Onchocerciasis Control Programme ln West Africa Programme de Lutte contre l'Onchoc€rcose en Afrique de l'Ouest'
CONJOINT DU PROGRAMIVITi JOINT PROGRAMME CO]ilMMTEE COMITE .CCP Bureau du Pr€sident Offico of the Chairman JPC
JOIN'T PROGRAMME COMMITTEE JPC7.3 Seventh sesslon (ocP /86.7) Accra, 9-12 December 1986 ORIGINAL : FRENCH ocrober 1986
a Provisional a item 1 ( t REPOBT ON THE EVALUATION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC ]MPACT OF THE ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAMME
INTRODUCTION 1. The control of a public health disease is rightly considered by medical authorities as a health priority, especially when it j.s severely disabling for a considerable part of the population. The health priority becomes a national imperative when such a disease prevents the socioeconomic development of many areas 1n the country. When it extends beyond the borders of one country and the solution to the problem of public health lies in activities involving several countries, it ls necessary to arrive at a regional control. The inter-country cooperatlon can then appeal for in*.ernational aid proportional to the scope of the activity to be carried out. 2. Qnchocerciasis control corresponds to the above outline. This concerns bringing under control a severely disabling disease, river blindness, that is widespread in some of the African regions. This control will prompt the populations to reclaim lands that had been abandoned in the past and this will make it possible to improve the socj-oeconomic development of several countries. 3. It was with this end in vj.ew that four international agencies of the United Nations systems (UNDP, FAO, the Wor1d Bank, WHO), supported by a group of donors, decided in 7974 to assist seven West African countries (Benin, Burkj-na Faso, C6te d'Ivoire, Ghana, Ma1i, Niger and Togo) affected by onchocerclaisis. 4. After ten years of lntense activities for tl-re control of the disease, the entomological and parasitological results are highly satisfactory. It may, however, be wondered how, wi.th the support of the Donors, these results are Laken advantage of by the states, communities and individuals living in the protected areas. ) t 5, This report on the evaluatlon of the socioeconomic impact of the Onchocerciasis t- Control Programme (0CP) is being submit,ted i.n response to a request made by the Programme's statutory bodies. J 6. The report, which has been prepared in close collaboration with the Participating Countries and with the assistance of the Sponsoring Agencies, is intended to be a reflection document primarily for the members of the seventh session of the Joint Programme Commlttee (JPC). As such, and considering the complexlty of the subject and the fimlted time available, it is confined to highlighting the main aspects of the socioeconomic changes which have taken place in the Programme area.
7. First, the economic importance of the OCP area in the l,{est African region (see para. 1-! for definition of this Region) is highlighted through 1ts natural resources, suitability for production and settlement capacity. JPCT .3 ( ocP/86.7 ) page 2
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B. Second, the trends observed in the area are analysed and lessons drawn: migratory movements (organized or spontaneous) are characteristic of the OCP area at the regional leve1 of each country and, especially, at the village 1eve1' The analysis shows to what extent the indicators obtai-ned at the village level can help to understand the direction, significance, intensity and motivation of these population movements.
g. The statistics show an appreciable and sometimes remarkable increase in agricultural production in the Programme area; what role have natural resources played in thj-s change?
10. Because of the migration towards the valleys formerly subjected to onchocerciasis a transmission, the populations concerned appear as pioneers; what are the driving forces behind their dynamism and the limiting factors? 11. Furthermore, a marked increase in the pace of land occupancy is noted in some of the former onchocercj.asis valleys, with disturbing ecological- consequences, and a regression of land pressure in other areas; how is balance restored in the utilization of the resources within the zone? llhat are the ways and means of access to the land? 12. Third, the report attempts to synthesize the new development strategies being implemented. Not all the needs have been satisfied, the level of exploitation of the natural resources is sti11 comparatively low and the development strategies have not yet been sufficiently adapted. Such lessons show the obstacles to be cleared for a better understanding of the development problems of the OCP area. Considering the lmportance of thls zone to a1t the Participating Countries, how can these inadequacies be overcome? 13. The present report is based on data collected from three sources:
(a) documentation ava11ab1e from the agencies involved in the executj-on of OCP: UNDP, FAO, The World Bank, WHO;
(b) OCP's archives and documents (kept in Ouagadougou and/or Geneva); (b) a survey carried out jointly, during the first half of 1985, nv ECo/oCP (with the assistance of consultants or contract reseach workers) and the seven national teans of the Participanting Countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, C6te d'Ivoire, Ghana, MaIi, Niger and Togo). This survey will henceforth be cal1ed "1985 Survey". It was carried out in the seven countries of the Programme, and covered 1200 famillies in 25O vi11ages. For the writing of this report, it was possible to analyse only the forms relative to 850 of these families, belonging to 180 vi11ages. Thus, the results obtained give only ir,dications; they are nevertheless significant in a number of fj.elds. I The methodology of the 1pB! survey is in Annex I.
14. The initial OCP area covered 654 000 km2, mainly in the different countries in 16. The West African region is defined here as the environment capable of influencing the entomological results (particularly reinvasion) and the future development of 0CP. It covers the whole of Burkina Faso, COte d'fvoire, Benin, Ghana, Togo' Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Gui-nea, Siema Leone as well as parL of Nigeria Mali and Niger. ,l 17. The West African Region is limited to the north by isoline zero-day1 plant growth (Niger possibility and Mauritania, to the eqst by tongitude 6o50rE basin) and to the t west and south by the Atlantic oceanz. 18. In general, the rainfall and lrater conditions in the OCP area are quite favourable. The soil potential is greater than the average for the region. This situation gives it a particularly great importance in the whole of the sudano- sahelian zone. Climate 19. The greater part of the OCP area is situated in the sudano-sahelian region, with a wet and dry season. Rainfall varies from the north to the south, from J00 mm to about 1400 mm. The dry season can last between six and nine months. 20. For about 1! years, this region has been subjected to a serious climatic crisis3 whose main characteristics and consequences it is essential to bear in mi.nd. 21. The region's rainfall attained its greatest deficit in 1983, with a considerable descent of the isohyets towards the south. For example, in Burkina Faso and MaIi, the rainfall deficit was estimated at 30% Ln 1t8l, as compared with the average for 7977-L9BO. Scarcity of daily rajns of more than 40 mm 22. The s!,udy of the moving weighted averages applied to the annual rainfal-l fractions4 shows a stability of or a slight decrease in daily rains lower than 40 mm, but a great decrease in daily rains above 40 mm; this alone explains 5O/" of L]ne annual rainfall variation. Persistence of the deficit period 21. Since 1950, the decennial isohyets have been descending regularly towards the south; this was most pronounced in 1983. uAI1 the previous observatlons reveaf a phenomenon of persistence of the deficit period"1. Nevertheless, the OCP area has remained within the limits of the 500 to 1000 mm isohyets, which, combined with the isolines of plant growth possibility, has maintained the area in a favourable agricultural production situation during the past decade in comparison with the Sahel. 1 Northern Ij.mit of the zone where there is no period with rains exceeding half the evapotranspiration potential. 2 These lj.mits are shor,vn in Fig. I. The territory formed by this block will henceforth be called "liest African Region" (l^rAR) . See Annex I. 3 C. Puecl-r : Persistance de Ia s6cheresse au Sahel - Cons6quences sur 1es normes hydrologiques et pluviorn6triques - C.I.E.H., December 1983. JPCT .3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) page 5 Effect of the deficit on the water S 24. Study of the flow rates of the main rivers indicates that almost all the fowest volumes occurred during the 1971-1972 and' 1983-1984 periodsl. Furthermore, for 1983- 1984, all the hydrological stations recorded Ievels never reached. 2!. Thus, comparisonl of the moving averages and the year-to-year averages for Seven stations in Burkina Faso showed normal periods between 1930 and 7950, an above- normal period after that and, since 1,968, a deficit period which v,ias pronounced in 1972-L973. 26. Comparison of the rainfall averages for the decade L97O-L9BO with those for the period igOO-f-gAO shows a deficit ot 1O% per annum in the Sahelian regionl- 2'1. In comparison with lts normal average flow rate before 1983, the Niger, at Koufikoro (ttl.fi), has decreased trom 6O6O 637s to 3600 m3/s for the spate. 28. For the 1ow-water period, the Niger, at Niamey, has fa11en regularly below the dry-season Oecerr.,iai .rLI,r. oi f5 *37s Uefore 7970, attain O.5 n3 ls in 1974 and rose Lo f n1/s in 1983. 29. AL Boromo, on the White Volta, the values for the Iow-water period have been decreasing more and more since 1!J2. lO. This situation has affected the filling of the dams and water catchments whether they be for agricultural or hydro-electric purposes, and had repercussions beyond the limit.s of the Programme area. As a matter of fact, the filling of the hydro-elecLric dams sltuated to the south of the OCP boundaries depends on the rainfall in the Programme area, the Bandama, Sassandra and Volta basins playing the role of water tovrer. Thus, in 1984, tne Volta Lake, in Ghana, and Kossou Lake, in the c6te d'fvoire, could no longer regularly supply power to individual consumers or manufacturers in their respective countries. Soil resources 31. In order to simplify this study - which is in no \^,ay a soil study - the classification of soils used in the PAG report has been applied. 32. Table 1 shows the consolidatlons made and the agronomic value assigned to them according to the FAO classification. 33. For the whole West African Region, the production potentials of the OCP area are above the averages for the areas situated outside the control zone as shown in Tab1e 1. a 1 Albergel and Grouziz : S6cheresse au Sahel - Incidences sur 1es ressources en eau et 1es productions v6g6ta1es - ORSTOM, Ouagadougou, 1985. JPc7.3 ( ocP/86.7 ) page 6 Table 1. - Distribution of soil and their cultural value in the OCP Afri WAR 1n of WAR area /o !,Jest African Agricultural OCP area Reeion (%) Value 1. Soils with muII 3.3 o.26 Good to very good 2. Hydromorphic soils 6.1 4.6 G 3. Vertisols 1_ 9 o.95 Good Both 2 and 3 8.0 5.6 4 Slightly desatured 9.6 1.7 Ferralitic soils Average to good 5 Averagely desaturated L2.O 6.8 Ferralitic soils Both 4 and 5 27.O 8.6 6. 'Stightly alluvial soils 0.05 1.4 Average to good 4 + 5 + 6 27.6 10.0 1to5 32.9 15.8 Average to good 7 Highly desaturated Ferralitic soils 10.7 't2 1 o So1ls with "sexquioxides" 4t.l 27.6 (tropical l-eached soils) 9 lsohumic soils 0 L5.5 Average to bad 10. Slightly eroded soils 11. Halomorphic soils 0.4 7.9 Btotl 49.5 50.6 a L2. Mineral soils 5.4 19.B Bad Dams/catchments L.5 Although this table is a simplification, from the viewpoint of the agricultural value of the soiLs, it indicates a significant difference between the OCP area and the tdest African Region. In the Programme area, the agronomic values between average and very good represent 12.9% of the total area. This rate fal1s to 7J.B% outside the OCP area. Conversely, the average to bad values represent 70% in the West African Region as against orily 55% in the Programme area. JPc7.3 ( ocP/85 .7 ) page 7 Table 2.- Agricu 1tural Production potential of the OCP area and the West African Resion A for various c ressed as a of the total area concerned Region OCP area West African Region Potential Very Suitable Very Suitable Sui table Suitable + Very Suitable Suitable + v€fy Crop Suitable Suitable Maize 50.3 4t .4 01 1 37.6 44.3 81 .9 Sorghum 41. B 25.O 66. B 30.8 25.8 56.6 Mi11et 37.o 29.7 66.7 37.5 35.4 66.9 Sweet potato 60.0 34 .B 94.8 53.6 38.4 92.o Cassava 40. B 37.6 72.4 36.0 34.7 70.1 Cotton 4z.z 11 E 69.7 31 .4 27.6 53.0 34. ft is therefore evident that the OCP area has a great potential in regard to suitabitity for the cultivation of the above-mentioned food and cash crops. Furthermore, although constituting 45"/" of the region's total area, the OCP 35. t,- area conEar-ns + t . -l/" of the land very suitable for cultivation of maize, 48% of that for sorghum, 44 ,4% ot that for mi11et, 43.3% of that for sweet potatoes, 43,6% of that for cassava and 47.8% of that for cotton. Animal huslerdry 36. It is one of the main assets of the Participating Countries because of the latitudinal position of the area which favours a satisfactoy growth of herbaceous vegetation in the valleys where the agricultural pressure is 1ow and water available throughout the year This privileged situation has been accentuated further by the 1!Bl climatic crisis which, particularly, reduced the production of Sahelj-an pastures. a 37. However, most of these lands, which are both favourable and available for animal husbandry, are inlested with savana tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans), vectors of animal trypanosomiasis and capable of hindering considerably the development of the rearing of non-trypanotolerant zebus. 1 Sor.ce: FAO - Rapport sur 1e projet relatif aux zones agro-6coIogiques, 1979, vol 1. M6thodologie et resultats pour 1'Afrique. Results extrapolated by the OCP/ECO team. JPC7.3 (0ce7e6.71 page B lB. Moreover, shortage of water, especially during the dry season, is a serious obstacle to the development of animal husbandry in certain parts of the Programme area. Tourism and nineral resources 39. The 0NCH0 zone has a considerable potential for tourism and several mineral deposits. In the context of a recovery of the economy of the industrialized countries, these resources constitute a valuable asset for the development of the OCP area. Their exploitation under economically profitable conditions will however necessitate vast road and track progrFmmes to open up the sites. > Migrant settlement potential Population density and intensification of farming methods 40. wittr an average of 20.2 inhabitants per kn2, the OCP area is far from being saturated thanks to its agricultural potentialities. However, the unequal population distribution in the OCP area and the sometimes marked contrasts between the interfluvial plateaux and the valleys make the latter privileged as regards agricultural settlement potential. However, the population density is lower than on the plateaux, reaching zero in certain cases at the start of the Progranme. 41. Thus, in Burkina Faso, i.:nL975, 41 000 kn2 situated along the river banks which represented 17.4% of the total area of the country situated within the Programme boundaries were completely uninhabited and uncultivated 1 while the Mossi plateau was overpopulated and overcropped. The same plateaux/empty valleys contrast existed in Northern Ghana. 42. Even where the valleys were not completely deserted the proportion of the land under cultivation was very 1ow indeed as the following figures show: (a) In Burkina Faso, on the Black Volta, only J.35/, of the land was under cultivation with 86% aval.l.able for agricultural settlement. On the Conoe, these figures were 2.4% and 89% respectively. (b) In COte dtlvoire, on the upper Sassandra, where certain areas are completely empty, the land under cultivation represented only l% of the total available in 1973 ; on the middle Bandama, this proportion did not exceed 2%, wiL}: local exceptions, and 3O'l of the land was unoccupied2. 43. t'lore examples could be given, but in almost the whole of the OCP area, with a few exceptions and the particular case of Ma1i, more than 80% of the lands in the valleys hrere unused, despite the application of a farming system characterized by cultivation on patches of burnt land during 4 to 5 years, followed by a fallow period of 1! to 20 a years. Settlement capacity 44. Protected from the transmission of the disease, the OCP area has a different influence today on the demography and economy of the Participating Countries. 1 See J.P. Hervouet : resettlement. of the valleys in 1985. 2 Fil..on, J.Ch., Ka1ibi , 2., Arnaud, J.CI., Kra Yao, 1983 JPCT .3 (ocP /86 .7 ) paSe 9 45. The population which is predominantly agricultural, is distributed over 875 000 km2 with a relatively 1ow density. The physiognomy of the agriculture practised in the zone has greatly changed and shows a definite dynamism. Information from the 1!B! Survey and the various statistical sources reveals peasant farms striving towards an average equipment level1 (improved manual cultivation with more than 20% animal traction, improved seeds, etc.). 46. Based on the natural features of this zone, its suitability for agricultural production and the leve] of equipment used on the farms, its potential population supporting capacity has been estimated at 150 inhabitants per kmz for about 55"/" of its expanse and /! inhabitants per kmz for the rest4. 47. On the basis of such figures, the popul-ation that can be supported by the OCP area has been estimated at about 90 miIlion. Compared with the present population situation (hardly 1l million inhabitants in the Programme area and a total of about 48 million in the seven Participat.ing Countrles), it appears to be a settlemenL zone par excellence, but will not play this role ful1y ti11 certain conditions are fu]fil]ed such as increase in yields through improved production systems and control of urbanization. 48. liater tower and settlement land are words which come naturally to mind when the OCP area is mentioned. They bring in quite an optimistic note at a time when Africa is experiencing serious development difficulties. 49. Undoubtedly, the zone's potentlalities are not such as to make spectacular economlc growth possible. It is not likely to see mushroom tolrns, sky-scrapers and big industrial, mining or touristic complexes in the foreseeable future. But the zone doubtlessly offers the possibility for a development which may be more solid, namely "food self-sufficiency in ldest Africa". !0. The Governments are ak,are of this and are, with the assistance of international financial bankers, increasj.ng investments in the onchocerciasis-protected zones which have been neglected for decades. Proof of this is given by men and women who, relying partly on these public activities, are settling, clearing lands, cultivating and rearing livestock there. TRENDS OBSERVED IN THE ZONE An evident migration !1. The liest African Region, to which the OCP area belongs, has always been the field of organized and spontaneous migratory movements. Historically, the causes of these populatlon movements have been economic (trade, search for 1and, etc.) military (flight from invaders and wars), administrative (colonial policies and their various compulsi.ons), etc. More recently, these movements have been in a north-south direction, particularly towards the coastal tovrns or coffee and cocoa plantations in the sout.hern part of the costal countries in the region. 1 Arrerage equipment 1evel refers to the situation regardi-ng intermediate inputs and is defined by FAO as : Ieve1 corresponding to the use of new improved implements and/or animal traction with some applications of fertilizers and pesticides and some simple soil conservation measures which make it possible to reduce loss of productivity due to soil degradation. 2 feO document : "Capacit6 potentielle de charge d6mographique des terres du monde d6veloppement" (1979) . JPc7.3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) page 10 !2. Neither the arbitrary demarcation of the borders through colonization nor the independence of the countries has prevented movenents within the geographic and ethnic groups. These movements are even becoming very intense along the present borders of the countries in the area (OCP/ECO Survey of 1985). !1. Transhumance, without being migration in the classic sense, has led to population movements: hersdmen movlng with their herds in search of pastures and water. , !4. Internal migrations are taking place from high-density to less populated areas whose potentialities are still considerable. The Mossi plateau in Burkina Faso, the Dogon plateau in Mal,i, the Kabye plateau in Togo and the dense Korhogo zone in COte d'Ivoire are examples of departure zones as regards this type of internal migration. D 55. The great drought in the Sahel has led to the intensification of migration. Because of its water and land potentialities, the OCP area attracts populations in distress. White maintaining part of its role as a transit zone, it has become a settlement area. !5. Despite the lack of statistics to precisely quantify all these movements it is possible to establish a rough typology of the migration going on in the area. Migration to and out of the OCP area !1. The northern, north-eastern and north-western parts of the area are the entry points for migrants forced by the drought to leave arid zones. They are hersdmen and/or farmers. Most of them remain in the area and settle in the valleys where water and land are available. Apart from a few minor conflicts between hersdmen and farmers, traditional hospitality is extended to the newcomers, according to customar5' land rules. 58. The south has been and continues to be the area's exit towards the coast and sometimes serves as a stopover for emigrant popufations, ei"ther natives of the area or lrom elsewhere. With the generally difficult economic situation in the African countries, these north-south movements tend to stop at the southern limits of the area where the migrants organize themselves to survive. Inter-country and intra-OOP area migrations !!. Inter-country migrations within the OCP area confirm that the area is not only an entomological but also an economic, cultural and social unit. These intra-ethnic or inter-ethnic migrations know no frontier. This applies to the Lobis moving between Burkina Faso, C6te d'Ivoire and Ghana, the Gourounsis between Burkina Faso and Ghana, the Ewes between Togo, Ghana and Benin, the Bambaras and the Dioulas between Mali and Burkina Faso, etc. These populations are liable to to-and-fro movement,s which are closely related to the economic and political conditions prevailing at a given time in the various countries. Migrations within the individual countries 60. There are four types two of which are not well known and of less significance, i.e., migrations from urban to rural areas and migrations from one urban area to another. 61. However, the other two types of migration, which have the rural area as starting point (rura1-ruraI ; rural-urban), are better known and much more significant. "Rura1-rura1" migrations occur everywhere in the OCP area. As regards the rural- urbain migration, it is universal. It is more considerable in the coastal countries or, at the very least, they benefit most from it, whether from the interior of the country or from outside the national boundary. JPCT .3 ( ocP/86.7 ) page 11 62. Available data on these forms of migratlon do not aIl-ow of an in-depth analysis' However, trends appear which enable a distinctj-on between thro Sroups of countries: Sahelian and coastal. 't 63. tfre common characteristics of the ONCHo areas are their agricultural potential-ities and 1ow population densities in the va11eys. Despite these potentialities, rural-urban migration continues to be very considerable' However' contrary to that, a rural-rura] movement is appearing and seems to be a manifestation of the will of the rural populations to look for solutions to their daily problems by carrying out activities within the rural areas' 64. Generally speaking, available qualitative and quantitative data support thls type of internal migration, As a matter of fact, out of t|ne 122 villages investigated in five countries, for which data are available on population changes, it was observed above those ;nat 54% have an annual growth rate that is not only positive but also for the administrative districts they belong to. 65. Furthermore, the foltowing observations can be made on the basis of the classification of the villages according to the annual population grohrth rate: (1) Negative rate 22/23,i.e.,95.6/. of the villages concerned have a net migration 1oss. (2) Low rate 26132, i.e. , 8L.2"/" of the villages concerned have a net migration loss. (3) Average rate 74/78, i.e. , 77% of the villages concerned have a net migration gain. (4) Hish rate 21/2L, i.e. , 7OO/. of the villages concerned have a net migration gain. (5) Very high rate: 24/24, i.e. , IOO'/" of the villages concerned have a net migration gain. 66. tn conclusion, the net migration losses correspond to negative or low growth rates; conversely, the net migration gains comespond to rates from average to very high. 67. ttris observation wou1d, at first sight' seem to be a sinple hypothesis, but is confirmed as a "rura1-rura1" movement when the case of each Sahelian country is considered. The Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, It1a1i . Nieer ) 68. fn Burkina Faso, thls "rura1-rura1" migratory movement takes two forms: migrations organized by the Volta Valleys Development Authority (AVV) and those reierred to ui ,'spontaneous". Both types are from the overpopulated Mossi plateau with exhausted lands towards the fertile valleys protected from onchocerciasis. Spontaneous migrations are also observed in the Sahel. Because of the constraints (financial, social, etc.) inherent in organized migratlons, they are not as great as the spontaneous ones. The 1!B! Survey revealed that settlement of whole families and foundation of new villages, or repopulation of villages formerly deserted for reasons related to onchocerciasis, are going on in the area. It also showed that intense movements are going on between the villages in the area. Some villages have experienced more or less important departures of families; others ' more numerous ' have experienced massive arrivals of "spontaneous" migrants. The net migration gain rvhich is high for these villages necessitates a further study of these movements in orcler to ensure a harmonious development of the area and maintain its ecological equilibrium. JPC7.3 ( 0cP/86 .7 ) page L2 59. fhe situation in Mali is alnost identical to that of Burkina Faso except that it has no "organized" nigrations as yet. Supervision efforts are being made by the authorities for the spontaneous migration to take place harmoniously. The departure zones are regions outside the OCP area which are experiencing unfavourable climatic t and hydrological conditions. Farners, herdsmen and fishermen are involved in these movements. Thus, appearances of new villages are observed in many places (22 in the OCP sector of Sikasso, 47 in that of Banako, etc). 70. Although only L.]l of Niger's land area is covered by the Programme, it is experiencing the same type of movement in that part of its territory. The drift from the rural areas towards Nianey is certainly significant, but at the sane time the "rural-rura1" migratory movement is of such an extent that the majority of the villages in the zone have a net migration gain. The coastal countries (Benin, C6te d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo) J1. They benefit nore fron the rural-urban migration than the Sahelian countries ; in fact, the towns in the coastal countries receive rural populations both from within the country and from neighbouring countries (mainly sahelian). These countries have always had a north-south migratory tradition, which is related to the first urban settlenents on the coast. J2. Moreover, the more favourable climatic situation of the coastal countries, particularly in regard to rainfal1, strengthens this traditional north-south movement. This has been a favourable factor for the conservation, in the northern part of the coastal countries, of great potentials of good-quality 1ands. ll. The extent of the rural-urban migration shoutd not mask the existence of rural- rural migrations ev< .. though the latter seem to be less significant than the former. At the village levc.i-, the 1985 Survey revealed a significant population movement in space. In Benin, many villages have had a net migration gain. In Ghana, the OCP zone is undoubtedly regaining a rapid population growth : the Northern Region has one of the highest population growth rates in the country. For 20 villages studied in the zone by OCP, the general net migration gain was 81 fa.milies. The situation in C6te d'Ivoire is similar to that of the preceding countries. Rural-urban mlgration is sti1l going on but rural-rural migration is becoming more marked: out of the 37 vittages for which information is available, 20 have a net gain while 1l have a net Ioss. In Togo, apart from the drift from the rural areas which continues to drain the active population towards the urban centres, the OCP zone has been an area of rural-rural migration. The creation and extension of gane reserves have 1ed to considerable novements of populations towards the border zones of Ghana, Benin and Burkina Faso and many of them have settled in villages in the 0ncho zone. This is confirmed by the results of the 1985 Survey which showed that out of 2L vil1ages, 1l had a marked net migration gain and only eight a loss. t J4. Besides, the mesoendemic and hypoendemlc zones seem to be, in that order, the preferred destinations of migrants, while the leading departure zones are the interfluves. The hyperendemic villages have, therefore, been, on average, very stable during the period considered. J!. Beyond the quantitative aspect of these population movements which are imperfectly known, one general observation can be made: the 1985 Survey has shown that the obsessive fear of onchocerciasis and the dread of the "cursed val1eys" are disappearing in several places. JPCl.3 (ocP/86.7) pa8e 13 An appreciable in production Animal husband rv 16. Abundant pastures, availability of hrater and 1ow population density have made the oCP area a settlement zone for the animals forced to leave the north because of the persistence of the drought. l/. Irrespective of this forced immigration of herdsmen, the onchocerciasis-protected zone is becoming propitious for the promotion of extensive and semi-intensive animal husbandry. This situation has been made possible by the progress of research and by the vaccination and administration of drugs agalnst the major epizootics, which have enabled the selection of more trypano-tolerant breeds' 78. fn most of the OCP countries, the bulk of the livesLock is found in the onchocerciasis-protected zone. Thus, Benin's OCP zone which accounts for less than one-third of the rural population, contains 62% of the country's cattle and almost 52"/" of the sheep and goats ; in Ghana, more Lhan 78% of the cattle-raising is carried out in the two regl-ons in the North ; in C6te d'Ivoire, the cattle population doubled within the Programme zone between 1974 and 1984. In this last mentioned case, the main reason seems to be the weicome extended to livestock from neighbouring countries Fishing 79. The fish resources in the Programme area are noL fu11y exploited. Niger's production has been estimated at 10 000 tonnes of fish out of a potential evaluated aL 20 000 tonnes. In Benin, flshing occupies less than 500 professionals and is conflned to the Niger va1]ey. Mali exports one-tenth of the 100 000 tonnes of fish caught every year; this represents 3% of the GDP and B% of the country's exports. 80. The Niger river appears to be an important centre for the fishing i-ndustry in the zone; hence the decline in this activlty following the excessive faII in the h,ater leve1 of the river and the emigration of professional fishermen (getting BO% of their income from fishing) to other regions (Selingue in Ma1i, Nigeria, C6te d'Ivoire, etc). BL. ttre preferred destinations seem to be the coastal countries. Thus, in COte d'Ivoire, 2000 and 1000 fishermen of Malian origin were enumerated on Lakes Kossou and Buyo respectively. There are B0O fishermen in the whole of the northern part of the country only 5"/" of whom are lvorians. 82. In Burkina Faso , the number of fishermen has, in ten years, fallen from about 5000 to 3700 including 500 foreigners (Bozos). Crop production Bl. Various integrated and sectoral development projects have been financed in the onchocerciasis-protected zone. The socioeconomic impact of such projects 1s positive on the whole even if their scope seems to be more or less limited depending on the initial objectives. For Ma1i, Niger and Burkina Faso the most urgent issue is the identification of projects for the exploitation of the potentj-alities of tite onchocerciaisis-protected val1eys. The coastaf countries on the other hand, aim at identifying projects, under "OCP umbre11a", to reduce the disparities between the North and South in order to countribute to the slowlng down of the drift from the rural areas. 84. gs regards agricultural productions, all the countries have for a long tlme given priority to cash crops to the detrlment of food crops, the latter suffering both from a serious lack of extension services and from a remunerative price system for the producers. JPC7.3 ( ocP/86.7 ) page 14 85. fne consequence of this situation is clear. Crops like cotton have been progressing quite rapidly despite the climatic uncertainties, while cereal production has been stagnating, if not falling alarmingly. The past five years have, however, been marked by a policy reorientation which now gives the same extension t' service priority to cotton and cereals. Ttris has resulted in an increase in the production of miI1et, sorghum and maize. Although the drought of 1983 dealt a blow to production, the yields are much better in the OCP area. This observation applies to all the countries. Country-by-country analys is Benin Table 3. - The evolution of agricultural production in the OCP zone is as follows Production (tonnes) Production (tonnes) Index (%) Crop 1979/80 t983/84 1 llaize 10 634 11 486 + 8.0 Yams 315 114 196 987 - 37.7 Cassava 36 405 28 202 - 22.6 Rice 6 226 4 25O - 37.7 Cotton 10 514 25 44o +141.9 86. fn the two provinces of Borgou and Atakora, the increase in cultivated areas, productions and yields of cotton have been very impressive. For the other crops, Atakora has obtained better results than Borgou. 87. Cattle-raising in the OCP zone increased by 2B/. between 1974 and 1984, as against onLy 2O'/. outside rt. Burkina Faso BB. The evolution of the various indicators of the national cereal production is still slow. In the AVV organized-settlement in the OCP zone, the yields for the I9B2l1983 season for millet, sorghum, rice and maize attained record leve1s (miltet/sorghum: 1100 kslha; rice: 4OOO kglha; maize: 1150 kglha). 89. ttre oCP zone's share in food production rose from 92/. in L974 to 94"1 iD l9BO, while that of areas cultivated rose from 87% to 89% during the same period. 90. Eighty-nine per cent of the mi1let, 9B'l of the sorghun, 7OO'/. of the rice, maize and yams, for the L9B4/1985 season, show the importance of the zone in regard to agricultural production. 91. Cotton cultivation has recorded successes which are due mainly to the mastery of farming techniques, extension of areas under cultivation, extension services for producers and, above all, the policy of guaranteed prices. From 496\g/na tbe yields have risen to more than 1000 kg/ha in ten years. In the whole country, animal tractj.on is practised by tO% of the farmers, as against BO% for the organized- settlement zone. JPjT .3 (ocP /86.7) page 15 !2. Livestock evolved very 1itt1e betlreen L975 aod 1982 in the whole country. This situation can be explained by the drought which forces many peasants to give up raising animals, until then considered to be the most widespread form of savings in the rural areas, and herdsmen to migrate more and more towards the south in search of pastures and water. This gives the OCP zone a different physiogrromy from the rest of the country in terms of animal husbandry; it has more livestock. fn 1985' Burkina Faso's livestock was composed of 2 800 O0O cattle, 4 800 000 goats and sheep, and 300 000 equidae. C6te d'Ivoire pl. The areas under cropping of the main cereals did not vary much between 1975 and 1980. However, the national productions and yields are progressing quite we11. Although the available data hardly indicate notable changes in yam production, the 1!B! Survey revealed a favourable evolution. 