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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ Philosophische Fakultät 602 00 Brno: Arne Nováka 1 MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ Philosophische Fakultät 602 00 Brno: Arne Nováka 1 LEHRSTUHL FÜR DEUTSCHE SPRACHE UND LITERATUR Autoreferat der Dissertationsarbeit 'Das Fremde' und das 'Eigene' im Brennpunkt der Kritik autobiographischer Holocaust-Zeitzeugnisse: „weiter leben. Eine Jugend“ von Ruth Klüger und „Mein Leben“ von Marcel Reich-Ranicki. Mgr. Dagmar Alešíková Německá literatura Vedoucí práce: prof. PhDr. Jiří Munzar, CSc. Brno 2020 4 In-Memoriam meinem Vater Tibor Adler-Alešík 5 DANKSAGUNG Mein herzlicher Dank ergeht an prof. PhDr. Jiří Munzar, CSc. in Brünn, , PhDr. Jaroslav Kovář, CSc. in Brünn, Prof. Dr. Ruth Klüger in Californien, Provinzoberin Dr., Dr. Sr. M. Beda Rauch in Augsburg, Rabbiner Henry G. Brandt in Augsburg, Prof. PhDr., doc. Mgr. Aleš Urválek, Ph.D. in Brünn, Mgr. Jan Budňák, Ph.D. in Brünn, PhDr. Zdeněk Mareček, Ph.D. in Brünn, Mgr. Pavel Váňa, PhD, DrSc Jiří, HOLÝ in Prag, prof. Dr. Reinhard Ibler, prof. Dr. Manfred Weinberg, prof. Dr. Dieter Heimböckel, prof. Dr. Phil. Friedmann Harzer in Augsburg, Bettina Bannasch in Augsburg, Dr. Benigna Schönhagen in Augsburg, Dozentin Marguerite Markgraf in Augsburg, Israelitische Kultusgemeinde in Augsburg, Jüdische Gemeinde in Brünn, Margarethe Harper in Californien und an alle ‘ungenannten’ für die wertvolle Unterstützung, Unterweisung und Güte, aufgrund ihrer großen Geduld die Dissertationsarbeit letztendlich dann auch realisiert werden konnte. 6 Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die Dissertationsarbeit mit dem neu- überarbeiteten Arbeitstitel: „Das Fremde und das Eigene im Brennpunkt der Kritik autobiographischer Holocaust- Zeitzeugnisse: „weiter leben. Eine Jugend“ von Ruth Klüger und „Mein Leben“ von Marcel Reich-Ranicki“ − selbstständig und nur mit aufgeführter Literatur ausgearbeitet habe. Brünn, den 27.01.2020 ____________________________________________ Mgr. Dagmar Alešíková 7 Das 'Fremde' und das 'Eigene' im Brennpunkt der Kritik autobiographischer Holocaust-Zeitzeugnisse: „weiter leben. Eine Jugend“ von Ruth Klüger und „Mein Leben“ von Marcel Reich-Ranicki. „Ich bin allein (geblieben) und sehne mich verbunden zu sein“ 1 Hugo von Hofmannsthal INHALT Theoretischer Teil Einführung in die Holocaust-Problematik Der Stand der Holocaustforschung 1 Zum Sachverhalt der Problematik 'Das Fremde und das Eigene im Brennpunkt der Kritik' in den autobiographischen Holocaust-Zeitzeugnissen: „weiter leben. Eine Jugend“ von Ruth Klüger und „Mein Leben“ von Marcel Reich-Ranicki“: Ziele, Terminologische und methodologische Fragen und das Forschungsinteresse der Arbeit 10 – 20 2 Was versteht die Studie unter der 'Kritik' im Kontext des 'Fremden' und 'Eigenen'? 21 – 23 3 Warum lässt 'Holocaust' keinen Status: 'Gattung' – zu! 24 1 Vgl. APEL, Friedmar (2012): Hugo von Hofmannsthal: „Ich bin allein und sehne mich verbunden zu sein“ In: „Leben in Bildern“. Dieter Stolz (Hg.). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin / München 2012, 88 S Das Zitat drückt die Sehnsucht Hofmannsthals nach Kommunikation, die bis zum 21. Jh. − dem Judentum abhandengekommen ist. 8 INHALT Praktischer Teil: Zum Fremden und Eigenen im Zeitraum von 1945-1968 1 Das Verhältnis zwischen Juden und Nicht-Juden nach 1945 25 – 38 Zusammenfassung 39 − 40 1.1 . Die 'Jüdische Identität'. Das 'Jüdische Selbstverständnis'. 