DOCSLIB.ORG

Amending and Revising State Constitutions J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Amending and Revising State Constitutions J Kentucky Law Journal Volume 35 | Issue 2 Article 2 1947 Amending and Revising State Constitutions J. E. Reeves University of Kentucky Kenneth E. Vanlandingham University of Kentucky Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/klj Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the State and Local Government Law Commons Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits you. Recommended Citation Reeves, J. E. and Vanlandingham, Kenneth E. (1947) "Amending and Revising State Constitutions," Kentucky Law Journal: Vol. 35 : Iss. 2 , Article 2. Available at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/klj/vol35/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kentucky Law Journal by an authorized editor of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AMENDING AND REVISING STATE CONSTITUTIONS J. E. REEVES* and K-ENNETii E. VANLANDINGHAMt Considerable interest in state constitutional revision has been demonstrated recently. Missouri and Georgia adopted re- vised constitutions in 1945 and New Jersey voted down a pro- posed revision at the general election in 1944. The question of calling a constitutional convention was acted upon unfavorably by the Illinois legislature in May, 1945, and the Kentucky legis- lature, at its 1944 and 1946 sessions, passed a resolution submit- ting" the question of calling a constitutional convention to the people of the state who will vote upon it at the general election in 1947. The reason for this interest in revision is not difficult to detect. Vast social and economic changes have taken place since the adoption of most of our state constitutions. For instance, the Constitution of Kentucky, which is rather typical as to age, was framed in 1891 before the age of automboiles, airplanes, and radios, and before scientists had begun to dream of television, radar, and atomic energy. During the ensuing years govern- ment has grown and expanded to meet changed conditions. Toll roads were common in 1891, public schools were chiefly a matter of local concern, and public welfare, except for limited institu- tional care, was largely unknown. Today the states spend over twice as much for these services as for all other purposes com- bined. Parks, recreation, forestry, soil conservation, and public health, are other services that have been added or tremendously expanded since most of our state constitutions were written, to say nothing of the tremendous growth in the regulatory services. The performances of these services has demanded new laws, new forms of administrative organization-new approaches to governmental problems. It is not surprising, therefore, that some of the states are passing upon the question of fundamental ;: Assistant Professor of Political Science and Acting Director, Bureau of Government Research (1945-1946), University of Ken- tucky. IIResearch Assistant, Bureau of Government Research, Univer- sity of Kentucky. KENTUCKY LAW JOURNAL changes in their basic laws, so as to enable them more readily to meet new conditions. The means by which state constitutions may be changed thus become considerations of great importance. M'ETHODS OP CHANGE Constitutions change to meet the needs of changing society primarily by four means: (1) customary growth and develop- ment, (2) interpretation, (3) amendment, and (4) complete revision. Customary growth and development, while important, can never be rapid enough to keep pace with rapidly changing conditions such as society has experienced during the past sev- eral decades. Interpretation, the second means by which constitutions grow and develop, is facilitated by a short elastic document such as the Federal Constitution, and is materially impeded by a long restrictive document such as most state constitutions are. For instance, the Constitution of Kentucky has nine long sec- tions,' containing a total of more than 1200 words, dealing with railroads and commerce. This is to be compared with the Federal Constitution's brief but effective provisions relating to the con- trol of commerce. The difference means the effective expansion of the Federal document to meet the needs of an expanding national economy, while the Kentucky and other similar state documents remain static and unchangeable, except as subterfuge or effective nullification may occasionally be employed to evade the apparent meaning of constitutional provisions obviously unsuited to conditions which have to be met.2 The Kentucky example is typical of state constitutional pro- visions. While the Kentucky Constitution contains about 21,000 words, as compared with approximately 6,000 words in the Fed- eral Constitution, the Kentucky document is not more than 'Sections 209-18. KENTUCKY CONSTITUTION (1891) sections 209-18. 