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Home , Carlos Castillo Armas, Guatemalan Revolution, Manuel Colom Argueta

Chronology of Events

'� April 1976 The (Comite Nacional de Unidad Sindical/National CNUS i; Committee of Trade Union Unity) is formed.

April 15, 1978 The cuc (Comite de Unidad Campesina/Committee of Peasant Unity) comes to public light. 'I ,I May 29, 1978 The Panzos massacre occurs in the department of Alta Ii Verapaz in which one hundred Kekchi Indians are killed by the . : Guatemalan military. :!

JlIly 1, 1978 General Fernando Romeo Lucas Garcia becomes president , of and heads up four years of widespread terror and repres- sion. ; � :1 January 31, 1980 Thirty-nine people are burned to death when the Guatemalan police set fire to the Spanish Embassy, which peasant and student leaders had peacefully taken over to denounce repression in the countryside.

May 1, 1980 Dozens of participants in the Workers' Day march are dis­ : ! t appeared and killed.

JlIne 21, 1980 Twenty-seven union leaders are kidnapped and disap­ peared from the offices of the CNT (Central Nacional de Traba­ :i jadores/National Workers' Central).

I AlIgllst 24, 1980 Seventeen unionists are disappeared from a labor ed­ ucation course held at Emaus, a town in the department of Escuintla.

March 23, 1982 General Efrafn Rios Montt becomes president of ': Guatemala after a military coup. ------

xvi Chronology

General Oscar Humberto Mejia Victores overthrows Rios August 8, 1983 Montt and becomes president.

Hundreds of unionists occupy the Coca-Cola February 1984 to March 1985 bottling plant to the illegal plant closing; they win.

Apo o Mutua/Mutual Support June 1984 GAM (Grupo de y Group for Families of the Disappeared) is founded.

February 1985 UNSITRAGUA (Unidad Sindical de Trabajadores de Gua­ temala/Unity of Guatemalan Workers) is founded as a result of organizing meetings held in the occupied Coca-Cola bottling plant.

January 14, 1986 , the first civilian in twenty years, takes power.

June 1986 UITA (Uni6n Internacional de Trabajadores de Alimentos y Simi­ lares), the Guatemalan office of the IUF, the International Union of Food and Allied Workers, opens.

June 1987 to August 1988 Workers of the Lunafil thread factory occupy the plant to protest obligatory twelve-hour workshifts; they win.

November 1987 The union of workers of the Accumuladores Victor car-bat­ tery factory is legally recognized. Eleven days later the plant is illegally closed by its owners.

December 1987 The UASP (Unidad de Acci6n Sindical y Popular/Unity of Labor and Popular Action) is formed. Appendix

Chronology of Local and National Events Described in This Book

1944 Guatemalan ousts the dictator Castaiieda 1954 President Arbenz deposed; "liberation" by Armas and the CIA 1963 Army coup consolidates military control of the government; Gen. heads the regime 1966 Julio Cesar Mendes Montenegro, a civilian, elected president . Ca 1968 Colonel Arana defeats the guerrillas in the eastern zone 1970 Gen. Carlos Arana Osorio elected president La Esperanza cooperative initiated in the Ixcan (EGP), centering in northern 1972 Rise of Ejercito Guatemalteco de los Pobres Quiche the army; Gen. Kjell 1974 Election of Christian Democrat Rios Montt stolen by Laugerud Garcia becomes president 1975 EGP guerrillas execute plantation owner Luis Arenas 1976 Rosa Aguayo, teacher of "La Esperanza" cooperative, murdered Earthquake kills more than 25,000 persons Father Woods, director of Ixcan Grande cooperative, dies in plane crash. 1978 Election of Gen. Romeo Lucas Garcia Horacio Arroyave Paniagua dams river in San Antonio Aguas Calientes Panzos massacre Don Carlos removed as mayor of San Juan Ostuncalco 1979 Fall of Anastasio Somoza in Death-squad killings begin in San Antonio Aguas Calientes . Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA) guerrilla group begins publIc operations in the western highlands 1980 Occupation of Spanish embassy San Pedro la Laguna visited by ORPA guerrillas; reign of terror begins in the communiry shortly thereafter Avelino Zapeta, mayor of Santa Cruz del Quiche, assassinated La Estancia hamlet attacked by army; its inhabitants leave 1981 Hotel in Panajachel bombed by guerrillas . , Major army counterinsurgency operations in Chimaltenango and QUIChe, according to Falla