'Die Assimilation'. 41 – 52 Zusammenfassung 53 − 54 1.2 Holocaust- Erinnerungskulturen: Lagern und Ghetto 55 − 59 Zusammenfassung 60 1.3 Lager und Ghettos 61 – 64 Zusammenfassung 65 Zum Fremden und Eigenen im Zeitraum von 1968 und 1989 2 Sprachlich-mediale Holocaust-Vermittlung. Holocaust- Produktion: 66 − 72 Die Opfer sprechen anders. Wie lesen die Nichtopfer: Zusammenfassung 73 − 74 3 Nachkriegsdebatten, Diskurse und Kontroversen im Nachkriegsdeutschland zwischen 1968 -1989 75 − 79 Zusammenfassung 80 − 81 Das Fremde und Eigene im Holocaust--Literaturdiskurs nach 1989 4 Mittel- und osteuropäischer Literaturdiskurs nach 1989 82 – 88 Zusammenfassung 89 − 91 5 Anhang: 9 5.1 Messianischer Blick. Tendenzieller Blick 92 5.2 Autobiographischer Aufriss der Holocaust-Zeitzeugen 93 − 97 Ruth Klüger und Marcel Reich-Ranicki 6 Resümee in deutscher Sprache 98 6.1 Resümee in englischer Sprache 98 5.1 Resümee v 'Českém jazyce' 98 7 Abstract in deutscher − Abstract in englischer Sprache – Abstrakt v českém jazyce 99 8 Schlüsselwörter /Key-Wörter 100 − 102 9 Primärliteratur 103 10 Sekundärliteratur 11 Publikationen der Doktorandin 103 − 121 11.1 Studien 122 11.2 Rezensionen 12 Weitere wissenschaftliche Aktivitäten 12.1 Unterrichtsaktivitäten an der FF-MU 123 12.2 Unterrichtsaktivitäten in Augsburg 12.3 Vortragsaktivitäten am Österreichinstitut 12.4 Vortragsaktivitäten in Frankfurt am Main 124 12.5 Konferenzteilnahmen der Doktorandin (aktiv) 12.6 Konferenzteilnahmen der Doktorandin (passiv) 12.7 Auslandsaufenthalte (WM 2016 – SM 2017) 10 Theoretischer Teil Einführung in die Holocaust-Problematik 1. Der Stand der Holocaustforschung Zum Sachverhalt der Problematik: „Das Fremde und das Eigene im Brennpunkt der 'Kritik' in den autobiographischen Holocaust-Zeitzeugnissen: „weiter leben. Eine Jugend“ von Ruth Klüger und „Mein Leben“ von Marcel Reich- Ranicki“ (2019): Ziele, Terminologische und methodologische Fragen und das Forschungsinteresse der Arbeit. Die 'Holocaust' -Literatur gibt es erst seit dem 'Zivilisationbruch' − Ende 1945. Diese 'neue' epistemische Prägung2 des Historikers Dan Diner 'Zivilisationbruch' (2015) macht auf die 'Zäsur' in der deutsch-sprachigen Literatur aufmerksam, die das Thema 'Holocaust' und den 'Zweiten Weltkrieg' 'untrennbar' mit Strängen der 'europäischen' Geschichte verknüpft hat. Zugleich offenbart sie auch die Vielfalt unterschiedlicher Perspektiv-Möglichkeiten auf das 'kulturelle' und 'räumliche' im 'Fremden' und 'Eigenen'. Die Problematik des Zusammenlebens zwischen Juden und Nicht-Juden in ihrer 'scheinbaren' (Un-)Möglichkeit der Verständigung wurde im Verlauf von vier Jahrzehnten vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher politischer Systeme Ost und West entweder 'überbetont' oder einfach 'tabuisiert'. Wie sollte sonst die schreckliche Realität von 6. Mio. 