'The latter point may be illustrated by the Kentucky provision limiting the amount of indebtedness which the Legislature may in- cur to $500,000, and the decision of the State's highest court that the issuing of warrants for a part or all of a legislative appropriation did not necessarily create a debt in violation of the Constitution. See Stanley v. Townsend, 170 Ky. 833, 186 S. W. 941 (1916). By this means a state "debt" of over $25,000,000 in interest bearing warrants was created. STATE CONSTITUTIONS averag'e in length. Examples of longer ones are South Carolina's with 30,000 words. Virginia's with 23,000 words, and Louisi- ana's, which covers approximately 280 average sized pages. As a consequence, state constitutional development relies heavily on amendment and revision. The amendatory and revisory pro- visions of the forty-eight constitutions are, therefore, of more than ordinary interest. This is particularly true at the present time when state constitutional revision is, or recently has been, before the people of many of the states. STATE CONSTITUTIONAL A IENDIENT Generally speaking, it can be said that state constitutional amendment requires submission by the legislature and approval by popular vote, but beyond this, methods of amendment show such wide variation that it cannot be said that any particular mode predominates. Requirements for submission of amendments by state legis- latures differ widely. Some constitutions require proposals to pass only one legislature; others require passage by two legis- latures. The Constitution of South Carolina requires that the proposal be submitted by two thirds vote of the members elected, adopted by a majority of those voting in a general election and ratified by a majority vote of both houses of the next legisla- ture. M1assachusetts requires that amendments be proposed in joint session by a majority vote of all the members elected. New Hampshire is the only state having no provision for constitu- tional amendment. In a g-roup of :32 states, requiring passage by one legisla- ture, the following majorities in each house are required: Majority of members elected ........................................8 states' M ajority of quorum ..............................................................1 state' 3/5 of members elected ...................................................6 states' 3/5 of quorum ......................................................................1 state' 2/3 of members elected ....................................................14 statese 2/3 of quorum ......................................................................2 states' 'Arkansas, Arizona, Missouri, New Mexico, North Dakota, Okla- homa, Oregon, and South Dakota. 'Minnesota. "Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Maryland, Nebraska (only one heuse), and Ohio. North Carolina. California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Montana, Texas, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. 'Maine and Mississippi. KENTUCKY LAW JOURNAL Fifteen states require passage of proposed amendments by two regular sessions of the legislature. In this group, eleven states require the following majorities in each house: Majority of members elected, 2 sessions .................... 10 states9 2/3 of members elected, 2 sessions .................................. 1 state"° Four states have rather unique requirements in regard to submission of proposed amendments. Connecticut proposes amendments by a majority vote of the House of Representatives in the first session of the legislature and requires a 2/3 vote of each house in the second session. Tennessee requires that a pro- posed amendment pass in the first session of the legislature by a majority vote of all members elected and in the second session 2/3 of all members elected must approve. In Vermont, where amendments may be proposed every ten years, 2/3 of the Senate must concur with a majority of the House in the first session and in the second session there must be approval by a majority vote of the members of each house. The method of amendment in South Carolina has already been discussed. Amendments are ratified by the people in either general or special elections. Most usually it is necessary that they be submitted in a general election although some constitutions per- mit the option of choosing between the two. It is mandatory, however, for amendments to be ratified in New Jersey in a special election. While this may be desirable, the expense in- volved is necessarily great. It is not necessary that the people ratify amendments in Delaware. Most state constitutions require amendments to be adopted by a mere majority of those voting on the amendment in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Constitution of Michigan of 1835