293 Harvest of Viole/1ce 294

Massacre in Chupol, Chichicastenango del Quiche Civil patrols organized in Santa Cruz in the Ixcin Army destroys La Esperanza cooperative 1982 ' Montt takes power through military coup Rios r t of mayo Selective violence in San Juan Ostunca!':o ends with appointmen by Rios Montt government Horacio Arroyave killed in Pastor Nicolas Toma begins collaboration with army in Cotzal Patzllll, l3aja Verapaz, and Alta Vera by ra\la Massacres in paz described , hiS Schoolteacher Emilio, of Totonicap.ln, returns to Alta Vcrapaz to find village "disappeared" Indian refugees settle in a Chamula colony of Chiapas, Mexico Evangelicals celebrate 100 years of missionary labors in Guatemala Army begins swrched-eanh campaign in Huehuetenango men, women" and children massacred 352 in bnea San francisco MilitarizatIOn Santa Cruz Quiche com 1983 of

1524 Spanish conquest initiates colonial era.

Sept. 15, 1821 Independence from Spain.

1871 "Liberal Reform" begins. Church and Indian lands are expropriated for coffee production.

June 1944 Popular pressure forces dictator Jorge Ubico to resign, giving way to a military triumvirate.

Oct. 20, 1944 A coalition led by the urban middle class and dissident military officers overthrows the , initiating a ten-year period of democratic reforms.

1945 Juan Jose Arevalo is elected president.

1951 Colonel Jacobo Arbenz takes office after winning presi­ dential elections.

1952 The Agrarian Reform law is adopted.

1953 The Arbenz government confiscates four hundred thou­ sand acres of uncultivated land and begins land redistribution.

1954 Arbenz is overthrown and Colonel installed in a CIA-planned and -financed invasion and coup. Land reform is reversed, popular organizations crushed and thousands killed.

1957 Castillo Armas is assassinated.

1958 General Miguel Y digoras Fuentes is elected president.

1959 The ; Fidel Castro takes power.

1960 Ydigoras allows the to train Cuban exiles in Guatemala for the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba.

The Central American Common Market is formed.

Nov.B,I960 A major military uprising against Y digoras, involving one­ third of the army, is suppressed. Chronology 327

Mar.-Apr. 1962 Massive demonstrations by students and workers in Guatemala City against the Ydigoras government.

d Dec. 1962 The Rebel A rme Forces (FAR) guerrilla organization is formed and begins antigovernment activity in the moun­ tains of northeastern Guatemala.

is overthrown in a coup led by Colonel Mar. 1963 Y digoras Enrique Peralta Azurdia.

the U.S. military 1%5 The chief of mission is killed and a state of siege declared.

r Mendez Montenegro 1966 Julio Cesa is elected president. increases 1966-1969 United States military and economic aid to Guatemala, and army counterinsurgency campaigns and repression by right-wing paramilitary squads intensify. U.S. sends Green Berets, guerrillas are decimated and thousands are killed.

Colonel Carlos Arana Osorio is elected president. A one­ 1970 year state of siege is imposed in November and a new wave of government repression begins.

dential 1974 Official presi candidate, General Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia, is chosen over apparent election winner General Efrain Rios Montt.

1975 The Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP) initiates guerrilla activity in the northern part of the Quiche province.

Feb.4, 1976 A massive earthquake leaves over 22,000 dead, 77,000 in­ jured and one million homeless.

Apr. 1976 The National Committee of Trade Union Unity (CNUS) is formed.

Nov. 19,1977 A protest march of miners from Ixtahuacan, Huehue­ tenango is met by one hundred thousand supporters in Guatemala City.

Mar. 1978 A public workers' strike shortly before presidential elec­ tions forces the government to approve wage hikes.

General Fernando Romeo Lucas Garcia is elected presi­ dent in an openly rigged contest.

The Committee of Campesino Unity is formed. Apr. 1978 Over one hundred Kekchi Indians are killed by govern- May 29,197 8 328 GUATEMALA IN : UNFINISHED HISTORY

ment troops and armed landowners III Panzos, Alta Verapaz.

July 1978 Lucas assumes power.

Oct. 1978 A general strike and large spontaneous in Guate­ mala City force the government to revoke a 100 percent city bus fare hike.

Oct. 20, 1978 Oliverio Castaneda de Leon, president of the Association of University Students, is gunned down two blocks from the National Palace in Guatemala City.

Jan. 25, 1979 Dr. , former government minister and leader of the Democratic Socialist Party, is assassi­ nated in Guatemala City.

Feb. 24, 1979 The Democratic Front Against Repression (FDCR) is formed.

