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• 1 y- J STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND dONSTlTUTIokAL : ^ I ' REVISION, 1959-1961 • : BY'\V». BROOKE GRAVES * « .
-t—I- ,URiNG the 1959^*^ feiennium; about legislation was passed within five days,,; one-tl^ird of th\ ^sta{,?s were, as with ia-favorable- vote of 80-5i'in the usual,; more A)r. Jhsss actively con-' House and 55-1 in the. Senate.'In Ken-
•cerned with the problem ofTconstitu- tujcky the constitution, can .be rewrittieh ..•>^. ^ tional r'evision. The convention issue was only after enabling legislation- has been ,^ V ijresented in tttree states. New Hamp- passed by two successive legislatures iajid "sliire has h^ld a convention, In Kentucky then 5ubrriitlte.d to the voters ini°a refer- a serious but unsuccessful- effort, was 'enduiji. The i960 legislative session" acted mad.e to obtain one. In Michigan a: con- -favorably. Thus the first two.stieps wer6 ' vention opened oji October 3, 1961. Con successfully completed, ^ut in the popii- tinuous revision appears to be function . lar referendum on holding aj^Onverition, ing successfully in Minnesota and New at the general election oh November 8, York, Constitutional commissions are or .1960, the prirfposal was again rejected By •^have recently been at work- in Kansas,< th© votei-s/^ ' • - ' Kentucky and West Virginia. Evidences J Had the. popular vote, been favorable, of varying degrees oMnterest and accom-, the convention authorized would have lishmentin constitutional revision may been a limited one, since the legislature Ee observed in it least nine other states. denied it authority to change the bill of • rights, prohibited introduction, of new CONSTITUTIONAL CoNVENxioNs ' . materia:! into the present .constitution, /veni;/cAy.Therer were significant fur-, * and required that the new.,constitution, ther developments in tlie long struggle to when written,'be submitted to a referen revise the Kentucky constitution, earlier dum. In addition, some othei" brOad limi incidents of which have been reportednn tations were specified. Changes-, however, previous •editions,of The Book of the would have been possible within ^ome States\T\it state established a Constitu twelve broad areas. ' tion Revision Committee (see page 9), Michigan. The movement for consti-- but the attempt to obtain^ a constitu-" tutionaj^evision in Michigan has been tional convention'Vas again unsuccess a; long, one, always interesting, at times ful. Less than two weeks after hi^ inau spectacular. Michigan has had thjree con- guration. Governor BerpCombs in 1959 stitutiohs, those of 1835, 1850,:anci 1908. called a special sessioW^ the General As Since •the latter date, the. voters have apy sembly for the .purpose of passing en-- proved sixty-three of 120 constrtiitional ;^^ling legislation for a convention. The amendments placed before them. The present' cohstitutiorj '\)rQ^ides that the •Mr. Graves is in the'Senior Specialists Division question of revision oy means of a con of the Legislative Reference Service, Library of vention must be submitted to the voters Congress. r periodically. Such submissions were made
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-/ iv / THE BOOK OF'THE STATES • fn.l926, I942i and 1958. In each jnsi^nce ing Committee, for Con-Con, as a nucleus ' ' the proposition failed. ' .\ to campaign for passage of the constitu A good deal of time, money and effort tional .amendment in November." The amendnient was adoj^ted,^ and it was then, \ went into the 1958 campaign. Its failure, . ^' al'diough'disappointing to the supporters • possible to submit to the'yoters the qiies- . of revision, resulted in their deteraiina- *^ tion of icalling a convention. This was' > ^n to utilize other means of obtaining done at an- election in April,.. 1961, and • a convention. In a relatively short period the voters approved the calling of the •4 they'turned outran impressive aumber of convention.^'* • • . • . **'" studies of the state constitution and of; The constitutional amendnjent a- ' problems involved jji its revision.^, ;^ut dopted in November provided that/the despite a good deal of unanimity on tjie vote required for calling the convention need for revision among leading spokes ,was a majority of those voting on the. men of botl> parties, the road to a con- : question, rather thaji a majority of those yention, still seemed encuiribered with voting in the •electioh as-before. It also taaify obstacles. ^ *- changed the' arj-angemerits for selection' ' Early in. 1960, however, the. League of of delegates..Instead of three from each Women Voters and the Junior Chamber sienatdrial district, tlie new method pro of Commerce, with the support of organ vided for one, pliis one from each repre-. ized labor, began circulating petitions to seritarive district, thereby achieving ,a place a proposed constitutional amend* fairer distribution of representation. A -fU meht on the ballot at the general election special election for the selection of dele . of'November 8|:'I960,.designed to facili- gates had. to be called. Since the amend r tate calling of a^;;onvendon. For the peti- ment ..did not provide for the'methbd^of ' vjtion. 231,218 signatures were required, nominating arid electing delegates,, these and an adequate number were obtairied. •matters had to be determined-by legisla As a constitutional iamendment, the pro tion. When the primary was held on July posal needed for approval only;! simple 25,288 Democraticand Repifblican'nomi \ majority-of those voting on the question.: nees were chosen out of some 1,100 caridi-' : Fiftegi civic groups: which had partici dates. These, plus 5.Qme seventy-three, pated in the successful drive for signa-" minority party, /nominees, appeared . tores to'the petihons formed a Goordinat- on the general election ballot oji Se^^C tember^l2, when final choices were made to fill the 144 delegate seats ar the^con- "^These items inqlpde preparatory material for the 1958 vote, analysis of the campaign and the ventiph. \ • ; vote, and proposals for. further action: Citizens The convention rrtet IQ. Lansing 6n Research Council of,Michigan, Pro and Cott dri Octobers, and was expected.to continue Con'Con; a'-'Discusston of Some of the Major Is for several months, It^vas free to consider- sues Likely to Confront a Gonsiitutional'Conven tion . ,, .. i Detroit, October, 1958; Robert S. the entire statejforistitution in recom .Ketchum, T}ie 1958 Constitutional Revisiorifiarh- mending revisions; soiiie of the,Issues paign in Michigan, Institute of Public Adminis which, Mn . advance of -the coiiyehtiOrij tration, University'of Michigan, Ann Arbor/]Feb- ruary. 1960; Robert H,_Pealy, Ed., The Voter; arid seemed likely fo be given consideration,: the Michigan Constitution in i955. Institute'of' included strengthening of the officC/Ofj Public Administration; University of Michigaii^ Governor, sl>ortenirig the ballot, length Ann Arbor, 1958; Carolyn Stieber, Focus on Con-. ening the terms of executive and legis Con, Burieau of Social and Political Research, Michigan. State University, .East Lansing,
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CONSTITUTIONS AND .jELECT/bA^S . , 1 ' nicipal home rule, fon half a century.^ It been strengthened. Muh/cip'alities haye • ^is expected tha( the; work of the conven home rule, and other ty^es. of local gov- tion will be submitted, to. the voters for 'ernments enjoy a cpnstifutional'cliriiate approval or refection :at the general elec- -more friendly-to change thani^rmerly. tion'ofNovemqer, 1962. • \' -Many more changes initiated in 1959, are ' .n^f' New Harnpsf^ire. Under ' the' New still pending; "The : mere presence of • Hampshire constitution, there is a refer these amenditterits on the ballot,'' Pro endum on the qiiestion of holding a con- fessor Mitau continues, "testifies to the ."i: stituti6nal convention everyseven years. : iritreasing pressures for cortstitutionaT^ The electorate usually votes in the af- reform in Minnesota. This trend . . . in firmative* The latest such convention dicates an. increased ^williitgness among . miet December. 2^, "1959. Of some legislators ancj the public to support re twenty pro'posals four were adopted, sub forms",^ and to do so viaIthe pieGemeal re ject to popular approval,' subsequentlyJ visionism of ^st^tutory and amendment •. ( giveUi They stop mileage paym'ents to processes..Anibng some persons, it might state legislators after ninety days or July be hazarded, this willingness is motivated .-h whichever is earlier; authorize the less by enthusiasm for reform per 5(? than legislature to fill vacancies in state or by fear that "otherwise a constitiitionaL •logal governments ca.used by emergency convention—the'mpst drastic alternative attack; .incrkse from $100 to' $500^ the hovering in the background in Minrie- ' minimum Wount of .damage claimis sota politics-might be forced upon .in eivil suits for which a jury trial can them." . . '"^ . ' \." be demanded; rfnd allow the legislature In conclusion, viewing the work oFthe to delete jfionresiflery^ from the popu-- Minnesota Consj;itutiorial Commission in • latioin census in computing apportion perspective, Proftssor'Mitau finds that ment of seats in the.Houseof Repfesejita- -"one impression stands out above all ' , •tives.'*\.'. • ;' /. ;•• • ^ ..•• others. Mibnesbta owes this, body a. pro- . found debt of gratitude for the care with CONTINUOUS REVISICWI IN OEEliATipN . which; it phrased its recommendations,; Minnesota. F*rofessor fc. Theodore for Its lively concern for'the possible and Mitau has recently presented a ten-y^ar the practical. Entire sentences in subse .-review of constitutional revisioh in Min-- quent amendments-can be^tracpd back to -nesota,^ which has been-quietly'and suc the language of the MCCi Report;, the cessfully applying the procedure of con- amendments themselves 'often -serve as' .tinuQus, revision. Professor Mitau cites '•. substantive iinplenientation of the Com- .( - many ^example's in support t)f his" the^s missidn's-pfescriptions.". ^ r that significant substantive achievement New York. In the last edition ol The"' has take'n place in Minnesota, since 1948, \ Book of the Staies it ms reported that a via the amending procedure—largely as ,\NW York referendum'on the holding of a result of the work of the. Minnesota a-eoi^stitutional c6nveBti<^n failed by a ^Constitutional Commission which .re narrow margin ih the November, 1957, ported iii 1948i and of-yhich Professor, 'election. Tffere^ was substantial'-agree- Lloyd M. Short, Chairman of the Depart-' i ment, .however, among leaders'^of both .ment of Political Science at die Ui\iv€r- parties that .siniplification and'revision sity, was Chairman. For instaince, the Qf the state ^constitution—last siibstah- r-.- governorship and "the judiciary have . tially revised in 1938.-but amended.sixty- six time? since that date—were essential. „ •Constitutional Convention Planning Commit- Arrangements were made to carry for -tec, Constitutidttal Revision: the Argument for' ward -a comprehensive study of the con and against Certain Questions.-Lzns'mg, March, 1961. stitution.' This tyas done, as one.group* *Sce note; National Civic Review, March, 1960', summarized it, with^ view "to the de- " • K p. 49. . . ^ . velopra'ent of proposals for a more mod- ~ i . .""Constitutional Change by Amendment: Rec ern d.dcument which would restore the ommendations, of the Minnesota Constitutiojial Commission in Ten Years' Perspective." Mj'nn'e- Co_nstitution to the status of basic law, sota Law Review, January,- lp60, pp. 461-483'./ and which would better reflect the>>needs. -' . * / ' . .^ ...