    Constitution of Michigan of 1835 In convention, begun at the city of Detroit, on the second Monday of May, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty five: Preamble. We, the PEOPLE of the territory of Michigan, as established by the Act of Congress of the Eleventh day of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and five, in conformity to the fifth article of the ordinance providing for the government of the territory of the United States, North West of the River Ohio, believing that the time has arrived when our present political condition ought to cease, and the right of self-government be asserted; and availing ourselves of that provision of the aforesaid ordinance of the congress of the United States of the thirteenth day of July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and the acts of congress passed in accordance therewith, which entitle us to admission into the Union, upon a condition which has been fulfilled, do, by our delegates in convention assembled, mutually agree to form ourselves into a free and independent state, by the style and title of "The State of Michigan," and do ordain and establish the following constitution for the government of the same. ARTICLE I BILL OF RIGHTS Political power. First. All political power is inherent in the people. Right of the people. 2. Government is instituted for the protection, security, and benefit of the people; and they have the right at all times to alter or reform the same, and to abolish one form of government and establish another, whenever the public good requires it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Judicial Branch
    Chapter V THE JUDICIAL BRANCH The Judicial Branch . 341 The Supreme Court . 342 The Court of Appeals . 353 Michigan Trial Courts . 365 Judicial Branch Agencies . 381 2013– 2014 ORGANIZATION OF THE JUDICIAL BRANCH Supreme Court 7 Justices State Court Administrative Office Court of Appeals (4 Districts) 28 Judges Circuit Court Court of Claims (57 Circuits) Hears claims against the 218 Judges State. This is a function of General Jurisdiction the 30th Judicial Circuit Court, includes Court (Ingham County). Family Division Probate District Court Municipal Court (78 Courts) (104 Districts) (4 Courts) 103 Judges 248 Judges 4 Judges Certain types of cases may be appealed directly to the Court of Appeals. The Constitution of the State of Michigan of 1963 provides that “The judicial power of the state is vested exclusively in one court of justice which shall be divided into one supreme court, one court of appeals, one trial court of general jurisdiction known as the circuit court, one probate court, and courts of limited jurisdiction that the legislature may establish by a two-thirds vote of the members elected to and serving in each house.” Michigan Manual 2013 -2014 Chapter V – THE JUDICIAL BRANCH • 341 THE SUPREME COURT JUSTICES OF THE MICHIGAN SUPREME COURT Term expires ROBERT P. YOUNG, JR., Chief Justice . Jan. 1, 2019 MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH . Jan. 1, 2015 MARY BETH KELLY . Jan. 1, 2019 STEPHEN J. MARKMAN . Jan. 1, 2021 BRIDGET MARY MCCORMACK . Jan. 1, 2021 DAVID F. VIVIANO . Jan. 1, 2015 BRIAN K. ZAHRA . Jan. 1, 2015 www.courts.mi.gov/supremecourt History Under the territorial government of Michigan established in 1805, the supreme court consisted of a chief judge and two associate judges appointed by the President of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Michigan
    University of Michigan Law School University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository Michigan Legal Studies Series Law School History and Publications 1969 The niU versity of Michigan: Its Legal Profile William B. Cudlip Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/michigan_legal_studies Part of the Education Law Commons, and the State and Local Government Law Commons Recommended Citation Cudlip, William B. The nivU ersity of Michigan: Its Legal Profile. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan, 1969. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School History and Publications at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Legal Studies Series by an authorized administrator of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: ITS LEGAL PROFILE THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: ITS LEGAL PROFILE by William B. Cudlip, J.D. Published under the auspices of The University of Michigan Law School (which, however, assumes no responsibility for the views expressed) with the aid of funds derived from a gift to The University of Michigan by the Barbour-Woodward Fund. Copyright© by The University of Michigan, 1969 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I suppose that lawyers are always curious about the legal history of any institution with which they are affiliated. As the University of Michigan approached its One Hundred Fiftieth year, my deep interest was heightened as I wondered about the legal structure and involvements of this durable edifice over that long period of time. This compendium is the result and I acknowledge the help that I have had.
