French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 Free

FREE FRENCH IMPERIAL GUARD: VOL 1: FOOT SOLDIERS 1804-1815 PDF

Fromthe uniforms of the demi-brigades of the line infantry wore the blue "National Uniform" that was to be worn by all soldiers. However, for a long time, line infantry were a mix of the new blue coats worn by the National Guard and the white uniforms of seasoned veterans from the old Royal army. The blue dress was named the "National Uniform" and was worn by all line infantry by While headgear and details in cut changed, the uniform remained almost completely the same from the beginning of the French Revolution. The uniform was made of a blue coat, red piped white collar and cuffs, white piped red lapels, blue piped red cuff flaps and shoulder straps, white turnbacks piped red, and brass buttons. Only the brass French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 had the units' identification numbers stamped on them. The lapels were fastened at the upper chest but sloped away below. The hat, a black felt bicornewas the standard infantry headdress at some of Napoleon's greatest battles. Inthe hat was replaced by the shakowhich was made of black felt, chevron on the side and visor, a brass diamond shaped plate stamped with the Imperial eagle over the unit's regimental number, white cords, and brass chin scales. Napoleon experimented with a few units by reintroducing white coats with facings of different colours specific to each unit reminiscent of the old Royal army's coatsbut these proved unpopular. Some units added pompons to the shako as well as plumes. Many units had pompoms with a houpette and the center generally colored white with the company number printed in black or red. The diamond shaped plate with the regimental was most common, but some units had the shape of an eagle or the rising sun. Inthe cut of the coat was changed into a coatee that included French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 tails, a blue crowned N on the turnbacks, and the lapels fastened down to the waist and cut square. The waistcoat was made higher and was therefore not visible. The black gaiters came up to below the knees. The plate on the shako was now a crowned eagle over a semicircle with the regimental number inscribed on it. The black leather M. The cartridge box flap generally had a white linen cover and the forage cap was rolled under the box with red tassel hanging out. The M. The Grenadiers uniform was almost exactly the same as that of the fusiliers, except for red epaulettes and grenades worn on the turnbacks. They wore a bearskin cap with a brass plate stamped with a flaming grenade on the front, red cords and plume, and a red back patch with a white cross. The epaulettes broadened their shoulders and the French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 bearskins made them look even taller. Moustaches were also mandatory. There were several variations that included a blue and red quartered back, white cords and a peak. This variation's headdress was a bicorne with a red pompom. Voltigeurs wore a yellow-buff collar, green epaulettes with a yellow crescent, and yellow- buff bugle horns on the turnbacks. Fromthey wore shakos, but some had bicorne hats with green pompoms and a yellow brush. By French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815, all Voltigeurs had a shako which could be plain black, and have a yellow top or bottom band, or have yellow chevrons, green cords, and an all-green plume or a green plume with a yellow tip. Every regiment had a squad of Sappers who were generally dressed as grenadiers with red epaulettes and a cross axes badge on the upper sleeves, a bearskin cap with red cords and feather but no plate. They were equipped with a long leather apronwhite gauntlet gloves, and an axe with a brass mounted handle. It was customary for sappers to grow beards. Officers wore the same uniform as their men but it was of better quality. Their brass buttons were giltthey had epaulettes according to their rank, and, on duty, they had a gilt gorget with a silver badge, generally a crowned eagle. Their turnback ornaments were identical to those of other ranks but in gold, while the battalion staff had grenades. Instead of gaiters, they wore black boots. Officers' bicornes had gold cockade loops and sometimes gold tassels at the end. Bearskin caps had gold cords, and a plate and cross on the back patch. Shakos had gilt plates and chin scales, gold bands and sometimes chevrons. Plumes and pompons were colored in the company's color or white if on regimental staff. Drummers had basically the same uniform as their company with tricolor, yellow, or orange lace edgings, red wings edged with lace, and a bass drum with medium blue hoops and white belts. From totheir uniforms consisted of a blue coat with a blue piped red collar, red cuffs, lapels and turnbacks with white grenades, red epaulettes with edged white straps, red cuff flaps for the 1st Regiment, blue piped red for the 2nd; pewter buttons, a white waistcoat, buff breeches, high boots, a black bearskin cap, white cords, a red patch with a white cross, a red plume, metal white chin scales fromyellow-buff edged white belts, white gauntlet gloves, blue cloaks, and white sheepskin edged red. French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 wore French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 long gaiters for service on foot and blue overalls for undress. Carabiniers were armed with a dragoon musket with a bayonet and sword. The regiments rode black horses while trumpeters rode greys. Trumpeters wore reversed colors, a red coat with a red collar, silver cuffs edged blue, lapels and turnbacks, silver and blue epaulettes, as well as other items described above. Intheir uniforms were completely modified and saw the introduction of helmets and cuirasses. They wore a brass cuirass and a brass helmet with a red woolen crest named chenille caterpillar, in Frencha sealskin turban, black leather visor and brass