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8 THE BOOK OF THE STATES p.rbblems and aspirations of the people "good deal' bf-^controversy^, inajor^ro- ^ Vof the State." e ^^ posals for revision of ^ the Judiciaiy The concept pf contiauous revision •'. Article were approved 'by the legislatures appears to be making-significant progress of 1960 and 1961, and were adopted by • in New^York. The Temporairy State Com- the voters in the 1961 general election. / mission on Revision and Simplification The proposed revisibn of the Local Gov of the Consfitutionv; under the able ernments Article is now awaiting prepa-. :t leadership of Judge David W. .Peck, has ration of a General Statute of Local Gov-' filed ttV'o reports, the major proposals of ernments by the recently established which are gradually moving toward what State Office of Local Government, and appears a probable final adoption and legislative action on this amendment-is incorporation in the state's fiindamental expected, in 1962. The Local Fin,ance Ar law.-.-"- • • - • \^' '•,••.. ticle, which governs municipal taxation .The first report, issued in November, and incurrence of debt,'^has be,en de 1959, ' proposed thorough revision of scribed in its preserft fonn as "longer three articles (lotal government,^suf- than the entire Cpnstitution of the frage, and defense) and substant-al United States together with the first ten \rhodification of several otl^ers- (includ- amendments, filled with a mass of statu . ihg articles oh public officers, private cor- tory detail, and gfpwing steadily in de- V , poratiotis,v Senate districts, .street • tail over the years." "^ The commission Railways;. and miscellaneous provisions ' has proposed guidelines for a major re • relating to lands, land grants ^nd special vision of this article, but it suggests that, : funds). Taken together, these revisions •its proposals be. tested and refined by the ivould reduce the^wordage of the consti- -Office pf Local Government before sub .tution. nearly 18 per cent/The changes mission to the legislature and the voters. were laid before "the'legisIatpH in'a se^^ IH the. commission's judgment, revision- of proposd amendments. The 1960 legis- bf the State Finance and Housing Ar- ,. latiire gave first passage to all but a" few jticles must await-completion of work on (those relating; to private" corporations, 'the Local Finance and Local *GovernY , local, governrnents, and street railways). inent Articles. * . .\S^econd legislative action for 'these pro- .With the submission of this secolid re , posals came in. 1961, and they will be pre-., port, the commission^ completes, the rna- /, sented to the Voters in the 1962. general jbr tafsk of proposing revision ahd simpli-^ election. . . ficatiph of the New York constitution, an * • The. second, report^, issued early in accQrnplishment to which informed per 1961, contains proposals for amendment sons have given enthusiastic approval. pf the Executive Arcicle, niainly t'o pro The (^ommi ttee . on Law,. Refprm has vide/dear and "sirnplp provisions for characteri^jed it as "a unique and sigrtal N; gubernatorial succession; a suggested de service to the peoplq, of the State." The letion of the entire Canal Article;' and- Neiv York Times expresses efditoriallyits a. series^ of further rfgcommendations JEor "greatest admiration fpr the work the ' ^deleting obsolete or redundant provi • Peck Commission is doing and has done, sions in other articles which, when added work that is^being watched as a model by , tO''s'imilar prcfppsals made in,the first,re other states sadl,y needing tlie same sim port, "would accomplish a major pruning) plification." ^ At. the tsame time, the of constitutional verbiage; Tlie bulk of •Editorial, "The State Constitution," New York • tlie\ remaining constitutional complexity Times, February *27, 1961. Commenting on how is to be found in five articles: on judiciary, such' draftsm.anshfp begets "a^raendments, the local government, local finance, state fi Times further notes that this Article "has eone to the pe'ople twenty-two times through the'years nance, and housing. Brief comment may for changes, and in twenty years after'the 1938 .be in order on-each of these: . Constitutional Convention nine separate amend ' FpHowing years' * pf study and ments went to referendum. Nevertheless the Com a mission is co;ivinced that the State is not yet ready j«*«.'.; 'New York Chamber • of Commerce,, Furtfter to rerhdVe debt and tax limits from the .Coristitii-' Mpdertiization of t'he State Constitution. New tioh.". .' York, May, 19611. . V: • > ^Editorial, dp.. a7.(\. . '' • ( A
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CONSTITUTIOJYS AND ELECTIONS' "times believes that still more accorn- primarily with constitutional converi-.-*' plishriient is possible: "A line-by-line ex- tions and with the need for revision of aminatio'n of new Constitutional text pro Kentucky's cpnstitution. • posed suggests, however, that stiH furtlier West Virginia. In West Virginia a abbreviation through deletion of useless Commission on Constitutional Revision ' words is feasible and desirable. A good \vas organized in 1957', on lines reported .newspaper copyreader ought to be seated in the last edition of The Book of the beside the lawyers." , "^ States. This body held a series of hearings in September, 1957, and had conferences CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS with member^ of the legislature, fol Kansas. In December, • 1957, Governor. lowed by'more public hearings in May, George Docking of Kansas appointed a 1958. Through January, 1961, tlie com Joint Commission on Constitution Re^ mission had submitted three reports to • 'vision w^hich furi^ctioned for three years, the legislature, the first of which, in; Feb under, the chairmanship .of ProWsor ruary, 1959, wa* a preliminary report • Walter E. Saiidelius of the Departinpent dealing largely with personnel, organiza-. of Political Science at the University of tional and procedural matters. The sec Kansas. The i?gj!?dr/ of this' commissioh ond and third reports, issued in February, was published in January/ 1961 .^- Rec I960:and January, 1961, contained com ommendations included home rule for mission-approved recommendations on , •cities, short ballot, Joint ejection of Gov the executive, the judiciaryj and cpuntyV V, ernor and; Lieiitisnarit Governor, four, organization, but not on .the basic struc year terms tty- elective officials, appor- ture and functions of, government. Three , tionment; taxation and Ifjnance.'As the constitutional amendments, affecting the Gommissiori expired, aiirahgemerits were preamble, amending process,- and con- ', made to have it. followed immediately by tinuitypf government ivere approyed at , another, appointed by the new Governor^ the polls in November, 1960.^1 . to continue the work. Tne working rela- INTEREST IN OTHER STATES tionsliip, one of cooperation between the r ' • commission arid the Legislative Council,' **' "^ ' * .. . • appears similar to that existing in Ken . Florida. For the past-several, editions^. tucky. • • ':•: '; - Florida has regularly appeared In thi.s ' Kentucky. Although the legislature, in review - of constitutional change.' The a sjDecial session m 1959 and the regular present constitution> .adopted in 1885, session of 1960, had taken steps to bring has been amended more than 100 times a constitutional'convention intp being, and contains, some 35,000 words. A pro- it also created in I960 a Constitution Re ' posed reviision, the. result of conferences vision Committee-as an agency of the between Governor Farris Bryant arid, the Legisliative Research-' Commission J Pur-'' legislative .leaders, was presented to the suant to tlie act, the Goveriior.appointed , legislature in Mjay, 1961. Twelve of the a seven-member committer "to carry on twenty articles in .the present constitu-' a program of study, review, examina- . tion woula be changed in the proposed ;tion and exposition of the Constitution : revision. By June,'when the legislature ^ of Kentucky." The act requires that the adjourned, it had acted-on the preamble committee report to 'the Legislative Re "Eatton G. Wheeler, First Report of the Con f .• search Commission by September 15 of stitution Revision Committee to the ^Legislative each year on the results of its studies and Research Poriimission. Frankfort, 1960; other pub deliberaiions.io. The first • report dealt lications of the Committee; 100 Questions About., a Constitutional ^Convention, and You and Youf Constitution . .'.]. Kentucky. •Considers a Conven "Kansas Joint Conimi.ssion on-Constitution Re tion. Both, Fiankioit,.July," I960.'See also Legisla vision, Jiejborf. Topeka,.1961; see also two ta-dclcs tive Research Commission, Kentucky's Constitu by the Chairman: "The KaiisasiExperience: State tional Development. Frankfort, 1960."" Constitutional! Revision and the Moral Element." "See Albert L. Sturm, Major. Constitutional Is Nebraska Law Review, June, 1961, pp. 575-579; sues in JVest^ Virginia. JBure^ of tovernraent. and "Why Constitudonal Change in Kansas?" Research} West Virginia University. Morgantown, Kansas Teacher, Mardi, 1961, pp. l'8-20, 41-42. 1961'.. '. ': . •
• ^ ••• , • . '• • /• 10 THE BOOK OF THE STATES and two articles; since the legislature cannot yet be reported, evidence indi meets biennially, no further action was to cates developing, interest in dorjstitu- be expected for^^wo years.^^ tionai revision hi Nebraska-. Thd consti: /owfl. No/c^stitutional cor^vention tution-is eighty years old and nas not S has met in Iowa for 100 years. As the state been revised in forty years. As the consti a'pproacbed in 1960 its periodic (ten- tutions of some other states, it has been year) referendum on the question, the described as a "hodge-podge of an\end- movement for a convention nad the sup-' ments." The Nebraska Citizens Council , port Df Governor Herschel Cr Loveless; has prepared and published a study of a bipartisan Citizens Committee for a constitutional revisiou in Nebraska and Constitutional Convention was organ-, othfer states, and the facijlty at the Law , ized, and several other statewide groups Schoolof the University of Nebraska'has supported the ^movement. The referen devoted, an entire issue of \\s, Lam Review dum, however, again produced a iiega-. to the'ssame^ubject.^" Political-leaders in • tive .majority.f3 y , • the state, the |^e^islative Council and ; Miwown. Missouri has, had six consti other groups have shown interest in the. tutional fonventions, four of them hav- '" question of constitutional revision. ing resulted in documents that became Oregon. In November, i9So, the voters organic law, the latest in 1945. .While of Oregon approved a constitutional *•'• thejre has b§en> no widespread movementamendmen t which permits the, legis- . for general revision,. "a consultation of. lature, by two-thirds vote of the meriiber- ' legislators, who have v^orked and are ship of both hQuses, to revise the consti- . working under the Constitution of 1945, . tution. in whole or in part, and to refer • and of surviving framers of that Consti the resvilt to jLhe voters. -The legislature tution: reveals .'a significarit interest,in,, may stilly of course,' submit individual fundamental revision.'*" Pursuing this ". amendments to ^h^^eople by iiiaiority . line of reasoning, Professor Robert F. vote, and the .constitution may stiir^'be .1 Karsch, of the ^Department of Bolitic'fil iimended by popular-initiative or revised Science at'the University of Missouri, by^nstitutional corlyention. made a questionnaire surve^ in 19'50 of ^ Pennsylvania.^In the preceding edi /some 587 persons—legislators^ fomier tion of this'.bo.ok, th^ work c^f-the Com legislators, and surviving convention mission on'Constitutional Revision- was- ' . delegates. -iEarly in 1960, a- committee was ^. desc'ribed, and .the recommendatfons con ,established under the auspices of the Mis- ' tained in its' March, 1959 Report were souri Political Science - Association . to summarized. Efforts to irhpldm^nt at least, study the document with a view to pos- part of the more important recommeniia- ^ sible revision. Under present constitu- tions were maSe in the legiislative sessions ^tutional provisions, the question \yill be of 1960 and 1961, but without success.^o: presented to- tlie electorate in I96t] Pro- . Wisconsin. A temporary, commission ' lessor Karsch suggests, on the basis of his of leading lawyers, scholars and other ^ survey, a fair chanice of success, ••_, citizens was appoijnt^d by Governor Gay^ ' ', NebrQskh. Although positive results lord A. Nelson in 1960 to study thd need for revising the .Wisconsin constitution., "Not^ in National-Civic Review, I'uly, 1961, pp. • 266-267; -for a long range view 6f the Florida . •^'^Nebraska. Citizens CpunciJ,5iafe Constitu-' experience, .see William C. Havard, jlNojtes'on a tional Revision in» Nebraska and Other States. . • Theory of State Constitutional Change:' the Flor .Lincoln, April, 1951; and "Symposium, Constitu- - ida Experience." Journal of Politics, February, tional Revision." Neifraska Law Review, June, 1959, pp. 80-104. . '._•-. : •' , • 1961, entire issue. • "See Russell M. Ross, "A New Constitution for. . "In the bicnniura two important studies deal-, Iowa?" Howa Business Digest, August,. 1960, pp. ing with' the Pennsylvania constitution were piib.- :\ 10-19, 33-34;. The League'of Women Voters is- lished: Rosalind L; Branning; Pennsylvania' Con- ' - sued in 1959'and 1960 a series ofpamphlets, j.n-.'^ sLihitipnal Deyelojivient, University of Pittsburgh. eluding a Study of the Constitution tif Iowa, and Press, PittsburghV.196Q; and Philadelphia Bureau Sieging a Constitutional Convention in lowt: of Municipal Research and the .Pennsylvania s»-" "See Robert.,F. Karsch, "A Missouri Constitu-* Economy. League' (Eastern Division), Philadel tional Convention in 196^7" Missouri Law Review, phia and Constitutional Revisi'on, PhiladelpTiia, • January, 1960, pp.. 50-61. / . September, 1960. '. , . . '
r^ ^•. CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 11 -• 7 The present document was adopted in the same Agency for the Nevif York State Constitu 1848 and amended some sixty-one times tional Convention of 1915. . . Inventory of Work oh State Constitutional Re- in the following 112 years. The Go^nor •vision by State. Lfdguea of Women Voters. League V announced that if the commission recom- of Women •Voters of the United States, Washing • mended a constitutional convention, he . ton, December^ 1960. pi would name another comi^ssion to pre Major Problems in State'^.Constitutional Re \ vision. W» BROOKE GRAVES, Ed. PuUlic Adminis pare recommendations for the ^public tration Service, Chjlcago, .1960. A series of papers arid for the elected delegates to the con on methods and procedures, and on-the'contents vention, provided such action was ap of state constitutions, with an, extensive bibliog- proved by the legislature and the .voters taphy. Edited and published, for Pi §igma Alpha, National Honorary Political Science Society. -^ of the state. The commission reported a Majo^ Constitutional Issues in West,^ Virginia. few months later (in November) rec6m- ALBERT L. STURM, fiureau of Government Re ihending substantial, revision but not the search, We?t Virginia University. Morgantown, calling of a convention.^''' 1961.' . . ' J ': ' •-'-y- ' ' Manual of State Coristt'tutionaKProvisions.'^Le^- • • \ \- • ' ' • • • ' • • • * -.' islatlve Reference Service, University of Hawaii. V . SELECTED REFERENCES ""• Honolulu, 1950, ' r ; ' _. '"Basic Materials for the Study of State Consti Methods of Constitutional /?e/prm..ALBERT? L. tution^ and Constitutional Development." J. STURM. University'of Michigan Press, Anu Arljor, Atroti'BuRDWZ. American Political Science Re-' •1954. .. 6 . . y/ea;, December, 1954, pp. 114(K1152. ^tethods of Constitutional Revision. JOHN P.. Charter for New Jersey: The New Jvrsey Con- KEITH. Bureau of Municipal Research, University •-. stitutional Gpnvention of 1947. RICHARD N. BLAIS- of Texas. Austin,T949. ., DEN. State Department of Education. Trenton, 1952. ' Constitutional Convention of 1947, Held at ., 1 preparati Rutgers University, 5 vols. State-of New Jersey, 'Pennsylvania ConslitutipnalDevelopmejit. Ros- Trenton, 1949-1953. ALINDX. BRANNING. University of Pittsburgh Press, Constitutional Studies, 3-vols. Pi;^blic Adminis- Pittsburgh, 1960. ; .. t. • - —' . " ' {.ration Service, Chicago, ,1955. Prepared, on behalf Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the Alaska Statehood Committee for the Alaska of theiState\fif Hawaii, 2 vols.-State Archives, Constitutional Convention. "-^^^ Honolulu, 1960-1961. Constitutions of the States^^.and of the Untied ^ Pxojet of a Constitution of the State -of %ouisi- SffliM.'Ftisport, Vol. III. New Yoiik State Conatitu-. ana'm^ith. Notes and Studies, State Law Institute,'" tional Convention Committee, Albany, 195^ Louisiaiia State University. BSton R.ogue, 1^54. 4 . Index Digest of State,Constitutions. ixhhhiLst A. Farts. 5 vols. '' , '. - V ' EDWARDS, ^Ed. Oceana Publications, Inc., New State Constitutional Studies. National Munici- York, 1959. This volume, prepared by the'^Legis- pajl League, New York, 1960-1961. A series of ten Jative Drafting^ Research Fiincl, Columbja Univer (or more) publications pn various phases of mod sity, revises and update a document prepared by ernizing state constitutiops' and on major prob-
•'''')" ^ '^. •-' • • • lemst;ahd issues.. .\ . Y;est.erday^ Constitutioti^ Today; an Analysis of "Paced iqi part on a Note, Commission to Study • the Mississippi Constitution, of 189(0,. Edwatd H. ': " • Wisconsin Constitution. National CiviQ Review, ,< Hobbs,.iEd. Bureau- of Public Administratiop, , September, 1960, p. 435. v ' :i Universuy of Mississippi. U[.niversi^.y, 1960.
