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Data Collection Survey on Urban Building Safety in the People's Republic of Bangladesh Data Collection Survey on Urban Building Safety in the People’s Data Collection Survey on Urban Building Safety in the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Final Report Final Report (Main Report) (Main Report) April 2015 April 2015 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) OYO International Corporation Mohri Architect and Associates Inc. 4R JR 15-033 Republic of Bangladesh Data Collection Survey on Urban Building Safety in the People’s Data Collection Survey on Urban Building Safety in the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Final Report Final Report (Main Report) (Main Report) April 2015 April 2015 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) OYO International Corporation Mohri Architect and Associates Inc. Executive Summary 1. Background and Purposes Bangladesh is located at the collision boundary between Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. This geographical location makes Bangladesh very vulnerable to the potential danger of earthquake disaster resulting huge building collapse and human casualties. The Dhaka metropolitan area is the centre of politics, economy and cultural activities. In recent years construction of high-rise buildings is progressing rapidly in the name of urbanization. In fact, most of these buildings have not complied with the national building code-BNBC, and have not considered any threat of earthquake or fire. The tragic event of Rana Plaza in 2013, has opened the eyes of the government and building owners in Bangladesh. Therefore, promotion of building safety enhancement and reduction of risks due to disasters in urban areas have become urgent issues. On the other hand, in Japanese Country Assistance Policy for Bangladesh (June 2012) and JICA’s country analysis paper it is clearly stated that assistance should contribute to the measures against disasters such as earthquakes and measures against adverse effects of climate change. Following the policy, support has been extended to the Public Works Department (PWD) under the Ministry of Housing and Public Works (MoHPW), through the JICA’s technology transfer project, titled “Project for Capacity Development on Natural Disaster-Resistant Technique of Construction and Retrofitting for Public Buildings in the People’s Republic of Bangladesh (2011-2015)” (hereinafter referred to as "CNCRP”). The project is at its final stage and all deliverables are in the process of completion In the meantime the MoHPW has considered to construct a disaster-resilient city to support the stable economic activities in a fast-growing manner. The idea also includes construction of seismic resistant buildings and establishment of disaster management bases that will be used for conducting governmental and administrative functions even after disasters. In order to establish functionalities of these concepts, several plans and appropriate measures are necessary. However, basic data/information necessary for consideration of Japanese support are insufficient. Under the above circumstances, JICA extended its cooperation by sending an expert team to Bangladesh for a 7 month study in 2014 with the aims to grasp the current situation and to find out the supportive needs for both construction of seismic resistant buildings and development of disaster resistant bases including review of plans and policies of the government while keeping in mind the significance and rationale of Japanese support scenario, and direction of survey that JICA should support in the future. (i) Natural Disasters in Bangladesh Major natural disasters in Bangladesh are floods and tropical cyclones. Since 1970, Bangladesh experienced many natural disasters which caused huge economic loss and killed many people. The recent disaster records reveal that cyclones in 1970, 1991 and 2007 killed about 300,000, 138,868 and 3,363 people respectively. On the other hand floods in 1998, 1998 and 2004 killed 2,373, 1,050 and 704 people respectively. Although Dhaka has never had any experience of big EQ in last 100 years, records show that there were big EQ occurred in and around BD before 100 years. Among them Assam EQ 8.0 scale in 1897, Srimangal EQ of scale of 7.14 in 1918 and 8.6 scale EQ in 1950 in Himalaya are mention worthy. All these EQs caused damages to houses and human lives. Again recent small tremors have made the people very scary and to think that these are certainly an indication of earthquake source and vulnerability. The earthquake disaster risk index has placed Dhaka among the 20 most vulnerable cities in the world. - a - (ii) Necessity of measures for buildings Buildings of Dhaka are not strong enough to withstand any medium size EQ. Most of the buildings were constructed before the establishment of any strict guidelines for maintaining quality. Therefore buildings are very vulnerable. There is no comprehensive study on the strength of Bangladeshi buildings but CDMP (2009) carried out a study and estimated damages to buildings in three major cities of BD including Dhaka city. According to the estimation, if an EQ of 7.5 M occurs in Dhaka due to Madhupur fault, 72,316 buildings of Dhaka city will be damaged beyond repair, of which 53% are of concrete and 30% are of masonry buildings. The study also estimated that number buildings which will be at least moderately damaged.as 158,634, 49% of total number of buildings of 326,000. It was also estimated that if the EQ occurs at 2am, 88,503 people will be killed. Therefore, enhancing of building safety and maintaining of quality of construction is a must for Bangladesh. CNCRP also carried out concrete core tests on buildings. Most buildings fell short of the design strength, it is approximately 10N/mm2. Such being the case, the buildings may be categorized structurally problematic even if the structural design is proper. From these kind tests and calculation, it was concluded that only 25% of buildings satisfy the EQ resistance as stipulated in BNBC. (iii) Concept of the survey It is an established fact that measures to enhance the safety of vulnerable buildings in Bangladesh against disasters such as earthquake is of urgent importance. The degree of vulnerability of Bangladeshi buildings was systematically studied and made known through the project activities of CNCRP, a Japanese technical assistance project targeting capacity development of PWD engineers in the area of retrofitting technology. In Bangladesh, the processes for the construction of public buildings and private buildings are different. Public buildings are managed by DoA, PWD of MoHPW. On the other hand, the private buildings in Dhaka are controlled by RAJUK and the city corporations manage in other regions. Therefore, it was decided to consider the subject of public and private buildings in this survey separately. Private Buildings In the recent years, many high rise apartment buildings have been constructed or in the process of construction, however, considering the enormous economic and social impacts, factory buildings of Ready Made Garment (RMG) sector are considered as candidates for this survey. The reasons are huge contribution to the economy of Bangladesh, which cover more than 3 quarters of the total export of the country, and an on-going RMG project using Two Step Loan (TSL) by JICA through CNCRP’s technical support. The number of these private RMG factory buildings would be over 5,000 and all these buildings should be the target of this survey. Public Buildings Since the absence of a national master plan for disaster management it is difficult to identify the urgent public buildings to be strengthened. Therefore, under this Data Collection Survey for Urban Building Safety, a set of evaluation criteria based on CNCRP activities such as availability, cost required, construction suitability were established and used. Finally, the buildings of Fire Services and Civil Defence (FSCD) were selected as candidates for Japanese assistance as public buildings. As a conclusion, the Urban Building Safety Project will focus on RMG factories as private buildings, and buildings used by FSCD as public buildings. (iv) Survey items The team dispatched by JICA to Bangladesh for a four months field survey where the team collected data/information, reviewed, confirmed and analyzed those data/information so that JICA can make its policy - b - to extend support in the area of disaster reduction enhancing the building safety both in private and public sectors. The long list of the survey items was: data / information related to disaster management (earthquake engineering field of government policies, laws and regulations, government plans and programs in order to formulate an upper level plan. implementation and role sharing systems in the areas of disaster management (earthquake engineering field) by the government and the related organizations. financial budget allocated for seismic resistance measures of both central and local government, and financial services provided by public and private financial institutions. consistency with the JICA’s assistance, corresponding results and issues (if any) to be solved existing socio-economic conditions, disaster management and natural conditions in the study area. status of private and public buildings in the study area. current status and challenges of community based disaster management system in the study area. implementation status and issues to be solved for disaster risk assessment considering natural disasters in the study area. requirements for prioritization of private and public buildings that need to be seismically resistant
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