    [Show full text]
  • School Choice and State Constitutions
    School Choice and State Constitutions A joint publication of The Institute for Justice and The American Legislative Exchange Council by Richard D. Komer and Clark Neily reference guide School Choice and State Constitutions A Guide to Designing School Choice Programs The Institute for Justice and The American Legislative Exchange Council April 2007 by Richard D. Komer and Clark Neily table of contents Foreword 1 Introduction 2 How to Use This Report 7 State Summaries Alabama 10 Alaska 11 Arizona 12 Arkansas 14 California 15 Colorado 17 Connecticut 19 Delaware 21 Florida 22 Georgia 24 Hawaii 26 Idaho 27 Illinois 29 Indiana 31 Iowa 33 Kansas 34 Kentucky 35 Louisiana 38 table of contents Maine 39 Maryland 41 Massachusetts 42 Michigan 44 Minnesota 46 Mississippi 48 Missouri 49 Montana 52 Nebraska 53 Nevada 55 New Hampshire 56 New Jersey 57 New Mexico 58 New York 60 North Carolina 62 North Dakota 64 Ohio 65 Oklahoma 67 Oregon 69 Pennsylvania 70 Rhode Island 72 South Carolina 73 South Dakota 75 Tennessee 77 Texas 78 Utah 79 Vermont 81 Virginia 82 Washington 84 West Virginia 87 Wisconsin 88 Wyoming 91 Model Legislation 93 Glossary 95 Additional Resources 97 About the Authors 99 Acknowledgments 100 About IJ 101 About ALEC 102 foreword Whenever school choice legislation is considered, the stakes are enormous. Children, parents, teachers and taxpayers all stand to benefit dramatically from well-designed programs. That’s why it is so important for all school choice legislation to be very carefully crafted, starting with an eye toward its constitutionality under relevant state constitutional provisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report to the Governor
    The Task Force on Local Government Services and Fiscal Stability Final Report to the Governor May 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ……………………………………………….. i Task Force Contributors ………………………………………… ii List of Task Force Members ……………………………………. iii Executive Summary …………………………………………….. iv Introduction ……………………………………………………… 1 Landscape of Local Government ……………………………….. 2 Impacts of State Economy …………………………………… 5 Importance of Local Government in Economic Development .. 6 Local Delivery of Essential Services …………………………….. 8 Local Funding of Essential Services …………………………….. 10 Increased Costs of Services …………………………………... 11 Restrictions on Revenue Generating Capability ……………… 12 State Revenue Sharing Reduction and Freeze ………………... 14 Local Government Options ……………………………………… 18 Case Studies ………………………………………………….. 20 Recommendations Achieving Major Systemic Reform ……………………………… 26 Controlling Costs ………………………………………………… 29 Anchoring State Funding ………………………………………… 33 Returning Local Control …………………………………………. 42 Emergency Financial Management Act …………………………. 44 Appendix Executive Order 2005-7 ………………………………………….. 47 Task Force Documents …………………………………………... 52 County Revenue Sharing Schedule ……………………………… 57 Proposed Amendments to Revised Municipal Finance Act ……... 59 History/Funding of Michigan’s Court System …………………... 66 Minority Reports ………………………………………………… 69 i Prepared in Collaboration by: Michigan State University Michigan Department of State and Local Government Team Treasury Citizens Research Council of Michigan Michigan Association of
    [Show full text]
  • Michigan Constitution
    Michigan Constitution Revised January 2021 History of Michigan’s Constitutions Michigan has adopted four Constitutions. The Constitution of 1835 was adopted two years before Michigan became a state. The Constitutional Convention of 1835 met at the Territorial Capitol in Detroit on May 11, 1835, and adjourned on June 24, 1835. The Constitution of 1835 was adopted at an election held on October 5 and 6, 1835, by a vote of 6,752 to 1,374. On June 3, 1850, a Constitutional Convention met at Lansing and completed its revision on August 15. The Constitution of 1850 was presented at the election of November 5, 1850, and adopted by a vote of 36,169 to 9,433. Over fifty years passed before a new Constitution was adopted. On October 22, 1907, a Constitutional Convention convened at Lansing and completed its revision on March 3, 1908. The Constitution of 1908 was adopted on November 3, 1908, by a vote of 244,705 to 130,783. Four attempts were made to call a Constitutional Convention for the purpose of revising the Constitution of 1908 before the question was approved by the voters on April 3, 1961. A primary election for the purpose of electing delegates was held on July 25, 1961, and on September 12, 1961, one hundred forty-four delegates were elected. The delegates met at Convention Hall in the Civic Center, Lansing, on October 3, 1961, and adopted the proposed Constitution on August 1, 1962. The Constitution was submitted at the election of April 1, 1963, and adopted. A recount established the vote as 810,860 to 803,436.