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12 ' THE BOOK OF THE STATES'" GENERAL INFORMATION ON STATE CONSTITUTIONS
y - •• Effective Estimated Number of date of . length ^ -amendrntnls Number of present (number.of jurisdiction • constitutions Dates of adoption • constitution words) • Proposed AdoPtei Alabama 1819; 1861; 1865; 1868; 1901 28.600 290 157 1S7S; 1901 1 1956 1959 •12.0()0 1 1912 ' 1912 15.000 . 97 ,42 S 1836; 1861; 1864; 1868; v . 1874 21.500 (a) ^^ .49
T- California... .\... :' 2 . 1849; 1879 ,1879 70.0CiO 498 • 335
•• I •.:. 1876 . / 1876 • 15.000 (a) .59 Connecticut...... 1 >< 1818(b) ' . ', / 1818 6.197 . (^) 52(c) • "1776; 1792; 1831; 1897 , 1892 20,000 (a) , 77(d).
., ^• s • " . 183?>; 1861;. 1865; 1868; / 1887 14,500 166 ; 116 ,^ 18^7 8 1777;a789; 1798; 1861; 1945 . 30.0001' • -(a) .45(e) :' " • 1865; 1868; 1877; 1945 Hawaii,...'... • \ 1950 . 1959. • ^ 11.412 • 4 ,• . . 3(0 Idaho 1890 . 1890 ,13,492 (a) 55 , Illinois..:...... 1818; 1848; 1870 > 1870 is.'ooo 28 13 Indiana i- 1816; 1851 1851 7,816 47 , 20 «- lowa .....*...... • - 1 1846; 1857 1857 10,000 (fe) • 19 Kansas...... t 1 ' 1859 • . . • "1861 , 8,052 73 . 4S(g)
Kentucky '•• • 4 •. • '• 1792rl799; 1850; 1891 1891 • 21,500 • 40. • • 3 IS .' . Louisiana...... 10 r . 1812; 1845; 1852; 1861; 1921 217,000 518 • 407 1864; 1868; 1879;. 1898JU ' -. • —»• ••> 1 . ' :, • 1913; 1921 ; '^.' •• «..•,••• -J Maine . • 1 ; 1820 1820 -10,500 . • ' .-^ . i Maryland...... • 4. • .• • 177*; 1851; 1864; 1867 . |1867 15,445 104 . • ' 85 ' . • 132 107 Massachusetts »• 4.' .1780 •' . . 1780 . 11-361 • 98' ' 81 t • . Michigan...... 3 - 1835; 1850; 1908 • 1«)8 : 13,000 . 125 , 68 .. . Minnesota...... ;... 1858 .1858, -.•15.059 • nS .• 87 'Mississippi.../...... • 4,- . 1817;.1832; 1869; 1890 ; lg90- ' 15.302. 104 - •? 35 Missouri...... ,: 4, >•' 1820; 186S;^187S; 1945 1945 J5,000 .'• 15- • 8 • '' • •^'^ Montana • 1 1889 -: •• '••••• 1889. 22,000 • 44 • • ,%3l • • • '. Nebraska...... • 2 1866; 1875 ,, 1875 ' 16,550 , 139 87 1 1864 •'. 186,4 15,840 •• -94 •- • . 53 • V • •" • •". s • ' ., • - New Hampshire...... 2 i776:a784(h) . M784 8,700 105 41 (if) .,New Jersey. .^... '3 ••• ,1776; 1844; 1947 V1947 12.500' 6 4' /^ New Mexico 1 \ ; 1911 ^1912 22.400 118 - , 51 . ^ : New York,...... :. ..^ . 6 ... / •; 1777; 1801:4821; 1846; . 1894 45.000 ; . 17.4- : :M33- ,C • .1868jl894 • ; • .,•.'. i. ? '• . . ' •*• ' • •• ,* North Carolina;.... .'V. .2 1776; 1868 •• r-" - 1868 12,000 V (a)' (a) North Dakota..,;.... ' ,1^89 .; 1889 , 20,000 . (a)- 70 V . Ohio... - . 2 -. , 1802; 1851 , 1851 . "*'Q.500 ' 161, V. 87. • Oklahoma...... ,1907 " 1907.. " 35.940 . 131* • ,- ^48 ' • Orefton.. .;5. i. 185^ ' .* 1859 25.000 , 249 ; ' 116 • Pennsylvania 1776; 1790; 1838; 1873 18,73,- '<• 15,092^ ''"86 •59 f • : • Puerto Rico.....:.... 1952 , V .1952 8.000 . ,•• •' -3 • ••. '• . . 3.. -• .. • Rhode Island...... 1 1843(b)- . ,: 4843 '^ 6.650/- 68 ; 35 "
• ''/ • Sbuth Carolina...... 1776; 1778; 1790; '" ,1895 21?164 362 239 -. >?" 1865; 1868; 1895 i ... • South Dakota...-.....' • M:-.- - 1880 ' .^ 1889 ' '24.000 130 ,• ••"'-68 • • - s . Tennessee.'...... •'..« • .3:- 1796; 1835; 1870 - .1870 8,190 - 21 9> Icxas.•*...•...... 1845; 1861; 1866; ' 1876 •35,000 233 • 144 ^
1869; 1876 ^ 1 ^ , » •
Utah...... ;.. • • 1 : •-' '• M896 . . • 1896 . 14.500 (a) - . .31 • Vermont...;...... '... 3. 1777; 178(6; 1793 . 1793- -•> 4.840 .-193 44 Vlrjtinla. .•". 1776; 1830;''185i; \ 1902 ' 23.101 '9& 92 > 1868;li>02 , Waihlngton'. - • , 1' 1889 : ^ . . :1889 .27.500 (a) ., 35 West Virftlhia...... 2 1863; 1872 '^ 1872 ' 22.000 . 54 • 32- ' • », Wisconsin...... • 1 1848 1848 10.717 93 61(1) Wypminit :... 1 1890 1890 15,000 . 46 li-
K 1 _^_, (a) Data notiavailable.' .with Public Law 86-3,. 86th Confrress, providing for- Hawaii'*, •X. (b) Colonial Chartera with eome alterations, in Connecticut- ^'dmission. . , v • " ' • , (t662)'and Rho^le Itland (1663) served as'the firit constitution; > (e) If a single p.roposition amends more than onesectionofthe^ for these states. constitution, it may no( be counted as more than a single (c) In 1955, 47 earlicT amendments were'recodified and In amendment. <• ' • corporated Iq the constitution. Five amendments have been (h) The constitutfion of 1784 wtis extensively amended, re- adopted since 1955. -* ; ;>!',; .arranged and clarified In 1793; Figures show proposals and '. (d) Amendments do not require popular ratincatlohv. • „ adoptions since 1793. .,' , (e) Pisure does not include amendments of n Ipcal.nature. / (i) -InQluding two subsequently held invalid by the'Wisconsin (f) Three amendmenta adopted in June,'1959YA accordance Supreme Court. . ' rj) m
s- ^ CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 13 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT PROCEDURE: BY THE LEGISLATURE
'Limitations on • Approval Ratification the number of " Vote required by tvoo amendments siibmitted Stateor-other jurisdiction for ProPosalja) sessions electorate at one election -Alabamar....;.....:.....'. .;. 3/S No MA None Alaslta.. 2/3 No MA- , . None Arizona ....'...... Ma}. No .MA. •• 1 Nojje Arkansasl ...... ::.. Maj. No - MA (b) CaUforala...... 2/3 • No MA Non^ Colorado..-. 2/3 No MA None(c) Connecticut. ^.'...... (d) Yes MA None Delaware...... ^ .'2/3 Yea . None None Florida... .3/5 No • ••• MA None Goorftla..;..;. 2/3 > No .,....MA(e) *•• • None Hawaii I.. .. (e) No(0 MA(g) None Idaho...... :.. 2/3 No . • MA None ^ lUjtao^...... ^... 2/3 I • No ,-- . None
• • • ^ •. • '.. ••%•'.•..: Utah. ..^., ...... '2/3 No- •.•. •• MA. .•.None ,. Vermont.....'...... '-i..^../.... (v) .Yea . • ; 'MA ,•' . None yii^lnla . ,;, ...... tMaJ. ^Yes •MA^ . • Npne :) Washlniiton ....;... , ,2/3 . No • MA .• None West Vlrftlhia.. *... /...... 2/3 ' v No K MA' ' / • None Wisconsin ...... '. J.... Maj. ''Yea • .'MA •None' Wyoming. .V.t...r'... ., ... 2/3" -No ,.- . , ME • ' ' -None . MA—Majority rote on ameadment. ^ J of total'vote at'election. • ,i " -' ' • ».' MEi—Majority vote In election. ..^ . ' (m) No provision for proposalof amendments by legislature. ' (a) In all r states-ndt otbetwise noted, the fiEure shown In Constitution amehded only, by constitutional convention. this column referspto percentage of elected member>s in each (n) Three-fifths of all members of each house; or majority. house requUfd for Approval - of/proposed conBtitutlon'a} of all members of.each house for two succeasive'.sessions. amendments. (o). Amendments dealing with certain, sections on elective • ' (b) General Assembly limited to 3; mo limit on number of franchise and education must be proposed by^ vote of the^. . Initiative proposatii. , ^ legislature and ratified'by-JJ vote of the. electorate and H'vote .(c) Legislature may'not propose amendments' to more than • In each county. ' • •ir articles at the lame session. ' ' /fp) The leKisI&tuire, by H vole, may require a special election . •(d) Majority of House of Representatives! n^xt Assembly, on amendments. If the amendment is voted upon at a sp^Ial . . H* each housed ». - • • • . • •electio^, ratification Is by a jnajority,vote on the amendment. •• (e) Amendmentsof a local nature must receive a majority vote The legislature may amend certain'sectio'ns of the coqstitutlon . only in subdivision affected. relating to the Corporation Commission by simple majority " (f) By M vot*'if Goveirnor has been given W days' notice of vote, without popular ratificatloii.;, •final form; otherwise by majority vote of eaqh house'at two . (q) If proposed amendment approved- by a K. vote in the successive sessions. " ' '. legislature, it is submitted to voters at a'special ^refei^endum; > (g) Majority vote must constitute at Ieast«3S%-6f total '.if approved by a \i, vote lit the legislature^ the 'referendum is - ;iV0te cast at genera! election or of registered voters at-special held at next Keneral elpction. '% election. '^ ' ' ' (r) Three-fifths SfJteters on amendment. (h)-Majorlty voting In election or. M voting on amendment. (s) Final approval .In legislature by majority vote after • (i)-Legislature may not propose amendments, to more than popular ratification, i> i three articles at the same session. ^ .. (t) Majority members ele^cted, first passage; •>H member* \ (j) No new amendments may be proposed while an amend elected, second'passage. ment Is awaiting Its second. legislative action 'or action of. the (u1 Majority of all citizens voting for (Sovernor. electors. < (v) TWo-thfrds vote Senate, majority vote House, first.pas- (k) Majority member^'elected sittlnir In Joint session. sage; majority both houses, second passtage; Since 1910, amend- > (I) Votes cast In favor tit amendment must.be at least 35%* ments may be submitted only at 10-year iatervals. » » „.
