respectable agriculture faculty. Jews and were anti-Semites. At the same time Bela's devoted and various activities in social she paved her way to the Bund leadership in and welfare matters had strengthened Bund's Lublin. power. In 1927 it got 8 of the 16 seats for Jews In November 1919 the first elementary school for in the town council; in 1938, when the situation workers' children, which the educating language of Jews was very sensitive, it got 8 of the 10 in it was Yiddish, was opened in Lublin. Shortly seats for Jews. after also the Poale Zion Zionistic party opened After the war in Poland began, Bund leaders in Lublin their own elementary school. Since in Lublin decided that if the Germans conquer on one hand the authorities didn't like the idea, Lublin, they would leave the town with their and on the other hand the children's parents families and move to Eastern Poland which were not sure about these schools and had no was under the Soviet occupation. And indeed, money to finance those studies, in 1924 was together with her second husband (Jacob established a Jewish Education Center (JEC) Nissenbaum, the editor of Lubliner Tugblat) have to leave Poland and immigrate to Palestine in that my place is among my people… if black days order to build there the national home of the Jewish are expected to the Jews of Poland, then my place is People. with Lublin's public which for them I have dedicated But until the Zionist dream comes true, she aimed decades of devotion. There I would be more useful. her social activity for helping the people living I know I can save myself; nothing is easier for me in Lublin. She was among the founders of The than bringing my family; but what will I answer my Jewish Women Organization which had social and conscious, what will I tell the Lubliners who live in Zionist goals. Few of its enterprises were founding Palestine, what will they say behind my back? That Children Department in the Jewish hospital in I have saved my soul? No, if trouble is expected for Lublin; founding Kinderheim – Preschool and Jews of Poland, my place is among them, and I'm Grade School for children of working mothers; and determined to return Poland in the coming days." opening "public kitchen" during the Second World War. Bela Dobrzynska was murdered in Majdanek Camp with her young son, Arye. Bela could have accomplished her personal Zionist dream. In 1936 she visited her son Nathan in Her daughter Chana also died in the Holocaust. Palestine. She met there with former Lubliners who had tried to convince her to stay. She had listened Synopsis and translation to English: Shmulik Avidar and then answered: "Your motivation convinces me Moshe Salzman Bela Shapiro Synopsis of article in Hebrew page 32 According to unknown sources, Bela Shapiro Jewish-Polish secondary school in Lublin. Bela was born in 1891 to a Hassidic religious family was a distinguished student in schools and loved which its roots in a famous rabbis family. Her to read books. After finishing her studies in father was born in Pulawi and moved to Lublin secondary school, her parents had wedded her. after getting a large inheritance. In Lublin he had It was a match, as common in religious families. a writing materials store and a printing press. The groom's and the bride's parents agreed their He wasn't very rich, but had managed to make a children would marry to each other, so Bela living and had a known Hassidic ascription. didn't know and didn't see the chosen until their As mentioned, the house was religious. The only marriage. She was eighteen years old. son was educated in a Cheder and a Yeshiva. In The groom was the son of a building owner their childhood the three daughters (Bela was and had no ascription. After their marriage he the older among them) learned at home with learned, and Bela worked in her father's store. a Melamed, but they had continued to learn in Two sons were born to the couple. There was a secondary school and university. Bela's sisters major problem: Bela believed in a progressive had completed their studies and taught in the ideology, while her husband demanded she Lublin's Three Belas Between the two World Wars there were three All three had considerable public resume, wide famous Belas in Lublin's Jewish society: comprehensive education and a lot of care for their people. Each one of them dedicated, in her own Bela Dobrzynska – a great leader of the General way, her virtues in movement activities – in order Zionists party, member of the town council. to serve the Jewish community in Lublin in the best Bela Shapiro – a key figure at the Bund party, way. member of the town council. All three of them were murdered by the Nazis. Bela Mandelsberg-Schildkraut – a historian, an educator and an important activist of the Left Poalei-Zion party. David Shtokfish, Memorial Book for Bela Dobrzynska Neta Zytomirski-Avidar Bela Dobrzynska Synopsis of article in Hebrew page 20 Bela Dobrzynska was born in Lublin in 1885. Her Organization