Nanonetworks in Biomedical Applications
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
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`>%B]5%% :1-#O(%[A`]5% !-3-D2'DN>% -#% 2$$-.-*#% .*% #2#*("#(*'(>% #2#*24.E2.*'(% .12.% W#% .1-(% 2'.-4D">% P"% )*4E(% *#% .1"% 0-*3"$-42D% 2,,D-42.-*#(% *)% D"S"'2O"%"D"4.'-42D>%*,.-42D%2#$%41"3-42D%,'-#4-,D"(%12S"%2D(*% #2#*#".P*'Q(d%2%.'EDN%-#."'$-(4-,D-#2'N%2#$%#*S"D%)-"D$5%T-'(.>% 0""#% $"S"D*,"$5% =3*#O% *.1"'(>% .2'O"."$% $'EO% $"D-S"'N% P"%$-(4E((%.1"%."41#*D*O-"(%.12.%"#20D"%.1"%$"S-4"(%.12.%P-DD% (N(."3(%Z;;!(V%2'"%0"-#O%-#."#(-S"DN%(.E$-"$%#*P2$2N(>%2(% "S"#.E2DDN%)*'3%.1"%#2#*3241-#"(%.*%0"%4'"2."$%Z!"45%?V>%2#$% .1"N%2'"%2.%.1"%4E..-#O%"$O"%*)%3*$"'#%3"$-42D%.1"'2,-"(%[a>% .1"#% ,'"("#.% .1"% 4*33E#-42.-*#% 2D."'#2.-S"(% )*'% A@>%AA>%A?]5%:1"%O*2D%*)%2%;;!%-(%.*%$"D-S"'%2%$'EO%*#DN%.*% #2#*#".P*'Q(>% -#4DE$-#O% #2#*Y"D"4.'*32O#".-4% P1"'"% -.% -(% '"bE-'"$>% .1E(% 2S*-$-#O% 2#N% 1"2D.1N% .-((E"% )'*3% 4*33E#-42.-*#(% )*'% #2#*32."'-2DY02("$% #2#*3241-#"(% 0"-#O% 2))"4."$5% +"4"#.DN>% $'EO(% 4*3,*("$% *)% #2#*,2'.-4D"(% Z!"45%LV% 2#$% 3*D"4ED2'% 4*33E#-42.-*#(% )*'% 0-*D*O-42DDNY 12S"%0""#%$-))E("$%-#.*%.1"%0D**$%(.'"23%)*'%.1-(%S"'N%,E',*("5%% $")-#"$% #2#*3241-#"(% Z!"45%\V5% X1-D"% 12S-#O% 2% )EDDNY *,"'2.-*#2D%#2#*3241-#"%2S2-D20D"%-(%(.-DD%2%)E.E'"%*0e"4.-S">% T*'%.1"%.-3"%0"-#O>%1*P"S"'>%#2#*,2'.-4D"%2,,D-42.-*#(%#""$% -#% .1"% 3"2#.-3"% 0-*Y$"S-4"Y*'-"#."$% '"("2'41% 2#$% "R."'#2D% 324'*Y(-G"$% "bE-,3"#.% .*% *,"'2."% .1"3>% P1-41% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% J% W#(.-.E."% *)% W#)*'32.-4(% 2#$% =,,D-42.-*#(>% 7#-S"'(-.2.% $"% <-'*#2>% K\>% 623,E(% F*#.-D-S->% A`@@L>% <-'*#2>% !,2-#% :"DcL\% _B@% B@L% @L\d% "Y32-DU% e*("DE-(532'G*/E$O5"$E% ! """#"""$%&!'()*++,*++! -!.+%&!/012345!6780170!9:;<8=30>=! ?%%%%67++89:%;+7<%:=+<8:!>%?@AB>%C*D5%@>%9*5%@% %F2'G*>%H*'#".%f%K-"'*0*#5% 4*33E#-42.-*#Y)*4E("$%-#S"(.-O2.-*#(%P-DD%0"#")-.%)'*3%.1"% 3*(.%(*,1-(.-42."$%#2#*3241-#"(%P"%(""%.*$2N5%9"S"'.1"D"((>% '"(ED.-#O%'"("2'41%-#.*%#2#*#".P*'Q(5%% P1-D"%-.%P*ED$%0"%"2(N%.*%4D2-3%.12.%92.E'"%,'*S-$"(%E(%P-.1% .1"%H)%&"D.@%.*%4'"2."%#2#*3241-#"(>%42,20-D-.-"(%0"N*#$%.1"% @, "3"<:A?B"<C<DE7, 3, :<<C.<F, G<;, #2.E'2D% *#"(% 42#% 0"% *0.2-#"$% -#% 2% <@H,'0" .22,*./<% .12.% ?;A3:9"D,"3"<H3?B9"AI, 4*30-#"(%.1"%0"(.