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' ' • • -' I • — ^ Site of ,; . . ^ Referendum 5/a/« petition » • )"> "o'* ' • Arizona....' 15% of total voters for Governor at last election Majority vote on amendment Arkansas . 10% of voters for.Governor at last election including S% Majority vote on amendment in each of 1^ counties •
. • i • '• . :\ .•..:. • ••,•.-. •• •••....•.• GalKomla..;.... • 8% of total voters for Governor at last general election Majority vote on amendment ' Coloradoi;.,.... 8% of legal, voters for Secretary of State at last general' Majority vote on amendment .• I ,. election ' .•'.,• - Idaho...:,.,.... 10% of total j?9ter3 for.Governor at last general eliection ' Majority vote on amendment .' Massachiiaetts.. 3% of total vote for Governor at preceding biennial state " 30% of total voters at election and .. election, pp more than 1/4 from any on^county majority vote on amendment Michi^n...!.'.. 10% of total voters for Governor at last general election ' Majority voting in election MUaourl...... 8% of legal voters for Governor at last general election in ~ Majority vote on amendhient ^i • each of 2/3 of the congressional districts in the stafeCa) Nebraska J^...... 10% of total votes for Governor at last general election .Majority vote on athendm«nt(b), " : • including 5% in each of 2/5 of the counties • • , Nevada...... \.. 10% of total votes cast in 75% of the counties at last general J^Iajority vote on amendment , ,\ ,/ . 'election ., •..-.,' . .'. ; y.'_ ,; North Dakota... 20,000 of electors ' ' - Majority vote on amendment/-^ Ohio..'...... 10% of.electors ^ • " Majbrity vote on amendment ' Oklahoma...;.. - 15% of ^al voters for office rieceivihg highest numljer of Majority voting in election (c) •; ' ; / • _ votes in last^general state election . V'7 V Orefion,.,.....;. • Not more than 10% of legal voters in last election for Justice Majority vote oh amendment • .:-•'• • ' • -of-Supreme Court(a) -^ ; ," •.'• • •*•'.'.' '-'';•. • '• . •.••.'.' °.. • > ..." • . •; •
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•/ ' CONSTITUTIONS AND i^tCTioNj :15 • GONStlTUTIONAL CONVENTIONS
v •;•. / ! Procedure for calling '•'.- : ."*•,„. "^ cohstitut^nal convention •. -• . ••' - •' . Approval popular ratification S, Vote required \ by t'Oio^ Referet^um . of {/" ' , Stale or other jurisdiction inUgiilature(a.), ,^ seSsioM . . »o/B! convention proPoiaUt ^Alabama...;..:...... :.. Maj. ^V No' • ' ME (b) ~ ~
•^, Alaska-....-....., ,...... ;.;...... , Maj.(c) .^ r No . MP • Y • . Arizona...... ;.....• Maj. No . MP" MP Arkanaas.; ...... ,...... i....'. " Maj.(d) No , • — . MP. Califorala...... :.... ^ 2/3 No" MP' , ME .-- Colorado.... '2/3 No - MP ME ^ Connecticut...... -.. Maj.(d) - , No . •, — . X Delaware...... ".. 2/3 ..Yes. : .MP • .X Florida...:...... !;...., . *; 2/3 V No :, MP . X Georgia... *...... 2/3 ' No- — MP(e) Hawaii...... -.." .;.. . . (c) •.*- : No MP MP(nO • Idaho....;..,..... ,;...,...,.. .. 2^; No Mp MP '.-:\ iillnoii..;;.' ..'....„..," ,.^ ...,.:••,.• ^2/3 .. , IJJo ' •, •• Mfe -—r^-. '. ME'V'..'.-. Indiaim...... ;:...... ;....,... (0- •\ — . —" — <^ • Iowa...... : . (g). -^ . .'MP . X . Kanaaa.•.;.;...... ':,....;.... 2/3 ;• ,:. " No. ;•• .MP : ; . X , . , ^' . Kentucky...... v..,,,..;..:..: "^Maj.': • ..Yes . MP(h) ^ X; - ' m.^ LouUlana.V..'.....,...... , Mdj,(d)>:. " Nd MP -"' X' . Maine ...... ;....;. ,2/3 No •.— X ^ - ' Maryland...... ;...... , ;.... (0 No' ME , MP • ' Maasachuaetts!...... ' Maj.(d) No MP X ' - " Michigan...... Maj;(j) " No MP ^MP Minnesota...... ,...;... 2/3 -No ME . ,. (k) . % Missl9sip(U....^.' 1;;...... ^.-. , .-. Maj... .No..'. . -r- .; n,. _ X '- ' - • • •'. Ml^ouri...... (1) • -No ;, MP' . .v"-Mp/ ".' M6ntana.' ; ;;...... '. 2/3 • No MP ' j ME ' „• Nebraaka 3/S . No - MP(m)' MP , ' ". Nevada....,..-....',.;...... •• 2/3 . / No. . •-. MP . /^ X r^ .-, New Hampshire...;..'...... / (n) .No i, ^^P • (o) ' '.•- • New Jersey.". .;'...... -(O-. • •— • — • — :. •• New Mexico....- .'...... 2/3' ,.. No MP MP • . NewYork...; , • Maj.(p) . . : . No . MP ^ . ; i MP ^rthCaroUna.. , V} No ME. , X NorthDakota...^...... \ , (f) — — ; — ' Ohio .•.,..,...... :...•..•.... 2/3 'No- . , . MP ' MP . ^ Oklahoma....;.;,...... ,...... (q) • .No ,> MP • * . ,MP refton...... ,...::...... Maj. I^fo • \iP „—-/ *X - ?ennaylvania. .".i . Maj.(d) ^ No' ' .— V "^ \ • • jt .Puerto Rico.... 2/3 . No MP ^ MP "^ Rhodelalandl...'..A..••...... ; Maj.(d) •. Np • MP/ ^^ (rj South Carolina.. ..1^...... 2/3 ' ' No ME ; , X , * SouthDakota 5?:;...... 2/3 , No . ME . X . ^ .Terinesaee,..;..: ;..:... • .' Maj.(s) • No v MP MP .\ , Texas...... •;,..,:...... - Maj.{d)^. No MP MP V Utah ;...;..;....'...; • w- 2/3 . l : ,No ME, . ^ ME • '. «.Vermont ...... •...... :... ' ' (0 * — ~- . — Vh-ftinia...'...... \. Maj. . No .• MP ' ,X WaahlnfttoA... : .\... ., 2/3 No ME . ^ 'ME <: Weat Virftinia. Maj, > No - ME ME ' WUoonsIn...... *,-.. Maj. . No • MP X ,., Wyoininft ...... '. 2/3 No « M£ Y 'TJ^-.-V.
- vT- : ^— ^ .• • . ^ ——^ — '• ^-— '• • " / . ''" ME—Majority voting in election. > (0 In the. following 8tates.*-Indiana, New Jersey, North MP^-MaJbrity voting on the.pro^sltlon. Dakota and Vermont—the con8t!ti|tfon does not provide'for X—There appears to be no cohstitutibnalor general statutory the. callfng of a constitutional convention and there appears to provision for the submission of convention proposals to the eleo- be no Mtablished procedure in this regard. •. » • ctdratiB In t^hese states, but In practice the legislature may pro- • (g) Proposal automatically put on ballot every 10 years since . vide By statute for iwpular-ratification of convention proposals.- 18/0. , , • ' in specific Instances. . •^' --(h) Must eaoal 1/4 of qualified voters attast general election. Y^Popular ratificatfon'wqulred but no provision for size of (I) Question must be submitted to the.electorate every "20 vote. • ' • ' ' ' years beginning 1970. ". , " • . (a) The figare,shown In this column refer8,tb thp percentage • (j) Question must be submitted to the electorate every 16 \of elected members In each house required to'Triitiaterthe proce- . years since 1926. ^ ,' dure for calling a constitutional convention. ». (Ic) 3/5 voting on question. . . ; (b),Inl95S the Alabama Supreme Court, In an'advisory opln- • (!) Question must be submitted* to the electorate every-20 » Ion, Indicated that a constitutional convention could notadopt years. > \ "'• aconstltution without submitting it toipopular-ratlfication. '• •. (m) Must. be^35% of tokal vote cast at electloh. ' , ; (c) Question njnst be submitted to'the. electorate every 10 (n) Question must-be sitbmitied to the electorate every seven years.' .. '. . ^ ..;:> ; • . - • years. • (d) In the followlBg states—Arkansas, Connecticut,' Loulsl- (o) 2/3 voting on question.. • . ana. Maiaachusetts, Pennsylvania. Rhode iRland-and Texas— (p) Question must be si^bmltted to the electorate every 20 the constitution does not provide lor the calling of a constltu- • years be^nning 1957. < ' tional convention but leglslatlvtf'authority to call such' a con- »' (q). Qiftstion must' be submitted to the electorate every 20 ventlon has been established In-practice by statute, opinion's of year^.'sinc^ 1907. - - . Attorneys Genei^l, and court "decisions, .- (r) 3/5 voting at election. . '^ (e) Amendments of a'local nature must cecelve a majority ' '(s> Convention* may not be held often^ than once In six vote only In,subdivWdn affected. ^V ... .years. v
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«>*. Elections^
ELECTION LEGISLATION f BY ^F^jENCER D. ALBRIGHT'*'
<*>» EVELOP]\f.ENTS in election legislation three-fourths,of the states the nimesof the . during the bienniuin 1959-61 in- presideniial electors are omitted from the D duded lignijicant enactments af ballot. \ - • '<• " K' fecting presidential elections, primaries, A Connecticut measure of 1961 requires registration, absentee votiijg.'^voting ma presidential electors to vote for the candi chines and' miscellaneous, matters. The dates ifo whom they are pledged. Nevada, followingigages review examples of these by ah enactment in 1961, provided that eiiactmfents,. most'br which werel-adopted presidentia,l jectors shall vote only for by the leg4slatirres, a few by direct yofe of* the nom'^iees for President and Vice rresir- the peop^. A summary of various patterns dent O- the part^ that received the highest in cu'iTent election administration con vote m the state in the election. An OJcla-. cludes the^diapter. homa measure of 1961 provided that presi , Most of the measures of the bipnnium dential electors be nominated'by dieir •reviewed'Jiere becaijie law in 1960 and state party 'conventions,. arid' that such 19(51,,but.a few enactments of Ji959 not electors take an bath to support the candi- repbrted iji the corresponding chapter of dates^hoseo by the national party, con- the 1960-61\BooA o/i/je jS/flfe/are also ^ventrons. noted. /.TheOregoh.,legislaturein 1961 reduced reisidence r % ' .' . • I • C O NSTIT U tlONS AND ELElC TlONS I' tHe party's candidates. Idaho.legislation of 1959 provided that the voter shall ai^k ABSENTEE VoTiNQ Vfor tl]j2 ballot of the.political party of.his Pennsylva'nia, in implementing a recent choice, thus becoming a closed party state; constitutional arfJendment, peirnittei^ ab / It also provided for holding a runoff pri-. sentee voting by civilians. The people of / •' mary on the third Tuesday following the Florida in 1960 authorized the legislature first primary. An Oklahoma measure of to,provide for registration of voters in the 1961. prevents change of party affiliations Armed Forces and their spouses living vr-- ^of registered voters, in a period from outside the state. In November, 1962, the shortly* before the opening^ of files for people of Connecticut \MJ11 vote on a re nominations 'through the dates for the vision of th^ir constitution to pyermit ab primary^and any runoff. . sentee voting on • certain "constitutional Mississippi in 1960 provided that'wlien a'mendmen ts, and they may^approve an in a prim,ary a candidate for/public office other similar amendment to permit ab has the same given*iiame.and surname as sentee registration of overseas military the'fiicumbent; and the'Iktter is not seek-, ancl accon^panying personnel. The 1961 ing''ren6mina,tion, there shall be printed New Mexico legislature siibmi^ed an' b^low the nairie the words "Not the p.res- amendment to the people to permit ab / ent ____^_____'' (indicating th§ incum sentee voting at state and local elections. bent). The Arizona legislature- in ^^1961 :Ai:izona's 1961 legislature permitted afb- • An • '•I adopted a measure to prevent a candi sentee voting in special primary and spe X) '.\, date's ruhning in a general election for an cial general eleptiohs; An Illinpis law of office after failing ,to\ be nominated for .1961 extended al^senteTS voting privileges diat office in the preceding primary. The to persphs with religious holidays on elec-^ same "legislature proposed a constitutional tion days-. A Massachusetts enactmejit of amendment to set up a-i-priniaVyk-and 1961 authorizes" persons who have moved election for.' United States Senator and' to another state.and have n,ot met-jresi-' Representative if vacancies occur in those dence requirements there. to'-, secure ab- )ositions. A^rmont in 1961 ?et a'$7,500 sentee ballots^for presidential elections fimit on campaign expenditures in pri- only. New Jersey has alithorized students maries.rr. . ' higher- educational institutions to vote by\aibsentee balldt. . ., • TRLEGISTRATION AND QUAUFICATIONS K^Ttucky in 19,60 tightened its absentee * By constitutional/aiilendment in 1966'!