    [Show full text]
  • CONSTITUTION of MICHIGAN of 1963 § 26 Succession to Governorship
    STATE CONSTITUTION (EXCERPT) CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 § 26 Succession to governorship. Sec. 26. In case of the conviction of the governor on impeachment, his removal from office, his resignation or his death, the lieutenant governor, the elected secretary of state, the elected attorney general and such other persons designated by law shall in that order be governor for the remainder of the governor's term. Death of governor-elect. In case of the death of the governor-elect, the lieutenant governor-elect, the secretary of state-elect, the attorney general-elect and such other persons designated by law shall become governor in that order at the commencement of the governor-elect's term. Duration of successor's term as governor. If the governor or the person in line of succession to serve as governor is absent from the state, or suffering under an inability, the powers and duties of the office of the governor shall devolve in order of precedence until the absence or inability giving rise to the devolution of powers ceases. Determination of inability. The inability of the governor or person acting as governor shall be determined by a majority of the supreme court on joint request of the president pro tempore of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives. Such determination shall be final and conclusive. The supreme court shall upon its own initiative determine if and when the inability ceases. History: Const. 1963, Art. V, § 26, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964. Former constitution: See Const. 1908, Art. VI, §§ 16, 17. Rendered Friday, September 24, 2021 Page 1 Michigan Compiled Laws Complete Through PA 83 of 2021 Courtesy of www.legislature.mi.gov.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Oversight in Wisconsin
    Legislative Oversight in Wisconsin Capacity and Usage Assessment Oversight through Analytic Bureaucracies: High Oversight through the Appropriations Process: Moderate Oversight through Committees: High Oversight through Administrative Rule Review: High Oversight through Advice and Consent: Limited Oversight through Monitoring Contracts: Limited Judgment of Overall Institutional Capacity for Oversight: Moderate Judgment of Overall Use of Institutional Capacity for Oversight: Moderate Summary Assessment The Wisconsin Legislature possesses a number of tools to effectively engage in oversight of the executive branch and in fact does engage in oversight. While much of the oversight is well intentioned bipartisan investigations, increased polarization of the legislature has led to calls for oversight that are motivated by partisan considerations, as the Foxconn deal demonstrates. The legislative support agencies are extensive and active and work closely with the pertinent committees. Furthermore, legislators appear to value oversight, and the members of the key oversight committees are knowledgeable of the issues and use the information the legislative analytic bureaucracies produce. In sum, legislative oversight in Wisconsin is supported by strong institutional resources, notwithstanding some problems that appear to reflect partisan polarization. Major Strengths First, the presence of powerful joint committees in key areas of oversight is critical. For most of the past 50 years, the two chambers were controlled by different political parties. Thus, joint committees encouraged bipartisan oversight. These are the Joint Committee on Finance, the Joint Legislative Audit Committee, and the Joint Committee for Review of Administrative Rules. In most cases, these joint committees supersede the respective substantive committees in each chamber when investigating various state agencies. Furthermore, the way these joint committees, especially the finance and audit committees, use the primary analytic bureaucracies can provide a useful model for other states to emulate.
    [Show full text]
  • Amendments to Texas Code of Judicial Conduct
    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS Misc. Docket No. 97 - 9186 ADOPTION OF AMENDMENTS TO THE TEXAS CODE OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT ORDERED: The Supreme Court of Texas this day adopts amendments to Canon 4, Canon 5, and Canon 6 of the Code of Judicial Conduct. The amendment to Canon 4 will be effective January 1, 1998. The amendments to Canons 5 & 6 will be effective January 1, 1999. Canon 4 CONDUCTING THE JUDGE'S EXTRA-JUDICIAL ACTIVITIES TO MINIMIZE THE RISK OF CONFLICT WITH JUDICIAL OBLIGATIONS A. Extra-judicial activities in General. A judge shall conduct all of the judge's extra- judicial activities so that they do not: (1) cast reasonable doubt on the judge's capacity to act impartially as a judge; or (2) interfere with the proper performance of judicial duties. B. "-•aea`=om' Activities to Improve the Law. A judge may; LU speak, write, lecture, teach and participate in extra-judicial activities concerning the law, the legal system, the administration ofjustice and non-legal subjects, subject to the requirements of this Code; andY Page 1 of 3 (2) serve as a member, officer, or director of an organization or governmental agency devoted to the improvement of the law, the legal s s^ or the administration of justice A judge may assist such an organization in raising funds and may participate in their management and investment, but should not personally participate in public fund raising activities . He or she may make recommendations to public and private fund-granting agencies on projects and programs concerning the law, the le gal system, and the administration of justice Canon 5 (4) A judge shall resign from judicial office upon becoming a candidate in a contested election for a non-judicial office either in a primarv or in a general or in a special election .
    [Show full text]
  • Constitutional Right to a Remedy
    SPEECH THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO A REMEDY THOMAS R. PHILLIPS* Of all the rights guaranteed by state constitutions but absentfrom the federal Bill of Rights, the right to a remedy through open access to the courts may be the most important. The remedy clause, which appears in the constitutions of forty states, usually takes one of two basic forms, but courts have interpreted and applied the clause in a variety of different and often contradictory ways. In this address, Chief Justice Phillips traces the development of the remedy guarantee from its inception in Magna Carta and explication by Coke and Blackstone. Many framers of the originalstate constitutions in colonial America adopted this guarantee as their own, recognizing it as a constraint on both judicial and legislative power. The Chief Justice examines subsequent judicial interpretations of the remedy clause as a potential check on legislative action limiting tort recoveries, particularly in the employment, construction, and medical malpractice contexts. Although he offers several reasons for caution against too robust a reading of the clause, the Chief Justice ultimately posits an approach that aims to protect absolute rights through equal access to justice, while urging state appellate courts to develop a coherent doctrine of remedies jurisprudence that reflects the continuing importance of the right to a remedy. INTRODUCTION The American Bill of Rights, to which United States Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan was so devoted, is one of the supreme achievements of the human spirit. In ten concise paragraphs, it encapsulates most of the basic rights and freedoms that most of the world now regards as the basis of individual liberty and human dig- nity.1 But Justice Brennan, for one, never forgot that every American had even more protection from government oppression.
