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A History of Rome a History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine

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A History of Rome a History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine A HISTORY OF ROME A HISTORY OF ROME DOWN TO THE REIGN OF CONSTANTINE M. CARY, D.Litt. Late Emeritus Professor ofAncient History in the University of London and H. H. SCULLARD, F.B.A. Emeritus Professor of Ancient History in the University of London THIRD EDITION M ISBN 978-0-333-17440-1 ISBN 978-1-349-02415-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-02415-5 © The representatives of the estate of the late M. Cary and H. H. Scullard 1975 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First Edition 1935 Reprinted 1938, 1945, 1947, 1949, 1951 Second Edition 1954 Reprinted 1957, 1960, 1962, 1965, 1967, 1970, 1974 Third Edition 1975 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in New York Dublin Melbourne Johannesburg and Madras Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com SBN 333 17440 2 Preface to the Third Edition Professor Cary's History of Rome has now been textbook and indeed is perhaps almost inevit­ widely used both in this country and the able in face of perennial problems such as how United States for nearly forty years in virtually far the history of the Empire is to be described its original form, since the revision in the under reigns or by topics. second edition of 1954 was for practical I should like to record my personal gratitude reasons very limited in scope. The time has to Professor Cary for friendship, constant help therefore come for more radical change and I and encouragement to me for over thirty years, greatly welcomed the suggestion made by first as his postgraduate student and then as Messrs Macmillan and Mrs Cary that I should colleague and co-editor. My great debt to other undertake this work. That I should attempt fellow historians will I hope be made clear in this would, I like to think, have been in line the bibliographical references in the revised with his wishes, since he left a few jottings for Notes of this book and can scarcely be spelled revision in an envelope addressed to me; I can out in detail here. Among these references I only hope that the result has not fallen too far have occasionally included a recent article short of what he would have wished. which, though not necessarily of outstanding As the opportunity has arisen for a complete importance, provides a useful discussion of the recasting of the format of the book, together evidence and an up-to-date bibliography of the with new illustrations and maps, I have taken topic involved. I have also added chronological the chance to rewrite freely where advances in tables, a general bibliography, some stemmata knowledge seem to require fresher treatment: and the like. apart from constant minor changes throughout The illustrations of coins have been repro­ I have rewritten perhaps something like one­ duced at approximately the same size, irrespec­ third of the book. It has not seemed necessary tive of the size of the original coin: it has not to attempt to differentiate the contribution of been considered necessary in a non-numismatic the two authors: since, if anyone were so im­ book to record the degree of enlargement in probably curious as to wish to try, he could each case. easily pursue this rather fruitless exercise All the maps and plans have been redrawn, merely by comparing this version with the and many new ones added; for the care with original work. In general I have written more which this has been done my thanks are due to extensively in the early parts, where archaeo­ Messrs Lovell Johns. To Mr Rex Allen of logical evidence has been accumulating over Macmillan I owe a very great debt for sharing the years; I have also expanded somewhat near in the toil of proof-reading and indexing, as the end in the period of Diocletian and well as for his general oversight and care in Constantine. Besides making a few changes in this complicated task of revision and resetting. the arrangement of some chapters, in places I Other members of the staff also have been have added a certain amount of resumptive most helpful. material: this necessarily involves a little repetition, which may not be bad in itself in a December 1974 H. H. S. v Preface to the Second Edition The object of this book is to provide a com­ Books and articles which I have found particu­ prehensive survey of Roman History down to larly helpful have been cited from time to time the dawn of the Middle Ages within the com­ in the notes. In