^ voter lawfTto provide: "Where^it appears K the people pf Louisian'aP'tightened voter^^ that 1^ person./who has votec^an absentee' \^j registration reqdiremenfs and reduced ballot is predentin'the county ori the day ' residence requirements for votyig froin of tlie.election, such voter's absentee ballot u " oneyear to six mbntlis. In Minnesota the shall not^,ibej»unted;''.^Kentuck,y's,I960 -^ people audiorized the leg^isl^tur.e to pro legislation also required that application . vide for a place of voting for individuals for absent voting be fifteen ins'tead of ten otherwise -qualified who have changed days before election, a^d required listing their r,esidehce within thirty days bffor© of reasons for absence. an election A reyisioil of dates for receiving abseur Rhod« Island's legislature iji 1960 pro ' tee«/1balJQts in California removes the vided for registration .of voters in tacr fornier delay in counting themvThey must tories, commel-cial .establishments, hos be-'received three days before the election,, pitals and certain.other locations; That of instead of six days after as'previously, to' Tennessee in 1961 required a purge of (Qualify for dfficial count, which is to be on registration bOtoks every two years and /^election day. . . *; ' . otherwise amended the registration laws.* Virginia's 1960/session "revised legislation'^' ] VOTING MACHINES of 1958, which had r.equired use of bla^ik Kentucky^,__^, legislatio n in 1960 ^provide . a shqeb by applicants for voting*regis,tra- that alljpounties by 1963«.shauld acquire, . tion, to permii use of a printed forni^jthat ,'-voting.machines, -and authorized assist- had been standard previously. ^ '^ ^-^S ance to the blind in operating voting ma-: n. v^ /. ^ % I ^ V 1 N • .j"* 18 Ti^EBOOK OF THE STATES •^ 1 chinps. Kansas in 1961 extended Voting The Iowa legislature'of 1961 required machinerauthorizations to any county, ctty , that, certain questions—constitutional or township;'the legislature further pro- arnendraents; the questiph pflioldirig a vided for rotation of names on the voting constitutional convention, and statewide machine • if *the liumber of machines is boni^ issues-^e to be Voted ^bn paj).er insufficient to allow rotation, t^e order of . ^ballots. .. -. names shall be determined by lot^Hawaii A.North Dakota measure in 1961 pfo- as extensive provisions for adoptioii o,f vided that election judges shall; crbss but Voting machines,, and^Oklahpraa-.legisIar or^obliterate the name of an original tion of 1961 authorized»use of yotjng ma rioipiriee iri case of a vacancy in s^ich chines in all cpiinties. . ' ,, . '.'•" hoiriihation pccurring pfibr to Ithe etec- .:\r A Connecticut' measure' of 1961 pro ^ion, and allow stickers to be used; . •' ' vided for affixing^ to:'the voting rnachine a The;1961 Pennsylvania legislature slib*- sticker stating that the votershoiild '-Vote mitted to the voters a, •constitutional W^l .^_ on the questiorisV" NewYbrk's legisla/ure amendment-that would allow a"Governor ^^ in 1960. and Maryland's in 1961 revised to succeed himself for'one.terili,-and a" dieir voting machine laws'to provide for similar amendmen,t that applies ti^ounty" ;, prinij^d or photographic-records of the Treasurers. ,/ • v ^ V setting of the counters ar^d nuinbeif^s regis- ; South Carolina,.in legislatibh pf 1961»' ;, tered on them by voting, showing the, provided a^change of wording for certain . counters at zerp before the polls open and persons not ^iijiialified to vote, deleting at'the accurate totals after the polls have "idiots and insane" and adding-the words , clbse4. • ' , "mentally incompetent." • ;. ... ' • • .• ^ •••....; - •• . •"•••• . • . ' South, Dakota's legislature in the samq ' ':'.y .. MISCELLANEOUS ^year provided for a uniform regis.tration '" Connecticut^ after almost three cen pfocedureand for a party ticket oh tK^ turies of operation thrpugh county goy- ballot. ;. ernments, abolished its coun|ties in 1959. A Vermont acj: of 1961 authorized spe The state will V0te on a plan to require cial elections to.fill vacancies in the State agroupivbte for Govembr and Lieutenant House of Representatives, previously Gbvernbr; hence, if the plan is approved, filled by gubernatorial appointment.. * V) these offices must be on one ticket. / Hawaii legislation in 1959 specified that ELECTION ADMINISTRATION the Lieutenant Governor, by dra"vVing the In all states,! the election returns are t^. names of political parties, shall determine submitted to a.central autliority, btten the positions on the Jballot, the most favored Secretary, ofciStatic.-Likewise^n advance •• -7 column being that on the left. And aj of an election, some state jo^^er, sudi as / • Hawaii actbf 1961 provided for automatic tlie Attorney General, informs local elec- / . recount of ballots if margins arer within * tion authorities of the candidates whose .specified fractions names are/to be printed on the ballot for r. Idaho's, 1961 legislature required that statewide voting and of measures to be names of sponsors appear on all printed Voted on, whether as a proposed consti . election campaign materials; the responsi tutional amendment or a law. In the new bility for this is placed on the printer State of Hawaii', tliei Lieutenant Governor # The Mlinois legislature adopted a series is charged'with respohsibilifies of election of measures in 1961 whichy^ncluded hiak- yadmiriistration. '•••:, iiig certain violations of'^elettion laws;^ A f6w states have Boards of Elections or such as intimidatipn of voters and fraud of, Election Commissioner^. The plan lor ulent registration, felonies rather than a permanent secretary of elections may be misdemeanors -as previously. Provisions found in tlie systems of North Carolina for discovery recounts were elaborated. It aild Virginia; in these states tlie Board of was required that election judges undergo Electrons (North Carolina \yith five mem trzitnihg, and the pay of election com bers and Virginia with three) is appointed ?f T: ••. missioners, clerks and other employees was • by the Governor. In Tennessee ^he selec raised. ' ' - tion of three members to serve six-year / / \ /• • '..^ CONSTITUTIONS AND'ELECTIOm 19 terms is by joint session of the legislature, the two major parties and a thirrdd jnanI , as OccasipnaUy,.an ex officio or partially' Chairman, who invariably is from, the ex, Oj^cio board operat^ at the state level, leading party. An appointing board of four statp oflBcials In Georgia the Jtidge of die Superior^, selects registrari. in 'Alabama (although. Court, and in Missouri the County'Court* precinct officers are chosen locally, as de- "selects prpcinct officials. The selection ^n . scribed below). In Arkansas, a Board of .M^^ryland is. by an election board, ap- Election Commissioners, headed by the pointed by t|ie Governor with corifirma- Goverpor with six other officers, selects tion by the Senate, for each county and for three election commissioners for each the City of Baltimore. In Alabama the county. Mississippi has a'State Board of Judge of Probate Court, the Sheriff and Election Commissioners, headed by the the Clerk of the Circuit Court, acting as "^ Governor, with three other officers. In an appointing board, appoint three in-"^ Oklahoma the State Election Board com- spectors a^d two^ clerks for each voting prises the Secretary of the State Senate precinct. Delaware, hks a Department, of \ (who serves a? Secretary of the Board) and Elections for each county. . • two other persons who represent the two County Conimissioners, ' sometimes' major parties—bne for eacW party chosejri I^wn as as.Board of County Supervisors, by the Governor from a list of five names commonly select precinct judges and presented by the party's state central com- clerks; Some of the states whose election , mittee. In Kentucky the State Board con- machinery centers in the Coi^nty Board sists of the Clerk oi the Court 6f'Appeals (or Commissioners) are Florida, Idaho, and two persons appointedby hJrn! "^^ :.* Illinois, Iowa, Montana, Nevada, New Authority for designating precinct elec-• York (with die exception of^ew York tion officials may be fotmd in ten or a City), North Dakota, Soiitii Dakota, dozeft different arrangements—some by "Texas^ Utah and Wyoming. There are state boards, some by local officefs or variations,of this plan: election commis- boards. In Mississippi this authority is^in sioners consistingofthe-County Clerk and tlie State Board of Election Commission- two others appointed^ by him in West ers, composed of the Governor, Lieu ten Virginia, an election I^/ard composed oL- ant Governor, Secretary of State and At the Clerk' of the Circnit Court and two torney General. In Arkansas the county others appointed by Jiim in Indiana, election commissioners, chosen by the county election commissioners in Arkan state board, designate local officefs. sas, and. county election commissioners' The Virginia Constitution (Sec. 31), appointed by tlie^Governor of Nebraska to cite anothet example, proyides that for counties of 60,600 or more; ih smaller , "There shall be in each county and city Nebraska counties the County. Clerk^has an €t^toral board, composed of three authority over elections. The County members, appointed by the circuit court Clerk runs elections in Colorado and Wis- of the county or the'corporation court of consin. Election officials in Pennsylvania ; the city...." Virginia Election Laws, Ch. are chosen by the voters iff each -locality. 4, provide that "A majority of the jelec- v- toral board shall be from the political • ^ SELECTED REFERENCES party which.had the highest number of .-,„£^p"-«'i?« •?/ ^°^"'. .'" ^,^^ ^"'//^,?^?/" .J • »t c » If /-< .. 4.U* i ^ M{^^2^)^^^ Election Admimstrationm the United votes m the Statdfor Governor ^t the last Jp ^^^^ J .1934). .JOSEPH P. HARRIS. preceding gubernatorial election." The^ .The American Ballot/IMO. SPENCER D. Ai three-man board typically has two memA BRIGHT, . Model Voter Regis^t^tio.n ^stem (revised 1957). bers from the dominant party and one National Municipal League. y trom the other major party; or, expressed Politics, Ptcrties, and Pressure Groups (fourth somewhat differently, one from eacS^of ed.) 1958. V. O. KEY. >r' »< *« ' (I. •••-4 .^ 0 20 THE BOdK OF'THE STATES QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING Slate or Minimum U.S.' -Residence in— Literacy PM • othe^ jurisdiction agt citizen Slate County Distria • test is : 21 2 yrs. t yr. 3 mo. (c) 19 • lyr. .30 da. • (e) 21 ; .• lyr. 30 da. 30 da. ' *• . 21 • • 12 mo. 6 mo. 1 mo. yCallfprhla..;..; - 21 1 yr.(i) 90 da. (I) 64 da. 1 •'21 • 90da. ISda-O) ' Connecticut.... 21 • . 1 yr. . 6 mo. Delaware...... <(.. 2t lyr. 3 mo. 30 da. . • • • ^ • Florida...... 21 lyr. 6 mo. IS lyr. 6 mo. 20 • 1 yr. ' • 3 mo. •(m) • 21 .• 6 mo, 30 da. 1 Illinois •i\ • 1 yr. 90 da. 3Q da. 21 6 mo. 60,da.(o) . 30 da, . ,,-,, ; 6 mo;' 21, . 60 da. 10 da., 1 • • • • 21 • 6 mo. 30 da.io) 3b da. 18 lyr. 6 mo. 60 da.. 21 • lyr. lyr. 3 mo.(p) . "(qV ,:.. Maine. .-..>..... 21' 6 mo. . 3 mb. 3 mo. 21 1 yr- 6 mo. .'6 mo. Massachusetts.. 21 lyr. • ••'••• 6 nio.(r) 21 6 mo.. ••• • ^ • • 30 da, &.. 21 (h) ' 6 mo. Mississippi 21 • 2 yrs. 1 yr.{t), , VuV 21 1 yr.(w) 60 da. 60 da. ' 21 lyr. , ,30 da. ' -» 21 • , 6 irio. 40 da. '.10 da. 21 • 6 mo. 30 da._ 10 da. • , I . • . New Hampstiire. „ 21 6 mo. / 6 mo. '•• 0, 21 * • . • 6 mo. " 60 da,' . New Mexico...:. 