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Chronology of Events Chronology of Events '� April 1976 The (Comite Nacional de Unidad Sindical/National CNUS i; Committee of Trade Union Unity) is formed. April 15, 1978 The cuc (Comite de Unidad Campesina/Committee of Peasant Unity) comes to public light. 'I ,I May 29, 1978 The Panzos massacre occurs in the department of Alta Ii Verapaz in which one hundred Kekchi Indians are killed by the . : Guatemalan military. :! JlIly 1, 1978 General Fernando Romeo Lucas Garcia becomes president , of Guatemala and heads up four years of widespread terror and repres- sion. ; � :1 January 31, 1980 Thirty-nine people are burned to death when the Guatemalan police set fire to the Spanish Embassy, which peasant and student leaders had peacefully taken over to denounce repression in the countryside. May 1, 1980 Dozens of participants in the Workers' Day march are dis­ : ! t appeared and killed. JlIne 21, 1980 Twenty-seven union leaders are kidnapped and disap­ peared from the offices of the CNT (Central Nacional de Traba­ :i jadores/National Workers' Central). I AlIgllst 24, 1980 Seventeen unionists are disappeared from a labor ed­ ucation course held at Emaus, a town in the department of Escuintla. March 23, 1982 General Efrafn Rios Montt becomes president of ': Guatemala after a military coup. -------- xvi Chronology General Oscar Humberto Mejia Victores overthrows Rios August 8, 1983 Montt and becomes president. Hundreds of unionists occupy the Coca-Cola February 1984 to March 1985 bottling plant to protest the illegal plant closing; they win. Apo o Mutua/Mutual Support June 1984 GAM (Grupo de y Group for Families of the Disappeared) is founded. February 1985 UNSITRAGUA (Unidad Sindical de Trabajadores de Gua­ temala/Unity of Guatemalan Workers) is founded as a result of organizing meetings held in the occupied Coca-Cola bottling plant. January 14, 1986 Vinicio Cerezo, the first civilian president of Guatemala in twenty years, takes power. June 1986 UITA (Uni6n Internacional de Trabajadores de Alimentos y Simi­ lares), the Guatemalan office of the IUF, the International Union of Food and Allied Workers, opens. June 1987 to August 1988 Workers of the Lunafil thread factory occupy the plant to protest obligatory twelve-hour workshifts; they win. November 1987 The union of workers of the Accumuladores Victor car-bat­ tery factory is legally recognized. Eleven days later the plant is illegally closed by its owners. December 1987 The UASP (Unidad de Acci6n Sindical y Popular/Unity of Labor and Popular Action) is formed. Appendix Chronology of Local and National Events Described in This Book 1944 Guatemalan revolution ousts the dictator Jorge Ubico Castaiieda 1954 President Arbenz deposed; "liberation" by Castillo Armas and the CIA 1963 Army coup consolidates military control of the government; Gen. Enrique Peralta Azurdia heads the regime 1966 Julio Cesar Mendes Montenegro, a civilian, elected president . Ca 1968 Colonel Arana defeats the guerrillas in the eastern zone 1970 Gen. Carlos Arana Osorio elected president La Esperanza cooperative initiated in the Ixcan (EGP), centering in northern 1972 Rise of Ejercito Guatemalteco de los Pobres Quiche the army; Gen. Kjell 1974 Election of Christian Democrat Rios Montt stolen by Laugerud Garcia becomes president 1975 EGP guerrillas execute plantation owner Luis Arenas 1976 Rosa Aguayo, teacher of "La Esperanza" cooperative, murdered Earthquake kills more than 25,000 persons Father Woods, director of Ixcan Grande cooperative, dies in plane crash. 1978 Election of Gen. Romeo Lucas Garcia Horacio Arroyave Paniagua dams river in San Antonio Aguas Calientes Panzos massacre Don Carlos removed as mayor of San Juan Ostuncalco 1979 Fall of Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua Death-squad killings begin in San Antonio Aguas Calientes . Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA) guerrilla group begins publIc operations in the western highlands 1980 Occupation of Spanish embassy San Pedro la Laguna visited by ORPA guerrillas; reign of terror begins in the communiry shortly thereafter Avelino Zapeta, mayor of Santa Cruz del Quiche, assassinated La Estancia hamlet attacked by army; its inhabitants leave 1981 Hotel in Panajachel bombed by guerrillas . , Major army counterinsurgency operations in Chimaltenango and QUIChe, according to Falla 293 Harvest of Viole/1ce 294 Massacre in Chupol, Chichicastenango del Quiche Civil patrols organized in Santa Cruz in the Ixcin Army destroys La Esperanza cooperative 1982 ' Montt takes power through military coup Rios r t of mayo Selective violence in San Juan Ostunca!':o ends with appointmen by Rios Montt government Horacio Arroyave killed in Guatemala City Pastor Nicolas Toma begins collaboration with army in Cotzal Patzllll, l3aja Verapaz, and Alta Vera by ra\la Massacres in paz described , hiS Schoolteacher Emilio, of Totonicap.ln, returns to Alta Vcrapaz to find village "disappeared" Indian refugees settle in a Chamula colony of Chiapas, Mexico Evangelicals celebrate 100 years of missionary labors in Guatemala Army begins swrched-eanh campaign in Huehuetenango men, women" and