Mar. 23, 1979 , founder and leader of the social­ democratic United Front party, is killed in Guatemala City.

July 19, 1979 Sandinists overthrow Somoza dynasty in Nicaragua.

Sept. 18, 1979 The Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA), a guer­ rilla organization, announces its existence.

Jan. 31, 1980 Part of a group of campesinos who had come to Guate­ mala City from Quiche to protest army repression in their villages occupies the Spanish Embassy together with supporters. Police storm and firebomb the embassy build­ ing, killing thirty-nine. Feb. -Mar. 1980 Nearly eighty thousand Indian and ladino farmworkers go out on strike, forcing the government to raise the min­ imum wage for farmworkers. 1, May 1980 Forty thousand turn out for the May Day protest march in Guatemala City, the last above-ground demonstration to take place in Guatemala. Dozens of demonstrators are kidnapped in the course of the march. June 21, 1980 Twenty-seven trade union leaders are kidnapped from the Guatemala City headquarters of the National Con­ federation of Labor (CN'!'). y 14, Jul 1980 Armed men indiscriminately shoot at students stepping off public buses at the University of San Carlos, kiIlin� several. Chronology 329

July 20, 1980 After the murder of two priests and two attempts on the life of the bishop, the Catho lic Diocese of -Ouiche is closed.

Aug. 1980 The army gathers residents of San Juan Cotzal, Quiche, and shoots sixty male villagers.

Aug. 24, 1980 Seventeen trade union leaders from the CNT are kid­ napped from a Catholic retreat house in Palin, Escuintla.

Aug. 28, 1980 A violent five-year-Iong labor conflict at Guatemala's U.S.-owned Coca-Cola franchise is resolved after an inter­ national union-led forces the parent company to intervene.

e 6, The army attacks the town of Chajul, Quiche, bombing S pt. 1980 the convent, beating and interrogating residents and kill­ ing at least thirty-six.

Oct. 1980 ORPA joins EGP, FAR and the Leadership Nucleus of the Guatemalan Workers' Party (PGT) in a guerrilla alliance.

Jan. 1981 The guerrilla alliance initiates a coordinated campaign aimed at preventing the intervention of Guatemalan troops in EI Salvador during the Salvadoran guerrillas' general offensive.

The January 31st Popular Front (FP-31) announces 'its formation.

Feb.-Mar. 1981 An estimated fifteen hundred Indian campesinos are re­ ported killed in army massacres in the Chimaltenango province.

Apr. 9, 1981 Twenty-four people are massacred by machete in the vil­ lage of C huabajito in San Martin Jilotepeque, Chimalte­ nango.

Apr. 15, 1981 Forty to one hundred campesinos are massacred in the village of Cocob in Nebaj, Quiche.

Apr. 31, 1981 At least thirty-six campesinos are killed in an army attack on the town of San Mateo Ixtatan, Huehuetenango.

May 1981 The army b ombs a nd lays siege to the villages of Tres Aguadas, EI Caoba, EI Remate, and Paxmacan in the Peten provi nce. Five hundred seek refuge in Mexico and within days a re deported back to Guatemala.

June 1981 Nineteen rural cooperatives in the Peten province are 330 GUATEMALA IN REBELLION: UNFINISHED HISTORY

attacked by the army. At least fifty people are killed and 3,500 flee to Mexico.

June 10, 1981 The Reagan administration approves the sale of $3.2 mil­ lion worth of military jeeps and trucks to the Lucas government.

July 1981 Most of the campesinos from the Peten cooperatives who had sought refuge in Mexico are deported back to Gua temala.

July 19, 1981 Two hundred soldiers attack the village of Coya, Hue­ huetenango, as residents attempt to resist with machetes, sticks and stones. One hundred fifty to three hundred villagers are killed.

Among a series of guerrilla actions commemorating the 1979 , five hundred guerrillas oc­ cupy the tourist town of Chichicastenango, Quiche.

July 28, 1981 U.s. priest Stanley Rother is killed in Santiago AtitIan, SoloIa.

Aug. 12, 1981 As many as one thousand campesinos are killed in army attacks on two villages in San Sebastian Lemoa, Quiche.

Sept. 1981 The army kills about seven hundred in San Miguel Chi­ caj and Rabinal, Baja Verapaz.

Oct.-Dec. 1981 Soldiers burn homes, crops and kill as many as one thou­ sand in the Chupol region of Chichicastenango, Quiche.