21, • \ 12 mo. "^ 90 da. ' 30 da. New York....::. 21 •^ lyr. - 4 mo,. 30 da. - — NortU Carolina.. 21 lyr. 30 da. • North Dakota... 21 lyr. 96 da." 30 da. . 21* • lyr.(y) 40 da. 40 da.. . -^ Oklahoma lyr. 6 mo, •30 da. , .... 21 > • 6 mo.(z) 30 da. Pennsylnmla... 21 1 yr.(aa) 60.da.(ab) • > Rhode Island... ' 21 , 1 yr. 6 mo. , . * * * * South Carolina.. 2l__^ • 2 yr8.(ac) 1 yr. '4 mo. "(ad) South Dakotarr... _ 21 - lyr. 90 da.(ae) 30 da.(ae) 21 12 mo. 3~mo. 21 \. lyr. 6 mo. 6 mo. ' ' 21 (h)' ^ lyr. 4 mo, V 60 da. y ' .... 21 lyr, 3 mo.(o) * * * * VIritlhIa ;... ,21 I y r. 6 mo, 30 da. - • (ag) Washington 21 , lyr. 90 da. 30 da. • K.' WesiVIrtlinla... 21 lyr. 60 da. 21 • » yr.(y) V ,1 21 • 1 yr. 60 da. lOJda. 18 •2 yrs...... 90da.(ak) , • Puerto Rico 21 J yr. • • •• VIrttIn Islands... 21 60 da. '•' NOTK: no state has property qualifications for voting in a general (g) Except for Irrigation district elections. election. Some states have property qualifications for voting on (h)' Must have been citizen 90 days. bond issues or special assessments. . .. • ' ' (i) Persons who have resided in the state for at least 54 days - may vote for Presidential electors if, immediately prior to mov (a) Poll or head taxes are levied in many other states. Those ing to the state, they were qualified electors In another state or listed here provide that payment of the poll tax is a prerequisite would have been eligible to vote in such other state at the time for voting. - ••• .. of. such election. Such i)ersoni\must meet all other qualifica (b) All states which have permanent registration; except tions for voting. . .a Alabama; DelawareV,Florida. Maine,' Mississippi, Nebraska, (J) City or town, 30 days.\. •» > \ New Hampshire and South Dakota, make it subject to can (k) All except certain minor electtlons. cellation for fdilure to vote at certain specified intervals 0) Under 19S8 Registration Act, a persort must read and write (c); Must pay all poll taxes owed for the two years next pre section of constitution in order to register. If unable to do this . ceding election at which person o6Fera to vote. Persons who (unless physicallydiBal>led) he must answer 20 of 30 questions pre have honorably served In the military service of the Uijited , scribed in actr- j. States while the United States Is engaged in hostilities, whether (m) English or Hawaiian language. S-. war is declared or not. are exempt from pajrment of poll taxes. • (n) For all state and federal elections. (d) Registration Is permanentnhless removed for cause. (0) Township. le) Must Be able to read or>8peafc the English lanlfeuage. (p) Municipality, four months. ' . (f) Municipal election. , ' . •*''• -CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 21 QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING-Continued Retisiralion Typt V Caterage • Ptrmansntih) Periodic 1 ' '. / ' * ' •'—if • AU' Mpome *• All Som* AtL Some eleC' eUc- lions .. (ions state or olher jurisdiction-' areas areat areas areas Frequency ...... ( 'K .,... (f) .... 1 ' (B) ...: W • • • • ...... '...._. .,',.'1 ';. .California if .... (k) wC . > • • • • ' .... rC • • • • y.'.'. •V»rf • . ' • • • •. , .... ^K • • •• • *(d) . ^. A . • •"' -k ,..; .' Hawaii .... • ••• •••• { / ::•:: A • • • • ., ..*,...." Illinois • / -.^. ir 4 years • '•—-.1, *.• .... (n) ....• (k) • • • « 'W • • ^% • • • • • \ .... • • • • • « 6 ir , 4 years • * • *. - .... "k • • • *. • ' .... • • • 1i... • ,Tk (s) **- ;, P". •(d) ...... •«• • • (v) ^ •A- 4 years A , • • • • •. m* • . •.i .... r' ...» , .... ^ (k) * •.... (k) it -• •".% • "K • ... * « . • 3 • • \' • .... • ..,-.- ...... New Mexico •*• ir Annual • • • a IBT •^ .... North CsA-oUna * H ["'...... >. NoriSh Dakota ^.... -k • • • • t • W . " " " • ^^ .• • • • , ,.,...../ Ohio ^^ • • • • (8) .... • «^ • • • • . • ••• ••••' . wC • • • . ''PP^ • • • • • ••• ' » ^ •>* ^ •••••; .>'^. . . . .( - - . • • .; ..../...... Rhode Island TV • . • • '•" ...... Decennial ;...... //.... 1 ..So|ith Carolina • ...; * .... • •.» * "...... '..?^ SouthDakot^ ir .... • (a/) (af) (ko (af) Annual ^ « . wC . • • • .... Every dec. • '•* ...... (k) (ah) . : .rr: • • • • « . (ai) !*:.X '.Washington • . .... • • • • (aj) .... • •• ...... Every gen. elec. .... •*• X ir • • • • • (V) it .... ' ^ ...... "...' Puerto Rico «? • • • % • (q) Literacy teat required, but exception allowed if person dates in another state during the preceding six montha. 'can pass certain specified requirements. Caa) Six montha if previously an elector or native of the State, In dty or town. (ab) Persons who are qualified to vote in an election district Except school district elections. prior to moving and^ho movejvithin COdays preceding an election . . Ministers of the Gospel and-their wives may vote after may vote in the election district from whlch,they move. six months' residence. ' '(ac) Ministers of the Gospel, teachers in public schools, and (u) Assessed upon dtlrens 21 to 60 yeara of age except those their spouses'may vote after six months' residence, 'Specifically exempted. -^ • •(ad) Ownership of property is an alternative to literacy. (v)" Registration Is for all elections of state and county, but (ae) No elector who has changed his residence from one voter must be registered In municipality also to vote in munici county or'drecinct to another loses his right to vote in Bis former pal elections. county, or (precinct tmtil he acquires voting residence In the (w) When.vot!ng for Presidential and Vice Presidential.elec^ new one. ^ . v. .tors only 60. d^ys'residence required. (af) Constitution provides for registration in cities over ' •..!•• \, '^ r f V 22 •<>, .-. THE BOOK OF THE STATES ,^' PRIMARYJiLECTIONS FOR STATE OFFICERS . • ' • •• - • / . . / y.^ . •: . > . s ' , . • •••^- General provisions r ' . - Dales of 1962 primaries ,—•—^-^^—=—•. •^ ; • '• ; > for state officers '• - Voters receive / '• ' , ' . ^. elected by slate;uide vole(a) ballots (ff • __ '^'Nomination • >rr—, : '^ '• : > I ^ ;—\' of candidates ' Primary-^ Pun-off primary (,h) « All parties . elected by ,'. '.State ' 1^1962 -• • . 1962.. participating One party • statfwUe-vote* Alabama :.l.'. May l'' ' ^' May 29(c) : v. ' .' • X^ '' C.P(b,d) Alaska. rf ; Aug. 14 None >* X(e) -.. P Arizona ^...... ' Sept. Hi' None . . ... X ' P . A. », Arkansas..... July 31(0 . AUB.«14. ... X , P(b) 'California v. ;......'. , • (h) None .. * X X(h) Delawarei.^.. .^ ..^ None . None. .. .. C Florida.. '...;...... -... May 8 . : May 2^ • .V ' ' 'X - . ^^ P(b) ;• Georgia'.'-,.. v. (i) .. (i) . ' .. ^X C,P(b.d) Hawaii...... -..v. , Oct. 6 None X(j) • .. P Idaho....' .V...... jr June 5 None .. X P - IUinoi» . AprU io ^ -".NanQ .." X , P' ' •>, . -Indiana, .None '• » None .. ... ,v. , C Iowa..i> June4 . ' None > ,. X • X(k) Kansas..... Aug. 7, . * . , None .. X P , Kentucky '.' ' May 29 Jlone \. X P'^'-i, :"' - . (1963)May 28' - ' , . • , Louisiana. July Z8 Sept. 2 .. ' X , ^^-^ P(b) Maine..- - June 18». - None' .-. X.. P ^ Maryland ...;.. '. ^ MaylS.. , None • ' .. • X PX JS; Masiftcljuaetts..,. ,. ' Sept. 18 None . ' ..' "' X ?•.%•' Michigan...... Aug. 7 . None X • '.> .. ,; SP " . (t963)Feb. 1-8 ^ . ' .• •' Mindesota Sept. 1.1 Nohe^ X ^ ... ' P^ Mississippi. , June 5 ; June 26 .... • X P(b) / (19(53)Aug. 6 (1963).'\ug. 27 ^ - MlssoiM '^.. Aug. 7 None ' '.. ' i X P Mo'ntiina June 5 , « None • X "i^i'tj' P Nebraska...!...... :... 4...' MaylS , None .. * . »-*^ P h^eYada....' ; .'.".•• .-^pt. 4 / Non'e • ." .. X . P New Hampshire...... " Sept. 11 I ,s None ,. • X. P • ftfewJersey...... (1963)April.l6 \ None ... " X , P. New Mexico May 8 . . \ None ..; X \P J>IewYork... , (1) ^ .None, ... X', CP • North Carolina ...... '... May 2(5 ' June 23 .. X , v P(b) . North Dakota...... '.. Ju^e 26 « ' None .. X P Ohio c . I / CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS • .23 • • . . - ^ • ^ GENERAL-ELECTIONS IN ,1962 AND 1963, • Including All Elections for State Officers with Statewide Jurisdiction* • Aildates are Jor 7962 except those identified as 7963 , ' » _ ^ « . Date of \ Stale legislators: Elections for ^ , general .. Number to be elected U.S. Congress State or other elections State officers wjlh statewide jurisdiction , *— —^ , :—* ^ « jurisdiction' in 1962 (a.) > to be elected . '" 'Senate' House Senate House Alabama Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Govemw-, Secretary of State, All ^11 - Yes , Yes / * Attorney General, Treasurer, Auditor, Superintendent of Education, Commissioner . , of A^iculture^and Industrie, 2 Public . Service Commissioners, 2 Associate Justices ^ - • of Supreiiiie Court - ' . •'•••.. ' • . • • . * * Alaska Nov. 6 Govemorr^Secretary of State (b) • ' H ^ All Yes Yes Arizona Nov. 6 Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, All All Yes . Yes Treasurer, Auditor, rjudge of Supreme * V .Court, Superintendent of Public Instruction, • , . ' .J ^ ., . • •• •. State Min^ Inspector,-1 Corporation Com- •- ' ' • ~ -, • \missioner, i Tax Commissioner . ' ,• . . Arkansas '. Nov. 6 Governor, L^ Governor, Secretary of State, yi' All- Yps Yes Attorney General, Treasiirer, Auditor, • , . • ^ y * Commissioner of State Lands ' ' '• .« ' . " California...... ;>.. Nov. 6 • Governor, Lt. governor, Secretar>'ot State, }4 All Yes Yes . Attorney Qeneral, Treasurer, Controller, • Members of State Board of Equali2ation, Superintendent of Public Instruction . •; - • • Colorado . . Nov' . 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary ot State, H * All ••.'!*Yes ' Yes, ' Attorney General, Treasurer, Audilor, 1 , - • Justice of Supreme Gourt, 1 Member of State * • • • Board of Education, 2 Regents of the , •« Universityof'Colorado Connecticut...... Nov. 6 Gbvertior^Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, ' All All Yes Yes Attorney General, Treasurer, Coi^ptroller Delaware ^fov. 6 Attorney General, Treasurer, Auditor of }^ • All No .-. .Yes *. , Accounts, Insurance Commissioner • •/ " "••'.- • . • ' ' • " ' Florida.. Nov. 6 2 Justices of Supreme Court, 2 Commissioners J^ ^11 Yes Yes 'of Railroad and Public Utilities Commission . ' ^ • . ' ' . • ' • ' * Georgia...; Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, AH ' AH Yes Yes • . ' ,# * .Attorney General, Treasurer, Comptroller-. ' ' • '•' . .• General, Commissioner of Agriculture, , Commissioner of Labor, State School .i- ^ , ' . Superintendent, 1 Public Service Commissioner, "^^ ^ ' . 2'Supreme Court Justices, 3 X^ourt of Appeals • , * ^ Judges, 22 Superior Ctjurt Judges, 5 . ' Solicitors-General » ..... Hawaii..... Nov. 6 Governor,'Lj. Governor J-^ (c) All « Yes Yes • . • ' . ' * . Idaho..,..'..: Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, All • All Yes Yes ' Attorney General, Treasurer, Auditor, Super- • irttendent of Public Instruction,. Mines Inspector • ,...'' ' - .. • . » ••• ' Illinois...' Nov. 6 Treasurer, Superintendentof Public Instruction, H All Yes Yes \ Clerk of the Supreme Court" -'. -. •'•••• . • '•.• f • , • • Indiana .- Nov. 6 Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Super- }4 AH . Yes Yes intendcnt of Public Instruction ' "' ' \, • • - -^ ^ •-<.•- .