94. fn order to ensure a real promotion of cereal cultivation, increased efforts have been made in regard to research and popularization of better-performance production techniques. In 7977, the responsibility of the fvorian Textiles Development Company (CIDT) was exLended to the provision of extension services for the production of rice, maize, sorghum, soya beans and groundnuts. !!. This new strategy has 1ed to an improvement of the yields on peasant farms. In 1983/84, rice farms receiving extension services produced more than two tonnes per hectare 1n the OCP zone. The yields of maize and groundnuts h,ere 1.8 tonnes/ha and 1 tonne/ha respectlvely. 96. The areas under food crops receiving extension services increased bV 39.2/" between 1982 and 1984 as against 13-6% tor cotton which now does not represent more than !0,7"/" of the tota1. Thj-s confirms the importance which CIDT attaches at present to these crops. Ghana 97. In 7979, Line OCP zone produced 7OO% ot the mi11et,99/" of the guinea-corn, 78% ot the groundnuts and 58% of the rice. !8. Furthermore, 7O3 221 (76%) ot Ghana's 924 697 head of cattle are found in the onchocerciasis-protected zone as is more than 96% of the country's sheep and goats (1982 figures). p!. There hras a spectacular increase in fertilizer consumption between 1974 and 1984. The multiplier coefficient is 124. Ma1i, 100. The production of miIlet/sorghum has been very irregular, especially in the OCP Zone. During the period under consideration, maize productl-on increased, whereas that of groundnuts decreased considerably. The following figures give an idea of the importance of the OCP zone as a proportion of the national agricultural production: 83.1/, of the miIlet/sorghum production; 66.7/" of the maize productionl. 101. The yields of maize from farms receiving extension services (South Mali project) reached 2.! tonnes/ha in 19BO-81 as against 1.6 tonnes/ha in t976-77. lO2. These results prove that it is possible to increase cereal yields through modernization of productlon techniques. 1 tg8t data. JPCl.3 (ocP /86.7) page 15 103. There has been a more or fess regular increase in aninal husbandry in the whole country. The OCP zone's share in livestock production was BBI for cattle and sheep/goats in 1974. rn 1981, it felI to 781 and 73/ respectively. In 1!BJ, the livestock situation r/ras as follows: I 771 million cattle and 1 966 million sheep/goats in the OCP zone. Niger 104. Covering only 1.71 of the national territory, the OCP zone produces 2.7"1 and 4.Bl of the mil1et and sorghum respectively. Its yields are the best observed in the country. 105. Furthermore, the OCP zone accounts for almost 5% of the livestock production and its progress in the national production foreshows a net immigration of herdsmen. The cattle population in this zone increased by 301 between L9B2 and 1983 as against only 181 for the rest of the country. Togo 106. Ttre data for the past ten years show a somewhat limited increase in the production and areas under cropping of mi1let/sorghum, maize and rice. There seems to be no difference between the yields obtained in the onchocerciasis-protected zone and the national averages. 7O7. The zone represents 791 of the areas and accounted for 77/, of the millet and sorghun productions in 1983-1984. 108. Rice seems to give much better results outside the OCP zone. The areas under groundnuts have har iy progressed and the production has a downward trend in comparison i,',ith 1c / 4. In 1983, the OCP zone represented B9/. of the areas under groundnuts and supplied 761 of the production. 109. As regards cassava and yams, they seem to fol1ow the same evolution as the cereal crops; a stable yield tending rather to faII. 110. More than 59/ of Togo's animal husbandry is undertaken in the OCP zone. Sixty- nine per cent of the cattle and 801 of the horses and donkeys in the country are found there. Crop-by-crop analysis 111. Like the analysis of crop productions per country, the separation of the countries' productions in the OCP area is aimed only at highlishting the evolution of agricultural production in the area. 172. In fact, comparison between agricultural production in the OCP zones and the areas not covered by the Programme, for a particular country, does not make much sense. For the coastal countries, the main crops in the south are too different from those in the north be they cash crops (cocoa, coffee, banana, pineapple, etc., for the south, cotton and groundnuts for the north) or food crops (cereals in the north, root crops in the south). For the Sudano-Sahelian countries, the reason for the insignificance of such a comparison is geographical: there is too great a difference between each country's area not covered by the Programme and the OCP area. For example, for Burkina Faso, almost the whole country corresponds to the oCP zone; for' Niger, it is the contrary. 113. Crop-by-crop analysis has been limited to the main crops in the Sudano-Sahelian zone: millet, sorghum and maize for cereals, staple food in these regions, and cotton and groundnuts for cash crops. JPCT .3 (ocP /86 .7 ) page 17 114. The tables give, for each crop, the trend of production, area cultivated and yietd for the period 1974-1984. For cereal-s, the trend is generally positive as regards production whose increase is mainly due more to the increase in areas cultivated than to yields. The increase in cotton production is markedly greater than that of cereals since it has doubled during these ten or so years; contrary to cereals, increase in cotton yields has been the main cause of its production growth 175. Finally, the evolution of groundnuts has been mediocre: stagnation if not regression. However, the overall agricultural production is positive, and markedly favourable, if account is taken of the unfavourable climatic conditions of the period. 716. Thanks to the 0nchocerciasis Control Programme, considerable areas rich in agricultural potentialities have been reclaimed and are contributlng to the general growth of the Participating Countries. Likewise, the populations are now safe from the disease caused by the bIackfly, the onchocerciasis vector. This situation should theoretically lead to an increase in the populations' working capacity, i.e., they should work more intensely than they hrere doing before the disease's control. The renewal of the economj.c dynamism of the population will be measured in the rest of the report (See Annex V). JPC7.3 (ocPl86.t) page 18 N o o o @ r @ 6 N @ E o co o @ o N N o i @ @ @ N d (! r @ oEt o\ o o o o od r N o @ $ -t o >o) o\ o N co co o\ r !i i .,+ r @ @ N .i Og F{ o o€ \o o o !c) r r € o a s o E r-t .f co o o\ d o\ !o F{ \+ r A o @ F.{ oo i OB tl \o ts o o o o o r N o N o o tq N n .f, Fi o N o\ .+ s N N o\ 6 i r i N N o o o o @ o co $ o 6 \o o o\ \, o .if o o N 'o d o d) o Or o) F{ (d o\ N o o o o @ o io ts .,f, o o o o \o o !ol o\ \? o o s o \o N i o 6 o o\ ,lr il oil l! >'! \o N o o o o \o o 6 io r \t o o r-l o o s o o h o 8 6t E trt o (r) o o OE H FI o l!trr! o a o N o o o o ! ts .+ o o N o @ o a) -, o o N N X p. \? o o o ts i o t Q N CO o o o o @ .s H @ r \o o\ -+ t \o o @ H d -{ ! 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H .,f, z q.) o) z H & n FI H v fr] z H rd o lr ,o z d Fl a (! 9l E # H 8 o F ,a ta () (J z H o JPCT .3 (ocP / 86 .7) page 19 O. A 0r A A 'i H r o\ N rI ts rn o) -t ! @ i Ot o r \o ! d 6 \o N \o o r N .t N F{ o o \o o ln \o o\ o o @ r-l o N o @ F{ @ co Ol o\ .s o o .+ \o 8 o\ @ o m @ .+ ts .d' CA N 6 o o\ F{ d FI € 6 (! o\ o o o .s d @ o \o to Fi o o @ @ \o o o or o, .$ ts o I o\ ao .,+ o C'\ o N o\ r! @ \o N o\ \o r o\ d N n Fl / e \o 6\ FI o H o o o \o o\ @ o o \, 8 o o H @ J @ o N ! 6 \o o\ o \o o) o @ i o I @ \? N ts N r o o Fl F{ F{ @ o Fl o i o o \o r 6 (7) N o o o F{ @ ts @ o \o o F .c .+ ts ts ts ! .t \o o \o (! ru o m lr GO d *t r ( o (7) o\ o co ud d ts i !u E o o .t co o\ o 6 o -+ o o @ lr I o o \o o\ .n q) \o @ o d d CA \o o\ r ts 6 d o\ i N @ 6 F o\ ct -+ r ts ts @ Fi ! @ .{ ts N F{ d I, td o .o Fl o Or o o F{ o\ o N o \o |r o o N N \o r r o co o Or (o o N r ts N H @ r N $ @ \o N co E .it F- r .lt ts N o I E o\ : d tr F.i r l+t r) o o F\ o N o o N \o o N o o o ln i ao o o r r o -t ts \' d N N o @ .c F .t @ ts rn co d d ol F o .{t -? N \o \o !n dl ( F{ r ., o ol F{ ts Nl o ol u tJ \o o o or o N N o o o o o .c (! 6l \o o 6 .+ N o o o N ! @ -, \o o o o o .t n r F u 8l \o o o ts a.l o o r \o ts I o\ .tt ts (o .if N \o F o o th 'l o\ N ts d x rl i N o o o :l E (! ol u lr c) o\ f) o o o o o n a lr ,ri o o \o (o H E o o F{ o @ o o @ o o 6 E \o (f) \o o 6 N r o .{. o co o (U (! (t) 6 \o i o \? o l! r (i L TJ Ot N -, ts 6 N \o @ o a F{ F \o (! u ru trOJ t (! \o o o o o N U ts ts o o o o o \o N o o o 6 r tJ d .c @ co \o N -t .+ l! o r N r o\ o\ F) N o da Fi F{ N tl (!.C U ,c) E trlr o (0u)EO tr pi ET c o & qt c ?n H OE o ld o o t6 i I H iU o , ll) z h * * od io z H { & * lJ od o o H v fr] H !t o !i tr z c I Fl fti E r I rI: b H 8 0, 6 la .a (J E 2 Er E* I H !.t A JPC7.3 (ocP/86.7) page 20 A A A gr pr P{ N N { d o 0, o \o E co o\ il ! o @ .o i ,\ u t i N \' o a.) N .t \o \o o o o\ o o (f) CA co o o o 8 d o n 6 @ rn E o\ lf 6 qo @ r s 6 \o @ J (?) o\ \' r \o (o N o d o i o\ FI H A o l! 6 o o h .+ o o N o o o o .+ ao \o o co o o o\ \o \o I o\ .rf o CO o N u co r \o \o .C r o\ d ( N .tt d 6 (7) i F{ E 6 c o\ F{ F{ F{ v H 6 o) o o o ts o CA o o o \o .$ o o \o @ N co o (v') i. (o rn o \o o\ o n o\ o d 00 @ ts @ N CO o (7) a Or o F{ 6 F d o : \o co o F{ i F{ o c ., o o o N N o (v) r o o o co F @ o \o (, rn ., ts ts o ts lr N o o (! o o F ! @ -4 o\ r0 F{ Ch J F{ d) or\ o @ x 6 N I c) u F.l t) c, E o .+ o o @ @ o\ o o\ \o N o t, N .lt CA o o @ tr \o o o ts \o 6l i o\ .{' N \o 6 o o\ E A ts .{f o o H N o 6 lr o\ o 6t ts ts 6 6t ld 00 F ts F{ B )2 F{ \o c !d o t N o o F{ o\ o N o \o o o d o .t N \o ts F o co ao o .+ N ts N H o o\ c \o o\ \o i T,l co rl o r N N Oi \o N ol 6 r 6 .rf r .lf ts N a It il U) d ts F{ o >l qtr dl trl d o o N F o ts o \o o N o dt o tt @ o I ts o (i o0 .c N ts CA @ .+ a -+ ts CA \o d 6 EI r I H ol r ts .{t @ F{ N o E 9t ( @ .lf .c r N \o n n 6l a r 6 >l U OJ { ,l ul (! A J o o \o o N N o o .at u a o .+ N o 8 N o P o @ @ .,+ \o \o o o .+ ts ts t, \o 9 ru F{ ts r! E @ r f{ o r N o p 6 o\ co 6 .c @ .+ H ts o N F{ o o F4 ts 6 tr o. (! Ed) o o o F{ o\ 6 o o o o o n eh li I \o o 6 .+ \o o o o o o m rx>o o r o \o o N o @ .q o lo d o! t o N o ts i \o F{ o F r) o N o\ o -$ o\ N F{ 6 o oo F{ tl H \o N \o a-1 o !r!(!lr o N o o o o rn o N ca d o o o N o o \o I N N o o \o CN F OFI t -, o ts \o N o d) -t h !U o ts 6 i 6t ts o\ u H oo0 o lro E !a o o ol v tl Ha>(0 A EI -c il o & EE o tJ) H r! IrI o q) f! ! H o @o() \o z + * ! H * d * o Hv t'r H rd o lrd l] o z x q Fl oa O{ p l'l D b g H 8 ho 6 EI E o z H o I H *lr F{ JPC7.3 (ocP I 86.7) page 21 Ar )i A g{ A. A E. x o\ o N .+ \o $ @ F o u o\ r N F.t i u (t) r o N o o o F o I N o \o @ o o r o Q) H \o n o co .c co \o o co t{ o o @ o s \o CA \o ts FI H o (0 N Or \o 6 o o @ o\ N ts o o\ .+ n r) o o ts F r 6 (f) o 6 o or o (D o .{. co o ts N o N (t CO 6 N \o r{ d N F{ N o\ N o N @ o @ o a F{ F{ Fl N o q) 6 o o @ N \t g\ o o 6 N H ts o tr o o o \o q) F{ @ i N o\ \o N @ \o r @ co 00 o\ N N 6 o \o N FI a H ts .c -t : d J o c ts o o N N o o o o \o H ts @ @ o @ tu \o N \o CA 6 6 o\ -t h .t }{ 'To (! o Fi N N N C{ i F{ Or 8 \o \o d t F{ F{ q,) o @ o o \o r N o\ o o o L o (7) o 6 \o .ti F- CA o N .B .+ h N co Or (D p € N u ts (, o .t o\ € Fr N N N F{ i rtt i N o\ r N N E F{ d ! N o H o t' o o o o .+ o o o o o \o r o\ \o @ E / f) ri co .s N i , H E 6 0,) ts r o r) N / t d a CA o F. o .{ € x Fi F{ i t "-{ € ru c o 6 N o o s \o o h o \o @ o o co .if I ts -, F I a \o \o o @ @ N \o l! ru ts E 9 r co co \o N t o 6 o\ ts \c CO (Y) -$ Fl d d N @ U ! ! (f) o o r ts "s .rf o o o o n o o o\ r o o o o \o \o o\ \' \o o \o 6 \o r! l! r c'\ N o rn o F{ o Ot \o @ o F{ F{ N o lr o (! E 6J I ! lJ d F{ o o o o N o o (,\ ru \o o F{ I o o h F f) o \o 6 F{ a o al I o N ts .+ N o @ F{ A 0, l. o\ o 6 @ ! J o H H N o E ! 6 11) o t ! 6 F.{ \o o .+ f) o o \o I N Fi ts co s .+ N O' A o ! o\ 6t ts il t) FI q) ! lf @ T' i (! o lr i H o A o rl]d c P a o d ./) o c tsl fq G H o ci a ts z o ! 2 H & o o H v rd H t{ o lr tl i 2 rJ o o FI F{ E E H U gr. 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Just as for the other sections of this report, the methodology utilized was not aimed at demonstrating relations of cause and effect but at giving general data which bear witness to the dynamism which has appeared in the populations in the OCP area. There is no intention to provide a causal relation between OCP's vector control activlties and the dynamism of the populations. Like the observations made in the preceding paragraphs, it should be pointed out here that there is a general movement whose causes are multiple and include the control of onchocerciasis in the zones protected from this plague. 118. The dynamism of the populations whlch will be highlighted in the following paragraphs are supplementary to the elements which have been analyzed already: production changes and population movements. The surprising rapidity with which the peasants sometimes develop cotton cultivation, when they find it to their advantage' proves that they are perfectly capable of modifying their farming system and adopting new production techniques. Ltg. Likewise, the very great progress of animal husbandry in the area, which is related to the arrival of livestock herded away from the drought zones in the Sahel' has so far taken place in a relatively harmonious way. There has been no report in recent years that the traditional conflicts between farmers and herdsmen have become particularly acute. This indicates not only that land is stil1 available but also that the peasants have adapted themselves to a new situation. And what is more, with the development of animal traction, a new "race" of peasants/herdsmen is appearing. l2O. The information provided on equipment. in the villages is also interesting. Animal traction is practised in almost LB% of the farms (and even more if account is not taken of the information collected in Ghana and the COte d'Ivoire, which does not appear to be significant in this field). 1,21. Animal traction constitutes in itself the sign of a great transformation of the farming methods, which is, obviously, reflected in the levet of production. Thus, for the farms concerned with this transformation, the positive appraisal of the evolutlon of production has risen to B4%. 122. These peasatrts, who have acquired equipment in order to exploit their lands better, have, moreover, used part of their additional income to obtain means of' transport: carts and mopeds. A1I this signifies, both by the volume of the investment made and by the nature (tools for working the land and means of transport), a definite integration into the money economy. t23. Generally speaking, the Ievels of individual equipment which were revealed by the survey are quite significant: t5/" of the farms surveyed possess a cart, 27"/" a noped, lJl houses roofed with iron sheets. As regards radios which bear witness to the opening of the rural areas to the outside world, they are common: about two- thirds of the families possess at least one. 124, A fact appears clearly from the 1pB! Survey: more than half (61/") ol the familv heads in the sample consider that their production is increasing. This result is impressive, considering the unsatisfactory climatic conditions which have prevailed in recent years. JPCT .3 ( 0cP/86. 7 ) pa9e 25 725. The dynanism of the area is also demonstrated by the development of coll-ectj-ve facilities. Some of them are constructed through the initiative of the State or development bodies (roads, schools, dispensaries), sometimes with the participation of the popuJ-ations concerned. Moreover, certain types of facillties are developed through loca1, collective or individual initiatives. This applies to wel}s (average for the sample - one well for 110 inhabitants) which are particularly numerous in the sma11 and medium vi1lages. It also, and in particular so, applies to miI1s (one for 1200 inhabitants) which are found especially in villages having 1000 to 1!00 inhabitants. 1,26. 0n average, the villages in the sample have two of the following three facilities: market, shop, mi1l1 127. Fina11y, it should be noted thaL 70% of the sample villages have at least one farmers' group, whatever its form or importance. 728. Thus, the 1pB! Survey reveals a situation in the rural world of the OCP area which belies many stereotypes. An opening onto the outsj,de wor1d, a capacity for adaptation to new situations and a will to lmprove individual and collect,ive situations are noticeable. It must be recognized, however, that although the changes which have taken place in the OCP zone are positive and encouraging in many respectsz the progress to be made is sti11 considerable. Impact of ex 10n servlces Aselective system 129. Extension services relate to all the steps taken by the governments of the Participating Countries to rationalize the production structures: dissemination of technical knowledge, organization of cooperatives, implementation of funclional literacy programmes, etc. 130. Development agencles are sti1l the main provlders of extension servi-ces. They exist in all the countries in the OCP zone. Their most successful interventions concern cash crops, especially cotton. Ani-mal traction, fertilizers, phytosanitary treatments and the popularization of improved seeds are in fact focused primarily on cotton cultivation. 131. The results obtained by the peasants are encouraging. Even the organization of the villagers lnto cooperative groups is aimed first of all at the promotion of cash crops: it is from that angle that the creation of a sense of responsibility among peasants as regards the use of agricultural foans, the distribution of inputs and the collective marketing of produce, should be seen. 732. Unlike cash crops, food crops have received only marginal extension services. Thus, varieties from various sources constitute the bulk of the food-crop seeds used by the peasants. The are either from previous harvests or bought from the market, Fertilizers have never been used mainly for food crops. 1 Sirce this is an average, it means that some (mostly sma11) villages are completely without these facilities. 2 It would have been desirable to be able to take monetary/financiaf indicators into account, such as the evolutj.on of the number of current, savings and deposlt accounts. Unfol-tunately banking statistics are not available by geographical entity within each state which prohibits a breakdown for the zone. JPC1.3 (ocP/85.7 ) page 26 I33. The situation is similar in regard to agricultural loans. Although all the OcP countries have agricultural development banks, the conditions for farming, equipment and marketing loans are difficult to be met by many peasants. Thus, they are deprived of the necessary resources for the modernization of their farms and, consequently, increase in their income. Under these conditions' only a few cash crop producers f,rtfit the conditions laid down by the banks - since food crops are not ,ru"y t.*rr.rerative,".rt for the moment, and their marketing unorganized, unlike cotton' 134. Thus, out of tfre B5O farm heads enumeratedl during the 1985 Survey, in six countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, COte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Niger and Togo), only 156, i.e., 18.3"1 dectared having got bank loans. Among these 156 farmers' 11p, i.€., , to 76.3% are cotton producers. Generally, loans given without discrimination peasants are pre-harvest loans of very small amounts' I35. In the Malian oCP zone, the following evolution has taken place as regards agricultural equipment, area fertilized and yields of cotton. Table 10. - Evolution of the zones recea vinq extension services in Mali 7979-7980 1983-1984 Varlation % tr) Plough 5 22 57 691 9.8 Itlulticultivator + hoe 36 669 4r BBg 14.2 Cart 25 412 29 275 t4.g Treatment equipment 24 539 22 985 -6.3 Area fertilized 97 307 93 3tL -4. r Cotton yield (kglha) t 197 L 294 8.1 L36. The development of animal traction is very encouraging, especially in the zone oi i.rt".rr.ntion of Mali Textile Company (CMDT). Its activities cover 40% of the zone. farms. More tnan 92% of the ploughs are found in the onchocerciasis-protected 737. The consumption of fertilizers ln the CMDT zone represents 88% of the total' 138. tdith regard to agricultural credit, there is an increase in the aflount of loans granted to the peasanti in the Bougouni region | 214 372 7BO FM in 7979-1980 and 331 514 750 FM in 1984-1985 $4.6%). L3g. Village associations formed in the OCP zone in Mali rose from L22 in 7977'78 to 446 i" L1BL-BZ, i.e., an increase of 265/.. The productlon of these associations reached 39 110 201 kg j.n 1981-82 as against 12 B8O 698 t I ff,ose whose data it was possible to process. JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7) page 27 Table 11.- Evolution of equipment in the Borgou province, Benin 7gB7-tg\2 1g84 - 1 985 Animal traction implements 6755 75 923 *135.7 Ploughs 6777 \t L66 *64.1 Ridge-ploughs 67 7O 11 038 +63 .0 141. In C6te d'Ivoire, the C6te d'Ivoire Textile Development Company's sustained information and extension services policy aimed at the peasants in the OCP area is bearing fruits. Thus, from 1983 to 1984, the number of planters receiving extension services rose from 213 277 to 243 975, i.e., an increase of 74%. 742. From rhe 1981-1982 season to that of 1984-1985, tfre total area under crops benefitting from extension services increased from 233 174 ha to 291 074 ha, i.e., an extension of 57 900 ha. 143. Likewise, a marked increase in animal traction was observed: it rose from 45 5BZ ha, i.e., 19.5% of the areas receivi.ng extension services, to 64 473, i.e., 22.7%. During the same period, the number of draught oxen rose from 28 B9B to 34 273 while the number of planters using animal traction progressed from ! 628 to 71 994. 144. Despite these promising results, less Llnar. 20% of the agricultural population benefits from extension services at present. 745. Even though manual cultivation is st.i11 predominant (more than B0% of the cultivated land in the OCP area), animal traction is increasing appreciably. It is practised on more than 22% of the areas under cotton. 146. Everywhere, the 1985 Survey shows clearly that extension services play a key rofe in the dynamism of the populations, whatever be their form. I47. For example lt should be noted Llnat 33% of the families receiving extension services have an animal traction implement, as against only 6% tor the rest of the sample, and 85"/" consider that they are producing more as against 36% for families not receiving extension services. 148. These results, compared wlth the limited nature of the extension services in the area, as well as the spontaneous comments of the peasants during the Survey suggest that the function of the extension services is not soIely technical. Their role is to a 1a:'ge extent psychological: for the peasant, they are a link with the outside world and help to break his feeling of isolation and even desertion. 149. A recommendation could be to generalize any form of smal1-scale extension services. These extensi.on servi-ces should be based on concrete contributions, otherwise they would be quickly diverted from their primary objective. For example, greater j.mportance could be given to credit for equipment, which is one of the most frequent requests made by the peasants, and to the development of agricultural credit within the community structures which are themselves a factor of dynamism. Factors limiting the dynamism 150. In spite of the results reported above, the OCP area suffers, in general, from a number of handicaps. JPC1.3 (ocP /86.7 ) page 28 Health L5L. In the health sector, several elements should be considered' notably the importance of certain conmunicable diseases, the difficurties in providing safe ,.1"", the insufficiency of the health infrastructures, and, often, the absence of national programmes for the control of various diseases. These factors' which render the populations vulnerable to the common infections (malaria, diarrhoea, etc') militate in favour of the promotion of primary health care in the countries concerned. 152. It is striking to observe the unanimously expressed great sensitivity of the populations the problems of health. It may be positive: "I am in good health and to perceived I work we11,,. It is to be noted that health and production are generally by the peasant as th,o closety related elements. When expressing this sensitivity' the peasants never attach much inportance to the discomfort that the disease causes' possible L53. Water potability is perceived as a factor of good health that makes it diseases" which seem to be considered a veritable scourge in the to avoid ',diarrhoeal to area. No doubt this is a field for privileged intervention: we1Is and boreholes' which must be added education on simple water filtration techniques whose role is important especially during the dry season'' 154. However, the sinking of wells and boreholes should follow a coordinated and well-thought-out overall strategy. Village water supply, undoubtedly, constitutes an important element of any policy for the development of rural areas, especially as regards housing. It should constitute a major concern' And onchocercias 755. Onchocercj.asis controt has been a real success aS far as health is concerned' From a general eernomic point of view, it has been shown amply in the preceding sections that the achievements of the Programmme have gone hand in hand with a renewal of dynamism in the area, which is evidently related to the migrations caused by the drought in the Sahel and the overpopulation of certain peripheral regions ' But it could be that the absence of effective onchocerciasis control would have' sooner or later, led to the flight of these new migrants. The case of the village of Saint-Pierre in Burkina Faso is an example in this respect3. 1 This would reduce considerably the time spent by the h,omen and children fetching water from the rivers. 2 During this period, many we11s are dry and almost stagnant water has to be fetched from the rivers and backwaters. Cases of diarrhoeal diseases become particularly frequent at a time when the main agricultural work starts. 3 A village founded in 1963, which very quickly became a hyperendemic focus of onchocerclasis. Io I97t, the village disappeared: its inhabitants had left or were ;;;. rn 1985, it again rrad 85 inhabitants and no case of onchocerciasis had been declared. JPCT .3 (ocP 186.7) page 29 156. At an individual 1eve1, the disappearance of onchocerciasis is beneficial because of the increase in yield which it engenders. This phenomenon has not been quantified. 0n the other hand, the 1985 Survey showed that family heads who stated that they were onchocerciasis patients (1,2/" of the sample) had lower economic incomes, somtimes far bel-ow the average. The inportance of this finding is not statistical and it should not be concluded that there are 72% onchocerciasis patients today'in the whole of the zone, etc. But it proves that the impact of a disease like onchocerciasis is very much felt by those who consider themselves affected by it, and that whether the disease is real or not, they lose part of their dynamism. t57. It would be interesting to find out if other diseases have a psychological impact as great as that of onchocerciasis. Such a study could provi-de useful information for making choices in regard to public health policy. Infras tructure 158. The bad state of the roads and tracks is detrimental to the development of the region. The situatlon is gradually being improved through the construction and i.mprovement of roads, building of bridges, etc., by the Governments of each Participating Country, hrith the help of foreign financial backers. The provi-sion of health and school facilities follows the same procedure. However, as regards school infrastructure, the populat.ions are often requested to provide labour for certain types of work. 759. The limited participation of the populations in the construction of infrastructures is due to the fact that they require significant material resources which the villagers cannot mobilize. Consequently, the 1eve1 of facilities in the villages is due less to the dynamism of the populations than to the results of governmental planning (or decision). However, the very limited financiat resources of the States, on the one hand, and the great number of villages, on the other hand, make it impossible to satisfy the entire populations. and devel t of new 1 160. Everywhere, 1n the onchocerciasis-protected zone, the systems of land occupancy have changed to varying degrees, depending on the regi-ons. The cultivated and utilized areas have increased and the agrarian techniques and systems have evolved, creating a new man/Iand relationshi-p. 161. These developments, flavoured by the disappearance of onchocerciasis transmission and the opening up of vast unoccupied zones for agriculture, are both causes and consequences of the transformation of the systems of land management and access to it. Land management and access Authorities L62. Traditionally, access of new farmers, natives or immigrants, to new lands is governed by two authorities: the village chief, who authorizes the settl-ement by the t applicant on the village 1and, and the land chief (religious authority), who administers the access to the land, its use and the schedule of agricultural work. 163. The adoption of a "Iand right" by the various States has theoretically left the above system in abeyance since everywhere, if the land is the property of the State, the one who develops it has usufructuary rights on it and does not have to consult the traditional authorities. JPCT .3 ( ocP/86.7 ) page 30 t64. In certain cases, a third level of land authority has been established. It is that of development bodies which theoretically have complete responsibility for the occupancy and development of the lands allocated to them. This concerns AVV and SoSUCO in Burkina Faso, S0DESUCRE in COte d'Ivoire as well as most of the hydro- agricultural development authorities. Interactions between the different Ievels of authority and their sequences on access to the land and its manaqement National legislations and traditional authorities 165. In recent decades, national land legislations, the development of a feeling of national adherence, the accentuation of monetary structures and a certain individual- ization of production have considerably reduced the power of the traditional authorities over land and their control of the management of village or ethnic 1ands. t66. The consequences are obvious everywhere: (a) the possibility for a group to settle outside its ethnic area, often with the agreement of traditional chiefs who, for a time, found in it a way to enhance their status; (b) the inobservance of "customs" concerning access to land and the emergence of serious conflicts in case of land saturation. 167. Till recent years, this situation was by far the nost frequent. In actual fact, it often amounts to a devolution of the customary land rights of the natives to the newly settled immigrants. Ethnic riEhts and developmen t bodies 168. The establishment of developnrent bodies in unexploited regions has an obvious impact on the reactions of the populations who consider themselves holders of a certain land right. L69. In order to affirm their rights to the land and preserve their usufructuary rights, the local populations start very quickly to clear and exploit lands until then uncultivated. This land occupancy dynamics does not always reflect an increase in the need for cultivable lands. 77O. This phenomenon is particularly manifest near the lands of the Volta Valleys Development Authority (AVV) in Burkina Faso were, often, spontaneous cultivation by natives begins as soon as the first settlements are arranged by that body. 77!. This is true of the development units (DU) of Mankarga and 0uayalgui, on the lihite Volta and applies also to the DU of Djipologo on the Bougouriba. 772. Finally, it is obvious that these phenomena wilt not occur when the development bodies have the technical and legislative means to enforce their right to the management of the land, as is the case of the agro-industrial or hydro-agricultural development projects. 173. G1oba1ly, recent changes and the contrasts between the different types of l6nd tenure favour access of individuals to the Iand. A real appropriation of available land is being undertaken by natives as well as immigrants, despite often constraining legislations emanating from centralized structures without real 1ocal enforcement porder. 774, This situation is recent and is developing particularly in the zones allocated to developement bodies, such as AVV in the Voltas. It is too early to be able to draw lessons therefrom, JPCT .3 (ocP/86.7) page 31 Natives and immigrants 175. Three main types of immigrant agricultural settlements are discernible in the area (a) the "traditional" agricultural settlement established with the agreement of the traditional authorities; (b) the "traditional" agricultural settlement established without the permission of the traditional authorities; (c) the "mechanized industriaf" agricultural settfement established without the permission of the traditonal authorities (Ghana: Sissili, KulPawn; C6te d'Ivoire: North-East, etc. ) . 176, The development of mechanized farm:-ng very often results from national policies and assistance given by the State to agricultural entrepreneurs, who are generally absentees. The lack of participation of the latter in loca1 affairs often leads to conflicts with the native populations; such conflicts sometj.mes resuft in the destruction of crops. 777. Fina11y, some ethnic groups protect themselves from the settlement by immigrants and bring their land into cultivation themsefves. Thls is true of the Senoufos both in COte d'lvoire and in Burkina Faso. The same applied to the Bissa until 1983 when the Mossis penetrated the rare areas where land was stil1 avaj.lable 178. Although these changes occur to varying degrees, they have brought about consi-derable increases i-n cultivated areas. "Explosion" of utilized lands Observation 779. An obvious observation is made necessary by the comparison of maps showing land occupancy at the start of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme and after ten years of vector control: either the unutilized zones have considerably reduced or they have completety disappeared and that despite their initial significance. 180. It has been shownl th"t although the effectiveness of larviciding has been the same in all the river basins, the dynamics of occupancy of the onchocerciasis- protected areas have varied quantitatively and qualitatively. The differences are related nainly to the agrarian systems in place and *-o the ethnic groups concerned who have established different rates and modes of land occupancy. Rates 181. For the purpose of uniformity, latitude 11oN seems to be a significant limit2. To the north of it, in Burkina Faso, there are no more lands unutilized by man, in spite of their former significance. Everywhere, man 1s present and actj.ve and considerably modifies the landscapes. To the south of this "frontier", however, the dynamics of settlement of the lands are slower. 1 Peuplement des va116es prot6g6es de 1'onchocercose aprds 10 ans de lutte antivectorielle en Haute Volta: J.P. Hervou€t, Clanet, F. Paris et H. Som6. 2 These observations concern only the areas where it rdas possible to carry out diachronic studies, i.e., Burki.na Faso, C6te d'Ivoire, Benin, Togo and Ghana. JPC1.3 (ocP/86.7 ) page 32 182. 0n the Red Vo1ta, thls "frontier" separates Ghana from Burkina Faso. The land occupancy dynamics can be summarized by the annual growth rates of utilized land which were between 1.3% and 4.8% in Ghana as against ).I"/" and 9,7/. in Burkina Faso, for the period 1978-1984. 183. The Comoe and the Leraba are the limit between C6te d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso. The annual growth rates of the utilized land are characterized by very different dynamics upstreem and downstream of the road bridge linking Burkina Faso and C6te d'Ivoire. While downstream from the confluence the country has remained empty during this period, the upstrsem part of the Comoe has had relatively considerable rates of increase in utilized land. Between 1!!6 and 1983, the utilized space rose from 10.5% Lo 5O/, while the cultivated areas recorded an average rate of 6% per annum. This dynamics was even more rapid between 7)12 and 1983 during which period, in the central part of the Leraba, the difference between the Burkinabe and Ivorian parts was marked: less Ehan 5% per year as against more than 15"/, per year respectively (Table 12). 184. Under similar ecological conditions, the dynamics observed have been heterogeneous and depend on the ability of the different ethnic groups to practise more or less intensive farming. Thus, for the Senoufos on the Leraba who cultivate 15% of the available land and practise the fallow system very little, the cultivated land increased by L.6% per year, for the period f972-1983, as against 20% ar,d 8.5% respectively for the Bissas on the ri.ght bank of the lihite Volta. The rates of land utilization, for the same period, increased bV 3% per year for the Bissas, 12.15"/, on the Yeriba artd 8.2/. for the Mossi migrants. 