Oct. 10, 20, 1981 Guerrillas launch a series of bombing and military attacks on police, government and economic targets in Guate­ mala City.

Oct. 28, 1981 Guerrillas simultaneously mount attacks on two provin­ I cial capitals, Mazatenango and Solola, and briefly occupy l the latter.

Nov. 1981 The army carries out a major counterinsurgency offensive in the Chimaltenango province.

Nov. 22, 1981 Emeterio Toj, leader of CUC and EGP member, escapes � from a Guate base close to four mala City military months after he was kidnapped by government security forces.

Dec. 2, 1981 Five hundred guerrillas attack army posts in Santa Cruz del Quiche. --,

Chronology 331

Jan. 1982 A major counterinsurgency offensive is launched in the Ouiche, Chimaltenango, Huehuetenango and San Mar­ cos provinces.

Jan. 19, 1982 A large guerrilla force attacks and nearly overruns the San Juan Cotzal, Quiche military base.

Feb. 7, 1982 The EGP, FAR, ORPA and the Leadership Nucleus of the PGT announce their unification under the um­ brella of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG).

mid-Feb. 1982 Exiled leaders of different organizations, sectors, and ide­ ological persuasions form the Guatemalan Committee of Patriotic Unity (CGUP), endorsing the URNG and their points for a program of government.

Mar. 7, 1982 General Angel Anibal Guevara, official presidential can­ didate, wins a plurality in elections amidst charges of fraud by the three right-wing opposition candidates.

Mar. 23, 1982 A bloodless palace coup overthrows the Lucas govern­ ment before power is transfered to Guevara. General Efrain Rios Montt is installed as head of a three-man military junta.

Five hundred people are killed by soldiers in the villages of Parraxtut, El Pajarito and Pichiquil, Quiche.

Mar. 24-27, 1982 Helicopter bombing raids kill one hundred in the villages of Las Pacayas, Cisiram, El Rancho, Quixal, and Chuyuc in San Cristobal Verapaz, Alta Verapaz.

Mar. 28-Apr. 10, 1982 Soldiers kill two hundred fifty and burn down the villages of Estancia de la Virgen, Chicocon, Choatalun and Chipila in San Martin Jilotepeque, Chimaltenango.

Apr. 3-5, 1982 Soldiers kill most of the residents of Chel, Jua and Amachel in Chajul, Quiche. In one of the villages the women are raped, the men beheaded, and the children tossed against the rocks of a river bed.

Over one hundred are killed in the village of Mangal in Chajul, Quiche.

Apr. 12, 1982 The army burns down houses, fields, and forests in San Antonio Ixchiguan, San Marcos.

Apr. 15, 1982 Soldiers kill over a hundred children and seventy-three women in Rio Negro, Baja Verapaz. The bodies of the 332 GUATEMALA IN REBELLION: UNFINISHED HISTORY

women are found hanging from the trees with their chil­ dren on their backs.

Apr. 18, 1982 The villages of Agua Escondida and Xugiiexa II in Chichicastenango, Quiche, are abandoned after the houses and fields are set afire.

Fifty-four persons are beheaded in Macalbaj, Quiche, and the entire village burned down.

Apr. 20, 1982 One hundred campesinos are massacred in the village of Josefinos in La Libertad, Peten.

Apr. 29, 1982 Two hundred campesinos are killed in Cuarto Pueblo, Quiche, and houses, crops and forests burned down.

June 1982 One hundred campesinos are killed in the village of Pam­ pach in Tactic, Alta Verapaz.

One hundred sixty of the one hundred eighty families living in the town of Chisec, Alta Verapaz, are massacred.

June 9,1982 General Rios Montt declares himself president and sale ruler of Guatemala and the two other junta members resign.

July 1,1982 Rios Montt declares a state of siege.

Jan. 7,1983 The Reagan administration lifts the five-year-old em­ bargo on arms sales to Guatemala, approving the sale of over $6.3 million worth of helicopter spare parts and mili­ tary equipment.

Jan. 25-26, 1983 Guatemalan soldiers and government civil patrols enter Mexico and kill four refugees at Santiago el Vertice and La Hamaca refugee camps in Chiapas.

Mar. 3, 1983 Six men are shot by firing squad three days before the arrival of Pope John Paul II, and despite his pleas for clemency. This was the second mass execution of persons tried in Guatemala's secret military tribunals.