children massacred 352 in bnea San francisco MilitarizatIOn Santa Cruz Quiche com 1983 of <Ildeas plet .d "La Esperanza" (lxdn) resettled under armv " e • "J sup,rVISlon Rlos Montt deposed; Gen, Melia Victores takes , malan (ommand Guate refugees forCibly removed from Ch' e In4 l ap,lS t .. mpech and Quintana Roo, Mexico " o C �, Nearly half of Totonicapan artis ans go Out of h " � sS Chief military wmmissioner and his uncle mu du s l l Ins r ere III Pedro la , , ll n.1 Christian Democrat Vinicio Cerez San L.1 g o wins pre SI , " entlal , d elections President Cerezo addresses Natio 1986-87 United ns A ssem h Iy e ectlve' Isappearances and kill , S I "d' ings con ( u I e thro g o u tcmJla " as do armed encounters etwee u h ut a b n the army a � G n guerrillas; ck refugees return to Guatemala from . a tri le of Indian eX I CO a M nd elsewhere CHRONOLOGY 1524 Spanish conquest initiates colonial era. Sept. 15, 1821 Independence from Spain. 1871 "Liberal Reform" begins. Church and Indian lands are expropriated for coffee production. June 1944 Popular pressure forces dictator Jorge Ubico to resign, giving way to a military triumvirate. Oct. 20, 1944 A coalition led by the urban middle class and dissident military officers overthrows the military junta, initiating a ten-year period of democratic reforms. 1945 Juan Jose Arevalo is elected president. 1951 Colonel Jacobo Arbenz takes office after winning presi­ dential elections. 1952 The Agrarian Reform law is adopted. 1953 The Arbenz government confiscates four hundred thou­ sand acres of uncultivated United Fruit Company land and begins land redistribution. 1954 Arbenz is overthrown and Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas installed in a CIA-planned and -financed invasion and coup. Land reform is reversed, popular organizations crushed and thousands killed. 1957 Castillo Armas is assassinated. 1958 General Miguel Y digoras Fuentes is elected president. 1959 The Cuban Revolution; Fidel Castro takes power. 1960 Ydigoras allows the United States to train Cuban exiles in Guatemala for the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba. The Central American Common Market is formed. Nov.B,I960 A major military uprising against Y digoras, involving one­ third of the army, is suppressed. Chronology 327 Mar.-Apr. 1962 Massive demonstrations by students and workers in Guatemala City against the Ydigoras government. d Dec. 1962 The Rebel A rme Forces (FAR) guerrilla organization is formed and begins antigovernment activity in the moun­ tains of northeastern Guatemala. is overthrown in a coup led by Colonel Mar. 1963 Y digoras Enrique Peralta Azurdia. the U.S. military 1%5 The chief of mission is killed and a state of siege declared. r Mendez Montenegro 1966 Julio Cesa is elected president. increases 1966-1969 United States military and economic aid to Guatemala, and army counterinsurgency campaigns and repression by right-wing paramilitary squads intensify. U.S. sends Green Berets, guerrillas are decimated and thousands are killed. Colonel Carlos Arana Osorio is elected president. A one­ 1970 year state of siege is imposed in November and a new wave of government repression begins. dential 1974 Official presi candidate, General Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia, is chosen over apparent election winner General Efrain Rios Montt. 1975 The Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP) initiates guerrilla activity in the northern part of the Quiche province. Feb.4, 1976 A massive earthquake leaves over 22,000 dead, 77,000 in­ jured and one million homeless. Apr. 1976 The National Committee of Trade Union Unity (CNUS) is formed. Nov. 19,1977 A protest march of miners from Ixtahuacan, Huehue­ tenango is met by one hundred thousand supporters in Guatemala City. Mar. 1978 A public workers' strike shortly before presidential elec­ tions forces the government to approve wage hikes. General Fernando Romeo Lucas Garcia is elected presi­ dent in an openly rigged contest. The Committee of Campesino Unity is formed. Apr. 1978 Over one hundred Kekchi Indians are killed by govern- May 29,197 8 328 GUATEMALA IN REBELLION: UNFINISHED HISTORY ment troops and armed landowners III Panzos, Alta Verapaz. July 1978 Lucas assumes power. Oct. 1978 A general strike and large spontaneous protests in Guate­ mala City force the government to revoke a 100 percent city bus fare hike. Oct. 20, 1978 Oliverio Castaneda de Leon, president of the Association of University Students, is gunned down two blocks from the National Palace in Guatemala City. Jan. 25, 1979 Dr. Alberto Fuentes Mohr, former government minister and leader of the Democratic Socialist Party, is assassi­ nated in Guatemala City. Feb. 24, 1979 The Democratic Front Against Repression (FDCR) is formed. Mar. 23, 1979 Manuel Colom Argueta, founder and leader of the social­ democratic United Revolutionary Front party, is killed in Guatemala City. July 19, 1979 Sandinists overthrow Somoza dynasty in Nicaragua. Sept. 18, 1979 The Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA), a guer­ rilla organization, announces its existence.
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