    [Show full text]
  • STATE CONSTITUTION (EXCERPT) CONSTITUTION of MICHIGAN of 1963 § 26 Succession to Governorship. Sec. 26. in Case of the Convicti
    STATE CONSTITUTION (EXCERPT) CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963 § 26 Succession to governorship. Sec. 26. In case of the conviction of the governor on impeachment, his removal from office, his resignation or his death, the lieutenant governor, the elected secretary of state, the elected attorney general and such other persons designated by law shall in that order be governor for the remainder of the governor's term. Death of governor-elect. In case of the death of the governor-elect, the lieutenant governor-elect, the secretary of state-elect, the attorney general-elect and such other persons designated by law shall become governor in that order at the commencement of the governor-elect's term. Duration of successor's term as governor. If the governor or the person in line of succession to serve as governor is absent from the state, or suffering under an inability, the powers and duties of the office of the governor shall devolve in order of precedence until the absence or inability giving rise to the devolution of powers ceases. Determination of inability. The inability of the governor or person acting as governor shall be determined by a majority of the supreme court on joint request of the president pro tempore of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives. Such determination shall be final and conclusive. The supreme court shall upon its own initiative determine if and when the inability ceases. History: Const. 1963, Art. V, § 26, Eff. Jan. 1, 1964. Former constitution: See Const. 1908, Art. VI, §§ 16, 17. Rendered Friday, October 1, 2021 Page 1 Michigan Compiled Laws Complete Through PA 85 of 2021 Courtesy of www.legislature.mi.gov.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Supreme Court, State of Wyoming
    IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING 2001 WY 19 OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2000 February 23, 2001 STATE OF WYOMING, et al., ) ) Appellants ) (Defendants), ) ) v. ) No. 00-120 ) CAMPBELL COUNTY SCHOOL ) DISTRICT, et al., ) ) Appellees ) (Plaintiffs). ) CAMPBELL COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT, ) STATE OF WYOMING, et al., ) ) Appellants ) (Plaintiffs/ ) Intervening Plaintiffs), ) ) v. ) No. 00-121 ) STATE OF WYOMING, et al., ) ) Appellees ) (Defendants). ) BIG HORN COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT ) NO. ONE, STATE OF WYOMING, et al., ) ) Appellants ) (Intervening Defendants), ) ) v. ) No. 00-122 ) CAMPBELL COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT, ) STATE OF WYOMING, et al., ) ) Appellees ) (Plaintiffs).) STATE OF WYOMING, et al., ) ) Appellants ) (Defendants),) ) v. ) No. 00-123 ) CAMPBELL COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT, ) STATE OF WYOMING, et al., ) ) Appellees ) (Plaintiffs).) Appeals from the District Court of Laramie County The Honorable Nicholas G. Kalokathis, Judge Representing State of Wyoming, et al.: Rowena L. Heckert, Deputy Attorney General; Raymond B. Hunkins, Special Assistant Attorney General, of Jones, Jones, Vines & Hunkins, Wheatland, Wyoming; and Jack B. Speight, Robert T. McCue, and Dominique D. Y. Cone of Hathaway, Speight & Kunz, LLC, Cheyenne, Wyoming Representing Laramie County School District No. One: Paul J. Hickey and Richard D. Bush of Hickey, Mackey, Evans and Walker, Cheyenne, Wyoming Representing Natrona County School District No. One: Stuart R. Day and Kevin D. Huber of Williams, Porter, Day & Neville, P.C., Casper, Wyoming Representing Campbell County School District, Sweetwater County School District No. One, Sweetwater County School District No. Two, and Uinta County School District No. One: Ford T. Bussart and Marvin L. Tyler of Bussart, West, Piaia & Tyler, Rock Springs, Wyoming Representing Teton County School District No.
    [Show full text]