chin scales. The French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 's uniform consisted of a blue coat with long tails untilwhen all Cuirassier regiments began to wear cuirasses and helmets. The helmet was made of polished steel with brass comb, a black mane, a black cow-hide turbanblack visor edged with brass, a red plume in a small brass socket on the left French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815, and brass chin scales. Senior officers had white plumes and gilded brass. The cuirass had front and back plates made of polished steel and had leather straps with brass scales, brass studs and fittings and the cuirass lining was edged with white in all regiments. Cuirassiers were armed with a straight-bladed cavalry sword, carbine and a pistol from The uniform of the trumpeters from consisted of a helmet with a red or white mane, a blue single-breasted coatee with cuffs and a collar edged with silver or white lace, and white lace at buttonholes on the front. Beforethe trumpeters of the 1st and 4th trumpeters had a white helmet mane, a red plume, a red coatee, red collar and cuffs edged silver, white turnbacks with red grenades, seven laces on the chests, and red epaulettes. The 6th regiment in circa — wore a white helmet mane and red plume, a blue coatee with orange edged silver cuffs and collar, red epaulettes with a white crescent, and orange laces on the chest. The 7th regiment wore a yellow coatee and the 8th regiment wore an orange one. The 13th regiment, in French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815, wore a white helmet mane, a wine red coatee with five white laces in front. They did not wear the cuirass and were mounted on white and gray horses. The uniform of the Dragoon consisted of a green coat with turnbacks and lapels of the regimental facing color, and the collar, cuffs, cuff flaps, and piping edging the facings either of the facings color or green depending on the regiment, green shoulder straps piped with the facing color, yet many regiments wore white epaulattes instead, turnbacks with green grenades, pewter buttons, a white waistcoat and breeches, black long boots, a brass helmet with a brass crest, a black helmet mane, a sealskin turban, black leather visor, the plume varied see belowbrass chin scales, a bearskin cap with a red plume, red and white cords, a red back panel with a white cross, red epaulettes for elite companies, a green surtout and green stable jacket, a green forage cap piped the facing color, white lace French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 grenade, white duck trousers, grey overalls with buttons on the side, white gauntlet gloves, an off-white cloak, and green housing edged white with white number. Sappers wore bearskin caps with red cords, plumes, and a back panel with a white cross, red epaulattes, red crossed axes on the upper sleeves, and a white or buff apron. From Februarythe coatee remained the same colour while plumes were no longer issued for helmets. Instead, pompoms coloured red, sky blue, orange, and violet were issued for the first company of each squadron. These same colors were used for the white centre of the second companies. They French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 armed with a Dragoon musket with a bayonet and a sword. Officers wore silver buttons and lace, gilded brass on their helmets, a turban of leopard fur usually an imitation that often went over the visor, and white plumes for the senior officers. Trumpeters wore reversed colors, facing sometimes edged with white lace, a coat often single-breasted with white buttonholes in front, no cuff flaps, white epaulettes, and a white of red mane on the helmet. The same dress was used for the Foot Dragoons but with brass drums with blue hoops instead of trumpets. They rode white and grey horses. The uniform of French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 light cavalry or chevau-legers of the line consisted of a green coat with turnbacks and lapels of the regimental facing color, which could be crimson, red, blue, pink or yellow. The collar and cuffs were of the facings color, the green shoulder straps and the breeches were piped with the facing color. The uniform of the Napoleonic hussars included the pelisse : a short fur edged jacket which was often worn slung over one shoulder in the style of a cape, and was fastened with a cord. This garment was extensively adorned with braiding often gold or silver for officers and several rows of multiple buttons. Under it was worn the dolman or tunic which was also decorated in braid. On active service the hussar normally wore reinforced breeches which had leather on the inside of the leg to prevent them from wearing due to the extensive riding in the saddle. On the outside of such breeches, running up the outside was a row of buttons, and sometimes a stripe in a different colour. A shako or fur busby was worn as headwear. The colours of dolman, pelisse and breeches varied greatly by regiment, even within the same army. The French hussar of the Napoleonic period was armed with a brass hilted sabre and sometimes with a brace of pistols although these were often unavailable. Their breeches were blue with black winter or white summer gaiters. They wore French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804- 1815 shako with a red plume. The uniform of the Horse artillerists of the line was made of a hussar-style blue coat with red braids, red cuffs and brass buttons. They wore blue piped red hussar-style breeches, black hussar boots and a black shako with red cords and plume. The Horse artillerists could wear a simplified version that was very similar to that of the Foot French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804- 1815. The uniform of the soldiers of the train was made of a light blue-grey coat and buff breeches. The facings were dark blue for the artillery train or brown for the baggage train. Soldiers of the train wore a shako with a light blue-grey or red plume or