185. In Benin, where the cultivated areas are stiIl scattered and of relatively small size (50 to 500 ares, on average), the growth rates are estimated at more than L.4'/" per year south of latitude 10030'N, often with much greater rates elsewhere. It seems to be the most densely populated sector in the study zone. Sti1l between 1975 and 1985, the dynamics were more significant, between latitudes 11oN and 11030'N, particularty on the right bank, and were progressing towards the valleys. 0n1y rare fallows are seen on the L975 aeri-al photographs of the left bank which is composed of a forest reserve today. 186. Portions of the Kara vafley revealed an increase in cultivated areas. It is of the order of lJ'/" per year for the middle Kara where, however, the rate of land occupancy remaj-ns low; less than 4% in 7975 and L2% in 1985. Modes 187. Three types of determinants inftuence the modes of development of the onchocerciasis-protected lands : (a) the mode of land occupancy prevalent before the control; (b) the mode of land occupancy with the establishment or not of a development body with extension services for the populations; (c) the mode of land occupancy with the presence or not of immigrant agricultural populations . Traditional modes of occupancy and evolutions 1BB. In the case of populations formerly having a permanent forward edge of settlements and farms facing the deserted zones, the cultivation of the available lands has been carried out progressively from the forward edge of farms and/or settlements towards the thalr,rregs. Clearly, the farming systems have been perpetuated, despite the considerable extension of the land utilized. JPCT .f (ocP/86.7) page 33 .o ! o IU (!e dN N N Eq oi oJi co !! !i o\ @ N N N >c r -, N t @ o 6 o o\ 9t F{ r!o i F >N UA 'i, u o, N i{ bt (!(! N @ oG) ts o k! o\ d i o\ o dg >.t b.{ i.! ..t 6! -o3 FI o \o oo N N ts Hlr F.{ Ft (.' ot) N dE N 6! N N 53 \o tro N o 6 trlr H \o H 6 \o ts Or r) @ .$ .+ o o\ Or a, N N F] po N E (! o N @ d 2 r 6 o $ o\ d co 6 H i d N Fi rd i.e >< E & (!P ,l 5e \o N o tro N (! trrr \t @ ! <00 il 6 ! r! lr 0,) o o o o *l o o o o co o o o OJ o\ d cr\ (n o E N N 0) a N H o l! N o N o. r o N o o\ o Or 8 o F{ o .+ \+ \o o\ H 6 0) A r N N q .o o i @ (! o\ 6 F{ o o .s d o r! N N i A (! c B (! I !6 (d 6tr qr !^ oi otr o(! (! Ljl il Ad i iltr (!\ lr d co (! $H (d $i .o x, od t)t !p L.OJI (0 (nFA -] i-o tr lr P (!(J e(!tr !B+ ol o5 trh trtr, QdH il t 0., UEQ q, o0d o 0rca rJi(J .ol ov orlv C)rlv 6d r!l Pr! CJ trv FI 3 JPc7.3 (ocP /86.7) page 34 189. The sane does not apply to old cultivated areas centred around villages whose lands are separated from each other by vast areas of uncultivated bush. In these cases, the cultivated and inhabited areas "expand" to the whole of the available lands even if the areas really cultivated have not increased considerably. This development has very often led to the disappearance or at least considerable reduction of empty lands situated near the thalwegs. This is the case on the Leraba, even though the land occupancy there is discontinuous. Impact of development with extension services 190. Here, in addition to the areas exploited by the development bodies, there are new lands cultivated either by immigrants or by natives. The rate of land occupancy in such cases is considerable and very often limits the possibility of extending the plots under cultivation. The impact of immigran t aEricultural populations tgl. Agrarian migrations have been effected towards two main types of areas: (a) those where development bodies operate in deserted valleys; and this refers to the preceding case; (b) those where the land occupancy is by the native villages, separated from each other by "no man's land". This results in the establishment of an "intercalary" habitat between the old villages. The land occupancy is then twofold: that of immi.grants and that of natives. Spatial dynamics and modification of man/environment relations Habitat 192. Not only have the cultivated areas expanded, but in the whole of the zones studied cartographically, the modes of land occupancy and the habitat areas have also changed vastly. 193. To the oId villages have been added new ones, inhabited by immigrant populations, whether they were installed by the development bodies or had come spontaneously, In any case, an isolated "intercalary" habitat has been established. Because of their water supply needs, most of these populations have settled near the thalwegs which were breeding sites of the blackflies. For example, the banks of a1I the tributaries of the White Votta are inhabited today by farmers or herdsmen. This is also true of the banks of the Leraba which were formerly deserted or not utilized much. Mode of cultivation 194. While many farmers who settled on neh, habitat sites have maintained their o1d agrarian systems, the new settlements have often permitted the development of semi- intensive agriculture in which crop-growing is associated with animal husbandry. This applies to the big Senoufo farms near the Leraba and its tributaries. There, dlscontinuous cultivation plots have been established on which habitations have been built. Shea butter and West African locust bean trees have been selected and are being gradually replaced by Faidherbia albida 195. Under these conditions, an attempt to compare the areas cultivated per inhabitant, in the whole of the zone or per climatic area, would be extremely "reductionistic" and would not account for the diversities of the agrarian systems established and the different degrees of intensification of production. JPCT .3 ( 0cP/86 .7 ) pace 35 up the L96. A number of groups have advanced towards the thalwegs, often even to folds of the banks (Leiaba, lrlhite Volta, Bfack Vo1ta, sectlons of the Red Volta' in some places ' etc. ) . The areas under cultivation have increased considerably Thus, it can be stated that on the white voIta, in Burkina Faso, the increase in cuttivated areas since the start of the blackfly control has been 229 5OO hectares' time onlv of thle representing 30% of the land areas avaitable in 1975, at which 9% no more land was under cultivation. This dynamics is not an isolated case: there are void of human settlement on the Leraba, where in 1983, in lands completely Faso's COl.-a;f"tire, b'/" of the land was cultivated as against 2"/" in L972; on Burkina bank, this percentage rose, during the same period, from 3,6"/" to 73,7"/". Problems oosed bv the development of new of land IDANC Defores tation and erosion 197. One of the most topical problems is of an ecological nature. certain valleys have experienced in recent years a development covering the whole of the available Iand. it" d"y forests have completely disappeared under the effect of the land clearance for cultivation. 198 The consequences of such a Situation are the shortage of h'ood and eros]on' This erosion poses the problem of the conservation of the agronomic value of the soiIs. Furthermore. the disappearance of forests creates problems in getting firewood for the householdl. Land saturation and risk of conflicts 799 lrlith the possible increase in the land occupancy rate, policles should be considered and additional means for intensive farming assured to avoid simi-Iar saturation problems in the onchocerciasis-controlled zones as confronted the overpopulated plateaux adjacent to the river valleys. Thus, a watch should be kept on the new situation resulting from the intermi.xing of peoples from different tribes. Respective places of farming and animal husbandry 200. The considerable extension of cultivated areas in the onchocerciasis-protected zones diminishes the pasture potential for transhumant or semi-sedentary animal husbandry. Such action often combines with the disastrous effects of the drought to drive the herdsmen towards the south. However, the traditional settlement zones for the north sudanian livestock have foci of tsetse flies ' vectors of animal trypanosomiasis. The States have to determine how farming and animal husbandry can coexist in the same area to the overall economic benefit of each country. ZOt. It is therefore indispensable for the policies for the development of the rural areas areas to take into account all the problems related to the management of these ' e.g.: a) the major vector-borne endemic diseases, particularly onchocerciasis; b) the foreseeable land saturations; c) the coexistence of crop-growing/animal husbandry; d) ecology and erosion. 1 A study of the ecological impact of the resettlement of the onchocerciasis- protected zones is being carried out (OCP/ORSTOM agreement). JPC7.3 (ocP/86.7) page 36 P ro g ramoe Table 13 Land occupancy and lts dynanlcs slnce the start of the Study area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Red Volta, Ghana (a) 2o7 24.5 20.7 0.82 + Rlght Bank, south lloN (b) 8.7 r..3 Red Volta, Ghana (a) 457 7r.8 587. 27" + Left bank, Bouth lloN (b) 337" 4.8 Red Volta, Burklna Faso (c) 277 72.4 1627. 9.1 + North of lloN, rlght bank Red Vo1ta, left bank (c) 13.32 377" 1787, 9.72 + Burklna Faso, north of lloN White Vo1ta, right bank, (c) 8Z la Lgz 2a L45Z 8.472 + Burklna Faso, Blssa Whlte Volta, left bank (d) t47. 45,82 2L87. 1 0.12 + North of Mossi country' Burkina Faso, lncludtng AVV o 237. oo Whlte Vo1ta, Yerlba (c) L27 421, 2537. L2.l + Burklna Faso Whlte Volta, rlght bank (c) 2.6 227. 7L4Z 2t.LZ + lncludlng AVV o.57" L77. 3407" 38.27" Total whlte Volta 9.2 3 0.1 2952 L2.27. Bougourtba/slack Volta - Burklna Faso lncludlng (c) + (south of lloN) D,agara 7 ,57" L2.9 73 6.3 + Blr I for 67. LO.77 787" 6.62 Wtlle 13.42 L5.471 L57" L.57" + + Lobt tt.5Z L2.47. 7.81 o.87. + Comoe - Burklna Faso ( f ) 2.47" r2z 3847. 6.O7" South of IloN + Black Volta Samandenl (e) 3.37" t6.t7" 3787" 5.57" Keralle, Salnt-Plerre (h) 4.1 257" 5007" 67" + North of lloN JPC7. 3 (ocP/86.7) Page 37 Table 13 (cont'd) Western Leraba South of 11oN - Burklna Faso (c) 3.6 13.1 2567. tL.67. + Leraba rlght bank C6te d'Ivoire South of 11oN (c) 2 3 87. 2362 rr.27 + Central Leraba,Cdte dr Ivoire (c) o 7 toz L2 007, 26.322 + 1) Percentage of utl1lzed land/area available before the start of the Prograuue ln Z 2) Percentage of utilized land area avallable ln 1984 ln Z 3) G1obal lncrease ln utilized land in Z 4) Annual increase ln utillzed land (a) 196G1984 5) Permanent forvard edge (b) 1978-1984 6) Inpermanent forward edge (c) 1972-1983 7) Dlscontlnuous land occupancy wlthout forward edge ln villages (d) 1972-1984 8) Idem with lnnlgratlon of non-natlves (e) 1974-1983 9) Iden trlth lnEercalary settlenent of natives (f) 19s6-1983 (g) 1952-1981 la. Cultlvated area (h) 1952-1983 2a. Cultlvated area source : cP/Eco L983/1984/L986 JPC7.3 ( ocP/86.7 ) page 38 SYNTHESIS Towards a new development strategy 2O2, The Governments, like the Donor Community, are increasingly aware of the challenge which the OCP area represents. Without exaggerating, it can be said that here is where West Africa's future is being forged as regard cereals production, animal husbandry and an essential industrial crop: cotton. But the area is at the same time fragile; it is the scene of considerable population movements, most of the time uncontrolled, and is experiencing vast changes in its production and land occupancy systems. 2O3. The importance of the policies and operations to be carried out in the zone is evident: if adapted, they will accompany and strengthen the dynamism observed at present by preserving the natural heritage, and even developing it. 204. This shows the usefufness of coordination, however minimal, of all the different types of activities carried out in the zone. Land of human and economi.c exchanges, the OCP area cannot be fragmented and it would be vain to try to confine the effects of a development project of whatever importance in a well-determined geographical zone. 2O5. Indirectly, the 1985 Survey makes it possible to discover what seems to be an appreciable evolution of the strategies implemented in the zone by the Goverments and the Donor Community. 206. The era of purely voluntary development seems now to be in the past. The least that can be said is that the great investments, whether concerning agro-industrial complexes, large-sca1e development operations or cultivation of vast irrigated areas, have not fu1fi1led expectations. The costs have been higher than estimated, the gains in productivity very Iow and the spin-offs limited. By thinning out and raising the cost of financial resources and limiting export outlets, the international crisis has necessitated caution: it is no longer possible to continue as in the past to turn towards large-scaIe projects. Furthermore, the almost generalized decline in rainfall and food shortage have made attention to be focused on the problems of food self-sufficiency and preservation of the natural potentialities. 2O7. However, disillusion and discouragement are not justified, since a nerd dynamism ls appearing in the area. Men and women are moving, zones are being repopulated, others qualified as 'rdense, are seeing their population load become lighter and secondary urban centres are developi.ng. There is an unforeseen rapid development of crops, cotton, yams, etc. Livestock is increasing, and animal traction is becoming widespread. 208. What do all these dynamics have in common? Simply, the peasant who, it is being discovered or rediscovered, is capable of initiative, adaptation and economic ratlonality. It is no longer obvious that he should be transformed into a hrage- earner or a semi-wage-earner j.n order to "Iead" him to modernity. The development of cotton cultivation has been accomplished by relying on the peasants; yam producers are "tradj-tional"; spontaneous migrations are more significant than organized migrations. 2O9. Thus, a new conviction is gradually coming to the fore: development cannot occur "ex nihilo" from only the will of a few peopte and the resources they mobilize It presupposes the existence of dynamism, the positive aspects of which must be promot.ed and the negative ones "controlled". JPCT.3 (ocP/86.7 ) paSe 39 Decentralized land man ZIO. The cbservations made in respect to the entire area, in the second part of this report lead to one conclusion: the main problem of the ONCHo zone is that of land management: new solutions must be found soon' zlt. Two paths have been followed so far h,ithout much success. 0n the one hand, the technlcal approach ("heavy" development bodies) cannot be applied generally' if only because of its exorbitant cost. 2L2. 0n the other hand, the legislative approach (laws on land nationalization) does not touch the main problem which is the physicat and daily exercise of authority on the 1and. Whether the State declares itself or not owner of the land does not change the fact that, 1oca}1y, an authority must intervene to organlze the access to it and arbitrate possible conflicts. 213. It is difficult to see the direct exercise of this authority by representatives of the States. It is rather felt that it would be better for it to emanate from the village community which would regain, under new forms to be specified, the management ttland" of its . 274. At the same time, in order to prevent the system from becoming fraguented and rigid, a general development policy must be implemented. Many choices remain to be made: a zone, St1l1 underpopulated today, may be opened, or not, to immlgration, by the constructi.on of a road. It may be decided to favour the grouping of villages in order to achieve economies of scale as regards social infratructures, limit the risk of onchocerciasis and enable the development of non-agricultural rural employment. 215. Fina11y, steps have to be taken for the intensificatlon of farming techniques to become a reality, e.g., effective but "1ight" extension services. 216. Some consist of the development of infrastructures (roads, weIIs, dispensaries, schools) whose programming must comply with an overall policy and plan. 217. Furthermore, some are general measures, but whose impact may be considerable as regards land development. This concerns, particularly, price (production and j-nputs) and credit (agricultural and handicraft) policies. 218. That is how a loca} Iand management and a national, and even transnati-onal, coordination/promotion could be effectively linked. 2I9. So far, women do not seem to have succeeded in playing an i.mportant role in land occupancy; the sefection of land remains a male affair. There are studies which show the importance of the participation of h)omen and their role in the socioeconomic development in the Programme area. 22O. However, the importance of the subject justifies the studies being carried out in the seven initial OCP countries. Emphasis will be laid less on the economic aspects of their work, which are evident, but more on the subiective notions that hromen have of their role in relation to their ob ective situation in order to grasp better the way in which they envisage the future themselves. Obviously, this is because any farming intensification or "ruraf planning" policy should take women's needs and concerns into account in order to avoid the aggravation of any imbalance JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7) page 40 227. Consequently, the role of the national authorities takes on a new significance. The State must become a finder, in the 1egal sense of the term1, and a conductor. To this end, it must set up the necessary structures for the collection of reliable data sj-nce this is a prerequisite for the success of this development strategy. CONCLUSION 222. As mentionned in the introduction, this report presents the results of the studies carried out both by the various Participating Countries and by OCP's Economic Development Unit on the socioeconomic impact of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme. It has attempted to underline the main trends which have marked the OCP area during rhe decade 1974-7984. 223. The challenge which the area constitutes for the Participating Countries and the whole of the West African Region has been highlighted through: (a) its climate which, despite the particularly difficult conditions of the past few years, is stil1 favourable for the production of cereals; (b) its resources, in terms of 1and, for which it is noted that 32.9/. have good agronomic values as against 15.81 outside and the proportion of bad quality soils is 5.4"/" as against t9.8"1 elsewhere. 224. The OCP area has been and remains a zone of intense migratory movements. These movements have been accompanied by efforts to provide the zone with facilities (roads, schools, dispensaries, we1ls and bore-ho1es, etc.) and by increased agricultural productions, even if animal- resources, especially fish, are still insufficiently exploited. The populations are showing a neh, dynamism thanks to the extension services received which, despite being on a small scale, are nevertheless effective. Animal traction is intensifying. The volume and nature of the investments made by the populations indicate the beginning of a market economy supported mainly by cotton and yams. 225. The spontaneous settlement, the practice of communal work and the combination of animal husbandry with crop-growing increase the population densities in the utilized land areas, especially during the farming season, and reduce the onchocerciasis transmission potential. Thus, the fear of the infested valleys is disappearing and onchocerciasis no longer seems to constitute an obstacle to the development of the zone. 226. Thi.s report on the evaluation of the socioeconomic impact of the 0nchocerciasis Control Progranme has made it possible, once again, to highlight the collaboration between the different Participating Countries, which is an excellent guarantee for the future. As a matter of fact, the success of the ongoing process for the devolution of certain control activities to the countries will depend both on their ) interest and on their will to collaborate beyond their borders. 227. The Donor Countries, whose funds made it possible for the Programme to be launched, have seen through this report that the efforts made for more than ten years now have not only resulted in an effective vector control but have also had effects on socioeconomic development; the repopulation of the lands and the bringing under cultivation of many areas are the most unquestionable proof. The OCP sponsoring- agencies see also in this report not only the fruit of their actions but also the whole of the socioeconomic development work that remains to done. 1 In the lega1 sense, a finder is the one who discovers a hidden thing (finder of a treasure). aDta 2 (ocP 186.7 ) page 41 228. 0bviously, the positive aspects of the socioeconomic development of the OCP countries during the past ten years cannot afl be attributed to the fight launched against onchocerciasis. Other factors were also involved; the dynamics of the populations, I populati.on pressure, migrations, the drought jn the Sahel, the many developnent activities, etc. Nevertheless, there is no doubt now that onchocerciasis control has been a favourable factor for the development of the areas formerly devastated by it. 229. Fina11y, as regards OCP, the westward extension of Programme an F the is opportunity for all to prepare better for the future in regard to an ulterior and, hopefully, more refevant evaluatlon of the Programmes socioeconomic impact. The development in the liestern Zone of mechanisms for this eval-uation will be a precondition for that and also a means of contributing to the launching of new development projects. This constitutes the ultimate aim of OCP: to eliminate a public health problem in order to a11ow development to take place fu11y. t a 1 I JPC7. 3 (ocP /86 .7 ) ANNEX I METHODOLOGICAL NOTE This document describes the methodology of the study, the basic data and how sone of the information was gathered. I. OBJECTIVE OF THE METHOD It was aimed at responding to the terms cf reference of the study entrusted to the Economic Develop..rri U.rit (ECO) of the 0nchocerciasis Control Programme' i'e" highlighting the changes that had occurred in the Programme area mainly in regard to: - land occupancy bY man; - development of the resuftant lands; - working and living conditions crf the populations; - actions taken by the states in favour of rural development. To be operative, the elements translating the changes observed should be included in an overall socioeconomic development dynamics one of the conditions for which is the recession of the disease. Consequently, ECQ's concern was to provide an overall document on all the participating Countries. This could eventually serve as a base for the definition of development opportunities by the authorities of each country and/or the development agencies. II. PROCEDURE fL1 Definition o f the stud.v area The methodology defined for the analysis of the data collected was aimed mainly at: - an evaluation of the potentialities of the Programme area; - the use made of these potentialities and the changes in them since the start of the Programme; - consequences of these changes on future development possibilities' To conform to this approach, the OCP area luas placed in a geographical block denominated West African Region (WAR) to which the study area could be compared during the analysis. This West African Region, which j.s an integral part of the geogriphical block commonly called West Africa, is defined as the environment capable of inftuencing the entomological results (e.g., reinvasion) and the future development oi the Programme. It covers the whole of Burkina Faso, COte d'fvoire, Benin, Ghana, Togo, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and Sierra Leone as well as part of Niger, Mali and Nigeria. It is bounded on the north by isoline zero-day growth and Mauritania, on the east by longitude 6o50'E (Niger basin) and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. JPC7.3 (ocP /86.7) Annex I page 2 The boundaries of this West African Region are justified by the importance which OCP attaches to the maintenance of its achievements. This is shown by: - the initiation of the OCP western extension project which will cover aII the possible sources of reinvasion of the protected area from the west. This project, whose study is in an advanced stage, concerns part of Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Sierra Leone and Senegal; I the attention with which oCP is following the onchocerciasis control proiect that Nigeria intends to set up on its territory. Because of the delay in implementing this project, its area could be considered to be a blackfly reservoir which rdould threaten OCP's results in the east from the Niger basin Two main items characterize the rest of the methodology: aerial photographs and cartography. They help to evaluate land areas and their evolution in time; while socioeconomic surveys try to highlight the improvement of living and working conditions. II.2. MappinE study and rv l-nterpretation A methodological assistance mission (comprising ECO personnel and consultant geographers) visited the Participating Countries. Following this visit' criteria were adopted to be used in selecting areas representative of the various land occupancy dynamics. The criteria had a mainly qualitative basis. Thus, the evaluation of the land areas and their evolution in time were to be considered. To this end, the existing situation served as a starting point. Thus, aerial photographs taken more or less near the beginning of the larviciding operations were selected. They were compared with the more recent ones taken at OCP's initiative. The areas covered by the latter photographs were selected according to available means and ECO's busy schedule; they amount to about 20 O0O km2. This study area satisfies medical and para-medical crit.eria as well as land occupancy and cultivation criteria. II. 2. l. Pre-larviciding e4qes1! Eilgeli_qn The study area selected tried to cover the situation of the three developmental stages reached by the disease before the start of vector control operations: - hyperendemic regions: they comprised areas in Togo, C6te d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso Mali and Ghana; - mesoendemic regions: they concerned areas in Burkina Faso and Ghana; - hypoendemic regions: they were found in Burkina Faso, Benin and Niger II .2.2. Medical and para-medical situation In order to report on the changes that have taken place since the start of the blackfly control and assess their fu11 significance in each country, the different chronological phases of the implementation of the Programme were taken into account in the selection of the areas and vi1lages. JPC7.3 (ocP /86.7) Annex I pa8e 3 Phase r G975) It is represented in the sample by the basins of: - the Kamba in Gherra; - the Lotio and the Farako in Mali; - the Leraba, the Mounoungou and the Bandama-Bou in COte d'Ivoire; - the Leraba, the Bougouriba, the Black Volta and the Comoe in Burkina Faso Phase II (1976) This phase is made up of the basins of: - the Tamne, the Red and l{hite Voltas, the Nasia, the Sissili and the Kulpawn in Ghana; - the l{hite and Red Voltas in Burkina. ilase III (1977) Phase III-East concerns the Say region in Ni.ger, all the area along the Kara in Togo and almost the whole course of the Mekrou in Benin. Phase Iv (1977-78) This phase corresponds to the extension in COte d'Ivoire of the Programme area towards the upper Sassandra basins, especially Boa, Sien and Tiemba. rr.2.3 . Entomoloeical and parasitol ogicaL results They are reflected in the study areas by two types of situation which stood out in the sample: - zeto transmission of the disease (or complete interruption of transmission) observed in phases I and 1I in Burkina Faso, phase II in Mali and Togo; - stationary transmission due to a reinvasion phenomenon observed both in the west Ernd in the east, i.e., in Mali, C6te d'Ivoire and Benin. To underscore the i-mportance of these situations, villages were selected in each type so that, on the basis of ecological homogeneity and economj,c policy criteria, comparisons could be made, if only for one and the sane country. Taking into account the available data, this comparison was made only for C6te d'Ivoire (protected zone in the north and the reinvasion zone j.n the west). II.2.4. Siruar ion relative to land occupancv vstems at the beEinninE of the l-arvici operations Two types of dynamics characterize the land occupancy: - Low population densj.tj.es with scattered fields. This is true of the basins of the Lotio and the Farako in Ma1i, the Black and Red Voltas in Burkina Faso, the Boa, the upper Sassandra and the Bandama-Bou in C6te d'Ivoire, and the Sissili and the Nasia in Ghana. - High densities. This applies, for exanple, to the basins of the upper Bandama in Cdte d'Ivoire, the Tamne in Ghana, and the Upper Kara in Togo. JPCT .3 ( ocP/86.7 ) Annex I p.c"-I- II. State and semi-governmental interventions in development They are reftected in the presence of various economic projects (agro-based industries, dams, animal husbandry, fish farming) and j.n environmental protection activities. An inventory of these projects has been made to give a better understanding of the devetopment capacities exploited by the different Participating Countries (JPc4/JPc5). II.3. Socioeconomic Surveys The survey was carried out at two leveIs: the primary units (PU), made up of the viI1ages, and the secondary unlts (SU) composed of households taken in the sense of production and consumption unit. At the first Ievel, the villages were setected from a list characterized by rurality. In principle, a village was considered to be rural when it had less than 1000 inhabitants. At the second level, a number of households were selected. This selection could only be based on a census of the villages or on a good national documentary source. The impossibility of having such an information led to a random selection of households in most of the countries. In order to have macroeconomic indications on the whole Oncho zone of each country, so as to be more specific about the trend of the indicators in the Oncho zones, data were collected in all the "districts" (Region, province, etc. ) of the 0ncho zones of the countries. Three types of questionnaire were used for this evaluation: district questionnaire, village questionnaire and household questionnaire (see different questionnaires attached) . Because of the serious lack of necessary statistical data in most of the Participating Countries for the evaluation, they had to be gathered. This made the questi.onnaires vast and sometimes quite complex, JPCT .3 ( mP/85 .7 ) Annex I p"c"T @PlECOl84 F-1r2 VILLAGE QUESTIONNAIRE I. IDEMIFICATION Name of verlfler Country. oCP/S/Sectoro o o o /// Name of the survey Admlnlstrat lve dlstrlct workerr tl/ Date of the survey Vtllage ttl Endemlc sltuation of the zone : 1 ln 1974 t/ 2 ln 1985 Study zone 1 or 2 I I JPC7.3 (@P/86.7> Annex I p.8eT- II. BASIC DATA AND EVOLEION 2.1. Background 2.L.L. Date of establLshnent .. tll 2.1.2. Causes of departure from former vlllage 1. Lack of land 2. Lack of water n 3. Presence of dlsease (ONCH0) 4. Others 2.L.3. Dlstance from nearest rlver """' kns ll/ 2.L.4. ).l,ain ethnlc SrouPs a) d) b) e) c) .f) 2.1.5. Whom do the famlly heads contact for lands to cultlvate tlt - Tradlttonal authoritles l-l - Admlnlstratlve authorltle" l-_l - Admlntstratlve and tradltlonal authorlttes? "strangers" YES NO 2 .1.6. Is the procedure the same for n n !-_t 2.L.7. Is the cultlvated land acqulred 1. Definitlvely YES n No f---l !__t NO 2. For the tltre the land ls explolted YES f-l 2.1.8. Does the same Procedure apply to strangers? VgS T_-l NO I JPCT .3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex I pac;-7- 2.L.9. F111 the table below for famlltes that settled ln the vlllage after 1974. Number ln Name of Ethnlc Year of Distrlct of origln Faully slze order famlly head grouP se ttlement 1 3 5 6 10 11 1 15 JPC7.3 (GP /86.7 ) Annex I p"g; 8- 2.1.10. FiIl this table for famlltes having left the vlllage slnce 1974 No. tn Nane of famlly head Ethnlc Year of Destlnation Faml1y size order grouP departure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 L2 13 L4 15 16 L7 18 19 20 JPCT .3 (&P /86 .7) Annex I pag.T 2.1.11. Starting wlth 1974, fill the followlng table for persons who have left for at least a year and those who have returned after a stay of at least a year elsewhere. No. ln Name of famlly chlef Number of persons Number of persons order who have left who have returned 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 JPC7.3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex I page 10 2.1.12. Migratlon to work Glve the number of persons who every year go temporarlly ttll elsewhere to work. tt Where do they go generally? (Country) tt What tlne of the year do they leave? 2.1.13. Slnce when was the vIlIage vlslted by: ttt 1. The agrlcultural extenslon norker...... (Year) (crop growing) ttt 2. The farming extenslon worker. .... (Year) (anlnal husbandry) 3. Others (Specify) .... (Year) ttt 2.2 Populatlon of the vlllage ttttt 2.2.L. Total populatlon today. ..lnhabltants ttttl 2.2.2. Total populatlon Ld L974 .lnhabltants tttll 2.2.3. Number of famlly unlts today.... r.. 2.2.4. Number of famtly unlts in 1974 ...... - JPC7.3 (NP /86 .7 ) Annex I pageT 2.2.5. Breakdown by age group and sex today O - 14 years TOTAL 15 years and * TCITAL sEx TOIAL POPUIAT ION M F M NTMBER BLIND F III. 56IAL FACILrtIES AND CO}IMT'NAL ACTIVITIES OF TIIE VILLAGE 3.1. Soclal facillttes 3.1 .1 . Ileal th At the begin- Thls year 5 years ago nlng of GP NT]MBER OF Dl spensarte s/Ma ternl t les HEALTH CEMRES AND PERSONML Vlllage health centres Village pharmacles wives Nurses Vtllage health workers JPC7.3 ( ocP/85 .7 ) Annex I page 12 3.1.2. Education This year 5 years ago At the start of 6P Number of Classes-/Teachers I I I school blocks Puplls 3.1.3. Water 3.1.3.1. F111 the table accordlng to the names of the rivers and backwaters. MME OF Lorr-water perlod Spate RWER/ BACKI{ATER Thls year 5 years ago At the begln- Thts year 5 years ago At the begln- ning of GP ntng of GP JPCT .3 ( mP/86 .7 ) Annex I page 13 3.1.3.2. Other permanent water supply points Thls year 5 years ago At the beglnnlng of trP Permanent Number of ponds Seas Number of wells and boreholes Permanent Number of dams Seasonal What use is made of the existlng ponds and dans? t__l 3.1.4. Varlous equlpment This year 5 years ago At the begin- nlng of GP Number of landcrete and sandcrete houses wlth rooflng sheets Blcycle Nuober of means of transport Iloped Cart Nunber of personal ltems (wireless set, etc.) JPCT .3 ( 6P/86.7 ) Annex I PA8eT 3.2. Connunity actlvltles Today 5 years ago At the begtn- nlng of GP !_J_t I_J_J 3.2.L Number of ntlls il llll lll 3.2.2. Nunber of stores il!_ ilr lll 3.2.3. Nunber of village pharmacies ilt llllll 3.2.4. Number of vlllage grouPs/ assoclat lons/ cooPerat lves (cross out lrhat ls not appllcable ilt llllll 3.2.4.L. Total number of members 3.2.4.2. Number of members who can read and wrlte (natlonal languaget French, Engllsh, Arabic) ilil 3.2.4.3. Maln actlvltles : 1. Production YES n NO ilt ln the vlllage 2 Trade YES NO tlr 3 Others YES n NO 3.2.4.4. Number of llteracy centres ill 3.2.4.5. Exlstence of market YES l-_-l Per lod lcity NO JPC7.3 ( ocP/86.7 ) Annex I page 15 IV PRODUCT ION 4.1. Agrlcutture 4.1.1. Dry farming : P = Productlon ln kg A = Area ln ha TYPE OF PRODUCTION Thls year 5 years ago At the beglnning of 6P P MAIZE A P MILLET/SORGIIUM A P GROT'NDNTrfS A P ccnToN A P RICE A P YAM A P SWEET PCIATOES A Mango tree P A FRUIT Cashew P/A TREES Orange (cltrus) Pineapple P IA Others P A TCIAL NIJMBER OF FARMS JPC7.3 (@P /86 .7 ) Annex I Prg.-16- 4.1.2. Irrlgated farmlng: P = Productlon ln kg A = Areas ln ha y = yield kg/ha TYPE OF PRODUCTION Thls year 5 years ago At the beglnnlng of GP P RICE A Y P MAIZE A Y P POTATOES A Y P SI.IEET PSIATOES A Y P A Y P A Y P A Y P A Y JPCT .3 ( GP/86 .7 ) Annex I p"g"=i7 4.2. Factors of Productlon Thls year 5 years ago TYPE QUANI rtY TYPE QUANT rtY TYPE Millet/sorghum Type and quantlty (kg) of lmproved Mal ze seeds utilized Rlce Cot ton Groundnuts Number of farms uslng these lmproved seeds Type and quantltY NPK (ke) of fertlllzer ut 11 I zed: Urea Natural phosphate Others Number of farms uslng these fertllizers Number of farms equip- Simple ped wlth annual trac- tlon implement Double lfumber of persons Type of loan Number Anount Number Amount Number Aoount havlng obtained the following loans and Pre-harvest amount s Equlpment Farming JPCT .3 ( cP/86.7 ) Annex I pag"-i5 4.3. Anlnat husbandrY Evolutlon of anlnoal Productlons Thls year 5 years ago At the beglnnlng of GP Nuuber o COIJS of Soats sheep Nunber of try of owners concerned -Number 4.4. Flshlng This year 5 years ago At the beglnnlng of GP Productlon ln tonnes Nunber of persons concerned 4.5. Forest Thls year 5 years ago At the beglnnlng of GP Exploltatlon of wo od ln stere Reforestatlon ln ha o persons c lrea oE forest and other reServes JPCT .3 ( ocP/85 .7 ) Annex I pas;E V. RAINFALL Thls year 5 years ago At the beglnnlng of GP Water level (mn) of days of rain V.1. Prlce changes in (CFA/Cedl/untt) This year 5 years ago At the beglnnlng fmP GP RSP osP RSP GP RSP ItaLze Rice Mi1let Sorghum Cot ton Fertlllzer NPK Sheep Goat Poultry (fowl, gulnea-fowI, others) Fish (kg) Woo stere OSP: Official se11lng prlce RSP: Real se11lng price (that observed ln the vlllagers market or fhe market that the vlllage uses). VII. Observations 1. Reforestatlon - Presence of herdsmen, etc. Sna11 synthesls report (2 pages) on the changes thar have taken place tn the vlllage over the past 10 years. JPCT .3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex I page 20 @PIECO/84 F-1G1 DISTRICT QTJEST IONNAIRE I. IDEI{I IF ICAT ION NAME OF SURVEY WORKER couMRY..... rll SUBSECTOR. tll * DATE OF SURVEY ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT tll ll ** NAME OF VERIFIER TYPE OF ZONE * For the admlnlstratlve distrlct, only the last divlslon before 1981 should be used. The terms to be used for the dlfferent countrles are as fotlows: B6nln : Pr6fecture Burkina : D6partenent - chef-lleu - Pr6fecture Cdte dt lvolre : D6partenent - cheflleu - Pr6fecture Ghana : Dlstrlct - Reglon Nlger : D6partenent - chef 1l'eu - Pr6fecture Togo : Circonscription - chef-lleu - Pr6fecture one of ** put 1 or 2 accordlng to rdhether the lntersectlon betlreen the dlstrtct concerned and the selected study areas ls empty or not ' JPCT .3 ( 6P/85 .7 ) Annex T p.g"U II. SGIOECONCMIC DATA t/ 2.1. Bastc data and evolutlon tt/ 2.1.1. Nuober of vlllages ln the dlstrlct lncludtng .founded after 1974 tl/ 2.1.2. Total populatlon today .....and in 1974 tt/ 2.1.3. Total cultivable land ln the valleys...... ha tll lncludlng. .ha cultivated todaY I I / from the chlef-town....kms 2.t.4. How far ls the nearest permanent watercourse ttl ...km lncluding 2.L.5. Total length of roads and tracks today. ttl 2.1.5.1. Roads practlcable throughout the year . ....kms lt / 2.L.5.2. Roads practtcable in the dry season kms 2.L.5.3. Roads constructed after L974...... kms 2.L.6.Other projects 2.1.6.L. Dams/Catchments YES NO TI ll 2.L.6.2. Use of dam or catchment 1. Agricultural lrrlgatlon lt 2. Productlon of electrlclty t--1 3. Both n 4. Others 2.L.6.2. Other permanent water supply polnts JPC7.3 (@P186.7) Annex I €zz 2.L.6.2.L. Rivers and streams LOII-WATER PERIOD SPATE years the Name of rLver At the begln- 5 At or backwater Thls year 5 years ago nlng of trP Thls year ago beginnlng of GP 1 2 3. 