addition, I desire to express a pass of one volume. Its subject is a political more general obligation to various authors in system and a civilisation which lasted a the Cambridge Ancient History, notably to thousand years and eventually comprised the Professor Adcock and to Mr Last (who has whole Mediterranean area and western Europe. also given me valuable advice on method and Research in this vast field of study is now procedure); and to Professors Carcopino, De being conducted more intensively than ever, Sanctis, Tenney Frank, Holleaux and Rostovt­ and our knowledge of it is still being amplified seff. I am also indebted to Dr H. H. Scullard or modified at innumerable points. To write a for permission to incorporate some details from general history of Rome is therefore to invite his forthcoming book on Roman History to criticism on multitudinous matters of detail. 146 B.C. But the chief requirement in a work of this My acknowledgments are also due to the kind is not that it should be meticulously Roman Society and to Messrs H. Chalton exact and up to date in all its facts, but that Bradshaw and Geoffrey E. Peachey for leave to it should arrange and evaluate the facts in due reproduce illustrations. order and proportion. Its purpose cannot be Lastly, I desire to express my thanks to better stated than in the words of Polybius, Messrs Macmillan; to the staff of Emery the foremost Greek writer on Rome, who Walker Ltd; and to Mr W. T. Purdom, declared that his task was to present Roman Assistant Librarian to the Hellenic and Roman History 'as an organic whole', so that its mean­ Societies, for the every-ready help which I ing and function in world history should stand have received from them in preparing the text out clearly. and the illustrations. In a work of this scope it is manifestly out of I wish to express my gratitude to Dr H. H. place to supply full references or to append Scullard for his valuable assistance in the pre­ exhaustive bibliographies. (Readers who wish paration of the second edition of this book. to pursue their studies in Roman History will find comprehensive and well-arranged biblio­ M. CARY graphies in the Cambridge Ancient History.) vii Contents Preface to the Third Edition v Preface to the Second Edition vii List of Illustrations xxm List of Maps xxvii PART I PRE-ROMAN ITALY CHAPTER 1 THE GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY 1 The Mediterranean Area 3 2 Italy . 4 CHAPTER 2 THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF ITALY 1 Stone Age Man . 7 2 Bronze Age Man 8 3 The Iron Age and the 'Villanovans' 9 4 The Peoples and Tongues of Italy . 13 ix A HISTORY OF ROME CHAPTER 3 GREEKS AND ETRUSCANS IN EARLY ITALY 1 The Greeks 16 2 Who were the Etruscans? 18 3 Etruscan Civilisation 21 4 Etruscan Expansion . 26 PART II THE ROMAN CONQUEST OF ITALY CHAPTER 4 LATIUM AND ROME 1 The Geography of Latium 31 2 The Early History of Latium 31 3 Rome. The Site of the City 34 4 The Origins of Rome. The Traditional Story 35 5 The Origins of Rome. From Village to City 37 CHAPTER 5 ROME IN THE PERIOD OF THE KINGS 1 The Kings and Tradition . 41 2 The City . 42 3 Economic Conditions under the Kings 47 4 Early Roman Religion 48 5 Social and Political Groupings . 49 6 The Monarchy . 50 7 Military and Political Developments . 52 8 Rome and her Neighbours 54 9 The End of Etruscan Rome 55 CHAPTER 6 THE SOURCES FOR EARLY ROMAN HISTORY 1 Documentary Records 57 2 Oral Tradition . 60 3 Literary Sources 60 X CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 THE CONFLICT OF THE ORDERS. THE FIRST STAGE 1 The First Republican Constitution 62 2 Economic Conditions 63 3 The Plebeian Counter-organisation 64 4 The Twelve Tables 66 5 Plebeian Advances 68 CHAPTER 8 THE EARLY WARS OF THE REPUBLIC 1 Rome and Latium 70 2 Sabines, Aequi and Volsci 70 3 The Conquest of Veii 71 4 The Siege of Rome by the Gauls 72 CHAPTER 9 THE CONFLICT OF THE ORDERS. THE SECOND STAGE 1 New Discontents after the Gallic War 75 2 Economic Legislation 76 3 Plebeian Victories 77 4 The Patricio-Plebeian Nobility 78 5 The Resultant Constitution 79 6 Conclusion 83 CHAPTER 10 THE LATIN, SAMNITE AND PYRRHIC WARS 1 The Establishment of Roman Ascendancy in Central Italy 84 2 The Oscan-speaking Sabellians . 87 3 The First Samnite War and the Great Latin War 88 4 The Second Samnite War . 90 5 The Third Samnite War 92 6 The War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus 94 CHAPTER 11 THE ROMAN STATE IN THE THIRD CENTURY B.C. 1 The Roman Constitution. Apparent Defects 97 2 The Working of the Constitution 97 xi A HISTORY OF ROME 3 The Roman Conquest of Italy .
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