•• - ^ \ Iowa;....v. ^ov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, H (c) AH Yes Yes •. . ' Attorney General, Treasurer, Auditor, Secre- ; , :,• ' tary of Agriculture, 3 Supreme C^urt Judges' Kansas/».,..» Nov. 6 ^ Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, All" All ' yes Yes \ , • Attomej^ General. Treasurer, Auditor, State , ' .; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Com- '. ; •> missioner of Insurance, State Printer " 'l . Kentucky;'...... ,..',. Nov. 6 None " None .None* Yes • Yes (1963) Nov. S Governor; Lt. Governor; Secretary of State; }4 All No •^'No Attorney General; Treasurer; Auditor of Public , „. Accounts; Commissioner of Agriculture, Labor. and Statistics; Superintendent of Public •" " • , « Instruction; Clerk of Court of Appeals Louisiana...... Nov. 6 1 Justice of Supreme Court, 1 PubIic*Service None None Yea Yes Commissioner, S^Board of Education meipbers *" '. ^ Maine ,.'...... Nov.. 6 Governor Xll All No Yes J.. v.v* "ti^ N 1 •• •N> 24' THE BOOK OF TfM STATES ' : . ^ GENERAL ELECTIONS IN 1962 AND 1963—Continued , » Including All Elections for,State Officers with Statewide^Juris.dictiqri* r ' I All dates are for 1962 except those'identijjed as 1963' ^ ^^ Dale of State legislators: Elections for general •••.•. • . .' .• . \ .. Number to be elected U.S. Congress. jurisdiction '. in 1962 {a) ^ tobe-eUcted Senate/ House Senate House Maryland. Nov. 6 Governor, Attorney General, Comptroller All. All Ves Yea Massachusetts...... Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, All All Yes' Yes Attorney Geh,eral, Treasurer,' Auditor . ''^, Mlchlftah.. .y...'....' Nov. 6 Governor,^Lt. Governor, Secretary of State,- ' All All No Yes. Attorney General; Treasurer, .'Vuditor General . ; . • (1963) .April I Superintendent of Public Instruction, State • None, None No No Highway Gommissioner, 2 Justices of Supreme Court* ' • Minnesota Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, .A.11 All No Yes • Attorney General, Treasurer, .Auditor, Justices of Supreme Court, Railroad, and I . Warehouse Commissioner ' • ' Mississippi...... Nov. 6 Supreme Court Justices No?i&, -'flffpne. No Yes • ' . . {1963), Nov, 5 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretaryof State, All All No No Attorney General, Treasurer, Auditor. Superintendent of Public Education, Tax Collector, Commissioner of Insurance, Land • Commissioner, Comniissioner of Agriculture and Commerce, 3 Highway Commissioners,' 3 PubHc Service Commissioners . • "^ r • . . • • •• Missouri v^ NQV.'6 Stiate\^uditc)r ' ' ' • H All Yes .Yes Montana... Nov. 6 ' 1 Associate Justice of Supi'eme Court, 1 Rail- >^ All No Yes 'road and Public Service Commissioner • ' Nebraslca.. Nov; 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, All (d) No. Yes Attorney General, Treasurer, Auditor of Public- .Accounts, Chief Justice of Supreme Court, 1 member of Railway Commission, 2'University Board of Regents members,- 2 State Board of • Education members' - •• . ' .'-?.' • . • , • Nevada....' i- Nov. 6 . Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, H All Yes Yes Attorney General, Treasurer, Controller, State' Printer, Mine Insp|ctor, 1 Supreme Court Justice * New Hampshire Nov. 6 Governor, Membei's of Governor'arCouncil All All \ts Yes New Jersey • Nov. .6 None; V ^y . None None No Yes (1963) Nov. 5 None V.-.' *• ... '- • H (c) All No- No - • • , - ^ - ^ • New Mexico.. '. .. • Nov. 6 Governor; 'Lt; .Governor, Secretary of State, None AH No Yes Attorney General, Treasurer, Auditor, Conjr missioner of Public Lands, 1 Corporation Commissioner, 2. Supreme Court Justices New Yorlc...... N6V, 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, All All Yes Yes / Comptroller, • 1 Assocyate'Judge of^Court V ' "^ • ' of Appeals . .. ; V^ • 2 Justices of Supteme Court . » ' All "All ' / -Yes Yes North Dakota.. .. "Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, }^ All Yes Yes Attorney General, Treasurer, Auditor, Com missioner of Insurance, Corhmissiorier-of '" .Agriculture and Labor, 1 Public Service • ^ Commissioner, Superintendent of Public • , . Instruction.. •* -. Ohio...... :'.... Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary (if State, J^ All Yes - Yes Attorney General,'Treasurer, Auditor Oklahonfia Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretafry of State, J^ . Yes ' Yes • Attorney General, Treasurer, Auditor, State - Examiner and Inspector,|Supefintendent of Public Instruction, Chief Mine.'inspectpf, • Commissioner of Labor, Commissioner of Charities and Corrections,' Commissioner of Insurance, Clerk of Supreme Coul-t and Court of Criminal Appeals, 3 Justices of Supreme Court, 1 Judge of Court of'Criminal Appeals, <- 1 Corporation Commissioner" . r V \ Y CONS'TITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS -25 'GENERA•kiL ELECTIONS.IN 1962 AND 1963—Concluded Including .All Elections for State Officers with Statewide {jfurisdictioh* ^• ' > All dates are for 1962 except those identifed as 1963. Dale of State legislatofs; . Elections for general . . Nifmber to be elected U:S: C.ongress Siate or other elections State officers with statewide jurisdiction jurisdiction in 1963 ta) to be.elected,.' '' ' Senate House Senate ' House lOregon. Nov. 6 G^-ernor, Labor Commissioner, Superintendent J^ • All Yes, , Yes , of Publjc .Instruction, Chief Justice of Supreme ^ ourt.l Associate Justice of Supreme Court -, -.. •&•• . ..;,. _ .. _ Pennsylvania...... Nov. 6 Cmor, Lt. Governor;, Secretary, of Internal .Ml, s Yes -Yes flairs .. p ' .• ' — i^.. (1963) Nov; 5 - f2 Judges of Sui)erior Court None None No . 'No Puerto Rico Xo election 1 Rhode Island.... Nov. 6 Governor, Lt.. Governor^ Secretary of State, Air, , .All No Yes" Attorney General, General Treasurer South Carolina..... Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, H , AH • Yes' •'' Yes • Attorney General, Treasurer, Comptroller General, Superintendent of Education, Commissioner of Agriculture, Adjutant and Inspector General • t' South Dakota: Xov. 6. Governor,. Lt. Governor, Secretary ot State, All All Yes Yes .Attorney General, Treasurer, Auditor, Superintendent of Publich'Instructioni Commissioner of Schoolpnd Public Lands, 1 Public Utilities Commissioner ' Tennessee. . Nov. 6 Governor,' 1 Public Service Commission member All. All No Yes Texas Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney G • • • . \ ». members ' ' Vermont....:...... Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, Ail AH Yes Yes ' .-^ttornjey General, Treasurer, .'\uditor of , .Accounts * - . ' ."'-•• Virginia Nov. 6 • None ' • : None' None "No '• , . Yes (1963) N-bv. 5. WW • ' .All 'J^o No None - • f Washington...... ;.. Nov. 6 3 Supteine Court Judges ^. •' • H • All Yes . Yes ' West Vlrginiia..'..... Nov. 6 None . •' " ;,' H' •> All • ^0 Yes Wisconsin. Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, H All • Yes Yes Attorney General, Treasurer ,^ • . .• * . (1963) Apr. 2 1 Supreme Court Justice y - . ' None None •••.No^ N<< .. . Wyon^lng... .^ . Nov. 6' Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, ^c) .All Yes- . Yes Auditor, Superint,endent of Public • Instruction,-1 Supreme Court. Justice Virgin Islands..,. Nov. 6.^ None All (d) " ., >lo No * In several states either some or all elected officials with (c). Approximately. ' - ' >• statewide jurisdictioa do not appear«in the table as their terms (d) Unicameral legislature. • -^ are such that no elections for. them occur in 1962 or 1-963. (e) One member of the Railroad-Commission for full six-year ' (a) Elections in 1963 are indicated by "(1963)" before'the term and 1 member for two .years of an unexpired term. date. . "a . ... • (f)" Usually one-half of 'the Senate members are elected . (b) Two Supreme Court Justices and 7 Superior. Gourtvjudges .biennially, but in 1962'all will be, due to reapportionment of J may file without opposition for '.'approval .or disapproval." ' • Senate districts in 1961. k "^' ^' > • 4 '.. -"t \ f^ w LIMITATIONS ON CAMPAIGN EXPENblTU:RES IN THE STATES Filing of statements required Contri Contri- . Restric- -Total ex- Amount , •• r^ —'-~^. • —. V butions bUtions tionson pendi- spent in • Applies to- ' Campaign Campaign Cdinpaign Campaign , by corpo by-unions Contributions - charac-'yTj lures by behalf of -r-—'• f' • \ " receipts receipts disburse- disburse- rations^ pro . from: other ter oy • candi- candi State or other iZlec- ; Candi- by , by ' ments by ments by Required limes for pro hib sources prohibited ' ekpendi- • date. date . jurisdiction •lions*' • datcs\ parties candidates. parties candidates filing statements • hibited ited • or limitedX lures 1 limited . limited Alabama.... P.G Statewide, "• No Yes No .; Yes. VVitliin IS days after a Yes No. No Yes Ye3(a) .No Sen. r Rep..' primary and within 30 ; " days after a general t. • • . election •.. Alaska...... :. P.G. Statewide. No No . . No No. None ...;..... No "NO No No Sen... Rqp. • / I .• , • . • • • * , P.G- Statewide,' Yes • Yes Yes' Yts . Receipts before, expend!- Y.es ^' Ncf No No Yes(c> Arizona....;.. .'Sen.(b). „ tuj-es after, election Rep..(b) ^ V P.G Statewide. No No .No Yes Corruptfpracticepled^ '... No No . Yes(d) No • Arkansas...... Sen.," Rep. before, candidate ex penses after election P.G Statewide, Yea Ves . 1. Yes' ' Yes "After election • . . No No Campaign contribu Yea No • • California... V. No Sen.. Rep.\ f . •.• • ' - , • • tions solicited • or rq,- •,' ceived'from a licensee \ byiin elective state gffi- . cer issuing licenses Colorado...;... P Statewide. Yes No • Yes Yes '. After election Ye3(b). Yes Contributions are lim Yes(b) Ye3(b) Yes(§)..'^ Sen.,-Rep. * m • ^ . . . ited to personar-ex-- penses g Connecticut. ' ' ' •'/;•• Yes V Yea Yes • After election- , .Yes No Contributions by. per Yes Yes No(e) I'.G Statewide, Yes son under an assumed ' Sen..llep. '. •. "^ • . i . - . :-^ • . " ; . . name Delaware...-, (f) • (f) " No' No No No ...:... ;... No "-Tlo -x.- No No No No Florida. PiG Statewide, Yes Yes Yes -Yes Before and after eleo- Yes No Holders of horse or dog Yes- No Yes Sen., Rep. . . tion •. ," ' •racing permits and li-i' • censes for sale of int&x-, icating- beverages, oi)- erators of public utili-. ties, franchised or regu-^ \ / lated by the 'State, or' partners, officers, or di rectors of unincorpora ted or incorporated hoi- | • ^ .ders of such permits, li- ^ • •••.•.'.•• cettsesor franchises. •Ceorgia... P.G Statewide. .No•• V • Yes No Yes Within 20; djtys after No ..N^ No No No Sen.. Rep. 'election . Guam.... P.-G Statewide Yes • Yes Yea Yes Within; 15 daj^ after No _ -No ' No; . . ' election • • Hav^'afl.... P.G Statewide, No . No . - Ye3(g) Yes .' Within 20 days ' No •„ No" Yes . • No i No Sen., Rep. k Idaho.... P . Statevvide. No .• No No Ves • After election No : No. •• • No • : . . YeaCb) Yes- Sen., Rep. Illinois... (f) 0) No ^ No - No. *No ,. .•. .• (h) . No • No .. No : No No Indiana... P.G .Statewide, Yes Yes Yes Yes- After election Yes ^ Ye^ Yes , Yea Yes Sen.. K.ep. . ••. ^ • • Iowa....~.., P.G Statewide Yes " i Yes "• Yes • Yes Within 30 days after ^'es ko • ' .".No ;. * No ; Ye's No • »'^'• election ' \ Kansas... P.G Stajtewide Yes . Yes Yes Yes iAt ter election -Yes No No - Yes Yes No / Kentucky. P.G Statewide,' -No Yes' No- Yes Is days before and 30" Yes No Persons with whom can Yes •• Yesj^' . Ves Sen., Rep. • days afterelection didate-must deal in his 1 ofHcial capacity , " j < Louisiana.. P.G Statewide, No ,No No- No None ' Yea No No i ' No No' No Sen.,'Rep. Maine J..'