4 5 6 7. 9 10. JPCT .3 ( mP/86 .7 ) Annex I pageU 2.L.6.2.2. Ponds and bore-holes This year 5 years ago At the beginnlng of GP r of temporary ponds and catchments Number of permanent ponds and catchments Number of permanent wel1s and bore-holes 2.L.7. Educatlon and health Thls year 5 years ago At the beglnnlng of GP SCHOOL Classes /Teacher s / I I BL6K Pupl1s Hospl tals NTMBER OF HEALTII Dlspensar ies /Mate rni t les CENIRES Vll1age Health Centres Vlllage pharmacles Medlcal Officers NT]MBER OF I{EALTII Mldwlves PERSONNEL Nurses Village health workers JPC7.3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex I paBe-Ti 2.1.8. Startlng with the year the Programme was started, glve: 2.1.8.1. The new vlllages founded: ORIGIN OF POPUI.ATION Approxlnate from OBSER- No. NAME YEAR 1. Mlgrant S IZE dlstance 2. Natlve (POPUT.ATION) nearest rtver VA 3. Mixture T IONS 1 2 3. 4 5 6. 7 JPC7.3 ( rcP/86 .7 ) Annex I page 25 2.1.8.2. Deserted vl1lages OBSER No NAME YEAR ORIGIN OF POPUI"ATION S IZE Approxlrnate distance 1. Migrant (POPULATION) from nearest river VA 2. Natlve T IONS 3. Mlxture 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2.L.9. Are there developoent projects wlth ongolng oPerarlons here? yES Tl No n If yes, f111 an ldenttftcatlon form per project and on a maxlmum of 2-3 Pages Present tt the analysts of the project accordlng to polnt 3.2 of the teros of reference of the consultatlve treeting (see flle). JPC7.3 ( GP/85 .7 ) Annex I p"c"B PROJECT IDEMIFICATION FORM - ProJect number: - Naue and locatlon - Nature of the enterPrlse a) S tate ttl b) Prlvate c) Mlxed tl - Date of commenceuent. ttll - Cost and source of fundlng ....(1n thousand mlllton) Personnel utlllsed: Total ..... lncluding . Temporary labourers...... Permanent labourers...... Offlcers and suPervlsors - Total salary pald thls year. ....(tn thousand millton) tl - Llvtng condltlon of the personnel ll . Habitats for workers YES l--I No n . Collective equiPment YES -n No n tl . Others YES n No n- -Glveyourfeellngaboutthefollowlngrlftherehadbeenno onchocerclasls control tl . Project would have been successful to 1OOZ n 507" . ProJect would not have succeeded 252 11 - Assotcatlons and/or cooperatlves YBSNNON ll If YES a) - number of assoclatlons. - total number of members tll b) - number of cooPeratlves.....; - number of members tlll JPC7.3 ( mP/86.7 ) Annex I pas;fl 2.1.10. Accessiblllty of the populatlon to agricultural loans YES l-l No l-l t_J If YES, give the lnstttutlon(s) givlng the loan 1. Bank l-l 2. Cooperative n 3. other n 2.1.11. Exlstence of village assoclatlon and/or cooperatlve: yES l-J No n I I If YES: number of assoclatlons. ttt number of cooperatlves UI 2.2. Soclal rehabllttatlon of the bl1nd t !_J 2.2.1. Exlstence of tralnlng centres for the blind YESN NO N This year At qlfe_F€1n- I / ntng of QCf 2.2.t.t. Number of centres 2.2.1.2. Number of members / lt//l 2.2.L.3 . Main actlvitles t T--T / Ti--T--t t 2.2.1.4. Supervisory body. JPC7.3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex I p"g"-N III. PRODUCTION 3.1. Agriculture 3.1.1. Dry farrolng : P = Productlon (kg) A = Area ln ha Thts year 5 years ago At the beginnlng TYPE OF PRODUCTION of GP MAIZE P A P MILLET/S OR.GHIIM A P ccrtToN A P GROT'NDNTNS A P RICE A P YAM A FRUIT PIA TREES NTE PIA PIA P/A PIA Total number of farms JPC7.3 (GP186.7) Annex I ;;e" D 3.L.2. Irrigated farming: P = Productlon (kg) A = Area (ha) Y = Yleld (ke/ha) TYPE OF PRODUCTION This year 5 years ago At the beglnnlng of 6P RICE P A Y P MAIZE A Y P PCIIATOES A Y P SWEET PCltATOES A Y P A Y P A Y P A Y JPC7.3 ( mP/86.7 ) Annex I p.geE 3.2. Factors of productlon This year 5 years ago At the beglnnlng of GP TYPE QUANTITY TYPE QUAMrIY TYPE QUATVT rIY Type and quantitY Ml11e t/ sorghum (kg) of lmproved seeds utillzed: l4aLze Rice Cot ton Groundnuts Nunber of farms uslng these lnproved seeds TyPe quantlty N.P.K. (kS) of fertlllzer ut 111zed: Urea Natural phosphate Others Number of farns using these fert 111zers Nuober of farms equlP- Slmple ped wlth annual tractlon lmPlement Double Amount Number of persons TyPe of Nunber Amount Number Amount Number having obtalned the loan following loans Pre-harvest Equipment Farmlng JPC7.3 ( cP/86.7 ) Annex I page 31 3.3. Anlmal husbandry Evolutlon of anlmal produc t tons This year 5 years ago At the begln- nlng of GP Number of cows ro goats and sheeP Number of poultry Num ero owners conce 3.4. Flshlng Thls year 5 years ago At the begln- ntng of GP Productlon ln tonnes er of persons concerned 3.5. Forest This year 5 years ago At the begln- ntng of GP Exploltatlon of woods ln stere Number o persons concerned Reforestation ln ha Area of forest and other reserves JPC7.3 ( GP/85.7 ) Annex I weT IV. RAINFALL Thls year 5 years ago At the begln- nlng of GP Water fevel (un) Nurnber of days of rain V. PRICE CITANGES IN (CFA/CEDI/T'NII This year 5 years ago At the begin- nlng of GP Cow (unit) ep (unlt Goat unlt Poultry (fosl) (Gulnea-fowl) ( o thers ) Ftsh Wood ln stere NPK fertlllzer Cotton llalze Rlce l,I11let Sorghun VI. OBSERVATIONS - Concerntng: 1. Herdsnen 2. Larrd tenure system - Report or physlonony of the dtstrlct ln the past decade' JPCT .3 (&P /86 .7 ) Annex I nase :3 @P/ECOI84 F-12-1 HOUSEHoLD QT EST IoNNAIRE Name of survey worker ttt Date of survey ..... DISTRICT T--T-t REGION T--T-r V ILI.AGE. T-T-t t FARMER. STUDY ZONE 1 OR 2 ---T-IT-t 1- HOUSEITOLD HEAD 1.1. Name 1.1I Sex / / Mascullne / /Fenlnlne (ttck what ls appllcable) I 1.12 What T-you. ethnlc ffiup? ... Rellglon... 1.13 What ls your age? 1131 less than 3O years I lt LL32 3O to less than 40 years T-t z 1133 4O to less than 50 years T-t z 1r_34 50 to less than 60 years T-t t, 113 5 more than 60 years Lts 1 .14 Your oarital status: !__t 1141 Bachelor/ splns ter / lr LL42 Separated, Dlvorced, Wldow/wldower T-t z 1143 Marrled to 1 woman T-t t Lr44 Married to 2 wonen T-t t, 1145 Marrled to more than 2 rJornen Lts 114 5 Glve the ethnlc group(s) of your wlfe (wlves).... 1.15 Are you a natlve of this vlllage? YES I I NO /__/ /t If not : a) In what year dld you arrive? b) For rdhat reasons dtd you leave your former vi 11age ? - Fanlly tt I - Quallty of land -7/ 2 - Lack of land T-t 3 - Onchocerclasis LI 4 c) Where do you llve more often? / - In the vlllage here.. /lt Crops - In the other vlllage Ttz grown there 1.16 Are you a member of a cooperatlve? ygs !__/ No L _/ 1.17 Do you work wlth a development agency? YEs/ I No l__l 1.18 Have you obtalned thls year or last year any of the follo- wing types of loan - Pre-harvest?....1___/ 1 Amount - Farming? ...... / / Z - Equlpnent?. j JPC7.3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex I pageT 2. MIGRATIONS - 2.L. Glve the stages of your movements before settllng here /tt Place Date of arrlval Date of departure Reason r departure 1 2 3 4 2.2. b you have labourers who help you ln your work I tl ll If yes, glve the number TIUI 3. POPUIATION OF HOUSEIIOLD 3.1 See Table 3.1. JPCT . 3 (ocP / 86 .1 ) Annex I page 35 3.1 l.Iho are the persons who live on the farm? Sex Pre sen t Slnce when No. Fami 1y M 1 Age Ethnic read YES: I a plot Oncho Blind does he in Surname and rela- F 2 group YES: 1 Acti- NO: 2 YES YES: 1 YES:1 belong to order flrst name t lonsh 1p NO: 2 vity NO NO! 2 NO: 2 the house- hold? * -rst- _I6F- (r) (2) (3) Gt- 6) -E I 11 t2 (13) v l__t /_l t_J_/ L_t t lJ /-J t_t t_J l__/ tJ *(3) Famlly relatlonship *(8) Actlvttles * (1O) Contacts the farmers 1 Farrn head (FH) 1FH 2 Wlfe of FII 2 Family helper (FAI{) 3 Chlldren of FH 3 Puptl 4 Relative of FH 4 Actlve outslde farm 5 Brother/Sister of FH 5 Farm labourer 6 Iabourer 6 Famlly of labourer 7 Faml1y labourer 7 Inactlve 8 Herdsoan JPC7.3 ( mP/86.7 ) Annex I p"g" -56' 4- HAB ITAT 4.1 What ls the number of sandcrete houses tn the household? ttt 4.2 Glve the oumber of houses covered with roofing sheets. rul 4.3 How long ls the water supply polnt whlch you use durlng the dry season? . netrea ///t/ 5- Varlous facllltles nhich you have access to today: - School TI - Dlspensary n - Literacy centres n - Drinklng sater n JPC7.3 ( mP/86 .7 ) Annex I p.c"-Y 6 - MAIN ACTIVITIES 6.1 What ls your maln activltY: 1- Farmlng n 2 Animal husbandrY I-l l__t 3- Handlcrafts n 4 other n 6.2 Do you have a secondary activity? YEs [-l No n If yes, whlch? Farning n Antnal husbandry l_-l lJ Handlcrafts n 6.3 VarLous equlpnent Indlcate by a cross lf you possess the followlng equlpoent and glve the number - - Cart. n ltunber. - Blcyc1e. ... n Nunbet. l__/ l__/ - Wireless set or tape recorder l-l Number. l__/ 0n the basis of the response to questlon 6.1., turn to the corresponding Page. JPC7.3 ( mP/86.7 ) Annex I p"g"T' PAGE CONCERNING FAR},IING [dake a llst of crops and corresponding areas today and flve years ago. Thls year 5 years ago Extenslon Extenslon Crop Area Produc- Sale services Area Produc- SaIe Services ( ha) t lon (ke) provlded (ha) t lon (ke) Provlded I=YES 2=NO I=YES 2=N0 1 2 3 4 5 JPC7.3 (6P/86.7) Annex I pE;38 Llst of fallons Plot no. Crops sown laet year Crops sown two years ago 1 2 3 A.1 Do you thlnk you are producing more today? YEs l--l No r-l A.2 l{ow much have you spent on purchase of other foodstuffs for your consuoptlon? 1) thls year.. ttttttt 2) 5 years ago... -r-F-T--l-T-/ A.3 Can you lndlcate ln the following llst the equipment which you use (by 1 lf lt belongs to you, 2 Lf. Lt does not belong to you, 3 tf you do not use lt) A.3.1 "Light" equlpnent Slckle II Pruner n /tt Axe n Secateurs n lt/ Plckaxe n Spray n ttt Ilrs te r n Atomlzer n /t/ a JPC7.3 icrP 186 .7 ) Annex I P'C;E A.3.2 Animal tractlon implement Plough r-t Harrow n tt/ Weede r n Seeder n t// Rldge plough n A.3.3 Equipment Rlce threshlng-machlne n Decortlcator (rlce) n Cereal m111 n Silo n tll Cowshed n orher n tlt A.4 Llvestock A.4.1 How rnany of Ehe follosing do you have: Cows...... lncludlng...... "draught-oxen' I tll Horses.. ..'others' ---T-t Sheep/goats. I Plgs. . Fowls and gulnea-fowl. I other Poultry. A.5 Ftnal remarks: A.5.1 Has your way of livlng changed? I I A.5.2 why? D JPC7.3 ( mP/86.7 ) Annex I p.ge E PAGE CONCERNING ANI},IAL IIUSBANDRY E.O. Make a llst of Your livestock Today 5 years ago Veterinary Ve terlnary asslstance assistance Type of anlmal Number 1=YES Number 1=YES 2=N0 2=N0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 JPCT .3 ( mP/86 .7 ) wAnnex I 8.1 Sale of anlnals stnce 1980 Type of Number Total anlual sold Year sale prlce 8.2 How much have you sPent to buy foodstuffs thts year? ttl ttll and flve years ago.. JPC7.3 ( GP/86.7) n;crAnnex I Indlcate ln thls 1lst the facllltles you use (1 lf they belong to you, 2 lf they are for common use) - Cattle pen n Capaclty. t_J - Sna1l rumlnant pens n Capaclty !__t/ t tt - Plgsty n Capaclty .... l__t t/tt - Henhouse l--I Capaclty l__t / 8.4 Avallablllty of land and water - Do you have more pasture land today than before? YESNNoll /_J - Do you have more access to nater today than before? YES N No [I l__t - Are there problems between you and farmers ln the reglon? YES l--l No n !__t If yes, clte them: JPCT .3 ( 6P/86 .7 ) Annex I weeAi PAGE CONCERNING IIANDICRAFTS At.1 ActlvltY and evolutlon: - Make a llst of artlcles and quantities produced Today Before 6P Earnings from Earnlngs Art lcle Number the sale Nuuber from the sale At.2 llow much do you spend today to buy foodstuf fs?""' I tl and before? .... At.3 Factlltles: caiTim7-t! a llst of worklng tools which you use and thelr Prtees? t"""' aaalaa taa.aa JPC7.3 ( ocP/86.7 ) ANNEX I1 ISOHYETS AND LAND CAPABILITIES The observations made in this document concern the West African Region (!iAR) which includes the OCP area. The latter covered 764 000 km2 initially but the a- southern extensions 1n Benln, C6te d'Ivoire, Ghana and Togo have increased this area to about 875 000 km2. The OCP area occupies a considerable part (45%) ot the West African ecological region defined as West African Region in Annex I. I. Its climate Lying between latitudes 14oN and 4o30'N, this area fa11s within the sudano- sahelian region with two alternating seasons in the year: one rainy, the other dry. Its rainfall varies from the north to the south, between l0O mm and 1400 mm for three to six months. The last decade was particularly marked by a severe climatic crisis whose maln characteristics should be noted. I.1. - Rainfall crisis It is characterized by an evident descent of the isohyets towards the southl. The most serious deficit was recorded in lp8l compared to the decennial average for 1977-7980, a period already consj,dered dry (Figure 1). I.2. - Persistence of the deficit period Between 1!10 and 1983, i.t has been shown2 in Burkina Faso that while 7930-1,943 \.das a period of normal rainfall, 7944-194! was a short deficit period which was followed by years of excess. 0n the other hand, there has been a general deficit trend at all the hydrological stations since 1p68. Two of these same author"2 h.rr. highlighted in "S6cheresse au Sahe1, 1983", the persistence of the deficit period in the Sahel. The obvious consequence of the climatic crisis is a fall in the flow of the rivers. II. Its soil resources Figure 2 and Tables 1 and 2 were prepared from Atlas of West Africa (IFAN) and the FAO world map of soi1s. Classifications on the basis of the agronomic value of the soils have been made in order to arrive at an indispensable simplification of this study which is not a pedological study. 1 Sorr.ce: Persistence de la s6cheresse au Sahe1, CIEH - December 1!Bl. 2 J.A1b."gel, J.P. Carbonnel, M. Grouziz: pluies - eaux de surface - production v6g6tales en H.V. (1920-7983) - mars 1984. JPCT .3 (ocP /86 .7 ) Annex II page 2 Table 1. - Classification and .Agronomic value of the soils Approximate FAO Terminology agronomic value and remarks Good to very 1. Soils with mul1 good Carobisols 2. Hydromorphic soi1s Gleysols and fluvisols; value l. Vertisols Good depends on internal drainage and techniques utilized 4. Slight to average desaturated ferralitic soils Luvisols, nitisols associated wi-th acrosols. 5. S1ieht1y a11uvia1 Average to good soils 6. Highty desaturated Ferralitic soils Ferralosols Average 7. Soils with Sexquioxides Arenosols 8. Isohumic soils Cambisols; fertility depends on Average to bad rainfaI1. 9. Slightly eroded soils Solonchaks; fluvisols and 10. Halomorphic soils Average to bad planosols. Lithosols susceptible to l-1. Mineral soils Bad erosion. JPCT .3 @eP/86.7) Annex 1I paSe 3 Table 2. - Distrubution of soil types and their agricultural value in the oCP area and the ldest African Region (lrAR) (in Z of WAR area) t West African Agricultural OCP area Resion (%) Value 1. Soils with mu11 3.3 o.26 Good to very good 2. Hydromorphic soils 6.t 4.6 l. Vertisols 1 9 o.95 Good Both 2 and J 8.0 5.6 4. Sligthly desaturated 9.6 1.7 Ferral-i.tic soils Average to good !. Average desaturated t2.o 6.8 Ferralitic soils Both 4 and 5 27.O 8.6 Slightly a1Iuvia1 soils 0.05 1.4 Average to good 4*5*6 2t.6 10.0 1to6 32.9 15. B Average to good /. Highly desaturated Ferralitic soils 10.7 t3.5 a Soils with "sexquioxides" 4t.t 27.6 (tropical leached soils) Average to bad 9. Isohrrmic soils 0 t5.5 10. Slightly eroded soils 11. Halomorphic soils 0.4 L.9 to 11 49.5 50.6 12. Mineral soils 5.4 19.8 bad Dams/catchments 1.5 Although this table is a simplification, from the viewpoint of the agricultural value of the soifs, it indicates a significant difference between the OCp area and the liest African Region. fn the Programme area, the agronomic values between average and very good represent 12.9% of the total area. This rate fa11s to 1!.Bl outside the OCP area. Conversely, the average to bad values represent 7O/" in the lrlest African Region as against orrly 55"/" in the programme area. JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7) Annex II p.c;l- Table 3 - Agricultural production potential of the OCP area and its subregion , Areas very suitable for the crops (as "/"7 of the total area concerned) 0cP Outside OCP Maize 50.3/" 37.6/. Sorghum 4t.B% 30.8% Mi11et 37/" 37.5% Potatoes 60.o/" 53.6"1 Cassava 40.8,t 361 Cotton 42.z% 31.4% Table 4. - AEricultural production ootentials of the oCP area and its subregion: suitable areas 0cP Outside OCP Nlaize 47.4% 44.1r Sorghum 25"1 25.9"1 Mi11et 29.7/" 35.4/" Potatoes 34.8% 38.4% Cassava 31.6/. 34.7% Cotton 27.5% 21.6% 1 OceTacO planimerry JPCT .3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex II page 5 The suitability of the lands for the cultivation of cereals (mi11et, sorghum and maize), root crops (cassava, shreet potatoes) and cotton (as a cash crop) has been evaluated in the study area (Figures 3 and 4). t Tables I and 4 sum up the potential of the areas suitable for agricultural production. Root crops find more favourable conditions to the south even though their ecological area extends to the limit of that of cereals to the north. It will be not,ed that the northern limit of the cereals corresponds more or less to isoline 90-day vegetati.ve cycle while those of the root crops (sweet potatoes and cassava) and cotton start from the 150-day isoline. Millet and sorghum descend a bit to the south of the 210-day isoline. Maize and the root crops stretch as far as the llo-day isorine. cotton stops much more to the north of this last 1imit. a JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7) Annex II p.ce6- ocP / 86. 7 Pogo 6 Anncre./Annrr If o o ., o o IL 1 o o I 9 9 o N I t IF I \ t \ \ \ o o 1 9 I o o I I o Il- I I , I , I I I I I I I I t / I I o I I I \ o= t \ I ET \ J I \ I o I I I e, I , UJ I I I I I n t I oI I I F I l I I lrl I I! I l I o I I o I I I I I I I I I t I I I F I , o o I \ t I t a \ I , t- I \ I , o \ 3 td \ \ I I a I I \ ta) o I FO- o I \\ 6r ct I 1r, 1l IJ 1l o I zF t lr, I - t lrJ o 3 o oo og o o N o - Figure 2 JPC7.3 (]cP /86.7 Annex II page 7 t E I trl a I @6'oq @u) 8u Ld , ooJlI Hq o-l @ :f -J JE. sE 1d uJcpE. U.J lJ.. o; Eo zE o = 8==rt. N UJ z o o E F= Y U U OG z tr 6o o L --o o o+ I 3E :o3r 2 o Ei f lrJ i3' s lo e o o i'3 3 {c z 'gb og a , Eo l! o o Uo (, o E6 lrJ !o 5l 5s 6p J 9 f J ag o I EE G @o 0 - =< =< JJ Y z @ tl t: o l. ffiNl f, I li t. ! 9 JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7) Annex II Gc"-€-- ocP/E6.7 Poge 7, Annlro/AnnorE, 1() I I l! \ I L \ I \ ,c ! I -:, \ o o o I z tr, a o \ - :l F 3 OJ \ 2 Nl o I 5 8l f I ul ol (J I l.)1 o oi F trJ I J E I (, J \ (, = E o E , \ o F \ lr, J o- @ ${ F ut o = - o ? E tt ) I oD F o D- o =J (J o lr, E, c (9 E o, I t(t ! - 0 = G of , lrl I tr, u E, 2 F f o c 5 N f I Ill = (J 3 o lr,I| o -F J G , a o 3t o LrF I G J2 o l, lr, ots f 2 %. st I G ] lr, 55 F I e k Il| - o 2 t! ;aFE ,e o G tlro ()-) o lt G o E, II Lr lrl o .2 (, o f o -- N NNoo oo J o otrJ ? o :f E 2 6 E I @ E W F (L 9 o : N o o o i JPCT .3 ( ocP/85.7 ) Annex fI page 9 o c P /86.7 Poge 8 Annexe,/Annex I[ \t Il o i. @ I F_ g L E o o o q z. o o t! ) ? z o F o I , N 5 o C f I () tl! f o I z o o x F F E o I () () o oE o l! F b, J lr, .- (o \ ZN o F N 5 lr, U' J o a @ (J o z F F o- -r z u, @ z = I :, I o (J= F o I tr o a, (9 I J- I @A F 5 z o o F J o z.- () 6o ax, of I = ld u, EI (r I z F f o o. F N J l! f J =e (J (D 6 FU IJ t\ F J '_ (. o 5z (l- a Ez tr o $ o N El! trl . U) t!-:T f ?. >d) o z \E =tr, E IJ J F Y o Ff F' o-(/,) z z l! <\ 6 _= ,,r* o IJ al! E J o (r UF <1 (-lo E(! =: E lrJ t! t! (9 zZ z a oo o .,J o NN N ql r-- trJ ? I IIH l o (D [I ) t E, 2 I F v o ii [H t_- F N o. I 9 o r 9 o q I i i I I I L, JPoT .3 (oeP /86.7) ANNEX III POPULATION MOVEMENTS IN THE ONCHO ZONE Population dynamics in OCP sampl e villages: village-level popul qtion analysis J OBJECTIVE The objective of this analysis is to describe briefly the main population variables contained in the OCP questionnaire and bring out the relations between them' in order to highlight population movements in space, during the ten years of oCP's existence, and the laws which govern them, at ]east in the sample vill-ages. rt should be pointed out that the analysis is limited to the village l-evet and is based mainly on family movements because in fact movements of isolated individuars, which are rare' are quickly forgotten in the villages whereas movements of whole fanilies are much less so. Families are basic social realities in African curtures. Whether they leave or come to settle in a virlage, the movement than is more significant that of isolated individuals. The goal of the study is not to take the place of national population studies which can have nore considerable resources and more specialized for the obtention of specific results on migration, its factors and consequences ' The analysis is based on data relative to famili.es that have left or settled in the villages since 1!J4. The situation is very particular in OcP's context: various parts of the programme area have for a long time been perceived as "uninhabitable" by ihe populations because of different scourges, particularly onchocerciasis. of course' From the very beginning, there have been different types of migratory movements in the area; drift from the rural areas, movements towards the river va11eys, temporary.migratory movements' Cases etc. of migration to be associated with onchocerciasis can be defined as those concerning families which settle in a place find good or leave it because they it or "cursed". This type of movement riir, according to its lmportance, provide information on the consequences of the ten years onchocerciasis of control of the vector. Although the results are a priori not projectable to the whole zone, they give sufficient information Firstly, for de-cisions to be based on them. the main variables and their distribution from one virlage to the other will be described' followed by an analysis of the spatial movements mag-nitude of families and their and, finally, an indicative evaluation of migrations in the villages from t 974 to 1984. 1. Ggneral observati on on rion movemen ts between 1970 and 1984 Table was prepared r from data collected from various sources: OCp national- reports' results of censuses and surveys carried possibl-e out in the countries etc. which made it to make projections. rt is 1ike1y that there are more if they were specific data even not available for this study. The results presented here should therefore be seen as trend indicators in the OCp zone. Three main observations will be made on the poputation situation in the zone: (a) the population in the zone is relatively considerabl-e: it represents between 14:l and' more than 5o"/" of the poiurations the participating Countries; of JPC7.3 (ocP /86.7 ) Annex III page 2 (b) the average density is lower than the national average in many cases; (c) although the population growth is also lower than the national average in several areas, it presents so many diversities that any generalization would cause the loss of considerable information. I The last two points which give information on the zone's population dynarnics necessitate some remarks. To this end, the coastal countries and the Sahelian countries will be distinguished. 1.1. Population situation in the Oncho Zone of lhe coqstal countries Migratory movements from rural areas to towns have always dominated the population dynamics of these countries. Most of the big towns are in the southern part of the countries; they are very important centres of attraction and thus drain a considerable number of migrants from the north towards the south. Since aII the OCP zones are situated in the northern part of these countries, they follow this migratory tradition. Another determinant element of this population dynamics is the development imbalance between the north and the south which has for a long time characterized these countries. A11 the social, economic facilities, etc., have been concentrated mainly in the southern part to the detriment of the northern part. The result is that tiIl recently mortality remained at a very high leve1 in the latter. This fact, together with the migratory situation, has created a low population growth in these zones, compared with the whole area. However, the States are aware of the danger of this imbalance and are endeavouring to reduce it by initiating various projects, in the northern region of their territory, which are aimed not only at improving the living conditions of the populations but al-so at changing the traditional direction of the internat migrations. Although diachronic data are not available on population evolution in these zones to show the changes taking place in the pace of the population evolution, some notable elements can be observed. The cases of the Northern Region of Ghana, Borgou in Benin and Tone in Togo are quite convincing and deserve to be followed closely in the years to come. 1.2. Situat ion in the oncho zone of the Sahelian countries The OCP zones in the Sahelian countries have, in many cases, a growth rate at least equal to the national average. The densities are stilI low but it is almost certain that they will increase, considering the growth rate of the population. Even if, with the currently available data, the average density is not a precise indicator, it gives quite good information about the overall reality: the valleys were almost empty everywhere. Even if some cases of high density can be mentioned here and there, they constitute points of less importance in camparison with the general situation. Since the last climatic catastrophes, considerable migratory movements have been going on in the direction of the zone. They are maintained and encouraged by the availability of salubrious and fertile lands there. 2. Descriptj-on of the situation in the survey villages The sample villaEes and the population variables The following population variables were analysed on the basis of the data collected in the field: - population of the village in 1pl4 - population of the village in 1pB4 - number of fa-milies that have settled since 1974 - number of families that have left the village since 1tl4 JPCT .3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex III page 3 - total number of members of families that have settled - total number of members of families that have left - average number of persons, per vilfage, lhat have arrived less than a year ago - average number of temporary workers per village - time of the year when temporary workers leave number vi.11age 1)14 - -number of families in the in - of famil-j.es in the village in 1984. The study covered 1/4 villages scattered over six countries. Mali's data were not available to OCP at the tj.me of the analysis which \,ras therefore carrled out for Benin (21 villages), Burkina Faso (30 villages), Ghana (20 villages), COte d'fvolre (50 villages), Niger (26 viTTages) and Toeo (27 villages). In fact, Togo has l0 villages but some !{ere regrouped on the forms for the variables because they are either farms associated with villages or villages which are too close to each other to be dissociated. 2.1. Population in 1974 This variable has suffered from the effect of memory. It got a total of 4! "non- responses" in more than a quarter of the villages because of the fact that often the statistical archives of the countries do not have information on past events. For three-quarters of the cases where informatj.on was available, the average population of the villages in 1974 was'lJ'l inhabitants. The population of 77% of these villages was below this average. The least populated village had J4 inhabitants while the most populated one had 6000 inhabitants. 2.2. Population in 1!84 Data were coLlected for 95/, of the villages: only eight villages did not have this information. The average size is 1000 inhabitants. This, therefore, confirms the wish made clear a priori by the ECO team not to go beyond 1000 habitants in order to maintain the "rurality" of the vi11ages. However, the population of 2'/"/" of the villages is higher than this average. The population of the viI1ages, in 1984, ranged between l2 and 8,000 inhabitants. 2.1. Families which have settled Information rdas col1ected for 111 vi11ages, i.e., 65% of the 174 villages concerned. It relates to families which have settled in the village between 1974 and 1984. Even if reservations are to be made about the perlod, it is evident that there has been a recent arrival of new families in the vi11age. No new family was declared in certain villages (20 cases); in the others, the number declared ranged betrtreen one and Bl. The average number of these families which have settled recently in the village is seven. 2.4. Families thar had left. Here, the "non-responses" were quite considerabfe: more than half (91=52/"), In 20 villages no faml1y departure r^/as declared. In the others, the number of familles that had left range between one and 20. The average of the departures is about four 2.!. Number of members of families that had settled Information was avarlable for BB vi11ages. 0n average, the settl-ement of new families in the vl11ages brought in 60 additional persons per vi11age. 2.6. Number of members of the families that had left Here also, the effect of memory lras very signiflcant. It was possible to collect information only in 56 vi1lages. The average number of persons lost by each village through the departure of familles is about l0. JPjT .3 (ocP /86.7) Annex III p.d-4- 2.7. Number of persons who have departed in past year The "non-responses" were 73% (127 villages). For the 47 vittages which declared and recorded departures, the average is about 1t persons per vi11age. 2.8. Number of persons who have returned in past year Like the preceding variable, the rate of "non-response" was very hi.g}.'.75'/,, Information was obtained in 44 vilIages, giving an average of eight individuals per vi11age. 2.9 . A'verage number of tempo rary workers per village This variable was more represented in the sample than the two preceding ones. Its rate of "non-responsetr was 43"/". It seems that movements of individuals in the villages are of a temporary rather than a definitive nature. Thus, !1 individuals, on average, per village were involved in this temporary migration which takes place especially in the dry season (85/"). 2.10. Number of families in 1974 and in 1984 The variable "number of families in 1974" hras very poorly represented (61% "non- responses,). Its retrospective aspect is the main cause, since for the variable "number of fanilies in 1984" only 25% oon-responses were recorded. In spite of that, it can be said that there h,ere, on average, 91 families per village in 1974 as against 125 in 1984. 3. Fami Iy movements 1974 and 1984 To hi-ghlight the population evolution under these different aspects in the sample villages, some indices were calculated: - the average annual rate between 1974 and 1984 - the average size of the families in 1974 and 1984 - the a\/erage size of the newly settled farnilies and those that had left - net migrant families Per village - balance of irrdividuals in family movements (arrivals and depart,ures). ?1 Mean annual growth rate in vill aqes - This index which gives the rate of evolution of the sample villages is, on average, 3.6L%. This rate is greater than the annual mean rate calculated for the OCp zone which is about 2.76i(. Like any central value, it groups together very diverse situations: thus, certain villages have zero or negative growths (24 villages), while others have a clearly lower growth than the mean (36 villages) ; 20 villages have an average growth because they fa11 within the bracket of the national urr."uf"" e.6 to 4.2%)1 4i vi1ages have a high growth (greater than 4.2/"); 49 villages could not be included in the calculation, for lack of one of the basic data. It can be advanced that only a very high emlgration or mortal-ity could have resulted in such a result in the villages with zero or negative growths. However, no event that could lead to mortality of this level was recorded in the region during this period. Moreover, the villages which have a very high growth have had an "abnormal" increase in populatlon that can only be due to immigration. 7) Average family size in 1974 and 1984 This variable shoutd make it possible to see the evolution of the family structures in the vi.llages. Apparently, the average size of the familles (number of persons making up the fimily) did not change much between 1974 (10.8) and 1984 (1"1-.2). Furthermore, a test of the difference between the means confirms that the size of the familles has remained stable between the tr,uo periods. JPCT .3 (ocP/86.7) Annex III page 5 3.3. Size of migrant families 0n average, the size of a migrant family is eight persons for those arriving and seven p."=o^" for those leaving. There is no statistically significant difference between these two si.zes. 0n the other hand, there is a signifi-cant difference betlreen these two figures and the previously found average size of families (about 11 persons per family) ' Unquestionably, the migratory phenomenon affects families whose size is markedly below the average. 3.4 Net migrant famiLies oer village It is the most relevant varlable, in this context, for the study of the demographic impacts of the Programme in its geographic zone. Unfortunately, 1t was po"=ibl" to cafculate the index for only 116 villages out of the 174 because of "non- response" reasons. Fifty-three of those villages have had a net migration loss ranging between -1J2 and -1; 63,riUuges have had a net migration gain ranging from one Lo 287 families' The balance of these movements remains positive. The average per village is 7.7 families. l. !. Bala4qe o:l individuals in family movements As regards individuals, the results are similar to the preceding ones. 0n average, family movements have led to a gain of 4t individuals for each village concerned. Considering the low representativeness of the last two indices because of "non- responses", the 1eveI of migration, has to be estimated. It can be deduced, from the rates of growth in the villages and the growth rate of the district they belong to' that the growth deviation from the average is due exclusively to migration. This hypothesis may be debatable in regard to some villages whlch have had naturally 1ow or stationary dynamics throughout the decade. It is, however, a reality that natural populatlon movements, even in villages with 1000 inhabitants, are defined in relation to a certain intervaf, other things being equal, and that any deviation vis-d-vis it can in principle be due only to migratory movements. 3.