in Lublin town council. She was also father, Rabbi Koppel Kenigsberg, was very rich. It a member in the central committee of the Zionist was a religious-orthodox house, but Bela got also a Organization in Poland and participated in all the comprehensive secular education. conventions. While Bela was young, her mother died. Bela, the In 1929 she was a candidate of the "Minorities firstborn daughter, took care of her little brothers and Block" list at the elections to the Polish parliament. sisters until they grew up. She was responsible for taking care of the house and managing her father's Bela was a Zionist. She was active in the national financial actions. funds at Lublin: The Jewish National Fund (Keren Bela was married to Rabbi Perec Dobrzynski, a son Kaiyemet) and The Foundation Fund (Keren to a known Hassidic family from Lodz and one of Ha'Yesod); she was one of He'Halutz founders in the richest people in Lublin. The couple had three Lublin; she was active in building training kibbutzim children: Nathan, Chana and Arye. and finding work for their members. Bela made sure After the end of the First World War, Bela began to that the halutzim would get emigration certificates be involved in public activity. to Palestine. She encouraged the youth to leave Poland in time. Bela Dobrzynska had joined the General Zionists All of her Zionist activity resulted from the party which was led by Izaak Gruenbaum. In recognition that the Jewish People future is in 1928-1929 she was a representative of the Zionist Palestine (Eretz Israel). She understood the Jews Jewish culture in Poland that has existed almost platform for cooperation, different from the through the entire period of Poland's existence present one, which unfortunately prioritizes the as a separate nation. Jewish community in Poland while somewhat Polish governments, present and past, are not excluding all other parties. oblivious to this trend. Thus we are witnessing an ever growing number of cultural exchanges After reviewing the general situation, it is time and social exchanges between Poland and to review the specific case of Lublin. Israel. I have visited Lublin for the first time in August A country which is committed to erect a 2000. Since then, I have been visiting Lublin Jewish historical museum at a huge investment ever so frequently. It is clear that Lublin is one certainly understands the importance of the of the places in Poland that demonstrates a very Jewish heritage as a part of its heritage. active interest in its own Jewish heritage and There is also a growing interest among Jewish the necessity to preserve it. This observation non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in includes present and past city authorities and preserving the Jewish-Polish heritage. therefore represents a positive, long-reaching We are witnessing an ever growing interest, attitude. especially in Israel, in expanding the cooperation The existence of Teatr N.N. in Lublin is with the Polish people, not in the least due to the additional evidence of the active interest efforts of the Polish ambassador to Israel, her manifested in Lublin towards its Jewish Excellency Agnieszka Magziak Miszewska. heritage. It is important to note that Teatr N. N. It would be worth remembering that the number is the largest and most developed institute of its of Polish citizens in Israel may exceed the kind in Poland. Likewise, it is of great value that number of Jews in Poland. Even in Poland there the present city authorities in Lublin – out of its is a growing willingness among Jews to engage own initiative, and with public money – bought in and initiate more events concerned with the Umschlagplac, with the purpose of establishing Jewish heritage. there a memorial monument for those Lublin It is worth noting that even the Catholic Church Jews who had been transported to the Belzec in Poland has committed itself to this trend by death camp. initiating on every 17 th of January a “Judaism The conclusion drawn from these observations day”. is that any issue pertaining to Jewish heritage would be best served through cooperation with This state of affairs as described in these the city's authorities. The starting point should be pages should be the bedrock of a new form of that as far as the city's authorities are concerned relationship and cooperation. there is a well of good will that should be taken All the concerned parties named in these pages, advantage of. An attitude of cooperation would namely the Polish people, the Polish government, be more fruitful than one of confrontation. the Catholic Church of Poland, and concerned People might say that I am naïve, but then Jewish NGOs around the world have a common maybe it is better to be a little naïve than overly purpose of preserving and upholding the Jewish suspicious. heritage. Therefore we all should find a new Joseph Dakar Open Letter to Gazeta Wyborcza In 1997 the polish parliament passed an act memberships of all the