[These sources were particularly helpful for compiling this chronology: Shelton H. Davis and Julie Hodson, Witnesses to Political Violence in Guatemala, (Oxfam America , 1982), pp. 47-52; Susanne Jonas and David Tobis, eds., Guatemala �Berkeley: North American Congress on , 1974), pp. 10- 11; Guard­ zan [New YorkJ, 198 1 and 1982 issues; and Noticias de Guatemala [San Jose, Costa Rica], May 15, 1982 and July 15, 1982.J Appendix 333

APPENDIX

"We the Campesinos Are Awakening"

"Reproduced frolll Sol Q SollCuatel11ala Cityi luly. text translated De J 9XO; by the editors; cartoon re-inked by 'I()dd Anton. r I

APPENDIX A

PBSUCCESS Timeline

I8July 1949 Col. Francisco Arana, Guatemalan armed forces chief, assassinated.

IS May 1950 Thomas Corcoran, United Fruit Company lobbyist, meets with Deputy Assistant Secretary for Inter­ American Affairs, Thomas Mann, to suggest action to oust Guatemalan PresidentJuan Jose Arevalo.

3 September 1950 Case officer [ ] assigned to proj- ect [ ] arrives in Guatemala City [ ] establishes contact with [

]), a student group.

II November 1950 Jacobo Arbenzelected president.

15 March 1951 Arbenz inaugurated.

22 August 1951 United Fruit Company warns employees that any in­ crease in labor costs would make its operations in Guatemala uneconomic and force it to withdraw from the country.

IS September 1951 Windstorm flattens United Fruit's principal Guate­ malan banana farms at Tiquisate; United Fruit later announces it will not rehabilitate plantation until it

, " ,J., , 't"

h.. 128 Appendix A

has completed study of economics of Guatemalan op­ eration.

26 September 1951 United Fruit suspends 3,742 Tiquisate employees, re­ fuses to comply with order of Inspector General of Labor to reinstate the suspended employees.

30 October 195 I Walter Turnbull, Vice President of United Fruit, gives Arbenz ultimatum. United Fruit will not rehabilitate plantation without assurance of stable labor costs for three years and exemption from unfavorable labor laws or exchange controls.

19 December 1951 United Fruit announces reduction in passenger ship service to Guatemala.

2January 1952 Labor Court of Appeals rules United Fruit must re­ sume operations at Tiquisate and pay 3,742 employ­ ees back wages.

25 March 1952 Mexico City [ I begins receiving weekly re- ports from Castillo Armas.

16June 1952 Case officer [ I arrives in Guatemala [ I

17June 1952 Arbenz enacts Agrarian Reform Law.

IOJuly 1952 DDP meets with Mann to solicit State Department approval for plan to overthrow Arbenz.

7 August 1952 Distribution of land under the Agrarian Reform Law begins. PBSUCCESS Timeline 129

18 August 1952 DCI gives approval for PBFORTUNE.

2 October 1952 Pan American Airways settles three-month-old strike in Guatemala by raising wages 23 percent.

II December 1952 Guatemalan opens second party congress with senior Arbenz administration officials in attendance.

12 December 1952 Workers at United Fruit's Tiquisate plantation file for expropriation of 55,000 acres of United Fruit land.

19 December 1952 Guatemalan Communist party, PGT, legalized.

5 February 1953 Congress impeaches the Supreme Court for "ignor­ anCe of the law which shows unfitness and manifest incapacityto administer justice" after the Court issued an inj unction against further seizures of land.

25 February 1953 Guatemala confiscates 234,000 acres of United Fruit land.

18 March 1953 NSC 144'1, "United States Objectives and Courses with Respect to Latin America," warns of a "drift in the area toward radical and nationalistic regimes."

29 March 1953 Salama uprising. Abortive rebellion touches off sup­ pression campaign against anti-Communists in Gua­ temaia.

12 August 1953 National Security Council authorizes covert action against Guatemala.

I I September 1953 [ 1 adviser to King, submits "General Plan of Action" for PBSUCCESS. October 1953 , new US Ambassador, arrives in Gua­ temala City.

9 November 1953 Jose Manuel Fortuny fliesto Prague to negotiate pur­ chase of arms.

16 November 1953 DDP Frank Wisner approves [ 1 plan and recommends acceptance by DCI.

9 December 1953 DCI AllenDulles approves general plan for PBSUC­ CESS, allocates $ 3 million for the program.

23 December 1953 CIA's LINCOLN Station opens [ 1 130 Appendix A

AlfonsoMartfnez, head of the Agrarian Department, 18 January 1954 "flees" to . Proceeds to Prague to negoti­ ate arms deal.

Guatemalan Government begins mass arrests of sus­ 25 January 1954 pected subversives.