[. Evaluation of the population dynamics in some villages in the OCP zone Table 2 glves the distribution of the villages where the socioeconomic study was carried out, according to the annual average growth rate between 1974 and 1p84. In comparison with the average leve1 for the zone which is 2.6%, the villages can be classified into five main groups according to the growth rate: - negatlve; - positive but lower than the average for the OCP zone; - average, i.e., between 2.6 and.4.2/, (4.2/" is the highest national growth rate observed in the zone); - high (4.2 to 6.7/"); - those which are in full "population explosion" (higher iJnan 6.7%), It goes without saying that the ti^/o extreme groups experience migratory movements of considerable magnitude. The intermediate groups are to be placed in the popula- tion context of their district in order to estimate the migratlon 1eve1 in each of them. According to whether there is a difference or not bet\,reen the present popula- tion and that which is expected, it will be possible to deduce if the village is subjected or not to migratory movements. Knowlng the average size of the vl11ages, the volume of the migration of families during the decade is estimated from i-t. JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7) Annex III pad-6- Only viltages which existed before 1974 and continued to exist after 1!BO are covered by this study; when more deeply studied, it will reveal other villages which are interesting in regard to their population dynamics. The updated situation in the sample villages was evaluated at two distinct 1evels characterized by: - the growth rate of the village in relation to the population dynamics of the whole zone; the result is the constitution of the five groups of growth rate; - the status of the village in its national district; this makes it possible to estimate the migratory volume for the ten years. The average for the district to which the village belongs constitutes an element for a rational comparison because the village is closer demographically to the district it belongs to than to the whole country. Thus, there may be vitlages which will falt into the low-growth category but will have positive migratory balances, and others in the average- or high-growth groups whose balance may be slightly positive or (extreme case) negative. Finally, it should be pointed out that the population size can influence the growth rate. A smal1 village which receives a number of migrants may find itself in a high-growth group whereas a big village with the same volume of nigrants would have a lower growth rate. 3 6.1 Negative-grow th villases They are the vilr ages whose population has decreased during the decade (7974- 1984). Most of then ',1,2/22) have less than 500 inhabitants. They have lost between two arrd 1'12 fani-ly tLnits, i.e., 20 t.o 1000 persons. These villages are situated in the valleys of the Btack and l,rlhite Voltas, the Bandama, the Sassandra, the Niger and the Kara, especially in the coastal countries where the north-south type of migration is sti11 going on. 0n1y two localitles are situated in Niger; they have more than 500 inhabitants. They have experienced departures of 24 and 96 families respectively. Concurrently, the presence of onchocerciasis patients, of the order of between 2 and 2B%, h,as been reported in 10 of the villages in this group. In spite of reservations about the reality of onchocerciais infection, an obsessive fear of onchocerciasis is noted among the populations. -r :- almosL certaln that different factors play a part in the decision of populations to leave. In-depth studies w111 have to be carried out to update them. Already, it can be said of certain vi1lages, like Vialadougou and Tane in COte d'Ivoire or Magrri in Ghana, that their smal1 size is influencing their growth rate very much. 0n the other hand, others like Agbassa, Atchangbade (Togo), Ganki Bassarou (Niger) or Jerigo (in Ghana), while bei.ng big, have experienced considerable emigration. It has not been possible to demonstrate clearly in this study any correlation between the growth rate and the size of the villages 3 6.2. Positive-growth viltages At first sight, the villages in this group seem to have a low growth. In fact, their growth rate appears to be 1ower than the average for the OCP area. They reveal very diversified situations when placed in the context of their districts. Thus, some vi1lages, like Landjougou on the banks of the Bagoe in C6te d'Ivoire or Burufu and Jefisi on the Black Volta and the Kulpawn in Ghana, have experienced arrivals of between one and 26 families, while others, like Payani, Fuu, Wambong, etc., on the Black Volta in Ghana have lost up to t6l families. 0n the whole, these vjllages certainly have net migration losses which are, however, 1ow. They are not too much bel-ow the average for the district to which they belong. They are, for the most part, villages with more than 500 inhabitants, which, moreover, reduces the overall effects of the migrations. JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7 ) Annex III page 7 3.6.3 . Average-srowth viII ages These villages whose growth is well within the average for the zone, have, in comparison with the district they belong to, had a gain in population wh:-ch is certainly due to migration. They are mostly villages with more than 500 inhabitants, which have, with the exception of three, experienced considerable arrivals of families. Thus, villages like Dikodougou on the banks of the Bandama/Bou in COte d'Ivoire, Boo in the White Volta vaI1ey in Ghana, and Assere in the Kara region in Togo have experienced in ten years an increase in family number, reaching 210 units which correspond to 1200 individuals. Even the four villages which have lost between one and twelve families are situated in a growth context such that the loss is negligible: they are Dokimana, Sadore-Bella-Koira and Tamou in Niger, and Longo in the Bandana val1ey, in COte d'Ivoire. 3 .6.4. uiEtr-Erowth villages They are mostly villages having more than 500 inhabitants, and situated in the valleys of the Black Volta, the Kara, the 0ti, the Leraba, the Bougouriba, the Bou and the Niger. They have a high growth rate, in comparison with the OCP Zone and the districts they belong to, which is above what can be observed, on average, in the countries. They have all had gains in family, ranging from two 1n Dyongore, on the banks of the Niger, to 88 in Central Helota, on the banks of the Kara in Togo, which are due to migration. 3.6.5. Villaees in full ation explosion Most of them are villages with more than 500 inhabltants where a "population exploslon", such that the population increase can only be due to heavy immigration, ls noted. Some of them have been completely repopulated, like Sanakuy, on the banks of the Black Volta j.n Burkina Faso, whi,ch has had up to 287 new families in ten years. hlith the exception of two vi11ages, no onchocerciasis patient was reported. In the absence of the fear of onchocerciasis and the blindness which results from it, the psychological anbiance is favourable for life in the vil1ages. This feeling of safety constitutes a sine qua non for any socioeconomic development activity in the zone. This state of mind is 1ike1y to be in close comelation with the reduction of the nuisance and onchocerciasis infection in these viI1ages. An in-depth study is necessary so as to highlight all the human envj.ronment, social and economic factors in the different vi1Iages. It is certain that if the nuisance and epidemiological situations in these villages had remalned at a high 1eve1 as in the past, many of these new families would have left them. 4. fne notion "onchocerciasis patien ts" ten _years after the start of the t ProEramme s activiti-es and ation movement in the villages in the OCP zone The objective aimed at after the onchocerciasis control operation is the development of the zone by its repopulation and the implementation of development projects for an i.mproved standard of living for the population. The achievement of this fundamental objective is, however, closely related to the perception that the populations concerned have of this disease and its various manifestations including the vector and its nuisance. It is an obvious fact, known, to all the more or 1ess well-informed l-iterates, that onchocerciasis is a cause of debility, suffering and blindness and thus a very j.mportant obstacle to the human settlement and deveiopment of the infested regions. For a long time, and even no!.d in places, certain populations considered the vector and the disease as two independent real-ities. The nuisances were attributed to the blackflies but the disease and its final form, blindness' were interpreted as the manifestation of some bad spirits or harmful deities. This kind of interpretation is quite normal in the profoundly-religious socio-cu1tural context of the zone even i.f it seems absurd to a scientist. JPC7.3 (ocP/86.7) Annex III p.c;T-- Ten years of activities for the interruption of the transmission of onchocerciasis and the disinfestation of the zone have modified the populations' understanding of the disease. The many blackfly catching points, together with the aerial operations in the zone, and the epidemiological investigations in the different vilIages, constitute sources of information for the populations. Although the relationship between the blackfly and onchocerciasis is sti1l unknown here and there, especially in the areas recently integrated into the project, knowledge of it is generally and definitively established in the greater part of the zone. How is this state of "onchocerciasis" perceived? Is it in relation to "the f1y" or to the unsatisfactory health situation created by the disease? How does this perception influence the behaviour of the populations in the villages? A11 these questions must be answered in order to highlight better the results of this gigantic work which OCP is carrying out. The OCP survey concerned itself with this problem by putting questions to the family heads, in the sample villages, about the existence, or not, and the number of "onchocerciasis patients, in their household. This variable is very subjective and a priori does not have any medical value. The results prove, however, that this subjective variable is quite close, in varying degrees, to the objective evaluations of the Vector Control Unj-t (VCU) and the Epidemiological Evaluation Unit (EPI) . There is a 6t% agreement between the evaluations of the entomologists and the perception of onchocerciasis in the vil1ages. In the zone recognized by VCU as being at risk, cases of onchocerciasis patients were reported in 52% of the villages (28/" of the sanple) and in the zone declared healthy, 73% (33/" of the sample) of the villages declared that they did not have "onchocerciasis patients'r. For the divergent cases (39% of the sample), it appeared that the villages situated in the zones at risk (68) declared that they had no cases of onchocerciasis patients whereas the rest which are supposed to be in a "healthy" zone declared that they had "sick personsrr. Moreover, the agreement between this perception of the villagers and the epidemiologists'observations is similar to that with the entomologistsi 62y". In the cases of divergent point of view between the villagers and the EPI specialists, it was noted that in 5B/, of the villages where this divergence occurred, it corresponded to zones recognlzed to be at risk by EPI while the villagers there considered themselves in good health. It emerges from this analysis that there is a sufficient correlation between the perception of "onchocerciasis" and OCP's activities. It is noted, furthermore that the populations have confidence in OCP which is manifested especially by the declaration of non-existence of onchocerciasis cases in certain zones objectively recognized to be at risk. This optimism is noticed in all the villages with less than 2000 inhabitants, i.e., parti-cu1arly those which are agricultural. The big villages wj.th more than 2000 inhabitants present a less marked situation. As should be expected, even if OCP's activities have not been followed by explicit publicity they have greatly and favourably influenced the populations'dai1y Iife, decislon-making and perception of their environment. It is now up to each country's authorities responsibl-e for the development of the zone to convert this mentality into productive activities profitable to the populations. JPCT .3 (0cP/86.7) Annex III page 9 5 Conclusion Even ii the 125 sanple villages studied are not representative of all the vi11ages, they give an idea of what is happening in the zone: migration is occurring in favour of the OCP zone. At the leve1 of the vil1ages, the net migration gain is 895 fanifies, i.e., more than 6000 individuals. Where do they come from? lihat are they doing? Why have they come to the zone? How do they organize themselves socia1ly, culturally and economically? These are questions which need to be answered and consequently studied in depth in the near future in order to rationally direct the different development policies to the results expected. The OCP zone was an area of massive exchanges (goods, men, civilizations, etc.) in the past centuries, and then a passage or transit zone for migrants from the north of the West African region towards the south and the sea. There can therefore only be delight about this new tendency to retain migrants which should be encouraged so that the zone can have the necessary human resources for its development. This migratlon is both spontaneous and organized. Since both types are experiencing problems, i,t is necessary to study the optimal combination which would make it possible not only for the populations to have better living conditions at less cost but also to protect the environment. This impties quantitative as well as qualitative studies which would give, with the greatest possible preeision, all the parameters that the States should take into account for a rational exploitation of the whole freed potential within the framework of an integrated development. JPCT .3 ( GP/86. 7) Annex II PaSe o N N o o o €4 s o u NO ${ o E iN N N s € o ! N N ao N o N j N ! o o {d ! o N o @ E N { s N N @ E N o oo @ U o s6o@!Q s s o 6l o NOF{ 6 @ Os N o @ ol !N o oots€i N 6 o N 0d 60$Fo a NO N 6I 6 63 € d N :l o -iNdo dl a ,] 6 (6 o o @ o N o o N e F FN N { 6 ue € o ci € N 6 N F N N N o oo o t o o F a o @s o € $ s s !N I a o o@ o a o o N D o o N d N o I I6 E 3 ! lo l! N a l0 ! 6 6 s N .N o o o o o o o 8 o 6^ O^ O^ o o o o o o o o o o NO o O6 O- oo o r o F @ @ o s ON o 6 O@ o@ O@ o@ o o o @ o o 6 o o o N o o N o ! NA @i N N ts a 6 ON @v s o r o o N c o N I 6 N a { ts a a o o o o Oa o 6 6 O^ @ o oo O6 o e o@ o6@ tr €s 6 oi a o 6i N o {@ o O @6 $ o N a 6 o) qo oo uo @ ! 6Ai @ 6 @ $ s s o od91 + a € @ d E Ei 6 za> a o Ii H z @ @ >l o U d I E Hz b H z frze d- tdts A o= E] I z ZA&H &@ EJ @@ o 4c lo koHo oo qd z a I H !20 L ;ro B 2 & d dHTB] o o\ \o \o o tn (Y) rn o\ \o F.l @ 6t O\N \o \o <.f \o .if (\l Coo\ (v) .+ ln F{ F{ Fl -.t F{o N Fl Fl 'i F{ 6l oco.o\ o o\ t/l F. \O F.i .s o 6l o o o oo rn o r^ oo 6l (7) o o o Oco t-. o l'- oo F{ o 6l o o\ F{ .S 6l @ o (7)N o (f) 6.1 r-{ \o F{ F{ F{ .rl .S o\ \o l-- o\ o o o o @ o o r-. o t\ \o .c \o !n 6t 6l F{ F{ rn rn c) o\ o\ o o \o o 1,. Or 6l 6t (Y) o Fl F,l Fl o C\t (\I 6t ^l |r) @ Ol sl N 6l 6 \0 @ o tn .if Fl F{ .i \o (n Fl @^ o 6lFi (Y) @ (f) .d' (n O.n JN f)N NN o .S@ O\ O (7) @ o co(f) @ o @ o\ @o\ \OO F{ O\ @ NF{ @ O o\ .{. Fl NF{ (Y) hF{ t^ Ft l\ F{ F{ v F{ ln r/.1 .rf N r\l/] (\v 6lv rn !-.,1 F{ N F{ P{ F{ 'i o r\ \o o \OA 6I Oa rl Fl lft N ln @ @ .$@ o\ o\ 6.) 0\ $o\ Fl r-{ (Y) F{ 6O F{ .{'v \o 6t N @ 6t .$ \o (\l \ON .c (r) o\ (f) 6l cr) 6l o il & o o o (J v v) Hil tsr H U) El E] zlE ! Fl o E< () J Table 2. Situation of the viII ages in the district thev belons to BENIN 1. GR0WTH RATE: 3.1% TOTAL POPULAT]ON Situation at the SAMPLE 7979 1g84 GROWTH beginning RATE of OCP (*) 01 KOUATENA 230 306 + 5 .BB 2 02 MAKA 0 03 PERMA 2 332 2 04 TCHOUMI-TCHOUM] 1 4go 2 05 YARIKORI r_ 050 0 TOTAL ATAKORA PROVINCE 479 604 539 973 + 2.40 01 ALIBOR] 2 02 BEREKE 1 03 BODJECALI 2 04 PEREKIRE 2 05 GAMARE 1 06 GANDO 1 07 KARGUI 2 08 KENINKOU 1_ 09 KEREMOU 0 10 KOLIBOROU 0 11 NIANBOULANKOURO 0 12 SEROU 1 13 SrRrKOU 0 14 TINTIMOU 0 15 hTANRARoU 1 16 ZOUGOU-PANTROSSI 1 TOTAL BORGOU PROVINCE 490 7oo 572 7Oo + 3. 14 2= Hyperendemic 1= Mesoendemlc 0= Hypoendemic JPC7.3 (ocP /86.7) Annex III page 1l BURKINA FASO 2. GROWTH RATE: 3,1% TOTAL POPIILATION Situation at the SAMPLE VILL,AGE Growth beginning 7974 1984 rate of OCP(*) 01 LENGA 3 000 1 TOTAL CENTRAL EAST DEPARTMENT 405 ooo 473 ooo + 7.74 01 BAZENA 56 B9 + J.2B 1 02 BOUROU 620 900 * 4.23 1 03 DAHo 4t9 4ls + 0.42 0 04 DIENSI 76 BZ + 0.85 0 05 PoME 502 598 * 7.96 0 05 SADON - BOBO 1 TOTAL CENTRAL-WEST DEPARTMENT 7Bg 000 921 OOO + 7.73 01 CISSEGUE 254 1 02 GOLONA 708 Blo + 2.O5 0 03 LARBABOUGOU 73 2 04 LERA 140 2 05 OUAHIRMABOUGOU 257 448 * 6.65 1 06 SOURANI a? 94 * 0.24 2 07 TIERDENI 73 9o * 2.35 2 OB TIERKOURA 350 367 * 0.53 2 TOTAL DEPARTMENT OF COMOE 186 511 273 B3g + 7.52 BANFORA 01 LARANFIERA 330 427 + 2.9O 1 02 SEGUERE 227 4st + B.0B 1 TOTAL DEPARTMENT OF BOBO UPPER BASINS 270 000 681 000 + 10. 83 JPC7.3 (ocP /86.7) Annex III p"c;-14- BURKINA FASO 2. (CONTD) : GROWTH RATE=l,9"/" 01 DJIPOLOGO 306 2 02 MANOA 301 525 * 6,40 2 03 MOUGUE 101 L52 * 4.65 2 04 MOULE 176 L95 + 1.14 2 05 z0ul0 326 4tt + 4.77 0 TOTAL SOUTH-WEST DEPARTMENT 364 ooo 418 ooo + t.55 DIEBOUGOU 01 BARAKUY 206 243 +1 1 02 KODOUGOU 469 490 * 0.49 1 03 K0P0r t 555 7 842 + 1.90 0 04 KOUROWANI 195 6oz + 13,34 0 05 MONTIONKUY t95 337 + 6.27 1 06 NOKUY 289 377 + 1.03 1 07 SAINT-PIERRE B5 1 08 SANAKUY 95 1 260 * 33.27 0 TOTAL BLACK VOLTA DEPARTMENT 636. ooo 742 OOO * 7.73 (*) 2= Hyperendemic 1= mesoendemic 0= hypoendemic JPC1.3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex III page 1! COTE D'IVOIRE 3. GROWTH RAIE= 4,2"1 TOTAL POPULATION Endemic si- tuation at SAMPLE VILLAGE Growth the begin- 7979 1983 rate ning of OCP (*) 01 BANIA 285 2 2.55 2 02 HIMBIE 292 2 03 KINTA 208 2 04 KOFLANDE 254 1Bg - 5.42 2 05 oNDEFTDoUo 766 7 472 * tO.73 2 06 PELERDOUO 34 2 07 PIAYE 693 2 OB TAME 56 2 09 V0NK0R0 -Qlo 921 + 24.J4 2 TOTAL BOUNA DEPARTMENT 78 ooo gB 9oo + 6.7r 01 DEMBASSO 876 7 297 + 10.31 1 02 LANDJOUGOU 3 r72 3 380 + 6.tt n 03 MARANAMA 977 1 385 + ).72 1 TOTAL BOUNDIALI DEPARTMENT 96 goo 101 500 + 7.77 01 BANDOLEO 320 596 + 76.82 1 TOTAL BONDOUKOU DEPARTMENT 294 2OO 372 9OO + 6.10 01 FONDKAHA 4oL 2 02 KAT]ERKPON 278 228 + 1.13 2 03 LEREMA 5B 722 + 20.43 2 04 MAMBIADOU 368 368 0.00 2 05 NAMBONKAHA 376 U 06 NIOMNINGUE 472 472 0.00 2 07 VILLAGE SODESUCRE 1 085 420 - 2L,72 2 OB TIEGBE 430 0 TOTAL FERKE DEPARTMENT 91 600 105 500 + 3.59 JPC1.3 (}cP /86.7) Annex III page COTE D'IVOIRE 3 (CoNTD): GRoWTH RATE= 4,2% 01 BADA 3 380 1 02 LONGO 369 4rr * 2.73 2 03 LOTIALGA 508 525 * o.g7 2 04 PETONKAHA 381 441 * 3.72 2 05 SINKAHA 460 4t9 - 2.37 2 06 VILLAGE SODEPRA 715 7 TOTAL KATIOLA DEPARTMENT 76 4oo 85 3oo + 2.79 01 BEMAKAHA 668 2 02 BISSIDOUGOU 4B 108 + 22.47 2 03 DrKoDoucou 4 2Bg 5 903 * 8.31 1 04 GONDOUGOU 228 332 * 9.85 2 05 KATIOHA 1 25L 7 t29 - 2.53 1 06 KIEMOU 2 053 2 5O2 * 5.o7 2 07 KIERE 832 r 489 + 7J.66 1 OB KOKAHA 755 820 + 2.Og 1 09 LAOUELAKAHA 271- 179 - 4.03 2 1O PENEFIGUEKAHA 235 1Bo - 6.45 2 ]-1 SINDIA 66 160 * 24.78 1 12 TAt4iRA L 273 r 437 3.08 1 13 WAMESSIOKAHA 484 314 - LO,26 1 r4 werteneDouGou 237 314 - 7.29 2 TOTAL KORHOGO DEPARTMENT 276 4oo 297 7oo * t.87 01 BOKOBA 195 287 + 10. 14 2 02 MASSADOUGOU 297 348 * 4.04 2 03 MAMOUROUDOUGOU 427 2 04 N'GAPIE 330 400 + 4.93 0 05 TIEKORODOUGOU 206 235 + 3.35 2 TOTAL ODIENNE DEPARTMENT 723 5OO 130 000 + 7.29 JPCT .3 ( ocP/85.7 ) Annex fII page 17 COTE D'IVOIRE 3. (CONTD): GROWTH RATE= 4.2"/" 01 SODESUCRE VILLAGE 4 697 2 02 i{'GOLODOUGOU 381 4oo + I.ZZ 2 03 NTBTLA t72 94 - 74.O2 2 04 VIALADOUGOU B6 7O - 5.O2 2 TOTAL TOUBA DEPARTMENT 77 300 79 300 + 0.64 (*) 2= Hyperendemic 1= mesoendemic 0= hypoendemic JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7 ) Annex III p"$-18- GHANA 4. CnOWtU RATE= 2.6/" TOTAL POPULATION Endemic si- tuation at SAMPLE VILLAGE Growth the begin- 7970 1984 rate ning of OCP (*) 01 FUU 2 8oo 3 000 * o.4g 0 02 JERIGO 7 250 7 200 - o.29 0 03 MAGNr 720 100 - 1.29 04 NAWINI 2 200 3 000 + 2.24 2 05 SINGA 780 800 + 0.18 2 06 WAMBONG 1 8oo 2 000 * o.75 0 TOTAL NORTHERN-REGION 727 618 1 762 645 + J.40 01 BIANYA 300 350 + 1.11 02 800 3 500 5 000 + 2.58 03 BURUFU 6 ooo o 000 + 2.08 2 04 oHAPURI 1 050 2 000 + 477 05 DABo 200 300 + 2.94 2 06 DORIMON 790 2 000 * 6.86 2 07 JEFESI 1 500 2 000 + 2.08 1 OB KAMBA 280 300 * 0.49 2 09 KARNI 3 000 5 000 * 3.72 1 10 NINDAW-hIALA 550 735 + 2.Og 11 PANYANI 3 Boo 4 000 * o.37 2 12 TOLIBRI 300 500 + 3.72 13 UTUPARI 800 1 000 + 1.61 14 WECHIAU 3 000 5 000 + 3.72 2 TOTAL UPPER REGION 86z tz3 t 2L0 745 * 2.45 (*) 2= Hyperendemic 1= mesonendemic 0= hypoendemic JPC7.3 (ocP /86.7 ) Annex III NIGER 5. ONOWru RATE= 2,5% page 19 TOTAL POPULATION Endemic si- tuation at SAMPLE VILLAGE the begin- t974 ning of OCP (*) 01 ADDARE 925 7 475 * 4.83 0 02 ALAMBARE 700 609 - 1.53 2 03 BANGoU KoUAREY 207 283 * 3.87 2 04 BOKI Boo 934 + 7.J4 0 05 CAMPEMENT TAPOA 4oo 2 06 DALAWEY 463 573 + 2.40 0 07 DAMARY PEUL 600 0 OB DIAKINDI 430 600 * 3.77 0 09 DISSIRIRE 99 753 * 5.70 7 ].0 DJALADIO 1 BB9 2 325 * 2.33 0 11 DOKIMAYA 404 545 * 3.38 0 12 DYONGORE 160 236 * 4.4t 0 13 FArRA 220 391 * 6.60 0 14 GANKI BASSAROU t 7t2 1 070 + 0.43 0 15 KARE 2BO 322 * 7.56 n 16 KOBAD]E 156 296 * 7.38 0 17 K0UB0 t94 0 18 MAGOU 536 851 + 5.27 0 19 MOLLI HAOUSSA 6B L52 + 9.35 2 20 OURO HESSO 223 3r6 + 3.95 1 21 PANOMA 729 262 + B. 19 0 22 PINGONA 452 555 + 2.3r 0 23 SADoRE BELLA KorRA 797 258 + 3.40 0 24 TAMOU 900 1 165 + 2.97 2 25 TIELA GoUNG0UNDI 777 222 + 7.38 2 26 TORODI 1 303 2 323 + 6.63 lt TOTAL DEPARTMENT 1 028 000 7 423 000 + 3.68 (*) 2= hyperendemic 1= mesoendemic JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7 ) Annex III page 20 T0G0 7. GROWTH RATE= 2.9/" TOTAL POPULATION Endemic si- tuation at SAMPLE VILLAGE Growth the begin- 7970 1gB1 rate ning of OCP (*) 01 AGNIGUELIA 222 534 + 8. 31 02 SOREDA 997 TOTAL ASSOLI PREFECTURE 29 076 32 425 + 1.00 01 BAGHAN 520 492 - 0.50 2 02 KATCHAMBA 432 640 + 3.64 1 03 KOUSSAMONSINI 297 476 * 4.38 7 04 NIMAB 662 444 - 3.57 1 05 NAMON - MARCHE 7 724 7 06 NAPIMBO 367 93t * B.g3 2 TOTAL BASSAR PREFECTURE 96 896 118 934 + 2.06 01 ASSERE FERME 7 541 697 6.96 2 02 AGOUNDE 8oo 2 03 BROUKoU 7 g2B 2 04 MISSEOUTA 7 957 2 TOTAL DOUF'ELGOU PREFECTURE 52 753 59 337 + t.o7 01 HELOTA CENTRE 705 1 284 + 5.60 0 02 M'BORATCHIKA 1 908 0 03 TrTRA 526 499 0.48 2 TOTAL KERAN PREFECTURE 42 ot5 44 844 + o.59 JPCT .3 ( oce7g6.7 I Annex III page 27 T0G0 7. (CONTD): GROWTH RATE= 2.9/, 01 ABOUDA 2 729 557 2.57 02 ADOMDE 2 03 AGBANG I and II 1 085 869 2.00 2 04 ATCHANGBADE 3 2BO 3 030 o.72 2 05 KPESSIDE 799 2BB + 3.42 2 06 KPINDI I and II 523 896 + 5.O2 2 07 LAMA-TESSI 2 OB LANDA-POZENDA t 795 1 462 + 1 .85 2 09 LINGAO 2 TOTAL KOZAH PREFECTURE 96 289 121 036 + 2.10 01 MORGOU 1 433 7 7rB * t.66 2 02 NAMBASSI 209 1 0Bg + 76.79 2 03 TAKPAMBA 659 1 103 * 4.65 1 TOTAL OTI PREFECTURE 96 289 77 BB3 * 2.67 01 BORGOU 6o9 7 206 * 6.47 2 02 KOUNDAJOARE 4BB 7 240 + O.O)6 6F 2 TOTAL TONE PREFECTURE 183 164 251 341, + 2.92 JPC7.3 ( GP/86 .7 ) ANMX IV CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 1. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY It constitutes one of the maln riches of the Partlclpattng Countrtes: especlally Mali,_ Burklna Faso and Niger. Thanks to lts more favourable natural condltlons (abundant pastures, rdaterlng-places, 1ow populatlon denslty), the onchocerciasis- protected zone has become a settlement zone for the anlnals herded from the north where the perslstent drought has led to the destructlon of pastures and the drying up of water supply points. The movement of animals torrards better endowed localltles protected from onchocerclasls takes place between the OCP countrles and knows no borders. IrrespectLve of thls forced mlgratlon of herdsmen, the onchocercials- protected zone had already started becoming an excellent reglon for the promotlon of extenslve and senl-lntenslve anlmal husbandry owlng to the progress of research whlch has oade lt posslble to have nore trypano-tolerant breeds, and the vacclnation and adnlnlstratton of drugs agalnst the main eplzootles, practlsed more and more by a greater number of herdsmen. As regards OCP|s coastal countrles, the bulk of their ltvestock ls ln the onchocerciasis-protected zone: Benlnrs statlstlcs on this subject are very slgniflcant: "the two provlnces of Atakora and Borgou (292 of the toral population) alone possessed 627 of the cattle and alnost 527" of the sheep and goats'. 2. FISHING The flshlng and flsh breedlng posslblllties whlch exLst 1n the onchocerclasis- protected zone have stt1l not been fu1ly explolted. In Ni.ger,10 O0O tonnes of ftsh are caught out of a potentlal evaluated at 20 O0O tonnes per year. In the Borgou Provlnce, in Benin, flshlng ls more developed in the Nlger valley than ln that of the Pendjarl. On the whole, lt occupies less than 5OO professlonal flshermen. In Mall, a management structure and lnfrastructures have been set up ln Mopti whlch until recently was the greatest ftshlng centre ln Mall and the sub-reglon; the annual tonnage of flsh caught there was 100 OOO tonnes, LO7" of whlch was for exportation and represented 3Z of. the GDP and 8Z of the countryrs exports. Unfortunately, the excesslve fall tn the 1evel of the rlver has considerably hanpered flshlng ln thls teglon, resultlng in the departure of some professlonat fishermen to places abounding more in fish (Sellngue ln l{ali, Nlgerla). In C6te dflvolre, contlnental flshlng, evaluated at approxlmately 20 OOO tonnes, ls engaged ln by a mostly Mallan populatlon on the Bandama (20OO) and the Sassandra (1000). In the northern part of the country, the Ivorians represent only 5Z of the total flshermen. Efforts remaln to be made to promote ftshlng ln the onchocerclasLs- protected zone. The exploltatlon of lts flsh resources would contrlbute to a better balance of food lntake and provlde lncome to many famllies. 3. FARMING A nunber of sectoral or lntegrated development projects have been lmplemented ln the onchocerclasls-protected zonel the socloeconomlc lmpact of these projects ls on t the whole posltlve but l-ts reach ls stl11 llmlted. Efforts must contlnue to be made to inprove the livlng condltlons of the populatlons. One of the characterlstlcs JPCT .3 ( ocP/86.7 ) Annex IV page 2 long tlme been conmon to all the agrlcultural projects ls the priorlty which has for a very glven to the so-calied cash crops (ruainly cotton), whlle emphasls has been laid only lately on Ihe productlon of cereals: the productlon of cotton, whlch ls glven special attentlon (intenslve extenslon servlces, factors of productlon, credlts, marketlng and guaranteed prtces), 1s lncreaslng desplte the clinatlc uncertalnties. Cereal productlons are progresslng less than that of cotton. Howeverr there ls, these days, a new orlentatlon of most of the projects; thls conslsts ln attachlng equal lmportance to cotton and cereals' Already, lnterestlng results have been obtalned-as regards the production of mllletr sorghum and malze' i s-pro tected 3.1 . Evolutlon of agrlcultural product lons by coun try ln the Onchocerclas zones Benln Table 1.- Evolution of agrlcultural uctlons t97 4-L97 5 L979 I L980 1979-1980 Crop Benln Oncho z Benin Oncho 7. Benln 0ncho 7 20ne zone Zon^e 23332 8.5 Malze 237 025 29241 L2.3 321697 24200 7.5 2728L8 85 .5 51905 4780L 92 Sorgum 79235 763t2 96.3 6 3161 54660 5857 585 7 100 Mi1let 13337 1333 7 100 5612 56 06 99.8 7 666681 355366 53.3 Yan 428250 225538 52.6 699772 519165 4.2 580207 86828 L4.9 Cassava 591 012 7 48792 9323r 1-2.4 43672 36969 84.6 Cotton 30590 22790 7 4.5 258L4 t5240 59 30894 4455 L4.4 Groundnut s 41680 979L 23.4 66102 L2373 r.8.7 927' of the sorghum and 532 of The oCP zone produced 1OOZ of the mtllet , 847. of the cotton, the yams ln 1983-84. evolution of productlonsr yam and cotton have a satlsfactory Progress; As regards the ln the malze, mlllet and groundnuts fe1l ruarkedly Uottr ft the zone and ln the whole country Before then, the trend ,"" ., uPlrard one. Between 197411975 arrd L979180, the 1983-84 season. and evolutlon of productlon ln the lands malnly under malze, sorghuD/mlllet, yams, cassava for the oncho zone and the rest of the country' A11 groundnuts vas 677[ arrd 427- respecttvely tn a setback durlng th; 1983/1984 season whlch reduced productlon by 14'52 the crops suffered effect of the the whole country and 232 ln the Oncho zone. This is a clear reflectlon of the drought on the oncho zones ln Benin and generally on all the coastal countrles' show a conslderable The situatlon becomes alarming when Tables 2 and 3 are analysed; they lncrease tn cultlvated areas ln 1983/l-984' JPC7.3 ( cP/86.7 ) Annex IV page 3 Tabl-e 2.- Benin: Evolutlon of areas ln Borgou Year L974175 L979 /80 1983 I 84 Crop Area Area Area Malze 19 s42 L7 943 27 95r MiL le t/ sorghuur 38 9s6 37 970 49 902 Cot ton 2t 234 13 385 25 L45 Yam L2 660 L7 32L 19 890 Cassava 5 000 5 329 5 375 Table 3.- Benln: Evolution of farml s vs teltrs ln Atacora 1980-81 198 1-82 1982-83 1983-84 Growth Crop Area Area Area rate To ta1 worked by Total worked by Total worked by To ta1 ln area anlmal area anlmal area anlmal area 198u 1983 tractl0n tract ion traction (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) ilatze L2 025 r.83 L4 9r9 3 032 L6 664 2Ur 16 545 L14 Ml11et / 53 692 668,75 59 522 to 267 ,5o 60 951 6 442,25 59 830 316 Sorghum Cot ton L 26L 160 801 r5 581,25 t 266 633 3 43s 39 16 Groundnut s 6 730 468,7 5 6 478 L 597,25 5 O/lO L 425,45 4 907 10, 0 Rlce 4 780 150.75 4 829 1 305 5 32s L 536,25 Yam 33 702 19 36 236 t67 36 458 228 36 303 215 Beans 9 071 9 977 47L 13 386 1 353 Cassava 7 849 10 537 10,3 TOTAL LzL 261 L 650,25 132762,5 L7 42L 139 091 13 658,95 Percen tage 100 1 , 3 100 13,1 tarl 9r8 Sources: 1981-1984 annual reports of CARDERS JPC7.3 ( cP/86.7 ) Annex fV pacaU- The traditlonal farmlng system predomlnates: the areas worked by anlnal tractlon are very small. For the Borgou province, avallable statistlcs glve the followlng results for the 1984-1985 sea80n. L5 923 anlmal tractlon lmplements ) 25 948 ha under cotton ) 9 2L6.5O ha under groundnuts ) 11 891 ha under aaLze ) I.Iorked by anlmal tractlon. 25 976.50 ha under sorghum ) L O74 ha under rlce ) 7 O54 ha under yam ) 1 O95 ha under cassava ) 3 718 ha under beans ) Unltke the Atacora Provlnce, the lack of data for many perlods does not make lt possible to evaluate the evolutlon of anlmal tractton ln this province. Apart froo cotton, thts table shows clearly that sorghum and yan, which seem to occupy the greater part of the actlvites of the farmers ln the north, are stLll not very profitable croPs. This lndlcates that the productlvity remalns low. Among the food crops, onLy IJ,aLze presents better ylelds ln the Oncho zone. Table 4. - Benln: Evolutlon of llvestock at the national level L974/75 L974175 L982183 Z Increase L974 - L984 Cettle 42644 49&26 544c6L + 2.74 Sheep-goats 856371 95L247 LCE2915 + 27.62 Poultry r_5952 00 t76278L 22 00000 + 37 .9L A qulte slgnlflcant lncrease ls noted for small rumlnants and poultry. The oncho zone alone contalns 857^ of the cattle and about 607" of. the sheep and goats. .lPC7 . 3 (ocP/86.7) Annex IV Page 5 Table 5.- Burklna Faso: Evolutlon of areas (ha), productlons (t), and ylelds (k8/ha). UILLET SORGHUM MAIZE RICE Year Area Prod. Yleld Area Prod. Yleld Area Prod. Ylel-d Area Prod. Yleld r974175 334335 1581000 637328 403 73135 30700 35200 1145 r975176 3856 95 2193000 735233 335 8437 t 413 00 39900 956 1976 177 828376 347 3L2 4t9 1015390 534021 526 93133 6 0000 644 41550 45449 L@4 t977 178 84 185 1 35467 3 42L 1089114 6348L2 583 to3L22 73748 715 31896 37510 1179 r97 8179 767 55L 37 7 882 492 LrJ48444 634950 66 I I 5654 to77L1 931 34326 3972L tr57 r979 180 76789t 377734 491 116329 653199 590 tel20 99487 907 31267 46922 t5C1 1980/81 7r9947 3507 18 487 955710 545881 572 tt57 47 I 0451 0 903 35 586 402L2 r@9 L98rl82 900000 4427 7 L 492 108405r 658786 608 L42897 11855 3 830 3916 45238 tL57 Source: Ulnlstry of Agriculture, Agrlcultural Statlstlcs Servtce/ORD rePorts. Table 6.- Burklna Faso : Evolut lon of areae/cereal productlon MILLET SORGHU}.I MAIZE RICE Area Prod. yteld Area Prod. Yleld Area Prod. Yleld Area Prod. YleId Oncho zone 652939 3 16 985 485 946 9 01 577355 66 L27 056 105949 833 23776 31 L77 1553 82/83 The whole country 864936 359202 415 105 0587 643768 56 132163 107161 810 243tL 378s8 r557 Oncho zone 693962 34o954 49L 964L52 573 063 594 L33623 591 0B 5L7 2L420 23840 I 112 83 184 The whole country 92385 0 19 1886 424 I 07495 5 6Lc924 568 r34951 7 0213 520 22825 24557 1075 oncho zone 65979t 37L708 554 96t6L7 589023 6L2 120128 77539 645 26co 4L645 L973 84 185 The whole country 722633 417158 577 965298 602460 624 rzo783 77599 642 2LO37 4 0996 r 948 The evolution of the dlfferent flgures 1n the Oncho zone and at the natlonal 1evel Is stills lou;lncreases are never nalntalned and are often follosed by falls ln productlon. l,Ilth the exceptlon of rice, the ylelds do not exceed one tonne/hectare save on the AW plots and in the CRD areas uhlch recelve effectlve extenslon eervtce and where this level of yield ls not rare as the example below shoss. (1) Source: Socloeconoulc lnpact of the Onchocerclasls Control Programme (1974-84), June 1985. JPC7.3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex W Es;T'- Importance (in 7") of the Oncho zone ln the productlon of the ma ln croDs ln 1984-85 Mi11et 89 t Sorghun 97 7 Vaize 99 1 Rlce 99 1 Yam 100 Cotton producttonl ffiferedfromanlrregu1arevo1ut1onbuthasneverthe1essrecordedsuccesses due to a oastery of the faroing technlques, effectl.ve extenslon servlcesr a better colleetlon systen and guaranteed Prices. Table 7. - Evolutlon of productlon Area Productlon Yleld Year (ha) (t) (ke/ha) L97417s 61 520 30 563 496 r97 5175 68 oo5 50 695 745 t976 177 79 225 55 253 697 L977 178 68 767 38 043 553 L978179 7L 7L4 59 9s6 836 L979 /80 82 030 77 520 945 1980/81 74 948 6Z 338 831 t98Ll82 65 240 57 s34 881 1982183 7L 970 75 572 1 050 L983 / 84 73 115 76 040 1 050 Source : Bulletln o ag cultural statist s for the 1982 183-83184 seasons Table 8 . - Evolutlon of llvestock (in thousand s) Year TyPe L975 t976 L977 1978 L979 1980 1981 1984 2 550 2 550 2 60L 2 6s3 2705 2 760 2 815 2 928 Cat t1e I 039 Sheep 1 500 I 648 t 697 1 748 1 800 1 855 1 910 2 545 Goat s 2 400 2 472 2 556 2 7L2 2 7L2 2 793 2 977 2 Plgs 150 154 159 L64 169 L74 180 Poul t ry 10 000 10 200 10 404 10 6L2 LO 824 11 031 15 000 Control Source : OCP report on the evolutlon of soctoecononic dynamlsm ln the Onchocerclasls Programme area ln Burklna Faso fron 1974 to 1984-1985. 1 Th" whole of the cotton productl0n ts carrted out ln the onchocerclasls-protected zone. JPC7.3 (GP 186.7 ) Annex IV ;"seT Evolutton of main factors of oductlon - Consuuptlon of NPK fertllizer Year Lg76l77 rs77 178 Lg78l79 L979lSO 198o/81 L98Ll82 L982183 L983/84 Quantlty 4054 8621 LL475 14289 20000 14000 L8957 (r) Source: Bulletln of agrlcultural statlstlcs for the L982183-1983/84 seasons. After experlencing conslderable progress ftoE. L976177 to 1980/81, the use of 1-98L182. 1r1pK fertilizer which is the "a11-purpose" ferttllzer recorded a drop ln Ott of the 18957 tonnes consumed in 1982/83, the farmers 1n the Oncho zone utillzed 15 3O9 tonnes L.e., 80.757.. Anlmal tractlon hardly concerns LOz of. the total number of farroers; there has however been a rapld lncrease ln equipment acqulsltlon by the farmers slnce the establlshment of the Natlonal Agrlcultural Credit Bank (CNCA) ln 1979. JPC7.3 ( GP/86,.7 ) Annex fV PaSe T- Table 9. - Cote drlroire : EVolution of areas (H). productions (T) and ytelds (ks/tra.). of main crops M ILET SORGIIUM F ON I O MAIZE Area Prod. Yleld Area Prod. Yleld Area Prod. Yield Area Prod. Yteld Otctp zore 735m 4$m 6L6 47050 3@@ &L 4150 2@5 t]f7 28@ 182550 651 L975 Tte wtple country 735@ 4$m 616 47cf,0 3@m UL 4150 52L Grcho zone 73550 404@ y9 47450 307@ ffi 4150 2@5 t$7 286@ 1576@ 597 L976 lte *ple comtry 73550 4Gm y9 47450 307m ffi 415O 476 Gtctp zue 747@ 4r5m 555 47950 3C8@ &2 4L70 2C85 5m 288350 15500 584 L977 The utple country 747CI]^ 415@ 555 47950 3C8m &2 4L70 2CB5 5m 538m 258m 479 Orcho zore 78m uf,@ 57L 4%50 317m &L 42co 2L50 511 3c85m 170tm 550 1978 Ite stole cq.ntry 78m Atf,@ 571 4%50 317@ &L Q@ 2150 5Lt 564m ruW tffi Gtcho zore 79m 458m 579 50750 329@ ffi 4250 2150 505 31I!50 L7&6 ffi L979 Tte u*p1e cqlntry 79@ 458@ 579 50750 329@ &8 4250 2150 505 5840@ 275LrL 470 Gptn zore Y|+OO 335@ 616 36m 21m 583 92C/J. 54m fi7 L676@ 16Um %2 1980 ltE *ple country W+@ 335@ 616 36m 21m 583 92@ 54m fi7 468m 38m 812 Gctp zore 575@ 32m 556 335@ Dom %7 %m 58m 6G t777@ LTZL@ 968 1S1 lte r*ple corrntry 575m 320@ 556 335m 19m %7 qim 58m 6d+ 490m 4(m 816 Gcho zone 56m 297@ 530 Yl5m 188@ Y5 1@m 63m 618 158200 1863m u78 1982 lte ntple cq.rttry 55m 297@ 530 Y+500 ffi8m Y5 1@m 53m 618 52m 43m u7 otcho zone t4m 26m 481 330@ r5m 56 16m 56@ 533 2CB@ 175m 62 1983 lte wtple cq.urtry 54m %@ 481 330@ I-66@ 5CB 16m 56m $3 55m 41@ 745 JPC7.3 ( mP/86 .7 ) Annex W page rt- Table 9 b. Cote drlvolre : Errolutlon of areas, prodtrctlon ard yleld GROUNDNUTS YAM CASSAVA Area Prod. Yleld Area Prod. Yleld Area Prod. Yleld Grcho zore 5It00 45L30 883 1891m 1771m 9355 69D@ y9950 5ffi L975 Tl= u*ple coutry 56m 4880 87L 24m 2L7zeo 960 17m 938s@ 5520 Optp zorc 51650 452@ 875 193150 L632250 8450 711m 365450 5139 L976 Tte utnle comrry %7@ 49m 874 zt{{J.,]-- 2o,2W 8260 184@ 99m 5380 Orctp zore 52470 44810 854 198250 14830@ 7480 7tf.50 %M50 t&9 L977 Tte wtole counrry 577.J0- 4880 u5 zy,W 1893m 7452 193@O 977m 56.2 Orcl-p zcre 53550 45680 853 26U0 154%@ 75L6 77750 3782@ t+,X4 1978 Tte ntple coultry 59m 498@ w 265m0 1984@ 7t& 2dm 1C66m 5L76 Grctp zore 55330 474@ 856 212CbO rlc[.m 7593 860 3905m 4878 L979 Tte whole counfry 61m 517m u7 274W 2C68m 7*7 2L2@ [um 5245 Orctp zore 53650 Y+8m 1@1 86200 8789750 10L97 283m L2CB50 4270 1980 Tte t*ple comtry $m 81m 976 225mo 204m 967 193m 1CI.m 5233 Grcho zore %2@ 57350 1@0 83270 9L4750 1@85 30r_80 u88m 4268 r981 Tte ttple country 870m 85@ 9n 2L7o0. 2Ilm xlz 2CB0@ 1C8@ 5320 Grlp zqe 625@ 6C[.