Jewish Gminas in Poland allowing, in general, the Jewish community in put together consist of about 1,000 registered Poland to reclaim and regain ownership of all members. Since Poland holds about 1,300 Jewish communal property in both pre and post Jewish cemeteries, the number of cemeteries war Poland. exceeds the number of registered members in As a result, nine Jewish communities (Gminas) those Gminas. were established. Without getting into specifics, The number of Jews around the world numbers these Gminas have been reclaiming and about 12,000,000 people. Of those Jews, about regaining ownership over Jewish communal 80% have some Polish origin. property – each Gmina responsible on an area After the expulsion of all the Jews from Spain at designated to it. 1492, Poland has become the center of Jewish In my opinion, this act of 1997 was passed for civilization for more than 500 years. all the wrong reasons. Considering the statistics above, it becomes The Jewish organizations in and especially obvious that assigning 1,000 Jewish members outside of Poland acted upon the notion that of the Gminas as exclusive guardians of this the Polish government is some kind of an heritage does not make sense. alien entity – one which from it`s claws, it is After being involved in Polish-Jewish affairs mandatory to extract the Jewish property in for the past 10 years, I have been a witness to order to preserve it. a distinct phenomenon, which has to be taken It was a general assumption – one that was into account: after 45 years of Communist acted upon, (except when yielding to pressure) occupation, during which all memories of the – within the Polish government that the Jewish Jewish presence and Jewish culture in Poland communal property and thus Jewish heritage is had been suppressed, Poles, among others, have a business exclusively reserved for the Jews, gradually started to become aware of the long and therefore not part of the Polish culture or Jewish presence in Poland and its effects on the heritage. general Polish culture. It is worth noting that the Jewish communal The result of all this is a growing interest among properties are actually symbols for the Jewish Poles in the Jewish heritage. This is why we are culture that had existed and for many years witnessing an ever growing number of events thrived in Poland for at least 900 years. in Poland commemorating Jewish culture and Another negative result of the 1997 act is that the Jewish folklore. Jewish properties and thus the Jewish heritage A continuously growing number of Poles were assigned exclusively to the members of understand that they can not fully comprehend the nine Jewish Gminas. Polish culture, or even fully define their It is again worth noting that the combined identity, without having some dialogue with the 3G82?324AI H408:3IC4FI=I435I24AI ;6G;H@884@4/2488?=G13 >874G2>48E>0;H4=/HC81 A rare document! Identity Card from the German occupation time (J-Ausweis). It belonged to Rachel Gipsch, Ben-Zion Drutin's mother Dokument tożsamości z okresu okupacji Ruchli Gipsz – matki Bencjona Drutina pierwszego pokolenia i 3 z drugiego pokolenia). Noyi Dakarom, Jakubowi Gurfinklowi, Sarze Są to, w kolejności nagrywania: Lola Singer, Barnea, Netie, Nachumowi i Szmulikowi Israel Gutman, Józef Kliger, Mosze Pech, Haviva Avidarom, Itie i Mosze Fishbergom, Alizie Feldman, Yochi Rabinowitz, Itzhak Saar, Mosze Salomon, Ryszardowi Weilerowi. Serdecznie Rozenblum, Miriam Rozenblum, Batia Golan, dziękuję wszystkim moim rozmówcom. Jakub Guterman, Pinchas Zając, Benjamin Zebrane relacje oraz pozyskane fotografie i Ifat, Chawa Goldminc, Roth Shulamit, Chaim dokumenty, po ich opracowaniu, umieszczone Lender, Irena Burstin, Mordechai Rotenberg, zostaną na stronie internetowej Ośrodka Israel Mendelson, Yeszaiachu Gottlieb, Mosze WWW.TNN.PL . W Ośrodku trwają także Frank, Lea Goldsztajn, Miriam Akavia, prace nad książką zawierającą wspomnienia Abraham Silberstein, Shalom Omri, Nechama żydowskich mieszkańców Lublina od czasów Omri, Israel Aviram, Itshak Arad, Bencjon przedwojennych po współczesne. Drutin, Yona Livnech, Szlomo Waks, Shalom Projekt nagrywania żydowskich mieszkańców Tugentman, Chava Avni, Yeszaiachu Kapcan, Lublina i Lubelszczyzny będzie kontynuowany. Ruth Tatarko, Hanna Frenkel, Henryk Rozen. W 2010 roku będzie realizowany w USA. W związku z tym zwracamy się z apelem do osób, Osoby te opowiadały o następujących które mogą umożliwić kontakt z osobami z miejscowościach : Lublin, Radom, Warszawa, pierwszego pokolenia mieszkającymi obecnie Biłgoraj, Modliborzyce, Bychawa, Międzyrzec w USA, a przed 1939 i w czasie okupacji w Podlaski, Kraśnik, Puławy, Łódź, Płock, Lublinie i na terenie Lubelszczyzny. Baranów, Kurów, Chełm, Zamość, Kraków, Hrubieszów, Bełżyce, Józefów Biłgorajski, Kontakt: Siedlce, Dęblin. Tomasz Czajkowski Chciałbym podkreślić, iż projekt realizowany Ośrodek „Brama Grodzka – Teatr NN” był w ścisłej współpracy z Ziomkostwem Ul. Grodzka 21 Lubelskim w Izraelu. W