pompons. Their buttons and other metallic elements were silver. Other differences include the blue collar of the Guard Grenadiers instead of red pipped white collar for Line grenadiers and longer red turnbacks with gold grenades instead of white turnbacks piped red with red grenades. The only change was the headgear, black shako with imperial eagle, white cord and brass chin straps, with tricolor cockade atop and green and red plume. Raised from sailors of the French navy who had distinguished themselves, the battalion of Marins wore a distinctive, elaborate uniform resembling that of the hussars. Their officers bore titles of rank derived from their seagoing compatriots, and the overall commander of the marines bore the rank of Capitaine de Vaisseau. Their duties including manning boats and other watercaft used by the Emperor. The Marines of the Imperial Guard wore blue French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 and trousers piped aurore orange-gold. They had aurore hussar-style braids on their tunic, gold epaulettes and French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 cuffs. Their shako was black piped aurore with a red plume. The Dragoon Guards wore green coats with white lapels and red turnbacks. They also wore aurore light orange aiguilettes and epaulettes. They wore brass helmets with a long black mane, a simulated leopard fur turban and a red plume white plume for the highest officers. Uniforms of La Grande Armée - Wikipedia

Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Want to Read saving…. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Details if other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. This 3rd volume in the "Officers and Soldiers" series, shows in extraordinary detail the uniforms of the foot soldiers of Napoleon's Imperial Guard. This is a dream book for the modeler and historian alike and is packed full of full color images, using Histoire and Collection's extremely talented team of graphic artists. Get A Copy. Paperback84 pages. Published February 28th by Histoire and Collections first published February More Details Original Title. Other Editions 1. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 3. Rating details. All Languages. More filters. Sort order. John rated it really liked it May 25, John rated it liked it May 25, Kurt rated it it was amazing May 10, Barry rated it it was amazing Dec 15, Gregg Metternich rated it really liked it Nov 02, Steven G. Lipke rated it it was ok Nov 02, Andrew Herbert rated it liked it Jul 19, Bryan rated it really liked it Jul 06, Robert rated it liked it Apr 17, Dbx marked it as to-read Jan 12, Troybear marked it as to-read Apr 11, John marked it as to-read Jun 02, French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 Liber French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 Miranda marked it as to-read Feb 12, Nattagun marked it as to-read French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 22, There are no discussion topics on this book yet. Escape the Present with These 24 Historical Romances. You know the saying: There's no time like the present In that case, we can't Read more Trivia About Officers and Sold No trivia or quizzes yet. Welcome back. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. Imperial Guard (Napoleon I) - Wikipedia

From toit won a series of military victories that allowed the French Empire to exercise unprecedented control over most of Europe. Widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest fighting forces ever assembled, it suffered terrible losses during the disastrous French invasion French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 Russia inafter which it never recovered its tactical superiority. Napoleon later deployed the French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 in eastern Europe to eliminate the threat of Austria and Russiawhich were part of the Third Coalition assembled against France. Unlike most armed forces at the time, it operated on a strictly meritocratic basis; while most contingents were commanded by French generals, except for the Polish and Austrian corps, most soldiers could climb the ranks regardless of class, wealth, or national origin. The huge multinational army marched French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 east, and the Russians fell back with its French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815. However, the army was already drastically reduced by skirmishes with the Russians, disease principally typhusdesertionand long communication lines. The army spent a month in Moscow but was ultimately forced to march back westward. It started to suffer from cold, starvation and disease, and was constantly harassed by Cossacks and Russian partisans, resulting in its utter destruction as a fighting force. Onlymen survived to leave Russia excluding early deserters ; of these, 50, were Austrians, Prussians, and other Germans, 20, were Poles, and just 35, were Frenchmen. The Ulm campaignas it came to be known, resulted in 60, Austrian prisoners French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 the cost French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 just 2, French soldiers. By November, Vienna was taken but Austria refused to capitulate, maintaining an army in the field. In addition, its ally Russia had yet to commit to action. The war would continue for a while longer. The stunning victory led to the Treaty of Pressburg on December 26,with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the following year. The alarming increase of French power in Central Europe disturbed Prussiawhich had remained neutral in the conflicts of the previous year. After much diplomatic wrangling, Prussia secured promises of Russian military aid and the Fourth Coalition against France came into being in After a legendary pursuit, the French captured aboutPrussians and killed and wounded roughly 25, Once more, the French had defeated an enemy before its allies could arrive, and once more, this