@ %2 89360 9t3?i@ L@96 3c,20 13U@ 4310 1982 Tte rrtple comtry 93m 9@ %8 23m 228m 91 211@ Lt6m 5237 Grctrc zore 666@ 539m 8@ 85140 y29tho LAzt 30720 7239@ 4@3 1983 Tte wtple comtry 99m 8@ 8c8 24W 217m 9& 218m 16m tffiz So,rrces : Agriculh-rral statlstics - 1983 * Etcm thls date, the data are rD loger estlmates based on tle L973174 agrlcultural censrs h.rt are tte result of annual agricultural surveys. JPC7.3 ( cP/86.7 ) Annex W page 1O Evolutlon of cotton product lon ln the onchocerclasls-protected zone Cotton productton ls carrled out entlrely in the GP zone through the extenslon factllties of C0te dr Ivolre Textlles Development Company. The productlon of seed-cotton reached 212 OOO tonnes ln 1985, maklng CEte dflvoire the flrst producer of cotton ln West Africa; thls productlon has experlenced spectacular and regular advances slnce 1956; the nost signtficant Lncreases rrere recorded during the farmlng seasons of: L97Ll72z 48 258 tonnes as agalnst 2 9 3r_6 tonnes 1n L97 0l7L L977 178z L02 929 tonnes as agalnst 7 5 413 tonnes 1n L976 /77 L979 lSoz t42 975 tonnes as agalnst 11 4 886 tonnes ln L978 179 1982/832 156 983 tonnes as agalnst 13 5 370 tonne s 1n L98Ll82 1984 /85: 2L2 000 tonnes as agalnst t42 000 tonnes in L983/84 The areas under cotton have also recorded a slmllar performance wlth great increases from 1-977 178 to 1979/80. The evolutlon of yletds has been lrregular but productlon has rernalned above one tonne per hectare slnce L9761L9772 the record of average yteld was achieved ln L984185, with 1457 kg/ha;1984/85 was also the record productlon year' The satlsfactory results obtalned by COte dr Ivolre are due malnly to: - an lncentlve pollcY - a hlgh productlvlty due to the proper utlllzatlon of fertlllzers whose volume sprayed for cotron rose from L2 237 tonnes h L974175 to 3O 957 tonnes tn 1983/84. - an Lncrease ln farm slze, from 0.85 ha h L974175 to 1.46 ha ln L983184. Evolutlon of the consumptl-on of the maln factors of productlon ln the oncho zone (crm) - Fertll-lzers: only the fertlllzer used for cotton has attalned significant quantitles. Annual volume s (tonnes). year 74175 75176 76177 77 178 78/79 79180 80/81 8r/82 82/83 83/84 Quantttles L2O37 1-5LgZ 16140 2L324 26135 28L65 30079 30330 30911 30957 After a successlve and conslderable increase durlng the farmlng seasons of 1977 178 (+ 3Z7L), Lg78l7g (+ 22.57.>, L979l8O (+7.77.), fertlllzer quantltles have reached a celLlng of 30 OOO tonnes since the 1980/81 season. Evolutlon of draught-oxen Po pulation year 77178 78179 79180 80/81 8L182 82183 83184 84185 Number L4783 18933 22428 24478 28898 30976 3L207 34273 From L977/78 to LgS4/85, the annual lncrease lras above 122 (wtth the exceptlon of L983184 wlth an lncrease of 0.747.). JPCT .3 ( @P/86.7 ) Annex IV page 11 Evolutlon o f areas recelvlng extenslon servtces and farming systems In the ocp area, CIyt provides extensLon servtces both for cotton and for food crops. The results obtained on the farms recelving extensLon servlces glve a clear plcture of the leve1 of the effort made by the peasants as regards agricultural modernlzatlon' From the 1981-1982 agricultural season to that of 1984-1985, the area under croPs for whlch extenslon servlces were provided lncreased from 233 L74 ha to 29L O74 ha, 1.e. an extension of 57 9OO ha for three seasons. Llkewlse, a Earked lncrease ln anlmal tractlon 1s observed. Table 10. - Evolutlon o f areas cultlvated accordlng to mode of farmlng 1981 - 82 1984 -8s Increase Mode of farmlng (ha) 7" (ha) 7" 7" Manual ( extenslon servlces provtded) L68 79s 72.4 209 272 7L.9 +24 Anirnal tractlon 45 582 19.5 64 272 22.L + 4L.4 other modes L8 797 8.1 L7 328 6.0 - 7.8 TOTAL 233 r74 100.0 291 O74 Desplte 1ts low evolutlon, compared wlth animal tractlon, manual cuttlvatlon ls st111 predominant (71.92 of the areas receLvlng extension services). The extenslon service effort varLes from one crop to another. Thus, the following results were obtalned for the maln croPs: Table 11. - Evolut lon of areas accordlng to mode of farnlng lianual cu tlvatlon Anlrnal tractlon Others modes of farmlng Crop 1 2 1 2 Cotton 83 257 107 070 L7 428 32 255 6 s69 6 499 Rlce 6 595 30 131 L L75 6.585. s 7 158 6 136 Malze 34 640 46 69s.5 10 788 t7 6L7.5 2 933 3 469 Groundnuts 2L 230 2s.392 3 L20 8 015.25 327 L 223 r Ig7A-Ig79 season for cotton and rtce; 1981-82 for malze a nd groundnuts (for lack of data prlor to thls date for these two last-mentloned crops). 2 tg}4-gS season for all the crops. Other nodes of farmlng: thls concerns lntermediate mechanlzed'farmlng and conventlonal mechanized farming. JPC7.3 (@P 186.7 > Annex W paeeTf Table L2. - Annualgrowth !g!e of areas recefvfn Total per o ng Crop area AT o,tF Co t ton 5.27" 4.37" 1 0.82 o.27. Rlce L9.27" 28.82 33.32 2.57" l{aLze LL.97. ro.47" L7.72 s.77. Groundnuts tL.97" 6.L7. 36.92 55.27. MC = Manual cultlvatlon AT = Anlmal tractlon OMF = Other modes of farnlng Table 13. - Ghana: Areas, productlons gnq;1felds of the ,aln .roPs G'Tte 0ncho zone ln 1979 na Zone Oncho Crop Area Prod. Yie Area 7" Prod. z Yleld Maize 358 000 380 000 1 061 144 500 40 108 200 28 747 RLce 105 000 93 000 885 49 400 47 53 700 58 1 087 Ml1le t 250 000 149 000 596 249 500 100 149 000 100 597 Groundnuts 92 000 107 000 1 163 80 000 87 83 500 78 1 043 Yam 105 000 602 000 65 400 279 000 Guinea corn 211 000 158 000 748 208 500 99 157 000 99 752 The @P zone accounts for 100% of the productlon of mlllet, 997. of the gulnea-cornt 787. of. the groundnuts, beans and peas, and 582 of the rlce. JPC7.3 ( GP/86.7 ) Annex fV Page Table 14. - Ghana: Llvest ock sltuatlon in 1979 7. Oncho zone Cattle 7" Sheep & 7. Ptgs 7. Poultry 4 33.8 The whole of Ghana 613 000 78.5 1 708 000 96.17 144 000 38.9 179 000 780 000 1 775 000 370 000 12384 000 78.52 of the cattle and 96.172 of the sheep and goats are reared ln the onchocerctasis-protected zone. The proteln avallable per capita remalns low, 44 elday as agalnst 56 glday for the other low-income countrtes fn ttr6@ton. The lnprovement of thls ratlon depends on the onchocerelasis-protected zone. The increase ln the use of factors of productlonr llke fertllizers, has been very spectacular. The followlng concern fertlllzers: From 1975 to 1976: + 25 5oo tonnes Fron L977 to 1978: + 41 854 tonnes Fron 1980 to 1984: +1 686 357 tonnes However, these flgures do not seem to have led to a greaEer productlon. It can simply be polnted out that rtce ls thrlving better ln the zone than ln the rest of the country: more than one tonne/ha as agalnst 885/ kg/ha. 1 Soo.."", - A report to the Onchocerclasls Control Programmer Presented by Natlonal Onchocerciasls Secretarlat. 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(Y) J CO l,1 l) N E.A o o or{OO\.il(VtNF +{O (0 L €ctoN@N!!}o\ JorJ1F{o o\ O.fONF.t F{ (uo) t) H 6rno\\oo\F{osl Fl trotl l{?+F{Fl (\t(\l(')6l N6lF{FlF{ o! & B E 16 ).t (! O0 (,r o r1 .tf F E NF{l\ rn .if \O d rr\ EP o \O (n @ q) .sf o O\O o \oOh 8SS tn OP \O 6 (\l ai) 7'{ 6l F{ F{ rntnF{N@ o(n(7r{ \O .+ ln \ONC)l.-d \o t F !at(nq) \O .+ .S.rlNNq) .$ r{trt 'rf F{ (!r'l t (U FINFI F{NFINJ Ed a or@ trtrN o t .tl@C(vI(v)'$O\(iF| +{N E ;[email protected])o t, F{ l'\ ! ou.tNrnor\ O.@N(n@@r\@!o +{ \[email protected]\@ @F{O\OO\\O@@q) aa (f) l+{ Fl F{ F{ P(!rx@ o t (6(,) .d tn F{ +{ c) t . F.l r\ r\ \O O O t'' rn N F N (n o\ au Ft t{ j \O t- F{ o\ F\ @o Q o, t 6 rn t') + o\ N J rn F{ @ N N c.i i"i o. ad 6 @ (n F{ N q a !1 I o'r Orr O i5 tri trl tn <.t \o + tn a r\ !n cl rn o F{ F{ 9a O H a \o \o - F{ N t\ Cf}'n's \o 6 !tr o t i : +{ 'Eltro. lr a o (! !o!h, E (') .+ c,l tn Fl O\ '$ @ (\l OtJ (0 cF{.i(V)t\rnFl@l\ >@ o a (0F{OA.fO8HX3E F{o@r/1 @aGtF{@ F o r\NF-tnN9\OO\sl or+{ o +{ o6.$(r6t6t (.) .f .S d) +..1 O N .J lr d) Fl (') '$ Fl .f Gl -t \O o E! o €a 3(B E o sE o l. (v) @@F| ff" I A tt(Y)\ONO\t\q9Oi\O\ rn F{N@ ;G-!n.il@ONNo\ s) .^ q) or-Ooo\6lFlt\6o N o\@@ \-(! E o +{ F{ F{ F{ Fl Fl (! rJou o Otl ! F{t! C (! F{ r{ B N (r) @ .if r{O O\O\OF{l\oolnoi.i (') lx .6F<(\1 !nF{NNF|\O @ F{ O\ ee o C) OOo\\oFl .s-$(\lSlF{ rrl co@o aa o Fl NO!n |+{(! 0 I I;rnttro\.+F{rnoF{ o Jr\(n Ot{ +{ a v) Ao\o\@N.+\ol"'F{r\ rn @o\0\ b0 lJ o |.\cc)t.oNor^cN tro u ts OIr a u t{ c.{ Pr t a E] uo F{ Ff (7') }] H cao\r\.(7)o(f)o\l-\@ co(n oo o (fi F. @Fl@ AE o. E ^rFl(v)Ln.i\o\o.tf .+ \o !n ol tP H 6r/ir-O-$-l\Ot\r\Fl r^ @ (\l r-- oo d.ONN(A@l'-\O'$N @ rn l.\ F{ lrd N i-t\.tfrrr:\O.SdN r'. O F{ r'l AF{ i{ JF{Fl (6 F{ e d EOoo !(0 t = OF i.'hhhhh>'hh i{' i.' tr ! tr lr t' ll{l. (0 I +)YiJt,lJlJuu ootrE ctr rutrEcc ci a rn 3)3at=aa o,c ooSoocoo 0, o0 '-{ 0O0O0ooo -{PE lr o oooooloolo) Ae o F{ EoEoioEotocoEqlE@ p 6;o;o;6;oF{oF{CdoF{ F{(DOC \. 6 NoNoNoio&o-oNqNo >O rJ H oo oEoEoEoEoEoEolc!==niiEEE OFI i-i'E-i-a'itEoooouovqqooqqouo Or{ F{F{ t=5 Ets o +lCOEot E^i E-i E*E E_E E_f; 5rE 5ofi N F{ NNi-F-\@@co qltr o\ o\ i,., o\ o\ o\ o\ o\ g+{ F{Fr;;F{'-{F{F{ JPC7.3 (eP /86.7) Annex W page 15 Evolutlon of malze yle1ds obtalned bv South Mali Integrated Pro iect Year ts76/77 L977 /78 L978179 L979/80 1980/81 Yleld (kg/tra) 1 600 1 750 2 oo0 2 2oo 2 5oo The mlllet/sorghun ytelds obtalned by the project are markedly greater than those ln the areas outside the proJect. These results prove that tt ls possible to lncrease ylelds by modernlzlng the cereal cultivatlon methods. JPC7.3 (&P /86 .7 ) Annex W p"g"E-- Table 15 bls. - Mali: Evolutlon of areas, produc tlons and ylelds of cotton Year 77 /7s 7sl76 76177 77 178 7817 9 79180 80/81 8L182 82/83 83/84 Area (ha) 68059 87411 1073G 99575 113 068 11866 12 Lo2352 79L63 97868 Lat+459 Production 61181 103391 11887 5 11376 0 t27690 L50542 108052 96463 L2760L L4625 (r) Yleld s 883 1150 1086 1118 1089 Ll97 990 1163 L239 L294 kg/ha There rras a notable increase ln productlon from L974 to 1980; a record was set ln 1980 wlth a produetlon of 150 OOO tonnes; a conslderable fall was recorded durlng the 1981 and 1982 seasons (16 052 and 96 463 tonnes); productlon started rlslng ln 1982/83 (L276OL tonnes) and contlnued fn 1983/84 (140 625 tonnes). The areas under cultlvatton have followed the same trend as productlon. Ytelds stagnated betrreen 1976 and 1981 (around 1100 kg) but have progresslng constantly slnce 1982: ylelds above 12OO kg. Source Report on the Socloecononlc tmpact of onchocerclasls control tn I!,a11 - Aprll 1985. JPCT .3 (ocP/86.7) Annex IV t{ F{ page 17 ,-{ E 0, o >. o!tr @|r)0 o\6t\ >\ o +{ .F{ O ln (.).+ (O (f) \O F{ BN @ F{ O\co\oO r- \O -l o @ Oorr-ot @.+o\ ! u .euEtroo o\ \oONln 6 .+.+@ 0) o F{ l'\ O\ F{ O\ ,-{ Fl o) fr6O F{ 6l (f) G o E @ 3 8.8 o o ! (, tr odE'oo c)!r)@|,] r\ (.) (') (6 (f) F{(!t/ l^(')O\F- c1 60 o r-. 6 u o O@t-co .if@(Y) }1 o !JAtr (r) !l1 .if (0 I 6 Oe{ @ FIONO t (0 c r\F-Nd) \o (') \o d UO t.ri F{ OJ !& F{ \O\O d o p F{N N (t) o) aO ! @ e F{o r'. a cOfrl) tr (! O\O (f) Fl .$ e-I F- .+ .i' o) lr F{|l o0 Nlr)@l,.l t{ @ d o\ @(f)(n\Q 8XS E o o . .drrrt }J .s F\ (\l co (\l c) Ooc.t B (0_ttr(6(,, (! Or d) O\ 61 6l .f, 6l ln o A co rl O) F{ @.s o: I o O\ F{ 6l '-{ (n 0) (U F{ cOErJ @ F-rl O tr (! u O o\otr 6 u !F{r{ ID rr\ 6t o\ Fl o \oFt6 F{ t (7)O(\lF.l N.i N o .$ tr-i tr @ O(nF-(v) o\6r\ @ o r\OO r.- @o6t-t o tl th c ot o o\ N lt- (\l F{ F{-lor\ (') (n tr o u Ft 3tr.o r{ 6 co F.i OFI ! o o !o Fl (v) 6l .{' Eorro) o Lr o ta! > F tt) u ll(0 @ o o rr gE a oooo ooo o IJ t -t BF{ o 01 (?) \Q \o C''t F\ l^ F{Otr t\ rtl d) (, 6l r\6O IJ tr dF.{o ..o N tn.S \O O \O .$ 6l F{ o ' 6tON\" o\ (n \o r0 l) o = qihE o\ (u Fl -{O F{ .S F4 .c d cr) cl .S .rf o ! rldriC o @ (0tr +{ F{ E'q, o. o o ooo tl o t{trOO (7)@ \o o TJ UE \O@ at o E ! tr ooB \o c)N co o o $ O FlFl F\ .if N F.,l A o c) (00(,, o\ Ft (') \o o E.C o) Fl o6t r\ t lr o iBo rl (t) (f) o u r{Cl'l OJ o (!(u0 p l+{ o (n E.c o F{ il 0,1 u o o oo! Qr-!nO rn .$oo (! b.e E tr Otrtr FCINF. o @r\O\ F \o B o til (n tn (f) ln l'\ N (t) \O \O f- @ o! F.. CD6t(\lF- \O (n Fl o o o >,eo .rt 6t O G E g t+{\o > o\ @@F{6 tJ F{ !n \O NFI o a o o.o F{N (v) (! c 6tjd L) o o-ct (! 0) UH O F{ F{ 6 ! ot u '!oo oooo o ooo s>,). u !ox .i @rnF)@ o\O6 Olr (0 E tr o0oF{ l.\ Oo\r-.+ t\ (n !n A+J o (,) Or{tr .f, (Yl.+ !n\ON d r{ tH}] O rll o\ N .if rJO a) F{ .sN6lO N .tr ua o (Bu) o1 \O@ Fl 6t (') F{ r00 ! (0 u Ft 6l (') ou }J 9O+{ 6 @ o r'{ u L) o) q tr (! tdo! o) +F{ o o > rrtr".{ o +{ oFl F{ OE F{ o0 o6 oB @ o o .c@o rH o @ l] r{ ud! o o ah ,.co EO u U I"E "d o O .Oq{ (d (d LJ o tr cor0o o t tr ! oF.! o o o0o te OO\OO (0r{ (0 .|.J ,? r 9 \\o>\ o O Fl E.6 a Fl O.O 0, ao o ! TJ o oH F{ rrooJ U o oJ o€ t +{ tN o !OlrC ! o}{tr ?1 F o otr (B-C O O . Table 17.- Malt: Situatlon of ughs ln L975/L976 ar.d La L98Ll82 by reslon Year L97 s 176 198 82 Reglon Number 7" Number z Koull,koro 18 502 ]-4.9 53 L52 25.5 Sikasso 40 200 32.3 46 460 22.3 S6gou 32 456 26.t 66 339 31.8 Mopti 24 4L8 19.6 26 098 L2 IGyes 8 575 6.9 15 800 8 Gao Tombouctou 284 o.1 Total MaIl L24 L5L 2@ L33 Source : Agrlcultural survey ot L975/76 and l98L/82. Renarks : - The lncrease ln the number of ploughs tn the Koullkoro reglon was due to the change whlch occurred ln the adntnlstratlve dlvlslon of the flrst reglon. - The Eosrt conalderable lncreases in ploughs fron 1975 to 1982 recorded ln Segou (+ 1C9r.37") arrd Kayes (+ 95.92); the lncrease in Segou was due to the Nlger Office. - The reglons sltuated partlally or completely ln the Onchocerctasls-protected zone possessed 932 of the ploughs tn 1975/76 and 91.17. ln 1981(82. - There ls a satlsfactory development of anlmal tractlon, partlcularly ln the zone of operatlon of the l,lall Texttle Company (CMIII) where lt ls practlsed by 4OX, of the farmers. Table 18. - Mall: Evolutlon of the use of fertlllzers (tonnes) TyPe 1980/81 L98Ll82 L982183 Total of whlch CMUI Total of whlch CMUI Total of whtch CMUI cc 204L5 18991 13033 L2c65 176 11 L6623 SPS 1855 781 269 U 7c48 4tLz 36 83 2er3 6037 5230 PA 2326 1559 776 SP 50 2l 55 Tota 3t694 23103 L9057 L4t28 247 48 2L853 The voluue of all the different tyPes of fertlllzers used ln 1982-83 ts lower than that for 198f81. The CMDI zone, whlch ls a vast reglon completely ln the Oncho zone, consumed 88.292 of the fertl1lzers. JPCT .3 ( cP/86.7 ) Annex fV p.g"f Table 19.- Nlger: EvolutLon of areas, Productlons andy lelds of crops ln the onchoc erClisls-protected zone Year L976 I t977 tgst[tga4 Natlonal production in 1983-1984 Crop Area Prod. Yteld Area Prod. Yield Area Prod. Yie Ml11et 65 000 26 000 400 57 100 35 516 622 3135101 13 1957 1 420 Sorghun 25 000 10 100 4& 28 894 L6 932 586 LL6577 357 058 322 The production of mlllet and sorghum ln the Oncho zone in L983/84 represented 2.692 and 4.762 respectlvely of the natlonal productlons' The ylelds of mlllet, sorghuE, rlce and maize for the same perlod were above the natlonal averages. Table 2O. - Nlgerr Evolutl,on of llvestock 982 1983 Anlmal 0ncho zone Oncho zone Cattle ooo o 000 Sheep 31 000 44 000 Goats 23 000 97 000 Horses 2 600 2 750 Donkeys 3 7s5 3 600 JPC7.3 ( cP/86 .7 ) Annex IV p.ge-6- Table 21. - Togo: Evolutlon of areas . productlons and Y telds of maln crops BEANS MILLET/SORGHTJM GROT'NDNTIS Area Pro. YteId Area Pro. Yield Area Pro. Yield Oncho zone 39150 I 0496 268 97900 74605 762 15800 12440 787 L97 4 Whole country 43 013 L4822 344 L4L750 109850 774 17500 18545 1059 Oncho zone 40250 11400 283 100000 83500 835 16500 13500 818 L97 5 Whole country 44275 15900 3s9 144500 118700 82t 18400 19900 1081 Oncho Zone 41910 87 4L 208 105770 77533 734 L7730 9700 547 L976 Whole country 46 310 13169 284 154570 LL4736 742 20030 16301 813 Oncho Zone 42L30 415 5 98 51300 68876 1432 19500 6939 3s5 L977 Whole country 47630 9233 193 109700 l-07171 976 22200 14560 6s5 0ncho zone 46 000 6776 L47 123000 72L72 586 18100 8432 465 r.978 I.{ho1e country 516 00 L2462 241 173300 181591 LM7 21I_00 L7220 816 Oncho zone 47300 1 0309 2L7 L28200 88405 689 18900 11985 634 t979 Whole country 54300 166 16 306 t73420 t366278 785 22lOO 24122 l-091 Oncho zone 48200 851 1 L76 115000 87782 763 19700 11905 6U 198 0 Whole countrY 56 000 15081 269 1-80900 L37529 760 24000 24488 102 0 0ncho zone 487 00 10803 22L 113500 70880 624 20300 L3347 657 198 1 lJhole country 577 00 19828 344 180900 L20356 665 25300 2784L 1100 Oncho Zone L3652 119000 111468 936 13200 10978 832 t982 Whole country 53200 26200 492 144300 L37027 949 18200 17611 967 Oncho Zone L2864 113900 101066 887 16500 12184 738 1983 Whole country 49636 2C543 508 144500 130756 904 18500 15916 860 JPCT .3 ( cP/86.7) Annex IV pageT Mil!.et&qlghulr !!413er_!1sgi As lndlcated by the statlstlcs of the past ten years, the evolutl.on of areas and productlons wlthln the Oncho zone and at the natlonal leve1 Is qutte llmlted and generally has a downward trend (Table 21). These evolutlons are very irregular and presents some marked increases and decreases. There ls no dlfference between the ylelds obtalned tn the Oncho zone and the natlonal averages. In 1984, the cultlvatlon of mtllet/sorghum in the Oncho zone, on 11-3 900 ha, represented 78.8 Z of the total area and provided 77.27. of the natlonal productlon. The ylelds of rlce, though on the decllne, are better at the natlonal level than ln the Oncho zone. Groundnuts: The areas under groundnuts have hardly lncreased. Productlon was sllghtly lower ln 1983 ln comparlson wlth 1974. In 1983, the Oncho zone represented. 892 of the areas and provided 76.52 of the productlon. Yam and cassava: The observatlons on the cereals apply to fhe tubers whlch, desplte some satlsfactory results, have an trregular rate of progress: the ytelds are stagnating, wlth a downward trend. Table 22. - Togo: Llvestock situatlon in 1982-1983 Ca.ttle Sheep Goats Pigs Poultry Horses/donkeys Oncho zone 173543 337849 4 05863 12 5 1131 L7957 53 3313 The whole country 251383 590954 78597 5 236552 3899834 4094 692 of the cattle, 577. of the sheep, 5L7. of the goats and 8OZ of the horses/donkeys are ln the Oncho zone. JPC7.3 ( mP/85.7 ) Annex fV iaee T 3.2. Evolutlon of productlon of the maln crops ln the onchocerc lasls-protected zone The evolutl,on of agrlcultural productlons has been descrlbed country by country ln the precedlng sectlon. For the natlonal productlon, an attempt has been made to separate the onchocerclasls-protected zonefs share frorn that for the rest of the country. Thls was not alned at all at comparlng the agricultural productlons of tlro zones qutte dlfferent according to varlous crlteria: ecologlcal, climatic, economlc, pedological, etc. As a matter of fact, whether for the Sahellan countrles or for the coastal ones, couParlson of the evolutlon of the agrlcultural productlons of the onchocerclasls-protected zones wlth those of the non- onchocerclasls areas does not make mueh sense. First, for the coastal countrles, how can the production of the southern areas domlnated, on the one hand, by cash crops (coffee, cocoa, plneapple, banana, etc.) and, on the other hand, by typlcal food crops of the reglon (root crops) be compared wlth that of the northern areaa where cereals are the Ealn food crops and cotton the cash crop? The comparlson is none the more slgnlfcant ln the Sudano-Sahellan countries but the reason ts dlfferent: geographical dlsparlty, wtthln each country, between the onchocerclasis- protected zone and that not affected by the disease. In Burklna Faso, Practlcally the whole country ls lncluded ln the Oncho zone. In Nlger, the sltuatlon ls the opposlte. Flnally, ln Mall, the onchocerclasls-protected zone makes up the Sreater up of the "useful" area. I{htle comparison betrreen the two zones does not nake sense, separate statlstics make lt posslble to hlghllght the evolutlon of agrlcultural productions ln the Oncho zone. In thls sectlon, thls evolution wlll be studled for the zonets maln crops: mlllet, sorghum and malze for the cereals, the maln food crops ln the region, and cotton, maln cash crop ln the onchocerclasls-protected zone. Groundnut wl11 also be treated, knowing very well lts mlxed character: cash crop and/or food crop (as the case may be). Yam wlll also be mentioned because of lts lEporEance ln some of the countries ln the zone. An examlnatlon of the different tables in whlch productlon, areas and ytelds have been calculated for the perlod L974 to 1984 makes It posslble to brlng out the maln trends of these prlncipal crops ln the onchocerclasls-protected zone. Here toor no nistake should be made about the lnportance to be attached to thls analysls: lt ts not almed at establlshlng a dlrect relatlonshlp of cause and effect between the evolution of the 0ncho zonets agrlcultural productlon and the operatlons betng carrled out for more than ten years now by GP. Many other factors have lnfluenced thls agrlcultural productlon: developoent efforts, extensLon services, Lncrease in areas under cultlvatlon, etc. It ls very dlfficult to determine the share to be attrlbuted to onchocerclasis control tn thls set of factors. It can only be afflrmed that GP has faclllteted the cultivatlon of new lands, whlch has nade lt po""lb1. to lncrease areaa under cultlvatl,on. Further concluslons can hardly be drawn from the avallab1e agrlcultural statlstlcs. Thelr unequal va1ue, and sometlmes even thelr absence, should be noted by the way. However, the study of their evolutlon ls lnstructlve as regards the general trends. Table 23 shows the evolution of the productlon of mlllet, the cultlvated areas and the the yteld of thls crop. For Ma1l and Togo, the data on sorghum and nlllet have been cooblned. The general evolutlon of mlllet productlon ls favourable wlth the exception of Benln and 6te dflvotre where there ls a decrease ln producElon whlch hardly affects the overall results slnce these two couotrles are not great producers of lt. The increase ln productton ls due much more to the extenslon of cultlvated areas than to tncrease ln yteld; the latter have not lncreased much and have even decreased ln certaln cases. JPC7.3 ( mP/86.7 ) Annex fV page 23 Table 24 gives data on Borghum. The cornments on millet apPly here too; thls ls not surprlslng because of the simllarity of these two cereals and rhe common data for two of the countrles-(Mall and Togo) whlch do not al1ow a dlstlnctlon to be oade betrreen the flgures for these two cereals. Table 25, relatlve to maLze, also shows an lncrease which ls generally modest, masklng a near-stagnatlon ln Cflte dr Ivoire and Burklna and lncreases ln productlon ln Togo and, partlculir1y, Ma1t. The ylelds seem to have gone up more than for mtllet and sorghum. Hardly oore comlnents can be oade because the data are more lncomplete than for the precedtng cases. Table 26 gtves complete lnformatlon on cotton ln the following three countrles: Burkina Faso, Cdte dtivolre, Uatf. The lncrease tn productlon ts much more marked than for the the producilon has more than doubled ln ten years, thls belng due much more to "".""1",lncrease ln ylelds than to areas cultlvated. Thls corresponds very well to the analysls made accordlng to whlch extension servlces have malnly been ln favour of cotton cultlvation. Table 27 shows the evolutlon of productlon, eultlvated areas and yield for groundnuts. whl1e the evolutlon has beerr markedly posltive for cotton, sllghtly favourable for cereals, lt ls nediocre for groundnuts. Wlth the exception of Benln, the dtfferent parameters studled show stagnatlon or fall ln the dlfferent countrtes. For yam, only C6te dr Ivoire and Togo have sufflclently complete data to glve a picture of its evolution. Before 1980, CSte dt Ivolre estimated lts yam productlon in the Oncho zone at nore than I 5OO OOO tonnes per year on about 2OO OOO hectares. From 1980 onwards, an annual survey replaced the evaluation, whlch has resulted ln a sharp fall ln the yam flgures - proof of thl bad qualtty of the prevlous estlmates. Anirnal productlon durlng the 1980s has, thus, to been of the order of 9OO OOO tonnes for about 85 OOO hectares eultivated, which corresponds a yleld above ten tonnes per hectare. For To8o, on the other hand, productlon has increased trore than three times durlng the perlod, reachlng about IOOrOOO tonnes whlle the area cultlvated has practically tncreased fourfold, whlch corresponds to a decrease tn yields whlch at the end of the perlod was about elght tonnes per hectare. What is the concluslon ? Desplte the unfavourable cllmatic conditons, the relatlvely favourable evolutlon of the prtnclpal crops ln the Oncho zone ls due both to the develoPoenf efforts and to the dynarnlsm of the populations who have cultlvated greater areas Part of whlch has been freed from onchocerclasls thanks to the flght launched more than ten years now by GP. JPC7.3 (&P186.7) Annex IV we. T- Ar Pr A A q, 6 i r t € r ro\ N I @ o d o\ r \o p r) \o 0) r -f N FI o o d \o o N \.o o r tr \o o\ o co i o N o O o @ @ o\ o\ s o o $ \o 8 o\ o q o\ o) o \o -, ts i .o \' o\ N o i i 6 \o (! Ot o o .$ @ o \o 6 co o o o @ @ o o o 6 o\ r o n I 6 @ .+ o o\ N -, 6 @ \o N a \o r 6 e 6 d N or Fl o 6 i ru o o € o\ @ o o .{t Ll 8 o o @ @ o GI o FI o h co \o CA @ ln € u) @ I o\ .+ N F N 6 o (f) \o o i N i co o d otr. o o \o N m N o m oo F o o @ N @ o \o kt \o o $ \o 6 .rf r ts (n6 6 r u o N () t? : r t\() Oi o f) o\ @ co oo ts EE I tJ o o o o .c co o\ o Or o 8 o o \o .it CA o o ao t o\ \o "-{ GO o FI F{ o\ .rt \o r. 60 ts 6li o\ lr) F{ r^ CA r-{ N @ 3v F{ N .+ r r F @ d t r ts s ot d OoJ H 6i E1 Or o o d o\ o N o \o o o r N \o ts ts o 6 FI co o co o h N ts ts N lt N e> .l cI\ N .+ o \o N @ o d FI .C N r r N ! H ts-, H iu E c) o o r o ts o o N € o N t o o i 6 o o r N o r) 6 .+ 6 r \' F{ N N o rn @ .rl 3 F o ts -$ \+ @ r 6 @ : o\ -, r r o \o \o 6(U i N i(!Olr u9 ou \o o o c'\ o ts Nlo o o 6 o .s d.o \o 6 -n N 6lo o ts !oE @ 6 o o o .s r r (6>' v \o ?t? 901 r o N :ls h ts 6> 6 o\ o\ \' r @ .$ \o r lro N r r H oa o E@e< lr J o o \o o\ o o o o o qru 8 o o : \o o o co o o a h \o (?) \o o l^ N N \? o o -: r (UP H o\ o F{ o $ o !d H N .rl N Ot N o @ o F \o 9O t0d A trrr ho z \o o o o o N o(! F r o o o o o \o o o \o Ol r us a N dq) trl -+ @ \o N \? -a E C d F r N F c'\ oF ) C !tr E O o\ i N i(! 0o p o! >q o i- HO U) C oz -o oHo rOe t +l N t-'N o dau aJ) d o, d o JAEa:Bo H po , h o (oo ! ! rao(J (J! O O 4.d2 H itr Fo"o & z .r * lrqjdo. fi z H .l( & * oE i H !z H tsl o l\P E fl 2 & ld () o{ ri '.: H 8 .r .* ,e EO B z F + C) = JPCT ,3 (ocP/86.7) Annex IV page 25 0, A or A pr A A f) ts N N : a .rt o \o \o P @ F{ ( o\ 0, i co \o lr 6 o\ o o) (7) N .c o o N .$ \o o o A C'\ o o o o\ @ o o co n o\ o o @ 8 i 6 \o o o\ 8 (d co i o\ ts 6 -, \o \o @ o A \? r \o A F.{ N o A o\ H ,{ u0, (! a 6 o o .i o o r 4 h 4 o o o + @ \o o @ ! 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F:Q< tn H u @! o raOtrl qJ (Ji l{ fr J'A 4d& d H i lro tsp.< i oo ll trI z {. ,t( E FrL A tr z H + * H I E] H rr: o 'r{ z & Fl * rIl B 4, H I ,a ro (J E z F JPC7.3 (GP/86.7) Annex IV p"ceT6.- o. o A O. A. A e{ E o\ @ v c?) 6l \' 6 Fi @ .rt ao r o P o N N F-{ r{ q) l. o r) ts o N o o o ts o rH N Fi o \o @ o o r o o Id o @ .rt @ \o o co p rl \o @ Ol o .$ \o o o\ \o o d F{ -{ o o (s N CA \o r) o o @ ( N d r o o\ .t o o o ts ts F 6 6 o o\ E (7) o\ o 6 rl o H .tt @ o F N 6l I @ 6 N \o r) FI F{ N F{ N (t) 6 o N o N @ o O 6 o i I N tJ o 00 o o co N .d. CA o o 6 I o o \o N d N o o F{ @ F{ N o\ \o N @ \o ts o F{ @ o\ N N @ o \o N F{ o J F{ ts .c .it d F{ H o ! 6 N o o N 6l F{ ci o o o o \o F{ F. @ 6 o ao t\ \o N \o (h d) o (h .$ .C o 6 E @ I ts N N N r{ F{ o\ I \o \o (f) o a F{ A F{ }J .o9 6 t{o o @ o o \o ts N ot o o o 6oJ o o \o -t N CA o N ,E o\ N rn .af (v) rn N o ctr ao rn F Olr o\ -? o\ \o F{ N N N F{ d OJ o\ N ct N oo. -1 N co rd F{ F{ F) o\ 60 N i3 H ... o o o o (r) \t o a o E r) o o \o r o\ C'\ 6 \o ot 6 F{ rn Fi @ .{' N lr F{ @ qo E r N o r J i il o\ o F o d o! rt a o0 EI(!! N o o .€. \o o h o \o n o o 6 @ .g. I r .+ ts o @ @ N \o o r \o \o n r o @ @ \o N A o\ r \o o + i Fi d N 6 u 6 f) o o ts ts \, .+ o o o o o o\ ts o o o o o\ \o \o rn o\ .$ \o o \o .(D \o oo (! r 6 ts o o H E}\ d, or \o @ i ulU tr H Fl N $rl. oao< I a N o o d 6 o o o o FI \o o F{ o o o o\ !q) r,I f) 6 o \o FI d \o 6 o ,rr H 6 ua F ts .{t N o 6 H F{ F{ 6! E] (h o @ €o tri 2Ao2 F{ F{ 6t oo N< E49lr .+ 00 oa F{ \o o :E rd .rf c) o o \o .(! o ()H N F{ N @ otr -d. lri tr Br< r o\ r) F{ r{6 O H o\ N r o) v 2H d >tr v O;J Htr 6H5 -t!e NFq) 1ro B] tsl=u)o o & oo v A< 0 H !q) oOEJFl o (op a ()F{ € 4&& r H ao HA< -a }Jo lr z OO Or z H & tr lr H 9 ts: H tr: o ll z g r-: () *Pg tsI E g H I la aa (J z H JPCT .3 (ocP/86.7) Annex IV page 27 Or o{ F A ts A .s @ o\ r< (\l rl .c o\ .+ o .$ rn |.\ F{ c\l o\ (Y) o \o .$ N vt \o q Ft (d @ (o (7) Fl o F{ o\ .$ E @ F.{ .$ F. r{ FI F.{ o ! (0 E N o o .rf (t) F{ o c r\ r\ @ N o \o (Y'l u N ln o q (n (?) (\l \o co GI (,) @ o o\ rn i4 F{ 6l @ F{ r\ r\ l-r Fl F\ r\ cl Gl o\ l{ Fl F{ o @ o \' a o cf) o\ \o (f) (f) (Y) (f) .rf rrl @ o co \o \o \o t1 N o o\ \o o -+ F{ o F{ Fl @ F. rn F{ \o .f F{ \o 6\ o\ l^ \o 6l o\ l\ o0J Fl r{ tJ''{ F{ (U(u >\U u F{ (n FI c\l FI o oo @ @ o (r\ (?) -, (f) o F{ O EE c) o\ co \o c) I () o.) o\ ! 6 ! @ (\l .t \o \o F{ 6 N o o\ \o |.\ (7') N o o A F{ r-{ F{ F{ o -l €@ fr(uv jl .lt o o r^ (f) -{ 6l N B F_Or F{ N dt r/\ l-- @ \o A ct (n F{ t^ F{ OFI @ In o $ o\ \o o o\ o\ O !.{ 1.,. I^ t\ N N 6t F{ ao rl .+ 6l U1 z Ol N r\ @ ",4 F{ F{ Fl Fi o\ o F{ F{ lt d ti @ .$ \o @ s il o co o\ o t^ Fl (n co lft F. o\ lr H o\ l.\ @ @ (\l o \o 8 I l+{ o @ (f) l.\ o\ F{ t' F. d r\ F{ o. o o\ N Fl o N .-.t @o F{ F.,l F{ F{ t-{ trx E>(!0i Oli (n l-- (Y) o\ o\ \o o rn @ ,o .$ \o tn 6t .i' r\ \o l*- F{ qlolr @ F ln o\ tn H t\ t^ ur! l\ r{J ! N @ @ 6l F o\ F{ rJdo F.{ Or o! o o\ (n \o o @ r.A E Fl F{ !!v dJ ua o (d (f) 1\ av) r\ .$ rtt GO \o oo t^ c{ Or FI \o \o t\ o rl O) N (\| \o .n F FI @ (n I Ol. lf \o F{ lJ (6 N rtl o\ t1 "f, F{ co t\ o\ rn l\ F \o r-{ o ll t-.{ F{ F{ o(U a a Ff otr f'I U1 F tn (Y) rn .+ FI F{ o rrtr H (,l \o .+ F-l t\ d) o\ Fi lr) 5(0 rn \o r\ N -, .c o\ (fl .+ F{ t, t\ @rH a o\ o @ rn (f) l'. Fl tro Fl \o \o \o o @ 2 Fl O! E-1pa (n .ooo trl o \o o \o lo P4 o\ 6.- tr c o\ \o (\l o\ (f) 6 lcl co u'l @ ol] F .$ t\ n lf! .rf Oi Fio F{ o @ HO l\ .t" r..,1 Ol t) o\ N FI o cO l-r F.l co O-C v {p F.t (\l (+t \o !n .l \o \o >! oz I Htr \oHo -+)Ot, ?l NFN i I .o! o IA oo urBo a & !^, FfOE H (oo € raoc) (J! o 4&Z l! o Ot{ HAO H !'+{ p{ & a oo H 7 H ,\.o ll t{ v H Ar z & frl .r .* F] la rq B c) JPC7.3 (GP /86.7 ) Annex IV pace-26.- Or A A O{ A Oi u a -$ .o @ (h F.t q) lr qo o) \? i o \' o o A 6 N r @ o o €o o\ N \o d 6 F o co (0 o\ o c \o N \o 6 N N q i c) (! A r o\ \o o o o ao @ o N d N co o o I o\ o o N o N I o\ $ Or \o co N \o r Oi N co o @ o, o\ .g, i \o N o i \o \o .+ r FI ! q) oo o N o o N ,{ o\ N N o r o o o \o N o\ d .$ o -t -{ .c F{ rl O! N N \o @ E^ o\ o\ o N \o o o OJ Fi \o € \o -, CO N !oOlr (i! xo (.) r) o o o \o o N o o! .rf 6 N @ o\ o\ o o 8 ch \o o \o N o\ N \o !L 6 o @ m .|l \o d @ Or A o\ h r] o\ o00 ,d ,l (n u) N H o o \o Or .i CA 6 o o o .if }E o N o h r\ Ch F o @ o CA H d @ .c \0 @ \o (o co o\ C'\ \o oo o\ il r \o o N o F{ F d @ o\ \o N \? c co : o z il o\ ll A z .g' o o o N N o o 6 o I o \o H \o co N N .o F{ .c q ao o N ts o\ r @ o q) Or \o \? \o r @ & H (! o goa, o o o .$ N N N o\ o lr co d ts o .rf .s o rn o6 ts @ -i @ .i, N N Or h a.) U! ts in ts o \' N .+ \o o\ uGt o\ 6 .$ ts ts OE vo ln>. 6 !o o) o> ,r \o o o o o o o o o ts !< 6 N .+ .$ o o \? aa o N \o @ co 8 Or d r r to I \o !< r @ o\ o 6 r o\ \o .,t F) N qt! i H E o! Q)u rrl !/ H € o 6 o d o o o o o co o o co N N o o o u a)) A H @ N F d 6 (!i a Elr 2 ts N \o @ o\ o s ts @ o(! .EO v) lFl 6tr i E] o & d ts o o o o o r OC^, Y o\ @ o o o .+ o @ lltrv N h \, @ r^ .c @ r do .+ OE iu ts o N >q o o2 Or o HOd NHO il NHN !! o da rr:BO o, ! JAE o uo o raOo 0 aOO l. 4dz (rti pi FrP.O fi rrl & trO & H oE I z !t]o & 14u A rrr z H H E] o H x EE FI o * z d (J- H 8 IrI A g z F ro EE JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7 ) ANNEX V THE PROBLEM OF THE MEASUREMENT OF WORKING CAPACITY Background: Previous work The definition of the notion of "WORKfNG CAPACITY" is a stage usually omitted by authors who claim they want to measure it. The fall in working capacity seems to be obvious when the individual is seriously sick or when the sequelae of the disease are great. However, many conceptual problems arise when it concerns healthy people. Economists who support the labour theory of value consider working time to be the measurement of working capacity. tdithout going into the debate on the nature of work - manual labour versus brain work - duration of work alone cannot be relied on to assess working capacity. In fact, some of the blind say they work as much during the day as before, but the work done is less. To do the same work, the blind in Wayenl say that the tlme they need is two to three times more than before. Unquestionably, in addition to working time, yield must be considered in the assessment of working capacity. But what type of yield? Physical yield (area cultivated per unit of time) or monetary yield? By putting the latter question, the answer can no longer be so affirmative since the results will dlffer according to the type of yield chosen: a good yield per hectare (from the viewpoint of worklng capacity) is reflected in a 1ow number of working hours, if physical yield is taken as criterion. If monetary yield is considered, then it is the net products of the working time - expressed j,n terms of money - that should be compared. It. would seem then that the field of working capacity is being left for that of productivity. As a first approach, the measurement of working capacity should take into account both working time and physical yield. Physica] yield poses great problems of measurement in the industriaLised countries because of the complexity and the great number of the production processes. This does not apply to Africa, particularly the rural areas. Onchocerciasis control is not supposed to i,mprove the working capacity of the civil servant living in town. In principle, therefore, the measurement of working capacity in rural areas poses no problem: working time can be measured, amount of work done can be measured by unit of time. Moreover, studies on this subject are avai1abIe2. Agricultural working time is measured in a statistically sigrrlficant way in that study. ft can be retorted that agricultural work does not constitute the whole of the human activity of rural populations. It is true, but a priori there is a correlation between agricultural working capacity and non-agricultural working capacity. It is difficult to see the disease affecting, selectively, agricultural work capacity and leaving intact non- agricultural work capacity. It should be mentioned here that studies carried out from a quantitative viewpoint cover mainly populations supposed to be in good health. The working capacity of the sick is rareJ-y analysed, or at least is either studied qualitatively or, more simple sti11, estimated. r Le statut 6conomique et Social des aveugles de liayen, village Mossi - par Franqolse Andr6; Clermont; Cerdi - 1980 - 6f p. 2 Monnaie et structures d'exploitations en pays Mossl par Gerard Ancey; Paris; ORSTQM - 1983 - 240p. JPCT .3 (ocP/86.7 ) Annex V page 2 In the first study mentioned above, whose objective was to assess the socioeconomic status of the blind, the analysis was qualitative. Nevertheless, it shows that the working capacity of the blind is far from being equal to zero. They maintain their working time even if their yield fal1s for certain types of work, particulartly the first weeding. The slowness of the work of the blind made the author estimate the loss of physical yield at about 50% because of this important physical disability. The following estimates of loss of_production were made in cost-benefit analysis in studies conducted by the l{orId Bankl. - O.5% - 7% because of the nuisance due to the blackfly bites; - 2.5"/" - 5% because of the infirmity that a fal1 in vision constitutes; - the sane fatl in production is attributed to the general bad status in relation to the excessive parasite load; - tOO"/" loss of production for total blindness. It j-s indisputable that these estimates were used because of the lack of time to undertake evaluations closer to the reality. This reason, as well as others, made the authors of this impact study give up studying the evolution of working capacity in the onchocerci,asi,s-protected areas. Nevertheless, when the OCP lvestern extension starts, the ECO Unit could envisage carrying out concrete studies for the measuremenL of the working capacity of onchocerciasis patients and comparative studies with populations not suffering from the disease (see following methodological note). The problem of the measurement of the increase in capacltv due to onchocerciasis con in the OCP zone After long reflectj-ons and discussions, OCP's ECO Unit chose noL to tackle the problem of direct measurement of the increase in working capacity related to OCP's success. In view of the time at its disposal, it preferred to concentrate its efforts on a general study of the dynamics observed in the Oncho Zone in the past ten years. This stand is based on the following (1) the direct measurement of the j-ncrease in work poses different problems, some of which appear to be difficuft to solve; (2) the importance of that measurement is questionable in the macroeconomic field; on the other hand, it is of interest in the microeconomic sphere; (3) the indirect effects of OCP are much more considerable than the direct effects. The latter are measured by the entomologists (VCU) and epidemiologists (EPI) . 1. Difficulty of the measurement 1.1. The measurement presupposes that the situation of the onchocerciasis patients before the start of the P;:ogramme, and today, is known precisely for the whole zone The situation shoul-d be understood as the quantitative evaluation of the patients according to the degree of affection of the disease, age and sex. 1 Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Economic Review Mission: 15 October 1978. JPC7.3 (ocP/86.7 ) Annex V page 3 The only rea11y reliable data are those of the epidemiologists. They are all the less projectabte because the zone's population and its evolution are not well known owing particularly to the considerable migrations it has experienced and continues to experience. 7.2. Secondly, a proven model that links the stage of the disease to working capacity should be avaifable. This does not exist and would be very difficult to develop. Account would have to be taken of both the physical decrease in working capacity and the time lost in chasing blackflies and scratching oneself. Furthermore, it is out of the question to consider the stage of blindness as the threshold from which the working capacity of the patient becomes ni1. The 1985 survey shows that the blind can continue practising an activity like the weaving of mats. It also proves that there are blind family heads who play an active role in the organization of work. While the correlation between onchocerciasis and work capacity cannot be questioned, it appears to be difficult to quantify. 