tym miejscu 20-112 Lublin szczególnie gorąco dziękuję za pomoc w Tel.: 0048 81 532 58 67 trakcie mojego pobytu w Izraelu: Yossiemu i E-mail: [email protected] Tomasz Czajkowski Po raz trzeci w Izraelu… szukając wspomnień o Lublinie i Lubelszczyźnie W okresie od 29 sierpnia do 26 września osobistych wspomnień tych osób dotyczących 2009 przebywałem w Izraelu. To była już czasów przedwojennych, okupacji i lat trzecia moja wizyta w tym kraju. W 2000 i powojennych. Moje rozmowy rejestrowałem w 2001, kiedy byłem po raz pierwszy, szukałem technice audio i video. Reprodukowałem także mieszkańców nieistniejącej kamienicy przy ul. stare fotografie i dokumenty pochodzące ze Krawieckiej 41 w Lublinie; w 2006 nagrywałem zbiorów moich rozmówców. wspomnienia żydowskich mieszkańców Lublina. Tym razem, przez pierwsze 2 tygodnie Dlaczego to robiłem? Dlaczego to takie mojego pobytu uczestniczyłem, wraz z ważne? Jestem pracownikiem Ośrodka „Brama grupą współpracowników z Ośrodka „Brama Grodzka – Teatr NN” w Lublinie. W ramach Grodzka–Teatr NN” w Lublinie i lubelskimi naszej działalności zbieramy, utrwalamy nauczycielami, w seminarium organizowanym i przekazujemy kolejnym pokoleniom przez Instytut Yad Vashem poświęconym Shoah. wspomnienia osób związanych z Lublinem i 2 kolejne tygodnie spędziłem na spotkaniach Lubelszczyzną. Musimy się śpieszyć. Ludzie i rozmowach z osobami pochodzącymi z tak szybko odchodzą… Czas na krótkie Lublina i Lubelszczyzny, ale także z innych podsumowanie efektów mojej pracy. miejscowości. Rozmawiałem na temat Nagrałem wspomnienia 37 osób (w tym 34 z Photo Nachum Avidar G280/<46? <4;EI I8?A=D408F0D?485@6?CI/>88/G=8F@04F88 EH=4I Tomasz Czajkowski interviews Pinchas Zając at Kibbutz Maanit Tomasz Czajkowski w rozmowie z Pinchasem Zającem Mannit Tomasz Czajkowski THE PROJECT “LUBLINERS LOOKING FOR LUBLIN IN USA” THE “G RODZKA G ATE – NN T HEATRE ” CENTRE (Ośrodek “Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN”) is an independent cultural institution financed by the Municipality of Lublin. Since 1998 the Centre has been running the program “The Oral History”. It consists in recording people's memories of Lublin and Lublin region to create a more vivid picture of the local past to which we do not have any other access but through stories, testimonies, impressions and feelings related face to face by old people. The Grodzka Gate Centre has collected over 1 000 such testimonies, in particular concerning Lublin before the World War II, occupation period, and after the World War II. Most of these oral testimonies is available - both in text and audio form – on our web-site www.tnn.pl. You can also find them in our publications, in newspapers, books, or on CD. The oral history materials are used also in educational and artistic projects, such as: exhibition “Shrine” in Majdanek or “mysteries of memory” (artistic activities taking place in the cityʼs public space, connected with symbolic meaning of particular places). It is necessary to emphasise that testimonies of people, who remember Lublin before 1939 are the most important for us. We focus particularly on memories connected with the presence of Jews because this subject is the most neglected. Recollections of Jewish life save the memory about no longer existent Lublin and its multicultural history. Therefore, the main aim of the project will be to record and archive peopleʼs memories. It will be the living history of Jewish Lublin inhabitants. Some of them live in USA and belong to Organisation of Lubliners in USA. Oral testimonies of Lubliners who remember Jewish town of Lublin will be recorded with the use of digital recorders – this technique assures high quality of sound and enables its further processing for the needs of Internet. An interview would be in Polish, some parts may be in English and in Yiddish. All materials collected during this Project will help to educate young people from Lublin. All the peopleʼs testimonies will be published in a book and on web-side the Grodzka Gate Centre. This may be the last chance to save their memories from oblivion. The Project will be realize on January 2010 The partnership organizations: Organisation of Lubliners in USA Coordinator of the Project: Tomasz Czajkowski Contact in the USA: Tel.: 00 48 81 532 58 67 Michal Hochman E-mail: [email protected] Tel. 1646 522 2686 members of the community in general. the very existence of Poland as a distinct national The only hope those victims could entertain while entity. being led to their final path was that they will be remembered. This hope was reflected in quite a After the expulsion of all the Jews from Spain, in few expressions issued by those victims. Therefore no other country have Jews managed to develope our activity is foremost an act of remembering our deeper roots as in Poland. During their existence in families and our community, thus fulfilling their Poland the Jews managed to establish a fabulous only hopes. civilization not only in the fields of the