did not bring peace. Napoleon now turned his attentions to Poland, where the remaining Prussian armies were linking up with their Russian allies. A difficult winter campaign produced nothing but a stalemate, made worse by the Battle of Eylau on February 7—8,where Russian and French casualties soared for little gain. This victory produced the Treaties of Tilsit between France and Russia and Prussia in July, leaving Napoleon with no enemies on the continent. Portugal 's refusal to comply with the Continental System led to a punitive French expedition in late This campaign formed the basis for the Peninsular Warwhich was to last six years and drain the French French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 of vital resources and manpower. The French attempted to occupy Spain inbut a series of disasters prompted Napoleon to intervene personally later in the year. The campaign was successful, but it would still be some time before the French were able to occupy Southern Spain. Meanwhile, a revived Austria was preparing to strike. The war hawks at the court of Emperor Francis I convinced him to take full advantage of France's preoccupation with Spain. In Aprilthe Austrians opened the campaign without a formal declaration of war and caught the French by surprise. They were too slow to exploit their gains, however, and Napoleon's arrival from Paris finally stabilized the situation. But they still remained a cohesive, fighting force, which meant further campaigning was required to settle the issue. A second attempt to cross the river proved more successful in July and set the stage for the two-day Battle of Wagramwhere the French emerged victorious, inflicting some 40, casualties on the Austrians, but suffering 37, themselves. The defeat demoralized the Austrians so heavily that they agreed to an armistice shortly afterwards. With the exception of Spain, a three-year lull ensued. Diplomatic tensions with Russia, however, became so acute that they eventually led to war in Napoleon assembled the largest field army he had ever commanded to deal with this menace. On 24 Juneshortly before the invasion, the assembled troops with a total strength ofmen were made up of: [12]. The behemoth force crossed the Niemen River on June 24,and Napoleon hoped that quick marching could place his men between the two main Russian armies, commanded by Generals Barclay de Tolly and Pyotr Bagration. However, the campaign was characterized by many frustrations, as the Russians succeeded no less than three times in evading Napoleon's pincers. A final stand for the defence of Moscow led to the massive Battle of Borodino on September 7, Its soldiers were now forced to deal with the fires while hunting down arsonists and guarding the city's historic districts. Napoleon and his army spent over a month in Moscow, vainly hoping that the Russian emperor would respond to the French peace offers. After these efforts failed, the French set out on October 19, now only a shadow of their French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 selves. The French were harassed repeatedly by the converging Russian armies, Marshal Michel Ney even conducting a famous rearguard separation between his troops and the Russians, and by the time the Berezina was French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 Napoleon only had about 49, troops and 40, stragglers of little military value. Napoleon left his men in order to reach Paris and address new military and political matters. Of themen that constituted the initial invasion force, only 93, survived. The catastrophe in Russia now emboldened anti-French sentiments throughout Europe. The Sixth Coalition was formed and Germany became the centrepiece of the upcoming campaign. But due to the poor quality of French troops and cavalry following the Russian campaign, along with miscalculations by certain subordinate marshals, these triumphs were not decisive enough to win the war and only secured an armistice. The campaign reopened in August with a significant French victory at the two-day Battle of Dresden. Growing Allied numbers eventually hemmed the French in at Leipzig, where the famous three-day Battle of the Nations witnessed a heavy loss for French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 when a bridge was prematurely destroyed, abandoning 30, French French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 on the other side of the Elster River. The campaign, however, did end on a victorious note when the French destroyed an isolated Bavarian corps which was trying to block their retreat at Hanau. It is France herself we must now defend" were Napoleon's words to the Senate at the end of The emperor managed to raise new armies, but strategically he was in a virtually hopeless position. Allied armies were invading from the Pyreneesacross the plains of Northern Italy, and via France's eastern borders as well. These victories, however, could not remedy such a bad situation, and French defeats at the Battle of Laon and the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube dampened moods. At the end of March, Paris fell to the Allies. Napoleon wanted to keep fighting, but his marshals refused, forcing him to abdicate on April French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815, After returning from exile on Elba in FebruaryNapoleon busied himself in making a renewed push to secure his empire. For the first time sincethe Army of the North he would be commanding for the upcoming campaign was professional and competent. Prior to the late 18th French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815, there was generally no organisational support for staff functions such as military intelligencelogisticsplanning or personnel. Unit commanders handled such functions for their units, with informal help from subordinates who were usually not trained for or assigned to a specific task. Berthier was able to establish a well-organised staff support team. Napoleon took over the army the following year