Guatemalan white paper accuses US of planning inva­ 29 January 1954 sion. Reveals substantialdetails of PBSUCCESS.

2 February 1954 Sydney Gruson, New York Times correspondent, ex­ pelled from Guatemala by Guatemalan Foreign Min- ister Guillermo Toriello. [ 1 Wisner, King meet to decide whether to abort PBSUCCESS due to white paperrevelations.

19 February 1954 Operation WASHTUB, a plan to plant a phony Soviet arms cache in Nicaragua, begins.

February 24 1954 Guatemala confiscates 173 ,000 acres of United Fruit land.

1 March 1954 Caracas meeting of the OAS opens. March 4 1954 Dulles speaks to Caracas meeting. March 5 1954 Toriello rebuts US charges.

March I 13 1954 OAS votes 17 to to condemn in Gua­ temala. Secretary of State briefed on PBSUCCESS.

March 21 1954 Paramilitary training program graduates 37 Guate­ malan sabotage trainees.

Guatemalan ArchbishopMariano Rossell y Arrellana issues a pastoral letter calling for a national crusade against Communism.

10 April 1954 Wisner briefs Assistant Secretary of State Henry Hol­ land on PBSUCCESS. Holland, shocked by securiry lapses, demands top-levelreview of project.

15-16 April 1954 Black flights suspendedpending top-level review of PBSUCCESS. PBSUCCESS Timeline 131

17 April 1954 John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles give [ the "full green light."

20 April 1954 Paramilitary training program graduates 30 leader­ ship trainees.

I May 1954 La Voz de fa Liberaci611,Operation SHERWOOD, begins broadcasts.

14 May 1954 Paramilitary training program graduates communica­ tions trainees.

15 May 1954 SS Alfhem docks in with cargo of Czech weapons.

20 May 1954 Commando raid on trainload of Alfhemweapons. One soldier and one saboteur killed. Further sabotage attempts on 2 I and 25 May. All fail. OfficialGuate­ malan radio goes off the air to replace transmitter. Does not restart broadcasts until mid-June. Nicaragua breaks diplomatic relations with Guatemala.

US Navy begins Operation HARDROCK BAKER, sea blockade of Guatemala.

Arbenzrounds up subversives, netting nearly all of Castillo Armas'sclandestine apparatus.

3IMay 1954 Arbenz offers to meet with Eisenhower to reduce ten­ sions.

4June 1954 Col. Rodolfo Mendoza of Guatemalan air force de­ fects to with private plane.

8 Victor Manuel Gutierrez, secretary general of the Guatemalan trade union federation, holds a special meeting of farm and labor unions to urgethem to mo­ bilize for self-defense.

I5June I954 Sabotage teams launched. Invasion forces moved to staging areas. Chief of Station [ 1 makes cold approach to [ 1 prime defection candidate.

I7 June I954 ] meets again with [ 132 Appendix A

requests bombing of Guatemala City race track as demonstration of strength.

18 June 1954 At 1700 hours, Arbenz holds mass rally at railroad station. Buzzed by CIA planes. At 2020 hours, Castil­ lo Armas crosses the border.

19 June 1954 At 0150 hours, bridge at Gualan blown up.

20 June 1954 Esquipulas captured. Rebels defeated at Gualan.

21 June 1954 Largest rebel force suffers disastrous defeat at Puerto Barrios.

25June 1954 Matamoros Fortress bombed. Chiquimula captured. CIA planes strafe troop trains.

27 June 1954 Arbenz capitulates. Castillo Armas attacks Zacapa, is defeated, and falls back to Chiquimula. Agency plane bombs British freighter at SanJose .

28 June 1954 Dfaz, Sanchez, and Monzon form junta at II45 hours. Refused to negotiate with Castillo. F-47 dropped twobombs at 1530 hours.

29June 1954 Monzon seizes junta, requests negotiations with Cas­ tillo Armas. Zacapa garrison arranges cease-fire with Castillo Armas.

30 June 1954 Wisner sends "Shift of Gears" cable, urging officers to withdraw from matters of policy.

IJuly 1954 Monzon and Castillo Armas meet in to mediate differences.

2July 1954 SHERWOOD ceases broadcasts, begins withdrawal.

4-17 July 1954 CIA documents recovery team, PBHISTO R Y, collects 150,000 Communist-related documents in Guate­ mala City.

I2July 1954 LINCOLN office closed.

I September 1954 Castillo Armas assumes presidency.

26July 1957 Castillo Armas assassinated.