Halacha but also in the fields of literature, theater, visual arts and The Holocaust itself is a fundamental occurrence music. in the history of the Jewish People. A special For 500 years, since the expulsion of Jews from responsibility lies on the shoulders of the first Spain, the Polish Jewry has been the back bone generation members as people of evidence and the of the world Jewry. We have the duty and the second generation members being the closest to the privilege and the duty to contribute in accordance first generation members to carry on the banner of with our humble abilities in the preservation of this memory. civilization. Our organization is attempting mainly through the Unfortunately at the present state of Israel, the issue of this annual to maintain an active memory civilization that has been developed over the of the Holocaust while emphasizing the particular centuries by the Polish Jewry is being forgotten. story of the Lublin Jews. This culture lies at the base of our identity and our roots. It is important that we remain proactive in the The Polish Jewry have been existing on Polish effort to maintain this fabulous civilization that had soil close to one thousand years, almost as long as existed until the time of the Holocaust. Photo Jacob Gur'nkel ;F?8CG410FA8 <4;EI >48E;>4H/G0I4=4/I<8GAFG/CI:4?60>8;4C=<86G4/341G/38G06 Members of Lublin organization with the visitors from Poland in the inauguration of twin cities park in Rishon Lezion Joseph Dakar Chairman ßs comments A description of the Organization ßs activities during the last year Regular activities a sister Cities Park. The park contains various Our last annual meeting took place on 27.11.08. installations representing the various sister cities. The most notable part was the presentation 70 For the opening ceremony the city of Lublin have photographs taken within the Lublin Ghetto during sent a delegation headed by vise mayor Stanislaw the spring and summer of 1941. Less than one year, Fic the head of the mayor's office Ewa Haponiuk prior to the annihilation of the Ghetto. and the the head of the Israeli desk at the foreign The photographs have been taken by a German relations department in Lublin Iwo Weremko. soldier who after the war have turned into a famous The continued relationship with Lublin is important photographer. The photos are in colour, probably to ussince it strengthens the links between Polish the first colour photos to be taken in Lublin. Lublin and its Jewish past. Like any other year we have conducted a memorial on Holocaust day at our memorial stone in the The Documentation Activities of Tomasz Nahalat Yzhak cemetery. Czajkowski We are in the process of adding to the ceremony Tomasz Czajkowski, who works in Teatr N.N. have some reading chapters and some musical pieces. stayed in Israel for a further three weeks period The two ceremonies mentioned above are for the purpose of documenting the stories of first characterized in thoughtful planning and a generation people who are living among us, mainly respectable atmosphere which credits the memory but not exclusively from the city of Lublin. of our community members who perished in the Two years ago Czajkowski stayed in Israel for 3 Holocaust, and their heritage. months, for the same purpose. This time was a continuation of that same Special Events documentation activity. Teatr N.N. It is my pleasure to thank Sara Barnea, Neta Avidar, At the end of August 2009 a group of 25 members Ita Fishberg, Aliza Salomon and Jacob Gurfinkel of Teatr N.N. have arrived to Israel following an for their assistance to Czajkowski in performing his invitation of Yad Vashem, for a two weeks seminar, important activity. organized by Yad Vashem. Teatr N.N. is a cultural institute situated in Lublin, The reasons for the Organization's existence financed by the city of Lublin, and dedicated mainly There is room for self examination to be performed yo the preservation of Lublin's Jewish heritage. from time to time for the purpose of assessing the We took advantage of this visit and organized reasons that make the activities of our organization in cooperation with the Israeli Polish Friendship important or at least worthwhile. Association, a meeting with the Teatr N.N. members In my opinion there are three main purposes behind which took place at the Felicia Blumethal hall in Tel the existence of our organization. Aviv. For us the term Holocaust victims is not an abstract one. It relates to our parents sometimes wives Sister Cities Park- Rishon Lezion husbands and children that with respect to first The city of Rishon Lezion, which is a sister city to generation members. Grand parents aunts and uncles Lublin, have been opened to the public on 6.4.09 of our parents friend of our family neighbours and KOL VOICE OFLUBLIN ANNUAL OF LUBLINERS IN ISRAEL AND DIASPORA “LUBLINER SHTIME” • www.lublin.org.il • TEL-AVIV • NOVEMBER 2009 • No. 45 Photo: Max Kirnberger/DHM @:=26=6932H6J Market in Lublin ghetto