2. Limited economic importance of the measurement 2.7. liorking capacity is a potential factor of production which takes on an economic value only when it is converted into real work leading to the creation of an added value. Nothing proves that the additional working capacities arising from onchocerciasis control - supposing they could be measured - would be completely devoted to production. 2.2. The work is obviously not homogeneous, even in the rural production system which predominates in the zone. Without going into individual differentiation factors (ski11, assiduity, etc.) which are very important, some of them are related to social structures and production ratios for the different crops, The economic effect of the increase in working capacity will undoubtedly not be identical. To cite only one example, it may depend on whether the person possesses a plot or not. 2.3. Fina11y, the problem which must be faced is the evaluation of women's work. Quite obviously, this work should be taken into account since onchocerciasis does not spare women, l. The importance of indirect evaluqtions Faced with Cifficulties and impossibilities, the evaluati.on of the indirect effects of the onchocerciasis control appears to be a step which is both more rigorous as regards the analysis and more fruitful as far as results are concerned The effects of onchocerciasis and therefore its regression, cannot be dissociated from many other variables. Studies abound which prove that there were historical and economic reasons too for the lnoccupation of certain valleys until recently. The settlement. of these lands which is observed today would undoubtedly have been quite less if the Sahel had not experienced the drought and if certain zones h,ere not relatively overpopulated, such as the Mossi plateau. Consequently, the only possible attitude consists simply in taking an interest in the dynamics of the zone treated by OCP by endeavouring, urhenever possible, to measure the indirect impact of the Programme. JPC7.3 (ocP /86.7) Annex V page The dynamics of the Oncho zone is, as proved by the 1pB! survey, unquestionable, practically in all the fields. Certain indicators, facts and testimonies indicate that there has been an accelaration of this dynamics recently, which coincides with the take-off of the Programme. Metho!efeCieel_,Nq!e Calculation of worki nE capacity in traditional rural in West Africa The ultimate aim is to measure the loss of working capacity due to onchocer- ciasis. To this end, it is indispensable first to find ways to evaluate this maximum or, better stil1, optimal workl-ng capacity; perfectly healthy populations working in an almost ideal environment would therefore have to be looked for. Ttrat is not possible; the aim is rather to observe the working capacity of the populations in a real environment (non-ideal heatth conditions, given climatic conditions). To make possible a concrete calculation of this working capacity, an attempt has been nade to elaborate conceptual tools that can be translated into formulae directly usable with the type of data that can be collected in the field. The units of measurement are mainly agricultural-working time and areas cultivated. Almost half of the working capacity is utilized for farm work: its evaluation is therefore a good basis for extrapolation to the whole working capacity of the rural populations. Two nethods are advocated. One is based on working time weighted by physical yield (area cultivated per unit of time), the other is based on cultivated area weighted by the total working time per area, according to farming system. It is seen that the same phenomenon is being approached, but from two different Elngles and with data which are more or less similar but not completely identical. l. Working capacity measured by asricultural work time we ted bv work vield To this end, a series of hypotheses has to be made. First, it is supposed that the retevant work unit is the fanily in this rural area and not the individual. It can be clained that a loss of working capacity has very little or no effect on the whole working capacity of the family group if only one of its members is affected. Next are taken as basis for the comparison families with the same composition (number, age, sex), from the same ethnic group, working with the same technology (traditional), of course, on a comparable land - families not affected by onchocerciasis and not suffering from its sequelae. lihile the basic unit, for the notion of working capacity in rural areas, is the fa-mi1y, the methods of calculation may call for individual data. Everybody works in the fields: lvomen, children, old people; men are not the only work force and far from it. Two parameters will be taken for the evaluation of working capacity in rural areas: the time devoted to the crops and the physical yield corresponding to these crops. In an initial approach, this attempt at measurement can be expressed by the following formula: * Yt,ty * TFY X Ypy. WC (hours) = TAM X YAu * TAF X Tep * TOM X YOu * TOF X YOp TMy X T = working time (expressed in hours) t = yield (dependent on area worked per hour) AM = adult male AF = adult female 0M = male aged more than 60 0F = female aged more ttran 60 MY = male youth of less than 1l years FY = female youth JPCT .3 (ocP 186.7) Annex V page 5 Thus, the working capacity is expressed in hours of work, weighted by the physical yie1d. Let us take an elementary example. Supposing an adult nale in good heatth works a hectare in half an hour q4 average. His yield will be considered to be equal to one. ff he works I hours per day on average, his daily working capacity will be I hours. Through survey, it has been observed that the physical yield per hectare of adult females as hreIl as o1d men i-s 9O"/" of that of adult males, and that for the youth and o1d i{omen it fa11s to 7O"/". Furthermore, the working time of adult females is six hours per day, that of o1d people five hours; for the youth, their working time is four hours per day. With all these indications, hre have the elements for the calculation of the working capacity of a family composed of six persons including one o1d ma1e, one o1d female, two adults (man and wife) and two youths of different sex. WC = ! hours X 1+ 6 x 0.9 * 5 X 0.9 * 5 X 0.7 * 4 X 0.7 * 4 X 0.7 = 24 hours/day. 0n the basis of the preceding hypotheses, the working capacity of this family production unit is 24 hours per day. It is obvious that for a given farmland, a basic agricultural survey is necessary to determine these working times and the elements necessary for the calculation of the physical yield of the members of the family unit. 2. Workine capacitv measured bv cultlvated weighted by hours necessary for the cultivation of a particulq! crop. This concerns areas cultivat.ed by family production unit. The number of hectares cultivated cannot on its oh,n constitute the measurement of working capacity because of the diversity of the crops. A hectare of cotton does not necessitate the same number of working hours per year as for cereals. In certain areas in West Africa, sorghum takes 2-3 tj-mes more time per year than cotton. That is why, to measure the working capcity of a family, the total area cultivated each year should be broken down into different components: area under cotton, sorghum, mi1let, maj-ze, groundnuts, etc. represented by Si or total area of crop i. cultivated by the family. The total number of hours devoted to i by the member J of the family during the farming season will be represented by tij. The formula expressing the working capacity of the family composed of m persons and cultivating n crops yearly will be: n Si i=1 tdc n m rij [= E expressed in annual hectares/hours The two formufae should give the same order of results. The choice of one or the other will be based on the ease of obtention of basic data as well as on the degree of reliability of the measurements obtained. A priori, the second method should be easier to be used by the Programme's Economic Development Unit in the extension areas, .rPC7.3 (ocP l86 .7 ) ANNEX VI socroEcoNoMrc ELEMENTS DRAWN FRoM THE oCP/ECo SURVEY 0F 1985 I. PRESENTATION OF THE SURVEY The survey covered the whole of the Oncho zone and therefore the seven Participating Countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, C6te d'Ivoire, Ma1i, Niger and Togo. The sample consisted of about 2!O villages and more than 1200 families. The village and family questionnaires covered demography, production (quantit.ies and yields), factors of production, organization of the peasants (extension services, cooperatives, economic and social facilities, certain elements which characterise standard of living, and prices. Additional information was collected at the district 1evel. The survey vras carried out during the fj.rst half of 1!Bl, before the rainy season. The analysis was made by OCP/ECO. Part of the data processing necessitated the use of OCP's micro-computer. Mali's results could not be taken into account because they were not available. Furthermore, certain i.ncomplete questionnaires had to be discarded, 0n the whoIe, the analysis coverea 180 villages ana 850 families - n'rring the analysis, it appeared, on the rchole, that the results concerning productions (quantities and areas) vrere not sufficiently reliable to be processed. The liri ted time and means for the survey did not make it possible to use precise rxeilsurenent methods which are inevitably very complex. - A certai.n number o'f subjects which were considered interesting lrere selected from the remaining mass of information. They are the subject of the tables below A11 possibl-e cross-analyses of the variables could not be made for lack of time. Thus, data concerning items like bicycles, wireless sets and production implements other than plough were left out. They exist however and could eventually be the subject of complementary analyses. Limit of the 1 OCP/ECO survev Reservations have been made throughout this report: some unreliable results are unexploitable; others have not been exploited; the lack of basic statistics is known, etc. Hence, the socioeconomic elements drawn from the 1985 OCP/ECO survey cannot constitute a substitute for a real socloeconomic impact study. The latter would have necessitated i.ts establishment ten years ago, latest durlng the start of OCP, in order to be able to compare the evolution of the socioeconomic situation in the villages affected by onchocerciasis and later enjoying vector control. At the very Ieast, as a very imperfect substitute for this method, a statistj.cally s ignificant comparative study could have been carried out in 1985, between a sample ol former onchocerciasis villages covered by OCP activities, on the one hand, and a sample of villages grouped on the basis of a minimum of variables (ethnic group, type of forming, demographic situation, etc.) and never subjected to the ravages of onchocerciasis, on the other hand. JPC7.3 (ocP /86.7) Annex VI page 2 This was not possible for the 1985 OCP/ECo survey. The only sample of villages studied epidemlologically by the QCP specialized unit (EPI) was made up of villages relatively stabfe demographically. This was aimed at being able to carry out longitudinal surveys there. It is obvious that such villages could not serve as samples for a precise analysis of the demographic variatlons looked for in the socioeconomic sphere. It cannot, therefore, be hoped to draw directly comparative elements from the t9B5 OCP/EC0 Survey for an evaluation of the impact of the onchocerciasis control. 0n the other hand, the following socioeconomic observations constitute one of the efements for the assessment of the impact, together with the results of other investigations, particularly land occupancy studies of the past ten years. There are, therefore, at the very most, arguments Supporting an overall impression rather than irrefutable proofs. There are only indicators of probable trends and, for some of them (evolution of production, onchocerciasis), indicators of the perception those concerned have ol the phenomenon under consideration Nevertheless, they make it possible to arrive at several interesting results: (1) Highlighting of certain sensitive problems; (2) Formulation of hypotheses which would merit to be verified by means of "ad hoc" studies. II. RESULTS Table 1. - Rate of equipment Percentage of families possessing at least one Animal traction House roofed implement Cart Moped with lron sheets ENET E NE T E NE T ENET co/ Benin 36/. 53/. 27% 9 25/" 3g"l o"/" 3 )h Burkina Faso 4t% 2r% 33/. 42"/" B% 24% 27% 25% 29/" 27% 76% 27"/" C6te d'Ivoire 7"/" 0"/" 3/" 22/. 0'/" 3"/" 74/" 7B"l 4t% /o al g% L3/" LO/" Ghana 0% 5r" 5% 0/, r'/" t"/" 13% Niger g% t% 2"/" 27/. 73% L4% 78% L7'/" t7% rB% 14/" 14% Togo 32/" O"/" 26% 27% O/" 22% 76% 7% 14% 42/" t4/" 36"1 TOTAL 33% 6',/" 2O"/, 2B/. 5% r5"/" 39% 17% 27/" 50% 26% 37/" Source: OCP/ECO survey of 1985 Legend: E = peasants working with a development body NE = peasants not working with a development body T = total for the sample. JPCT .3 (ocP / 86 .7) Annex VI page 3 Comments 1. The rates of equipment for the whole sample are considerable. Almost one family out of five possesses an animal traction implement, !J"/. a cart, 37'/" a moped, 37% a house roofed with iron sheets. 2. As regards animal traction, thro groups of countries can be distingulshed: Benin, Togo and Burkina Faso where animal traction implements are many (between 25 and 53/, of the fanilies); and C6te d'Ivoire, Ghana and Niger where the rates recorded by the survey are low. In regard to C6te d'fvoire the rate of animal traction equipment (3%) does not, undoubtedly, reflect the good 1eveI of development attained in agriculture. It appears that some of the work 1s mechanized and carried out directly by the development bodies, and that some of the survey villages are entirely composed of families of farm workers who do not have producer goods. Furthermore, Cdte d'Ivoire is in a very good position as regards equipment, an indicator of standard of living (moped and roof with lron sheets). Thus, the difference between the rate of animal traction in C6te d'Ivoire and in the three leading countries reftects a difference 1n production systems rather than a difference in production 1evel and standard of living. 3. The impact of support services on equipment (see Table 2) is general, except in Ghana where the sample of peasants receiving extension services is very 1ow and therefore not very significant. It concerns all the types of equipment, but i-s partlcularly great for the direct producer goods: Table 2 - Impact of extgnsion services Percentage of families which Estimate that Have not bought Possess an animal they produce more foodstuffs traction implement ENET ENET ENET Benin 79% 64"1 77/" 78% too% 8o/. 58% 36/" 55% Burkina Faso 79/. 57y" 67% 65% 43/" 54/, 4lr 2L% 33/" COte d'Ivoire 69% 67/" 66% 52% 56% 54% 5/" Oy. 3'l Niger tB% 4% 5% 78% 7B/" 67% 9/" 7% 2% Togo 89/. 57% Bt/. 2O"/" 27% 27% 32% o% 26% TOTAL 85/" 36% 67% 55/" 5O/" 53/. 33% 6% 20% Source: OCP/ECO survey 1985 l of Legend: E = peasants working with a development body NE = peasant not working with a development body T , = total for the sample. JPC7. 3 (ocP/86.7) Annex VI page 4 Comments 1. The data concerning Ghana were not used because of the smaI1 number of families "receiving extenSion Services" which were represented in the sanple' Z. Farms working with a development body were considered to be "receiving extension Services". Very often, these bodies are orientated mainly toh'ards cotton cultivation. The extension services are generally smalI: supply of fertilizers' demonstration of technical methods, marketing of produce, etc. In a few cases, the extension services are, on the contrary, very "heavy": setting up of infrastructures, distribution of lands' etc. This concerns' for exanple, the villages of the Volta Valleys Development Authority (AW) in Burkina Faso (two AW villlges in the Burkina Faso sample). They have better results than the other villages receiving extension services. It cannot, however, be affirmed that this advantage corresponds to the additional cost represented by the supplementary extension services. 3. Whatever be the nature of the extension services, they appear to have a very important impact. Thirty-three per cent of the farms working with a development body po""""" an animal traction equipnent as against 6l fot the rest of the sample' Mo"uo.r"., 86l of the family heads "receiving extension services" estimate that they produce more as against 36/ foc the others. These results are constant in all the countries, even ii ttre "force"of the impact varies from one to the other' 4. The responses relative to the purchase of foodstuffs are more delicate to interpret. Here again, the deviation is in favour of farms receiving extension servites $5'l as aEainst 50%). But this result is for the whote oncho zone. It was not verified in Benin, Togo and Niger. Except in this last-mentioned country' extension services - and therefore the development of cash crops - do not seem to threaten the balance of the farms. This is a sensitive point which a survey would 1 sible to foI and The very low rates for Niger as regards production are in alt likelihood related to the conditions under which the survey was carried out. During the time it was undertaken (April 1985), censuses were being carrj-ed out in the villages for free distribution of foodstuffs to the needy. Table 3 . - Impact of animal traction Percentage of families, possessing an animal traction implement, which Estimate Have not Have at least one in the they produce bought sanple more foodstuffs (27/") { Benin 55/, 7g"l 07/,) 9L'.l 67'l) 45/" @/") 54/" 77/" $4"/") - 2B/" (tB/") Burkina Faso 33/" 78"1 63"t\ 64/" (41%) ss:t, tvl-qir1zz%) a g/.) Togo 26% Too% (74"1) o% (zB/.) B2/" (t/") /. 31y") y" (28"1) TOTAL 36/" B4/. (7o/") ( )h) 5 ( 4t% (I /.) Source: OCP/ECO survey of 1! Figures between brackets rates relative to farms not having an animal traction implement. JPC7.3 (ocP / 86 ,7) Annex VI page 5 Comments 1. 0n1y the three countries for which animal traction appeared to be significant in the sarnple were taken into consideration, i.e., Benin, Burkjna Paso and Togo. In these three countries, the rates of anj.mal traction implement are g1obal]-y 35%. 2. It is observed that carts are closely related to animal traction, but not all of them are for that purpose. It would seem that from the moment a peasant decides to practise anlmal traction, he acquires a positive behaviour vis-d-vis the other producer goods such as moped which is used to 8o to the farms and market. 3. Similarly, it is interesting to note that the possessors of anj.mal traction implements do not seem to place iron-sheet roof within their priority. ft is a further proof that production is their main motivation. This phenomenon j,s particularly marked in Burkina Faso where the purchase of roofing-sheets comes only in third position, after cart and moped. These observatj.ons run counter to the assertion that African peasants tend to make ostentatj-ous expenditures. 4. The results for the peasants practising animal traction are particularly good. Eighty-four per cent of them estimate that their production has increased (as against 7O%), end 55% as against 43% nave not had to buy foodstuffs. Furthermore, the fact that they tend greatly to acquire equipment proves that they have considerable cash incomes (a moped costs between 200 000 and 500 000 CFA francs depending on the type and a cart betr4reen !0 000 and 100 000 CFA francs). 5, The use of animal traction leads to great modificatlons of farming systems by the combination of crop-growing with animal husbandry that it implies. Consequently those who estimate that it is the sign of a quantitative leap and a speci.al indicator of rural modernizatlon may be right. An important place should therefore be given to the folIow-up of this phenomenon j.n an appropriate survey. Table 4. - Impact of onchocerciasis Trend in farms whose family head claims to be an onchocerciasis patient. % of farm-head onchocerciasis patient Benin 28% 50/" (86%) 22'/" (58/") Burkina Faso 74% 55% (69r") o% 39/.) C6te dflvoire 73% 63% (66%) th ( 2/") Niger )h 0"/" ( 6%) o% ( 2/") 1o/ Togo 9% B6% (83%) (28't) c Qo/ TOTAL 72/" (62%) 9% (21/") Source: OCP/ECO survey of 1985 Between brackets = rates relative to farms whose lamily head is not an onchocerciasis patient. JPC7.3 (ocP/86. 7) Annex VI page 6 Comments 1. Ghana could not be taken into consideration because the survey questionnaire relative to onchocerciasis was not filled. 2. The number of onchocerciasis patients (or rather farm heads claiming to be onchocerciasis patients) was doubtlessly, underestimated stightly because of the partial non-responses concerning some of the questionnaires. 3. The negative impact of onchocerciasis is clearly visible as regards animal traction. It is less evident as regards the evaluation of production. 4. The relationship between onchocerciasis and economic activity varies very notlceably from one country to the other. The impact of onchocerciasis is particu- Iarly felt in Benin and Burkina Faso (in Niger too, but the data cover very few people). 0n the other land, the relationship does not seem to be si.gnificant in COte d'Ivoire. As regards Togo, the farm heads claiming to have onchocerciasis are more optimistic than the others. 5. Undoubtedly, it would be necessary to improve the survey in order to evaluate the relationship between onchocerciasis (and more broadly, heatth status) and individual behaviour. This is because very often surveys spontaneously put the disease forward as a factor limiting agricultural work' III. THE SAMPLE VILLAGES Reminder: The following considerations are hypotheses suggested by the analysis of the results of the OCP/ECO survey. Definitive conclusions cannot be drawn from it because of its experimental nature and the fact that only one field visit was made. 1. 0vera11 results They appear to be much better than could have been expected a prlori because 70% of the sample's farms estimate that they produce more,60% use fertilizers aod55% improved seeds (these results being due mainly to cotton cultivation). Seventy-two per cent work with a development body and therefore receive extension services. Seventy per cent belong to a village group or cooperative. Animal traction is carried out in t7"/" of the farms (with very great regional disparities) and animal husbandry is undertaken almost everywhere. From the viewpoint of standard of living, there are 2'l mopeds and 32 houses roofed with iron sheets per 1000 habj,tants, which is considerable. 0n the other hand, social facilities have not been well developed: a nurse (or midwife) for 5000 inhabitants, a health worker for 1000 inhabitants, 86 schoolchildren per 1000 inhabitants. This overall picture, which is very brief, does not portray an agriculture left to itself and very poor. On the contrary, it bears witness to a zone which is evolving rapidly and whose exchanges with the outside world, especially monetary exchanges, are far from negligible. 2. Size of the villages and economic behaviour It is observed that the small villages are underprivileged from the viewpoint of communal facilities (except in regard to we1ls which, when available, serve a smal1 number of inhabitants). However, the results observed in these small villages are acceptable, especially as regards production: the farms which estimate that they have increased their production are many, although the rate of ploughing equipment, the JPC7.3 (ocP/86. 7) Annex VI page 7 utilization of improved seeds and fertilizers, and extension services are lower than the average for the sanple. As regards equipment in terms of moped and houses roofed with j.ron sheets, it is equal to the average (and even higher than that for the mopeds). 0n the other hand, the big and very big villages have average and even mediocre results (average rates for ploughs, fertilizers, seeds and mopeds and lower than average rates for extension services, millet mi11s, roofs with iron sheets and even the number of schoolchildren). And above all, a much lesser number of the inhabitants of these big villages estimate that they produce more. Could this be the effect of lack of available lands preventing the extension of the areas under cultivation? It seems, therefore, that there is an optimum size for the villages, which is between 500 and 1000 inhabitants, and this constitutes quite a wide range. 3 Influence of number of ethnic groups Multi-ethnicity does not seem to be a handlcap. Villages where three or more ethnic groups cohabit have above-average results in almost all the spheres. 4. Presence of onchocerciasis The responses to the survey's question relative to onchocerciasis are subjective. They reflect the opinion of the peasants on the subject. The rates of declared onchocerciasis (on average 5.7% for the sample) are conversely proportional to the population size, which corresponds to the analyses of the epidemiologists. However, it is noted that the lowest rates are in the villages with 1-!00 to 2000 inhabitants, but rise very slightly in the big vil1ages. Furthermore, it is in the multi-ethnic villages and in those where animal husbandry is important that the relative number of declared onchocerciasis patients is the lowest. This observatj.on is particularly interesting and corresponds to a foreseeable hypothesis according to which the blackflies which can bite more animals, spare human beings in consequence. It is also observed that the leve1 of animal husbandry is in correlation with the size of the vi11ages. It is therefore difficult to isolate a priori the respective roles of the population and animal husbandry as regards onchocerciasis. 5. Animal husba4dry Animal husbandry is very widespread in the zone. Twelve villages i.e., less than 7O/" ot the sampre villages do not have livestock. Animal husbandry seems to be greatly related to the size of the villages: villages without animal husbandry have an average size of 600 inhabitants, while this is 2000 inhabitants where animal husbandry is well developed. Fina11y, a positive correlation was noted between the importance of animal husbandry and: the number of ethnic groups; the existence of village movements This is, doubtlessly, a coincidence and does not necessarily imply a relation of cause and effect. A survey of the OCP/ECo type reveals relations which are a priori not very evident which an attempt could be subsequently made to explain. JPC7.3 (ocP/86.7) Annex VI page 8 The presence of livestock in the villages appears to have positlve incidences on production (or rather on the feeling that the peasants have about its evolution) and on the factors of production. The survey indicates that the complete absence of animal husbandry constitutes a great handicap and that its development is beneficial to a certain extent (impossible to be specified through the survey). As in the field of population, there could be a notion of an optimum for animal husbandry. 6. Social facilities It is impossible, at the leveI of the OCP Survey, to reveal significant correlations between health facilities (infirmaries and presence of health workers) and other elements like the level of production or that of personal items. Where there are correlations, they are someteimes positive and sometimes negative without any apparent reason. The only clear fact is that the health workers are found preferably in the sma1l and medium villages and that the situation is the opposite as regards nurses and midwives. The number of health workers and of nurses/midwives are estimated at one for 100 inhabitants and one for 5OOO inhabitants respectively, whence the very 1ow and unobservable impact of their activities. There is no apparent link between the number of schoolchildren and production or fact6rs of production. The correlation (positive) with equipment in terms of mopeds or hilses roofed with iron sheets is slightly greater, but not very marked. 7 Additional results . Individual means of transport. This concerns bicycles and mopeds available in the vilIage. Responses were obtained for 95"/" of the cases. The average per village is about 116 units, i.e., at least a means of transport per family. . Radios. This personal item is not only perceived as an element of social promotion but above all constitutes the means of information par excellence. Its presence in the villages is a very important index of the possibilities for the transmission of new ideas necessary for development. Like the individual means of transport, this variable was very well represented (0% non-response). 0n average, 128 were enumerated per vi1Iage. . Communal facilities. This variable compri.ses markets, stores and mlI1s. A11 these facilities serve the whole village community and contribute directly to the promotion of the group economically and social1y. For 6% non-response, there are at least th,o communal facilities per viIlage. Here, no distinction is made between one or the other of them since it i.s only trends which are being given. Whether it be the market, mi11 or store, their contribution to the improved standard of living of the population can be considered to be similar qualitatively. . Health facilities There were L4% "non-responses" for this variable which can be easily classified as absence of facilities since out of the 150 villages where there was a response, 10! do not possess any of them. 0n average, there is one facility for three villages. Hospitals, dispensaries, village health centres, maternal and child health centres and villages pharmacies have been put into these facilities. Quantitatively, the situation is not very favourable. It would therefore be more interesting to dra!, conclusions after weighing the information by the proximity, or not, of a town or big village which has these lacilities. Number of medical personnel This variable comprises medical officers, nurses, mj-dwives, village health workers, etc. On average, there is one per vil1age. The situatlon is very uneven since 110 villages do not have one medical personnel while others have up to J2. JPC7.3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex VI page 9 Number of classrooms. 0n aver'age, there are three classrooms per village. \f of the villages do not have any. . !,Jells or boreholes. There is a well or borehole j-o'19"/" of the villages Village qroup Seventy-four per cent of the villages have a village group of the production, marketing or cultural cooperative type' which can constitute, if need be, social bases on which development activities could be focussed IV. OBSERVATIONS ON PRICES For lack of time, it was not possible to carry out an in-depth analysis of the price data collected by the OCP/ECO Survey (moreover the data for some of the countries were incomplete). What follows is therefore aimed only at formulating a number of raw observations and emphasizing how important it is to continue the investigations in this fie1d. 1. Official prices. The survey reveal-ed very slgnificant price differences for crops like cotton and agricultural inputs, depending on the countries. Such differences can promote more or less official trade along the borders. Such being the case, the survey hardly constitutes an original contribution in this field since pri-ce lists can be easily obtained from the official services (for the zone of the French speaking West African Monetary Union "UMOA", they are regularly published by the Central Bank of West African States "BCEAO"). 2. 0n the other hand, the survey could quite easily make it possible to prepare a table of comparative cost of the factors of production (for example, for a typical anlmal traction equipment). This constitutes an important variable for the explanation of the development of a given technique. 3. The price differences for cattle, which are also very considerable, are in all likelihood closely related to the movements of herds between regions and/or countries. 4. A permanent survey, carried out at an adequate periodicity should make it possible to deternlne the indices of the variabilities according to the regions and establish interesting correlations with other elements, for example the 1eve1 of 1oca1 storage of foodstuffs or the health status of the livestock. 5. The OCP/ECO Survey revealed very considerable regional price differences - even from village to village - for a given period. It would be necessary to specify the permanent nature or not of these variations and try to find their causes. In the case of invariably permanent varj.ations, they could be due to structural (degree of isolation of the vi11age, existence of a market, etc.) or cyclical (temporary shortage) phenomena. For example, it is a priori logical- to formulate the hypothesis that in an isolated village the relative level of prices will be 1ow for loca1 products in case of a surplus (marketing difficulty) and high for goods not produced 1oca1Iy. 6. Generatly speaking, and in order to conclude this subject for the time being, a regular collection of data on prices and an analysis of their spatiotemporal variations together with other elements of information (infrastructures, storage, etc.) should make it possible to bring into focus supplementary cyclical indicators and maybe even elements 1ike1y to lead to a rational development policy for certain infrastructures. JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7) Annex VI page 10 V. CONCLUS]ON Like the study on crop and animal production, the socioeconomic elements drawn from the 1985 OCP/EC0 Survey are not aimed at a comparative study of the onchocerciasis-affected areas and those not affected by it. This study did not have that in mind nor had it the means. It concerned providing additional proofs, aimed at supplementing the other elements which show the dynamism of the populations in the OCP area. This shows that the control of onchocerciasis in the infested zones has enabled this dynanism to be reflected also in the resettlement of these territories. Although the importance of agricultural extention services no longer needs to be demonstrated, it is interesting to note their socioeconomic influence on the different producer goods in the Participating Countries. Even apart from any extension service process, the overall picture clearly shows an agricultural world evolving rapidly. There can be no talk of an agriculture that is "miserable" and left to its fate. lihiIe some of the elements of the 1985 OCP/ECO Survey can be used directly for the evaluation of the socioeconomic impact of the Programme, most of the information is of interest, particularly, to the Governments concerned and the development agencies. It will be up to them to develop this type of information. In regard to the OCP/ECO Unit, it will be interested mainly in an improved application of some of these investigations in the new OCP extension areas, so that it could, in future, carry out a socioeconomic impact evaluation of higher quality. JPC1.3 ( 0cP/86 .7 ) ANNEX VII DYNAMICS OF LAND OCCUPANCY ]N THE VOLTA BASINS AFTER TEN YEARS OF ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL Quant ita tive and spatial analyses in the onchocerciasis -Dro tected areas Of the 764 OOO km2 covered by the vector control,^115 B0O km2 were in a hyperendemic situation in 19^75, i.e., 75"/", 124 3OO kmz in a mesoendemic situation, i.e., 16.6"/", and 177 55O kmz in a hypoendemic situation, i.e., 15.6%. This means that the population in almost half of the OCP area (357 650 km2) was subject to the risk of onchocerciasis. The elimination of the risk of blindness and the fa11 in the blackfly nuisance have, everywhere, favoured new agricultural settlements on the reclaimed lands in the infested vaI1eys. These, according to the regions and the demographic and agrarian situati.ons prevailing there before the start of the control, have tal Table 1 Diachronic studies of land occupancy undertaken as part of the evaluation of the te! Leqrg of oqchgrcercaqCfE lerrlrgl Areas concerned Zone Hyperendemic Mesoendemic Hypoendemic Total * Northern White Volta 450 km2 450 rm2 900 km2 1 800 km2 Central White Volta 600 100 0 700 Red Volta 4lo 50 0 500 Bougouriba 700 30 0 730 Sanandenic 0 440 300 900 St Pierre 150 0 270 875 Boromo-Fara-Poura 0 50 790 1 000 Black Volta, Daboura 1 100 0 100 1 350 Como6 I 100 0 200 1 350 L6raba 300 300 900 1 500 Western L6raba n 500 250 750 Mekrou Not well 0 0 5 000 defined Lower Kara 160 4o 0 200 Upper Kara 140 0 0 140 Middle Kara 90 BO 0 770 Farako 500 0 0 500 Red Volta, Ghana 200 0 0 200 l 5 940 2 040 3 710 76 495 ,f This total j-s not the sum of the hyper, meso and hypoendemlc areas. JPCT .3 (ocP/86.7) Annex VII page 2 These areas cover 2.2% of the total OCP area and are distributed, country by country, as follows: Burkina Faso to 285 ktr.2 Benin 5 O0O kmz Togo JLo knl Mali 500 kmz Ghana 200 kmz 0ther areas could not be covered diachronically for lack of recent aerial photographs but were the subject of a pre-larviciding analysis. They are: Table 2. Pre-larvieiding spatial study areas: Hyperendemic Mesoendenic Hypoendemic Total Bou-Bandama 5 600 1 290 0 7 890 Upper Bandana 0 0 1 200 Boa - Sien 3550 0 0 3 550 Bagoue 7 50 750 500 2 000 Black Volta, Ghana 700 100 100 9 004 2 Sissili Kulpawn 2 5OO 200 0 700 White Volta, Ghana 240 700 300 1 240 Nasia 0 500 1 4oo 2 000 14 340 3 640 2 3OO 21 480 These areas are distributed per country as follows: C6te d'Ivoire 14 540 Ghana B4o Fina1ly, other study areas selected were not the subject of any imagery interpretation. They are: Lotio Kankelaba Baoule Selingue Mounongo a Thus, the pre-treatment map prepared covers :-6.56'l of the hyperendemic areas of the programme, 4 .5"/" of the mesoendemic areas and 6 .B'/" ol the hypoendemj-c areas. As regards the pre- and post-larviciding diachronic analyses, j-t covers 4.2% ot the hypoendemic areas , 7,6"/" of the mesoendemic areas and 4 .9/, of the hypoendemic areas. The dynanics that have developed over the past ten years were evaluated from the latter studies. JPCT .3 ( 0cP/85.7 ) Annex VII page 3 DYNAMICS OF THE OCCUPANCY 1. The Red Vo1tal In 7975, the Red Volta basin, up to its confluence with the l,rlhite Volta, had a vast deserted zone of between 10 and 1! km wide, on both sides of the mean-water bed. Durihg the past ten years, a considerable part of these available lands has been cleared and brought into cultivation, but to very different extents north and south of latitude 11oN (Tab1e 3). 