and quickly came to appreciate Berthier's system, adopting it for his own headquarters, although Napoleon's usage was limited to his own command group. The Maison Militaire de l'Empereur Military Household of the Emperor was Napoleon's personal military staff and included the department of aides-de-camp ADCsorderly officers untilthe Emperor's Cabinet with the Secretariat, a department that collected intelligence about the enemy using spies and the topographical department. The ADCs to the emperor were mainly loyal, experienced generals or, at times, other senior officers whom he knew from his Italian or Egyptian campaigns. All were famous for their bravery and were experts in their own branches of service. Working directly under the supervision of French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 emperor, these officers were sometimes assigned to temporary command of units or formations or entrusted with diplomatic missions. Most of the time, however, their tasks consisted of making detailed inspection tours and long-distance reconnaissances. When they had to carry orders from the emperor to an army commander, these would be verbal rather than written. The appointment of ADC to the emperor was so influential that they were considered to be "Napoleon's eyes and ears" and even marshals were wise to follow their advice and render them the respect due to their function. On 29 Aprila decree organised their service. Every morning atthe duty ADC and his French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 were relieved and the new ADC for the next 24 hours had to present the emperor with a list of names of the staff under his command. This would consist of two supplementary daytime general ADCs and one night ADC, one equerry and through a rotation system half the number of orderly officers, half the number of the petits aides de camp two or three personal ADCs to the general ADCs, who might also be commanded directly by the emperor and half the number of pages. Their number differed from time to time, but only 37 officers were ever commissioned ADC to the emperor and at normal times their number was restricted to Each of these officers wore the normal general's uniform of his rank, but with gold aiguilettes as the symbol of his function. The appointment of ADC to the emperor did not always last as long as the emperor's reign; an ADC might be given another position such as a field command, a governorship, etc. The officiers d'ordonnance orderly officers may be considered as junior ADCs, with the rank of chef d'escadroncaptain or lieutenant. They, too, were used for special missions such as reconnaissance and inspections, but also to carry written orders. The decrees regulating their service were signed on 15, 19 and 24 September and finally on 19 September Since the earliest collaboration French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 Napoleon and Berthier, its organisation was more or less fixed and it would see only slight changes during the later campaigns of the empire. The General Headquarters was Berthier's unique domain and the emperor respected this demarcation. Its personnel received orders only from Berthier and even Napoleon did not interfere in its immense tasks; he would never walk in on Berthier's private staff while they were writing and copying the orders that he had just given. Since the emperor was his own "operations officer", it can be said that Berthier's job consisted of absorbing Napoleon's strategic intentions, translating them into written orders and transmitting them with the utmost speed and clarity. He also received in the emperor's name the reports of the marshals and commanding generals and when necessary signed them on Napoleon's behalf. Detailed reports on everything that occurred for good or ill were to be sent to Berthier, who would in turn select the most important ones and transmit them to the emperor; nothing was to be concealed from Napoleon. Lest one think this was a safe job of the modern staff officers, a contemporary subordinate staff officer, Brossier, reports that at the Battle of Marengo :. He himself was hit by a bullet in the arm. Two of his aides-de-camp, Dutaillis and La Borde, had their horses killed. It was subdivided into several corps usually from five to seveneach numbering anywhere between 10, and 50, with the average size being around 20, to 30, troops. While capable of fully independent operations and of defending themselves until reinforced, the corps French Imperial Guard: Vol 1: Foot Soldiers 1804-1815 worked in close concert together and kept within a day's marching distance of one another. The corps would often follow separate routes on a wide front and were small enough to live by foraging, allowing fewer supplies to be carried. Napoleon placed great trust in his corps commanders and usually allowed them a wide freedom of action, provided they acted within the outlines of his strategic objectives and worked together to accomplish them. When they failed to do this to his satisfaction, however, he would not hesitate to reprimand or relieve them and in many cases took personal command of their corps himself. Corps were first formed inwhen General Jean Moreau divided the Army of the Rhine into four corps. These were only temporary groupings, however, and it was not until that Napoleon made them permanent units. He would sometimes form the cavalry into separate corps, so they would be able to move and mass more quickly without being slowed by the infantry or foot artillery. The main tactical units of the corps were the divisionsusually consisting of 4, to 10, infantry or 2, to 4, cavalrymen. These in turn were made up of two or three brigades of two regiments apiece and supported by an artillery brigade of three or four batterieseach with six field cannons and two howitzersmaking 24 to 32 guns in all. Napoleon also wanted it to be an example for the entire army to follow, and a force that, since it had fought with him over several campaigns, was completely loyal.