'Toten' Juden nach 'Holocaust' in versöhnliche Worte gefasst werden − wurde doch gerade dieses Thema zur 'zentralen' Frage der Nachkriegsliteratur und Wissenschaft. Die vorliegende Dissertation mit dem überarbeiten Arbeitstitel „Das 'Fremde' und das 'Eigene' im Brennpunkt der Kritik autobiographischer Holocaust-Zeitzeugnisse: „weiter leben. Eine Jugend“ von Ruth Klüger und „Mein Leben“ von Marcel Reich-Ranicki“ untersucht die Problemfelder 'Fremd' und 'Eigen' im Kontext der Holocaustproblematik nicht als Kritik an fremden Denkstrukturen oder Verhaltensformen im Sinne einer 'Abgrenzung' bzw. 'Differenzierung', sondern sie fragt nach den Möglichkeiten der 'Distanz- Reduktion' zwischen 'Fremden' und 'Eigenen' im Jüdischen - Nichtjüdischen. Ferner nach den Faktoren, die das Zusammenleben möglich/unmöglich machen. Die zentrale Frage der Untersuchung: 2 Neologismus 'Zivilisationsbruch' erstmals erschienen in: „Das Jahrhundert verstehen – 1917–1989. Eine universalhistorische Deutung“ (Vgl. DINER, Dan, 2015) 11 Tragen die Holocaustzeitzeugnisse der Autoren Ruth Klüger und Marcel Reich-Ranicki zur Distanz Reduktion zwischen 'Eigen' und 'Fremd' bei: ja oder nein? Die Hauptthese der Untersuchung: Die Holocaustzeitzeugnisse tragen zur Distanz-Reduktion zwischen 'Eigen' und 'Fremd' bei, wenn sie an ihren Zielen festhalten, die sich gegen das 'Vergessen' richten − in der Erinnerung an die 6. Mio. 'Tote' und an die 'Selbstverpflichtung' Israels an das Vergangene, die 'untrennbar' vom Wort 'Mila' ist, das (nach den 'ältesten' Schrifttexten der Torah) am Anfang aller Dinge stand. Zentrale Fragen der Holocaustüberlebenden: Das zentrale Thema ist die Erinnerung an die 6. Mio. Tote Juden und an die Selbstverpflichtung Israels an das Vergangene, das für das 'Judentum' 'untrennbar' vom Wort 'Mila' gebunden ist. Tragen die Holocaustzeitzeugnisse der Autoren Ruth Klüger und Marcel Reich-Ranicki zur Distanz Reduktion zwischen 'Eigen' und 'Fremd' bei: ja oder nein? Die zentrale Fragen der Holocaustüberlebenden war die Ursachen der Unmöglichkeit des Zusammenlebens im 'Miteinander' im 'Fremd' und 'Eigen' aufzudecken, die sie in den 'Transfers' tradierter Stereotypen-Übergabe von Generation auf Generation bestätigt gesehen haben. Hauptkriterien für die Wahl der Autoren Ruth Klüger und Marcel Reich - Ranicki: Eines der wesentlichen Analyse-Kriterien für die Wahl der Autoren Ruth Klüger und Marcel Reich-Ranicki war die Redegewandtheit und die Überzeugungskraft der Autoren. Von der Erweiterung durch den Literatur- und Kulturkritiker und Kulturkorrespondenten Marcel Reich-Ranicki hat sich die Untersuchung ein höheres Argumentations-Potenzial, Dynamik und Resonanz versprochen. 12 Mit den Merkmalen der »'Differenziertheit' und 'Einheit'« verkörpern die Autoren Ruth Klüger und Marcel Reich-Ranicki die 'ideale' Kombinationseinheit für die Untersuchung. Ferner waren 'drei' Qualitäten3 für die Wahl der Germanistin Ruth Klüger und des Literaturkritikers Marcel Reich-Ranicki richtungsweisend: Bildung, Erfahrung und Entscheidungskompetenz lat. 'iudicium'. Unter dem Begriff 'iudicium' nach Herbart, versteht die Studie den Rekurs des formalen und vernunftgegründeten Urteils und Entscheidungskraft: Herbarts -'Takt'4 (Vgl. HARTENSTEIN, Gustav, 1851). Ferner war hier auch noch vom Vorteil für die Untersuchung, der nicht allzu große Altersunterschied zwischen Ruth Klüger und Marcel Reich-Ranicki, der Altersunterschied von ca. 11. Jahren. Der Literaturkritiker Marcel Reich-Ranicki war
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