%*)%0*.1%P*'D$(5% W#% Aa^a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bE-'"% .1"% "#O-#""'-#O% 2.% :"'21"'.G% Z:gGV% 2#$% *,.-42D% )'"bE"#4-"(>% 2#$% 0-*D*O-42D% 4*33E#-.N%.*%.*.2DDN%'".1-#Q%.1"%P2N%-#%P1-41%#2#*$"S-4"(% #2#*3241-#"(%.12.%4*33E#-42."%S-2%3*D"4ED2'%(-O#2D(5% 2#$%#2#*4*3,*#"#.(%P"'"%4*#4"-S"$5%% F*'"%.12#%2%12D)Y4"#.E'N%D2."'>%4E''"#.%."41#*D*O-42D%.'"#$(>% !"#$#%&$'()*$+,-$.(/"#$#%#('0%)1." P1-41%2'"%(.-DD%32-#DN%02("$%*#%.1"%3-#-2.E'-G2.-*#%*)%"R-(.-#O% 32#E)24.E'-#O%."41#-bE"(>%2'"%)24-#O%.1"%S"'N%D-3-.2.-*#(%1"% L8!,G)%/,"#$%/#'&)-#2+,'%,"#$%/#1M-$&+, ,'"$-4."$5% 6*#("bE"#.DN>% 2(% .1"("% #"P% #2#*(42D"% ,'*,"'.-"(% 2'"% .2Q"#% -#.*% 4*#(-$"'2.-*#>% .1"% P2N% -#% P1-41% 4*3,*#"#.(% 92#*32."'-2D(% "-.1"'% 12S"% 2% #2#*(42D"% "R."'#2D% $-3"#(-*#% 2#$%$"S-4"(%2'"%4'"2."$%#""$(%.*%0"%'".1*EO1.%2#$%'"$"(-O#"$5% Z(-G"(%'2#O"%)'*3%2,,'*R-32."DN%A%.*%A@@%#3V%*'%2%#2#*(42D"% F*'"*S"'>% )'*3% .1"% S"'N% 0"O-##-#O% 2% P1*D"% #"P% '2#O"% *)% -#."'#2D% *'% (E')24"% (.'E4.E'"5% =% ,*,ED2'% #2#*32."'-2D% -(% 2,,D-42.-*#(% 42#% 0"% "#20D"$% .1'*EO1% .1"% $"S"D*,3"#.% *)% O'2,1"#"%[Aa]>% P1-41% -(% 2% *#"Y2.*3Y.1-4Q% ,D2#2'% (1"".% *)% $"S-4"(%20D"%.*%0"#")-.%)'*3%.1"("%#2#*(42D"%,1"#*3"#25%!E41% 0*#$"$%42'0*#%2.*3(%-#%2%1*#"N4*30%4'N(.2D%D2..-4"5%;"(,-."% 2'"%.1"%412DD"#O"(%.*%0"%)*E#$%2.%.1"%4*'"%*)%#2#*."41#*D*ON5%% 12S-#O%0""#%.1"*'".-42DDN%-#S"(.-O2."$%(-#4"%AB^a>%-.%P2(%#*.% =3*#O%.1"%32#N%*.1"'%2,,D-42.-*#(>%#2#*."41#*D*ON%42#%0"% E#.-D% ?@@\% .12.% =#$'"% <"-3% 2#$% h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i% ^@%#3V% (.'-,(% *)% O'2,1"#">% /.,H*$" $.$*&(H)%" 2%&*2I0*D$".22,*./<>%.1"%)*4E(%-(%*#%3-#-2.E'-G-#O%"R-(.-#O% 9:CB%=>% -5"5>% '*DD"$% <9+(>% 2#$% H(/[email protected]%>% -5"5>% O'2,1"#"% $"S-4"(%Z"5O5>%("#(*'(>%24.E2.*'(>%,'*4"((*'(>%3"3*'-"(V%P-.1% (,1"'"(5%% *'% P-.1*E.% D*((% *)% )E#4.-*#2D-.N5% W3,'*S"3"#.(% -#% <'2,1"#"%-(%*#"%*)%.1"%P*'D$j(%D-O1."(.%2#$%.1-##"(.%32."'-2D(5% ,1*.*D-.1*O'2,1N% Z-5"5>% .1"% E("% *)% D-O1.% 2#$% ,1*.*32(Q% =(% -.% -(% ,'*4"(("(%.*%0E-D$%"D"4.'*#-4%2#$%*,.-42D%4-'4E-.(V%2#$%"D"4.'*#% (.'*#O"'% .12#% $-23*#$% 2#$% 12(% S"'N% 1-O1% "D"4.'*#% *'%-*#%0"23%D-.1*O'2,1N%2'"%"R23,D"(%*)%.*,Y$*P#%$"(-O#(%-#% 3*0-D-.N>% -.% -(% 2% S"'N% O**$% 4*#$E4.*'% 2#$% 42#% 20(*'0% D-O1.% P1-41%.1"%(.2'.-#O%,*-#.%P2(%2%324'*Y(.'E4.E'"%Z"5O5>%2%(-D-4*#% "))"4.-S"DN5%=D.1*EO1%O'2,1"#"%-(%.1"%)-'(.%*)%-.(%Q-#$>%-.%-(%#*.%