. P.G Statewide -.Yes Yes Yes Yes Preliminary repdrt not No No No ' Yes"^ . No "No less than 10 nor more than 15 days before • '"• s -? election; • final . report • y - within 30 days after / - election Maryland^...;. P.G Statewide, lYes Yes Yes • Yes Within.20 days after': Yes No Limit of S2,500 contri- Yes- . Yes(i)„ Yes SeHy ReiJ. I election' ,' bution by any one -/ ' source not a' 'candidate Massachusetts.. P.G -Statewide, Yea Yes Yes Yes Within* 16 days after Yes '; No.. By .public officers, or Yes •yes- NoG) Sen.. Rep. election •/• employees '.. Michigan... P.G ' Statewide._j'Yes Yes' Yes Yes After election but be-' Ves^. No No ; 'Yes Yes Yes Sen., Rep. fore certification tp of- '• • •_• •* fice • ' • / • » .' Minnesota... P.G Statewide.. Yes t.. Yes Yes • Yes .. - Last Monday/In Au- • Yes , No No . -. .. Yes Yes Yes Sen.. Rej). • gust; within/io days C t following primary,; third-Monday in Octo ;" * ber; tejith day follow-^ ; J \ ing election t Mississippi P Statewide.* No(b) • Yes(b), ,.No(b) Yes(b) Contribution state- No No No .'NO Yes• - - Yea. Sen.. Rep. • * ' mentsfiled Island ISth , , each month of cam- .. • paign . No " tj Missouri P.G Statewide. Yes No Yes Yes Within 30.sdays after , Yea No NO Yea -No Sen.. Rep.- election No . ' Montaipa... r.. P.G Statewide,. Yes Yea •Yes Yes Candidates, within 10 Yes NO ' • No Yes(k) , No Sen., Rep. daysafter election; par- ,/ ties,' withia 15 days •;•.'>.••• . •-•'• after election • Nebraska P.G Statewide, Yes . No . Yes Yes .-After election ' . ' Yes Only if. No ~ . . Yes No No Rep. union.is a corpo ration • Nevada...... fgV (8) No No No No No No No . • JiTo No ,. No New Hampshire P.G Statewide, Yes Yes Yes Yes 1st statement Wednes Yes Yes * Any partnershipCas such Yes Yes(m) Yes. / Sen., Rep. . day '(6 days) before; orany partner acting in » .2nd, second Friday (10 • Ijehalf of such partner- ', < days) after electfon(l) ship; any person em- ' '^.. • • ' . ' pl(jyetl in the classified ' • • service of t+ie state;, a > • personal contribution.- in excess of SS.OOO ex- ^ — • . cept by candidate him- ,., • >self; or a contribution '' if made anonymously, ^s.., or in guise of a: loan, or ,•' __i concealed, or without ' ' ^ knowledge of candidate ' . " or his agents bi- politi- "^, • ' . * ' cal comrftittee New Jersjsy..... P,G: Statewide, • Yes Yes Yes •' Yes Friday or Saturday be- •• YesCh) No • No • - Yea Yes , No Sen.,-Rep. fore and 20,days, after election ' ' , : ^ -^ g •—-^ /^ Fl s l*s^ ti. LIMITATIONS ON CAMPAIGN EXPENDI.TURES IN THE STATES---gontinued • i - Filing of statiments required Conlri- Contri Restric Total ex- Amount^ I • ^ \ butions butions Contributions tions 0)1 4>endi- spent in Applies to Qanipaign Campaign Campdign Campaign by corpo- by utiions . from other charac tures by behalf of ,—'• ^ -~> receipts receipts disburse- disburse- rations pro- sources ter of candi- candi- state or other Elec- Condi- by • fry ments by ments by Rtqtiired times for pro- hib- prohibited expendi • date ., ' date jurisdiction tionS* datest Parties candidates parties candidates filing statements hibited ited :'. or limiUi^l tures limited limited- • New Mexico.. .. P.G Statewide, Yes Yes " Yes Yea Candidates, within 10 No No Xo riioney of political No Yes(n) No Sen.,Rep. days after election; par party may be spent on- ties, witliin' 30 days -behalf of primary can-, after election . drdate ' New York P.G Statewide, Yes Yes Yea < Yes Before arid after elec- Yes Nitx Contributions by own- No Yea .Yes Sen., Rep. tions ers of polling places bai;re{l North CaroUna. (f) (1) Yes "^ Yes Yda (in Yes Before and after elec- Yes No .'~,'" . No No. No \ No gengral tions . • ' e 1 e c - ' ' . tions) • J- > Nog;th Dakota .. P.G Statewide, No No No Yea 15 days after elections V Yes No A contribution made or Yes Yes(o) Yes Sen., Rep. received undefr other . than the donor's own .', •J' name, . •* • '• . '' Ohio P.G 'Statewide, Yea - Yea Yes ' Yie s By 4:00 p.m. 45th day Yea No . No. Yes Yes No Rep." .- after election Candidates within 15 Oklahoma. P.G Statewide, Yes • • No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Sen.,'Rep.. days after any elect-ion; 00 party campaign com mittees witliin 10 days after any general elec tion Oregon . P.G Statewide, Yes Yes • Yes Yes .15 days after election No'. Yes Yes(l) Yes • .Sen., Rep. i ' • It Pennsylvanja. . P,G Statewide,. Yes' Yes Yea -Within: 30 days after Yes Yes No - Yes • No •' . No Sen., Rep. -.x« each primary and gen i eral election ' Puerto Rico.. No No • Yesjq) No Within first 10 d"aya of No No Individual contribu (q) No- N'O • to . -(0 each month tions are restricted up to the amount ot $300 , - * in aii election year, and S200 in oUier years' \ • Rhode Island., (f) No corrupt practices act (r) - .... South Carolina P.G Statewide, No . :"No No Yea Before elections No No- No" Yea . No _- ^-No • • \ Sen., Rep. Yes ' -" Ye3 Yes . Yea .1, Within 30 days after Yes NS .• . No Yea Yes(B) . Yes South ifakota.. P,G -Statewide,- Sen., Rep. • electiopa , Statewide, No .No' Yes • Candidate's statement Yes No , No - . ' -' NQ . Yes . Yes • Tennessee. 1 • P.G 5 to U) days before con- Sen., Rep. yent'^on or election; » « fe manager's within 30 ., days after Texas... P.G St&tewide, No Ye;s No ••• Yea Before. and after elec Yes Yes No Yea !^o Yes . Sen., Rep. tions ' • . -J—*- r^ • 'i i . -^ Utah...... P,G , Statewide, . Yes Yes - . Yes - Yes • N2ndrSat. after 1st dis- Yes - ' 'No No Yes No . No. Sen., Rep. . . bursement; 2nd Sat. • . " V- • eaclj calendar rhontli I , thereafter; Sat. preced- C- '• • ' ing any primary or - . • election' • ,, Verirtont...... , P Statewide," No" No . No • Yes Within . 1(! days-after No v^ No No No "Vis Yes Sen., Rep. primary T •, Virginia,. . ..., P,G Statewide • • • • .... •Yes Witln'n 30 days after ...... No, •yes .• Yes •••• Sen., Rep. election, caucus, con- • vention or primary • « election -^ Washington.... P Statewide,- No Yes No Yes After primary only • No ; , No No No No ' No. (t),S., R. West Vlrfiinia, . P.G Statewide, Yes Yes . Yes Yes Before and after dec- Yes , No No' Yes . Yes. Yes . Sen., Rep. tions. • '• Wisconsin P,G Statewide, Yes Yes Yes Yes By 5 p.m. on Tues. pre- Yes No Contributions Ify co- Yes Yes No Sen.-, Rep. ceding primary or elcc- • . operative associations' -~ tion; Sat. following'pri- ^ -.^ . nmr>'or election ". / Wyoming, P,G Statewide, Yes Yes Yes Yes .Within 20 days after. Yes No ' ^ No Yes * Yes(u) . Yes Sen., Rej). • election " •P—primary electionj.G—Beneral election., j . programs, publishing, cxpressage. travel and board exijmpted. • ': .^The abbreviations Sen. and Rep. in thffir^column stand for United States Senator and 'j) If spent;by political committee, t7nTted»i5tate& iRepresentative. '•. \...' *. "" k) Expenditures of relatives and associates tteemecl to be those of candidate himself; •' t rhi.8 collimB;j)nly shows restrictions on sources and limitatioiisjjn amounts of contribu .1)^ Candidates for state Senator or Kepresentative to the General C'ourt who have expended tions. (It does nofinclude procedural limitations such as prohibitions on making gifts directly a Bum^in excess of $200 are required to" file second statement only (not later than second to candidates shortly before elections. ' ' •' ' Friday after primary or election). .-•*., , • • (a) NNewspape r and radio'advertising exempt. (m) Candidate's contribution to the state.committee, his (iling fee, personal travel and (b)Onl0 y in primary election; subsistence expenses, or services of his regular employees in discharging duties of a public • (c) ExpenditureE s limitcdat primary election, exclusive of money expended for stationery', office are exempt. .- ' •> . -. postage, printing and advertisements in newspapers, motion pictures, radio'and television .(n) Exclusive of-sums expende 'cr:....- ••'• • -;• •• • . .••.. .".'.' : • ' • t" / "\ : $Q\- ' • . • THE liOOK OF THE ST A TES . VOTING StATlSTI Registered ^ ^— '• % , k >. r , . State or other General •• . Primary .••V'-- f jurisdiction • Number . Year Year . election election^a.) Alabama , (b) . ...A 1958 270.951 618.462 Alaska...". ,....• (c) 1958'. 48,968 46.929 Arizona ....:...... :... 474.124 1960 1960 397,107 : 171.911 Arkansas.... , S90.501(d) 1960 •I960 '. 317.087 ' 327.559 • • • * California 6.752.421 1958 1958. 5.255.777 ' 3.954,866 Colorado.. 790,706 « 1958 . 1958 549.808 . 135.503 Connecticut 1.211.204 1958 1958 607.012 .(e) X/ Delaware..... J • • • 232.333 ^ 1960 1960 100,792 :(e). Florida .?...... '..../...... • 2.015.970 . I960 1960 1.419,343 1.026.753 Georgia .j. l,274,021(f) 1958 1958 168,514 , 620,409 HawaU .^;...... :. 1834,18 195? 1959, 168,662 ' 126.612 Idaho; K. ...;..., (g) (g) ; 1958 239,046 115,780 'Illinois .T. 5.499.469 1960 1960 ,4,674.178 1,910.956 . Indiana...' .....; 2.268.420 1960 1960 2,122.257 • (e)>- ,Iowa ...r...... (h) ....' 1960 645.026 81.869 Kansas...../. ;... (h) 1960 922.522 413,936 Kentucky :..- i..... (b) , 1959 , ^ 853.005 559.700 Louisiana :...... ;... 1.117.936(n) 1960 1960 506.562 9.01,7910) Maine.:.... 537.922 1960 1960 -'417.215.. 97,785 Maryland.-^...... I,224f236 . 1958 1958 763.234 318.842(k). Massachusetts V .if.. 2.720.359 .1960 1960 2.495.5Q4 860,474 Michigan -t .... 3;800.000(i) 1960 1960 3.255.9^ l,U21r217 Minnesota :...... : (h) ' 1960 1.550,265 571.055 Mississippi...... ;...... (b) . .t.. >i 1959 57-,671 441.074 Missoiurl . (h) ..... 1960 1,887.331' 739.495 Montana... , 322.876 1960 1960 279,881 193.735 • Nebraska...... J... (h) .... I960-. 598,646 269.374 Nevada...... ? 117,568 ._ 1958 1958 84.889 44.731 (k) 'New Hampshire...... 353.717 'I960 \ 1960 290,527 139.0^4 New Jersey...... 2,790.973 1957 1957 .,2,018,488 . 532,684 NewMexico ...... ":..../. ' 367.643 • 1960 • 1960 305,542 162.612 New York 6.759.343 1958 1958 5,7^6,481 . (e) . \ No*th Carolina ;. --2.071,780 1960 1960 1.3S0B6b ' 653.060 ' North Dakota..; (c) ! 1960 • 275^75 199.664 . Ohio.. .:...... • (h) 19S8 1958 3.284.134 1,188.761 Oklahoma 0) .... 1958 538.839 . 513.594. Oregon...... ;..... 855,044 1958 1958 . 599.959 431.635 Pennsylvania ..*.... S.397,407 . 1958 1958 3.986,908 2.065,475 Puerto Rico • ; 941,034 1960 1960 789,487 (e) Rhode-Island t 471,114. 1960 1960 401,362 130,807 South Carolina...... 542,848 "• 1958 \ 958 77,740 377,239 South Dakota.. (b) . .... 1960 304.625" (tn) Tennessee •. ; (b) 4'32,545 685 291 Texas.....,.,..,,.;.... v . 2,594.254{d) . 1960 1960 2.250.872 1.528,834 ' jju Utah.....". ..;...... 419,095 1960 1960 371.489 "• 193,063 • (b) 1960 164.632 75,139 1957 1957 517.655 . 150,101 Washington ..;.. 1.527.516 ; 1960 1960 1.215,768 705,917 1960 1960 '827,420 553,133 v.. (h) 1960 1,728,009' 534.840 :..;.. (h) .... 1958 1'12,S3.7 70.070 (a) •Includes.figures only" for initial primary elections-^not (i) Estimate. I ' run-off primaries. • ' • ' (j) Figures from second primary. , (b) Registration required but no central.records.maintained. (k) Democratic primary/only; noRepublican primary. (c) Registration not required.- . • -. (I) State-wide registration figures are' available'beginning in (d) Registration not required. Figure shows number of poll 1959; In that year registrjition. amounted to 918,819. • taxes paid in Arkansas, and number of poll taxes paid and poll (m) No primrfiy contests.for Governor, exemption certificates issued in Texas. , •.(n) The latest accurate/enumeration of eligible voters isfor. (e) Candidates for Governor nominated at party conventions. the second primary. This/figure should not have changed 4p- .(f) Data from three, counties lacking. predabry for the subsequent general election; However, ther'eg- (g)' 1958 registration figure incomplete. Numbefof registered istration books in all parishes are open except during the 3(f day voters in 1960 was 362.704. period prior to primary aind general elections, causing the ^-egis- (h) Registration required only in cities or counties over a tration figures to be in a minor processof change at all times. \ certain size. c ; 1 • ^ 7 f