2. The White Volta 2.l-. General The greater part of the White Volta va11ey was for a long time void of any human settlement. It was only at the beginning of the colonial period that refuge habitations nere established there. The great majority of the inhabitants migrated to the interfluves and Ghana fron 1925 to 1930. One exception was the Yeriba where the flow of imEigration was such that the population densities quickly exceeded !0 inhabitants/knz, leading to a permanent and dynamic settlement. Table 3. Dynamics of land occupancy,in the Red Volta basin (Burkina Faso- Ghana) z Avail- Empty area Annual growth area area culti able of % utilized cul tivated vated per area in in 7972 in lp8l area inhabitant ha area util1- zed Lere; Burkina Faso left bank t3 975 L0 L23 3 845 9.2% 0 .48 0.35 ha North of 11oN ol /o 72.6% 26.5/" Ghana; left 1960 t97B 1984 B 2 ? bank South of 110N 47 z5o 37 671 36 477 35 579 ol /o 79.6 77 .2 75.3 0.66 7.5% Nankana;Burki- 7972 1983 na Faso right bank north of 20 3O2 t7 605 !2 BO2 1loN "/" 86.t 63/" 9.7% 0.28 0,31 ha Nankana; Ghana 1 1 1 60/78 78/85 Right bank South of 11oN 36 719 20 044 15 844 10 444 ol 1Q o/ lo 54.6/" 46/. 0.9% 5.6% ? ? The differences in dynamlcs cannot be explained by ethnic variations. The groups are the same on both sides of the border: Nankana on the right bank, Konssaces on the left bank. 1 Maps are available in OCP. 2 ett the areas mentioned relate to lands studied by diachronic imagery interpretation JPC7.3 (eP /86.7) Annex VII (!(6$(6 page 4 (!lr!ll EEE.C > o?i ()rn@F- r..{ O. D orn\o6t (!! o }Jr(uctroF{.OEu oooo Fl + ++ I i.e i.e i€ >.e nt ie ;,t ;{ 5e Ot-,-{OO o F{ .f @ 6O ${d @ 6o\FION o O! Or Fi N\O NFINGI .f (O Fl (t) \, oo'oar, d @!€ o t0d lr !>o6 N Nne N}{N N }.Q tr-l (0 N @ @o F{5 >t xlr (!p }.e >,e b! >lr\}t(v)\O i,e troa9 ttl cN r^\rF{NF{ t\ tr}] o \,o F{@F{@N o F c @N o (v) Nt\O\ 3R8Ril N \, .rf s co66t N\OO.t-{ N o @ l.J CA \o .fJ\O Nr^ClN.C CA (! F{ l/\ F.l \o ! v) o .fO r\@C O\O F. '-.{a (r') .N (Y)C \O\Ot\ \o fi o N F.t o\ ct @Nt') o\ & t\ F{ '-{ o N o\ \0 (nN d o F{ FI F{ (\l oil Fl F{ r! I AI F.e (!! b{ ..e N td ,3 !.e b< \o :..s r^ ..s F{ N u EO (\t Ft rn .fo6l J trr. N @ o Moreover, in Burkina Faso , the areas brought into cultivation continued to increase considerably between 1983-1984 and the few data available indicated an immigration of Ghanaians to Burkina Faso. lihiIe certaln farms reached the Red Volta in Burkina Faso, they remained very much below the mean-water bed in Ghana. It should be mentioned, in addition to this agricultural settl-ement, that in Burkina Faso there are many new stttlements by herdsmen at the edges of the lands cultivated by the farmer.s. The whole of this area is traversed by men and livestock. The situation is, however, different to the north of latitude 12oN. Many villages were established in the valleys sti11 empty it 1975. The inhabitants of these villages were "evicted" by the colonial administration as part of the human trypanosomiasis control carried out by Dr Jamot followed by Dr Muraz. In 7975, more Lh,ar, 2O'/. of the drainage basin area of the White Volta was unutilized by the farmers and was servlng only as a dry season track for a few herdsmen. This emptiness appeared all the more glaring since very heavy human settlements, with densities exceeding 100 and even 200 inhabitants/km2, were going on in the interfluves, 10 or 20 km from the mean-water bed. The situati.on has greatly changed over the past ten years. The dynarnics of the land occupancy are summari-zed in Table 4. In comoboration of these figr-rres, a simple observation of aerial photographs taken in January 1985 shows that to the south of the Yeriba, both in Burkina Faso and in Ghana, the farms and human settlements have reached the fold on the right bank of the White Volta. The left bank of the sane section of the river appears to be densely populated by herdsmen practising semi-intensive smaI1-scal-e farming on enclosed fields manured by livestock. 0n the whole, if the utilisation of land basically for animal husbandry is taken as a real land occupancy, then empty lands have completely disappeared from the lihite Volta north of latitude 10oJ0'N, after ten years of control of the onchocerciasis vector. 2.2. RegionaL differentiations While the land occupancy dynamics in the northern part of the White Volta seems to follow the AVV settlement, the same does not apply at all in the central and southern parts (Bissa country). The evolution of the cultj,vated areas may appear to be relatively 1ow in the Bissa country, in the central part of the White Vol-ta va11ey. But these movements were spontaneous and started without any external stj-mulation, well before the start of the Programme. From 1956 to 7972, the annual growth in cultivated areas there hras already 6.9% una, at the start of the programme, more Unan 2O"/" of the availabl-e areas a in t.he valleys were already being utilized, which necessarily limits later rates of extension. This situation is met everyvrhere on the right bank of the tdhite Vo1ta, south of Iatitude 11050'N, i.e., emong the Bissas. The dynamics are different on the "Mossi" lihite Volta. Negative during the period preceding the bl-ackfly control, the gror/rth in cultivated areas "explodes" as soon as an AVV farmland is established. The most characteristic case is that of the plots in Mankarga and 0uyalgui, on the left bank of the white volta. rn 1tJt, the gains in areas cultivated by the locat or migrant populations were very sma11. JPCT .3 (ocP /86.7) Annex VII pad-6- On the other hand, as soon as the AVV plots were established, the whole of the available land between its settlements was colonized through spontaneous migration In 1985, 45.8/" of the land was under cultivation 2.3 . Organized settlenent. spontaneous settlement Out of Lhe 2J) 000 hectares studied, the areas cultivated in 1!B! represenL 29f" of the total area, but the gains due to the developments by the AVV represent only 78% of the total growths recorded, i..e., more than B0% of the g1oba1 increase in the lands cultivated in the valleys is due to spontaneous settlement. These figures do not take into account the lower White Volta where the dynamics have also been very great but without any intervention by AVV. In the whole of the formerly empty lands adjoining the White Vo1ta, about 90% of the cultivated lands are the result of spontaneous farming. The farmers have less areas per person than the AVV settlers. The result is that, on the whoIe, AW's share in the figure in regard to the populations utilizing the valleys is still lower than that for the areas under cultivation. 2.4. LanA saturation It is estimated, on the basis of FAO criteria, that this region, with an average level of inputs, could support about 1lO inhabitants per kmz. However, while the AVV settlers receive extension services, are relatively well equipped and apply technical methods, the sene does not apply to the spontaneous migrant farmers. With the possible exception of East Manga, less than tO% of these farmers possess intermediate agrlcultural equipment, apply technical methods and fertilize the land. That is to say this agriculture is sti1l extensive and the regeneration of the lands necessitates long fallow periods. fn this system, there is a risk of soil degradation and erosion when more than 20 to 25'l of the total area is cultivated. This percentage has been reached in almost the whole of the White Volta basin. Thus, in the absence of an improvement in the farming techniques in terms of intensification, land saturation has been attained. l. The Blactf Volta basin Two types of dynamics can be clearly distinguished in this basin. In the Bougouriba va11ey, tributary of the Black Volta, the evolution has taken place from the forward edge of the settlement (Table 5). Everywhere else, new tands have been brought into cultivation by increasing the vitlage farmlands and especially by intercalary settlements by migrants, mainly Mossis and Samos. 1.1. The Bougouri ba: a region with a low spati al dynamism (Table 5) The annual increases in the areas under cultivation are relatively smat1. However, regional differentiations appear distinctly. Thus, in the Dagara country (annual growth o? 3.3% in the areas under cultivation) settlenent is much more rapid in the direction of the Black Volta (10.8"t per year) than in that of the Bougouriba t (2.7/"). But the settlement tohrards the Volta is due to the population from the overpopulated area behind the forward edge, while in the direction of the Bougouriba, only the riverside viIlages, with a low population dynamism, clear lands for cu1 tivation. The same applies to the Birifor country where the extensions of the lands under cultivation are due to the establishment of farms - without habitation - by peasants from the overpopulated hinterland. It is true that the common use of the bicycle reduces travelling time considerably and makes it possible for everyone to return home every evening. JPCT .3 (ocP / 86 .7 ) Annex VII page 7 6l + F{ + + + b.e $e 5e t r^ F\ N F{ o (7) !.e \o p l- co .+ co o rn (0 o\ 6l 6t N F{ I$ Fl (r) l+{ ! lF.l F{ ls o B.e i€ l; .{' N N (! lo .+ i.e ..e GI o) loJ F. o\ F{ 6l .i' tr lrr o\ Fi N F.l F{ F{ l" '-{ F{! >.t F! ;.t N (!B N 6t F{ 6 uo >.t O! .rf (Y) o F. (r) F\ tso0 @ 'i Fl! >.t i.e Ft .{ Ft rro(0E (7) Fl \o @ la Or. (t) \o \o o r-{ F@ o\ .il o 6l (n o (f) \o .s .if .{l .+ 6'-{ N € @ .n r^ (n F{ .if o\ F{ o o\ Fi u F.l F{ F.{ Fi 6l FI (! \o rh u F{ >' a .f o Ft .$ o\ \D (7) o o l'. 6l o\ .i' l^ 6l N Fi o\ CO @ r\ o FI \o F,l '-.{ fr: .if Fl N F{ (U (! A & li A.C N .!! ul N ie F{ o ), N N .f \o ot tro a trtr o N F{ o o o <() EA o E, u f\ rn 6l o o o\ r\ \o o \o t (n (f) \o !n @ \o r^ \o t- \o N o AJ tr o) (u N o o) Fl o ot @ o ! o o rn @o o FI o o\ o Ft ! .il 6l GI o\ c.l € ot t 1". tr 6 o\ lr) .g' rn t- \o t(U (0 Fl 6t lrB Fl (0tl ) 30 t+r !qf o o 0) r+r ! o F{ o o o o a o (,, ,o F\ co Fl -t t'\ o !o I (0 (f) @ .i N co o l6 E F{ o(0 $ o\ co 6l o\ r^ o te (d .f Fi r-i F{ c{ (!lr o !O.EO OE Or r{ i+{ o (! ! tJ l.o (! (0 qi \o o p @ F{ @ Fi 6l q) (6 tl -o o> Fl !.c a o rl p ao tq F.I B o< $ O+{ o. H a900 .c I I I I n{l o a FE JPCT .3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex VII p.#-E-- In the Lobi country, the absence of land pressure, the maintenance of the o1d land occupancy systems and the refusal by the ethnic group to open its farmlands to other ethnic groups have resulted in a general stagnation of the area under cultivation. 3.2. aneous movements and ted settl Djipologo is the only AVV farmland in this region. Here again, the establishnent of settlers with extensj.on servj.ces brought about a great spontaneous settlement within the "reserved" area itself (faIIows, reserve zones or areas solely for animal husbandry). Two reasons can be advanced for this situation: - determination of the riverside villagers to maintain their "rights" to the land; - demonstration made by the supported settlements of the possibility of settling close to the Bougouriba without any serious health risk. The upstrean and downstream sections of the Black Volta constitute an emigration and intense settlement zone. From the 1970s, considerable numbers of nigrants, especially the Mossis and Srtos, started settling in this region, between the dense Bwa or Bobo farmlands which also increased greatly. In the Samandeni region, the areas under cultivation in 1!!2 represented only 3l of the total area; in 1981, this proportion had risen to t5.71. Photographs taken and interpreted in 1985/1985 seem to indicate a marked increase in the lands cultivated in comparison with previous evaluations. The proportion of lands cultivated there has risen to 37.8"/.. The same applied to St Pierre where the proportions of cultivated areas conpared with the j-nterpreted areas have evolved as fotlows 4.t% in 7952, 2J/" in 1981 and 34.6/" in 1985. As can be observed, therefore, the dynamics realty started after 1pl0. Under these conditons, the annual increases in areas cultivated can be estimated, since that date, at more than 15"/" for Samandeni and more than L6% for St Pierre. For the rest of the Burkinabd basin of the Black Volta, the Boromo-Fara-Poura regi.on has been covered by diachronic study (1!14 and 1985). This region was severely affected by human trypanosomiasis during the first half of the century and many villages disappeared (Gouzieu, L9O7). For some years now, a rapid settlement of new populations (Mossis, Silmimosses, Fulanis), resulting in an increase in the utilized area, has been going on in this area that was almost uninhabited before the beginning of the vector control (turning of the rj.verine lands into forest reserves for prophylactic purposes against sleeping ! sickness). Because of the difference in scale between the 1tl4 photographs and those of 1p8! (1:20 000 and 1:500 000), it was possible to assess the land occupancy dynamics only for the utilized area and not the cultivated area (Tab1e 6); 37/" increase in utilized a area between 7975 and 1985, i.e., only 2.9"/" per annum. 0n1y the Mossi immigr.ation areas (Ko and Lela) have had relatively considerable increases. JPC7.3 (ocP /86.7) Annex VII page 9 Table 6 Areas cultivated in 1 974 and evoluti-on of uti lized areas (ha) t 197 1985 Annual increase Ethnic Total Utilized Cultiva- Utilized Utilized in utili- group area area ted area area areas zed atea (ha) (1) (ha) (2) (2) / (t) (3) (3)/(1) Total area Bwa 34 456 26 399 76.6 r 572 5.9 31 365 9t L.6 Lela + migrants t7 676 6 45o 36.5 395 6.L t3 550 76.6 7 0 LeIa 23 379 72 460 53.3 4zt 3 4 t7 o4t 72.8 2 9 Mossi-Ko- Silmimosse 23 379 1 962 11.1 702 5.2 2 575 14.5 2 5 Ko B 322 3 472 4t.t 101 2 9 4 975 59.7 3 3 Forest reserve t6 35o 0 0 0 0 229 1.3 Total 117 BBo 58 774 43, 14 2 597 5 1 69 735 59.2 4. Como6/L6raba: a world of contrasts Without looking for a relation of cause and effect, it should be well observed that the systems of land occupancy and their dynamics are very different, upstream and downstream from the road bridge which links Burkina Faso and C6te d'Ivoire, from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ferkessedougou. Blackfly treatments were started upstream from the bridge in 7969, and downstream in 7975. 4.1. Como6 and lower L6raba: an al-most empty country Downstrenm from the road bridge, the L6raba was void of any human settlement, up to its confluence with the Como6. Upstream from this confluence, the Como6 had only two poles of settlement and cultivation. Downstreem from the confluence, the country remained empty and is sti1l so at the edge of the Como6 national park. After the start of the blackfly treatments, only the upstream part of the Comoe ' has experienced a relatively considerable positive evolution of the areas under cultivation. The utilized area there rose from 7O.5/" to about 5O"/" and the areas under cultivation increased bv 3BO% between 7)J6 and 1983, with a mean annual growth rate of 6%. Between these tvro dates, the areas under cuft:vation represenLed 23i4 of the utilized area and 72% of the available area in 1p8l. The evolution is almost ni1 in the rest of the Como6 basin. It is true then that this river crosses an almost uninhabited zone which is not subjected to an influx of migrant populati-ons. JPCT .3 (eP 186 .7) Annex VII page Io E (, € (d! (i(u (f) O F,l ON 6 rJP lr +{ o\ 5e D.e B.e <$ Fl @ N r\ .$ 6l \o d +J t (.) b{ l.{ b.e o @ r^ F- .n u'u o\ 5,S t (v) 6 C, '-{ o o\ o >N F{ F{ Fl l'r +J F{ F{ rl oaAu (!(! c-l o0) N ;.e >.e ].e tr lr ol\ @ (t) (n F{ i.Q (v) o\ o\ a F{ r-.,1 E 6! .6} $e is i,e 5{ oo F{ o \o !n r{ tl N 6t r\ tn (,@ F{ F{ riE (!! a, N a tro N (\l B.€ b.e trtr \o (f) N @ ET F{ \o t\ @ il N 11 lr1 ts (n (Y) tn o\ (v) o t @ \o t\ (n .if o) o\ .s o\ F{ ET (! 6t N F{ GI F{ r^ t^ (J z 6T @ c F{ Fl F. @ o .if H o\ F{'-{ F{ Fl @ t-{ 6 at F{ tt) (0 o FI.t E] (!! 6 l.e ;.e ie >.q p & co)u rn o \o r\ 6 trH ! 6l ln .f 6 1(u F{ Fl o E .J o o o o (7) o o o o c o o o o o o\ (Y) .o F{ o\ (v) o c) FI N F-l 6l (.) N (! o F{ L) r) N o lrl 6l tn o F\ o r.- @ o o\ o o\ 8 F{ FI 'r, .tf .$ \o o\ a F{ ;(u q o F{ p F\ lr] 6t 6t @ (! FI o Fl @ o F{ o\ @ F.{ g (! o\ .if (n (! F{ (\l -t e.l (!0 (!C) (6^ O .o tl) Plr FO tro d(! (!+{ (0(,) €rl O trll !o lrG (00r! t-\ r+i l(u ro> rO f! o >fq oc Fl (t F:H FI liH o.) (! \\- $ rl 11 0 c.A ;t r1 F >..d tr .o o(! !il d (!t{ 66 s{ (! .F{ p o! tro !Jl P B OJ F ua !! (!r-{ ! lr t1O OA tr(o trrr(O, OE ov oq) oFo ro(dc)Fa piu B L)v (-) v FI Hv JPCT .3 (ocP 185.7) Annex VII page 11 Table 7 Land occupanc^v and its dvnamics since the start of the ProEramme Study area 1 2 3 4 5 ul 7 ul ' Red Vo1ta, Ghana (a) 20% 24.5 20.7 o.B% + Right Bank, south 11oN (b) 8.7 1.3 Red Volta, Ghana ( a 4sr 71 .8 58',1 L/o + Left bank, south 11oN ( b 33/" 4.8 I Red Volta, Burkina Faso (c) 27% 72.4 162"1 9.7 + North of 11oN, right bank Red Volta, left bank (c) 13.3% 37/, L7B% 9.7y. + Burkina Faso, north of 11oN White Volta, right bank, @) 8% la l)"1 2a 145"1 8.47r" + Burkina Faso, Bissa lihite Vo1ta, l-eft bank (d) L4% 45,8% 278% 70.7% + North of Mossi country, Burkina Faso, including AVV 0 23% 00 White Vo1ta, Yeriba \c) 72/" 42% 253/. t2.t + Burkina Faso lihite Volta, right bank (c) 2.6 22% 714% 27.1% + including AVV o.5r" 77/" 34O/" 38.2% Total White Volta 9.2 30.1 295/. 12.2"/" Bougouriba/B1ack Volta - Burkina Faso including (c) (south of 11oN) Dagara L)h 72.9 73 6.3 + Birifor 6.t 10.7/. 7B/. 6.6% + Wiile 73.4% 15.4% 75/" L.5/" + Oo/ Lobi 77.5/" 72.4'l -I ,o/o o.B% + 1 ao/ t Como6 - Burkina Faso (f) 2.4% !a/o 384% 6.or" + South of 11oN 3 Black Volta Samandeni (e) ). )h 76.1'l 378% 5.5r" + + I Keralie, Saint-Pierre (h) 4.r 25% 5OO/" 6/" North of 11oN JPC7.3 ()cP /86.7) Annex VfI page 12 Table 7 (cont'd) Western L6raba South of 11oN - Burkina Faso (c) 3.6 13.1 256',1 tL.6% + L6raba right bank COte d'Ivoire South of 11oN (c ) 2.3 B'/" 236% LL.2/" + Central L6raba,C6te d' Ivoj-re (c) o.7 7O'/" 1200% 26.32% + a 1) Percentage of utilized land/area available before the start of the Programme in f 2) Percentage of utilized land area available in 1984 in % l) Global increase in utilized tand in Z 4 Annual increase in utilized land a 1g60-1984 5 Permanent forward edge b 1978-1984 6 Impermanent forward edge c Lg72-7983 7 Discontinuous land occupancy without forward edge in villages d Lg72-7984 8 Idem with immigration of non-natives e 1974-t983 9 Idem with intercalary settlement of natives f 7956-1983 O b Lg52-L9Bt 1a. Cultivated area h 7952-t983 2a. Cultivated area Source : OCP/ECO 1983/1984/1986 i a I JPCT .3 ( ocP/86.7 ) Annex VII page 1l 4.2. Leraba and western L6raba: a sl snificant cu1 tivation Different dynamics which stem roainly from the start of the Programme can be distinguished in the L6raba basin (Tab1e 7). The whole of this region does not appear to be saturated landwise. The a cultivated area/utilized area ratio is sti1l below 20% and many lands are stilI available. However, the considerable dynamics, without being exceptlonal, reflect a change 1n the man/environment relations. could be distinguished I At the start of the 1arva1 control, three types of fields in the area concerned which is almost completely utilized today. Vast village fields, covered by Faidherbia albida, alternated with a few bush fields which were sometimes inhabited. The marshtands were used for rice farming, especially by women. The past decade has been marked by a great extension in the inhabited areas and a dwindling of the utitized area. Many inhabitants have settted permanently on bush fields where big compounds and livestock pens coexist novr. The agriculture practised is semi-intensive. The fields are manured with cow- dung conserved during the year and sprinkled over the farmlands at the time of the first rains. Mechanization is sti1l limited, mainly because of the mode of farming practised by the Senoufo populations. A considerable part of the agricultural work is carried out collectively. This practice does not favour mechanized work, although it reflects a form of intensive farming by increasing the efficacy of the work. The extension services given by CFDT for cotton cultivation has led to an increase in the areas under cultivation in Burkina Faso. Up to 1982, cotton was not cultivated on the Burkinab6 side of the L6raba but the loca1 farmers were using fertilizers intended for the lvorian cotton to produce sorghurn €md maize which were partly sold to the cotton farmers on the lvorian bank. Since 1982, cotton cultivation has, in turn, developed at an accel-erated pace on the Burkinabd side and, in 1985, represented more thar, 30% of the total areas under culbivation. This evolution which competes with that of food crops, may lead to the fear of an increase in the areas under cultivation and compromise the semi-intensive system established spontaneously by the populations. In Cote d'Ivoire, only the L6raba basin has been covered by diachronic spatial studies. Table / gives indications on the evolution of the areas under cultivation. Everywhere e1se, in the onchocerciasis-protected areas, the mean annual grohrth of cultivated areas was about 6l during the period 1975-L979 (Technical Services Agreement IGT/OCP 1980: "Etude sur 1'action de contrOle du vecteur de I'onchocercose sur 1'evolution des aires de culture et d'habitat en direction des va116es de Ia r6gion du Programme en COte d'Ivoire")1. D However, this study showed that the land occupancy dynarnics there varied much from one drainage basin to another. Apart from the Marahoue, the populatlons were engaged in traditional as wefl as mechanized rice farming in the afl-uvia1 marshlands. 1 Fitleron J: Ch, Kolibri Z. ; Arnaud J. C1; Kra Yao, 19BO JPC7.3 (ocP /86.7) Annex VII page 14- Thus, on the Bandama, the annual increase in cultivated areas has been 0.1% on the rdestern left bank, 2.9/" on the eastern left bank and I .2% on the right bank, while it is 1! .2"/" to the west. 0n the who1e, there \das a considerabl-e increase in cultivated areas in this region between 1973 and L979. This has been particularly significant in the west and a on the right bank of the Bandama where they rose from B 000 ha to 10 200 ha, i.e., 4.t"1 per annum. a About 7 5OO \m2 of basin in the Mekrou va11ey , in Benin, have been covered as against 2 000 kn2 in the Kara valtey in Togo. Both are located between latitudes 9o25'N and 11o10'N. The portions of the basins studied are dominated by the a piedmonts of the Atacora chain. On the Mekrou, the dynamics of the developed areas (cultivation, recent fa11ow) is more j.ntense north of latitude 10o30'N where the mean annual growth rates of cultivated areas are !.51 beyond latitude 11oN (Kandi) and 6.3,/" below (Natitingou and Bembereke). To the south of this limit, the gains in cultivated areas are stiIl smaIl; an average of 1.41 per year. The lowest rate is on the Natitingou. The following different tables give a clear picture of the situation: Table B: Land o evolution in the Central Sector Developed areas in t975 Developed areas in 1985 Growth rate (ha) (ha) TotaI Cultiva- FaIlow TotaI Cultiva- Fallow GIoba1 AnnuaI ted ted Natitingou 1 100 375 725 1 500 1 500 4oo 36/" 3.1 Natitingou 1 100 4oo 600 1 300 700 600 30% 2.6 Bembdrdkd* 2 300 L 550 750 5 500 3 650 1 850 L39/" 9.L Bembdrdkd 1 300 650 650 2 25O 1 700 550 73/" 5.6 a Total- 5 700 2 975 2 725 70 55O 7 L50 3 4oo Bsr 6.3 Northern Sector (Kandi ) Only the eastern bank of the Mekrou is occupied with a massive transfer of farms from the i-nterfluves to the Mekrou marshl-ands, especially Kandi. JPCT .3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex VII page 15 Table 9. Land occupancy evolution in the North Sector I Developed areas in t975 Developed areas in Growth rate (ha) !985 t Total Cultiv. Fallow Total Cultiv. FaI1ow GlobaI Annual Kandi 500 275 225 7 550 L 350 200 zLO % L2,O t Kandi 1 800 425 7 375 1 400 L 975 4zs 29 /" 2,9 /. Total 2 3OO 700 1 600 3 950 3 325 625 77% 5,5 % Table 10. South Sector Developed areas in t975 Developed areas in 1985 Growth rate (ha) (ha) Total Cultiv. Fal1ow Total Cultiv. Fa11ow GlobaI Annual Natitingou 3 2OO 1 050 2 75O 3 500 2 800 700 9,4 % 0,9 /" Natitingou r 750 1 400 350 2 000 1 200 800 t4,3 % 1,3 Bembdrdkd 750 4lo 300 900 4lo 450 20 'l 1 B Benb6rdkd 1 200 240 960 1 500 375 ). 725 25 /" 2,2 Total 6 9oo 3 140 3 760 7 900 4 BzS 3 075 1,4,50 /" 1,4 , A11 the cultivated fields and the recent fallows attest, in the same way, to the vitality of the agricultural populations in the region. The settlement of the interfluves is greater. 0n the who1e, however, a progression towards the marshlands and the thalwegs is observed. The densities are stil1 greater along upstream Kara (Kabye region). The fields, without distinction, occupy a total area of about 5 300 ha. The fallows are rare (1ess than 5% ot the developed area). Two hundred and fifty hectares of developed plots are observed there, to the east of Lama Kara. ) 0n the middle Kara, the areas developed in the va11ey have increased from 7 2OO ha in 7976 to 4 tZ5 ha, i.e., an overall increase of 24f .7/. oc 1,3.1% per year. JPCT .3 (ocP l86 .7 ) Annex VII p"c.16 Downstream, on the other land, the developed areas have varied less rapidly. From 4 560 ha in 1976, they have risen to 5 850 ha, which represents an annual rate of 2.5"/". ( qB5) Table 11: Kara basin : Evolution of develoDed areas 1 975- 1 a (%) Developed areas in 7975 Developed areas in 1985 Growth I (ha) (ha) Sectors .\ Total Cultiva Falfow Planta- Total Cultiva Fal1ow Planta- Global Annual ted tion ted tion Upstream 5 300 4 goo 150 250 t Kara (33.280 ha) Middle Kara 1 200 4lo 750 2 650 2 650 1 300 775 244 13. 1 (34 500) Downstream 4 560 2 72O 1 840 5 850 4 tz5 t 725 28.3 2.5 Kara Total 15 275 L7 675 3 r75 425 There seems to have been very 1itt1e change in habitat and means of communlcation between L975 and 7985. The fields are generalty sma11 (50 to 500 area). The faflotvs are heterogeneous and less numerous than the cultivated fields. Everywhere in the Programme area, the areas under cultivation have increased, although to varying degrees (Tab1e 12). 0n the whole, this new development, has been made by the 1ocal populations or spontaneous migratrts. The increases due to planned development bodies are still less than 10%. However, contrary to organized development settfements like AW's, spontaneous developments do not induce any new infrastructure. From 1-!J4 to 1982, AVV constructed a road network linked to the national network and comprising 1!2 km of maln tracks and 91 km of secondary tracks, founded !B vlIIages with u2 waLet-supply points equipped with pumps, 9 dispensaries, 28 classes, 68 stores as well as 216 houses for the extension workers. - These infrastructures are of benefit not only to the organized settlers but also to the spontaneous migrants who have settled close to the organized settlement zones. The provision of these infrasLructures, together with the demonstration of the possibility of living 1n the former onchocerciasis zones, and the defence reactions they have developed in the locaf populations have accelerated the settlement movements. But in the 1o,rg run these dynamics will pose the problem of land saturation related to an extenslve agriculture. 't JPCT .3 ( ocP/86.7 ) Annex VII page 1l Table 12: Summary of land occupancy rates Remarks ca Zone Area cultivated Area cultivated Area utilized Area available I Lere; Red Volta 4B% 36% Semi-intensive Ill Nankana, Red Volta 28% 10% Northern White Volta 3t.8% 3L.B% Saturated Central lrlhite Volta 25"/" 20% In the process of saturation Bougouriba 24'5% 73"/" Land available ll Black Volta 20% 15% Land available L6raba to / 2o/" 70 / 75/. Land available It follows from these observations that north of latitude 11oJ0'N, the risks of land saturation and thereby erosion and deforestation risks are evident. II. THE DILEMMA BETWEEN THE BASIC NEEDS OF THE POPULATIONS AND THE DESTRUCTION OF THE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE It was unanimously recognized right from the start of OCP that the savanna zones, where the blinding form of onchocerciasj-s was endemically rife, were, among the Sudanian and Sahelian regions, the most richly endowed with natural r'esources (good Iands, water, forests), particularly the banks of the watercourses with dry forests stretching sometimes over a width of some 2O-3O km on both sides. The gallery and savanna forests constituted zones where, because of the 1ow rates of exploitation of the resources, resulting from the 1ow population density, the ecological balance was maintained despite the extensive methods of farming. The drought, the population pressure and the lack of programmes and techniques for the rational and consistent exploitation of the natural resources have created a dilemma between the needs of the populations settllng in the new zones protected from onchocerciasis and the ecological balance of the environment. 1. Effects of the sht and ecol oqv During the past decade the OCP area experlenced repeated droughts, the severest of which were those ot 7973/74 and 7982/83. Consequently, agricultural productions, especially food crops, recorded the lowest levels ever attained. a The persistent deficit rainfall has caused the definitive disappearance of several wild ptant specles, leaving the naturaL environment in desolation. ll In paral1e1 with this faII in production, the drought has caused the massive migration of populations from the Sahetian zones to the onchocerciasis-protected areas. These migrant populations tilt the land according to degrading traditional techniques, often practise shifting cultivation and exploit the natural resources (woodcutting for personal use and especially for sale since firewood is the main I source of energy for the populations in the villages and towns in the OCP area). Apart from the forest reserves, the exploitation of the gallery and savanna forests is neither controlled nor organized. JPC7.3 (ocP l86 .7 ) Annex VII p"d-18-- 2. The threat of desertification of the Oncho zones The main causes desertification of the lands in Africa, especially in the of r) 0ncho zone, are the disorganization of the exploitation of the resources by man, notably overcroppi.ng together with unsuitable techniques, felling of numerous trees and overgrazing. for firewood L Two particularly threatening problems for the populations in the Oncho zone are: -r the faII in the efficacy of shifting cultivation; and an acceleration of the advance of desertification. s Shifting cultivation, a traditional method of farming which is good when the Iand/population ratio is high, is a system commonly practised today in aII the Participating Countries, particularly in the Oncho zone. It consists of cutting the trees, bushes and taI1 grasses, burning the litter, cultivating for two to five years on the cleared land and then leaving it faIlow for the reconstitution of the plant cover and the regeneration of the soil: the adequate faltow period can last between five and fifteen years depending on the soil and the type of vegetation but should be sufficiently long to enable the exhausted soil to recover its former fertility. 3 Exploitation of the pastures Most of the pastures in the Participating Countries are found in the Oncho zone. In all the countries concerned, the exploitation of the pastures is not regulated at all and it is to be feared that the tendency of the herdsmen to increase the number of their herds would lead very rapidly to a saturation situation and aggravate conflicts between farmers and herdsmen which are already frequent at present. This conflict and saturation situation could become very dangerous for the ecological balance of the zone if adequate steps are not taken for the management of the zonets resources. It is in order to enable better understanding of these problems that OCP has initiated and financed a research programme entitled "Ecological impact of the resettlement of the onchocerciasis protected zones". The system does not need machines. The clearing of land is made with axes, cutlasses and by fire. The cultivation is by means of a hoe, hand implement or animal traction. After a few years, when the yields start decreasing, the land is abandoned and new areas are cleared. The big problem facing shifting cultivation today in the 0ncho zone is that the population growth, the need to produce more and the sti1l general use of extensive a agricultural techniques which are degradlng lead the Ioca1 and migrant farmers to extend vastly the areas under cultivation. In the long run, when the area is completely utilized, there would be no alternative but to reduce the fallow periods. But a sufficient fallow period is necessary to enable the land to recover its ,0 fertility and make it suitable to be cleared again. The reduction of the fallow will lead to a faII in yield and a rapld degradation of the soil which cannot withstand for a long time the combined action of degradi,ng farming techniques and bad weather (rains and wind). ,l 4. Soil erosion in the Oncho zone In this part of Africa where the rains are torrential and the winds violent, an exposed soi1, without vegetatlon, is subjected to an intensive water and/or wind erosion. JPjT .3 (ocP /85.7 ) Annex VII page 19 Until recently, the natural- vegetaion, tree and shrub cover with the litter of dead and decayed leaves or the thick herbaceous carpet, was stil1 protecting the Qncho zone's soil from erosion, and reducing the impact of the rain or blasts of f. wind, while the roots were maintaining the cohesion of the soi1. ]n several regions in the Oncho zone, this vegetation has been destroyed by the n creation of agricultural areas and the felling of trees for firewood needs. The national reforestation programmes are far from making good the rate of destruction of ( the natural forests. 5 Reminder of the ob.iectives and orientation of the study lands the Volta valleys afier t The first evaluations of the settlement of the of ten years of blackfly control, made by Hervouet and Paris, showed that the areas under cultivation and the populations had increased considerably. This is true of the sample zones selected for this study. In the Bougouriba zone, Black Vo1ta, for example, the growth i.n the areas cultivation reached 3.2"/" per year between 1974 and 1983 with notable differences, however, depending on the ethnic groups (O.B% in the Lobi country, 6.6"/" in the Birifor), according to Paris' The increase in areas under cultivation in the Red and White Volta zones was of the order ot 70% per annum between t972 and 1983. As part of the present study, the evaluation of the land occupancy 1s being continued for the Black Volta zone (Solenzo) and for the Bougouriba-Black Volta zone as regards the aerial coverage of 1956. Technically, this evaluation is carried out at the same time as the cartographic analysis of the groups, and should make it possible to estimate g1oba1Iy the changes which have taken place in the environment. These detailed maps of plant cover are essential for the understanding of the dynanics of the vegetatj.ons and also for the carrying out of field sarnpling. 0utline maps already available show their complexity. The study of the vegetation can be limited to the typical covers alone (riparian forests or afforestation, dense forests or thickets, etc,..) which are easily spotted on aerial photographs, but account should be taken of the density of the woody savanna vegetations. The preparation of the maps and the ground truthing will- be continued up to September 1!86. The preparation of physionomical maps is essential since the different human activities modify the spatial structure of the vegetations. The protective power of the vegetative carpet against erosj-on and the biovolume of the vegetations, on which, for example, the firewood or timber potential depends, are directly related to this ) spatial structure. One of the mai-n effects of land clearance and cultivation is deforestation. However, quantifi.ed data on analysis a ? there is little its intensity. Statistical of study of the distribution of woody vegetation in the Kaibo-Niaogho zone will make it possible to approach the problem in a good way and emphasize some general considerations. The initial results obtained show that there ls a considerable deforestation in certain sites in the study zone. JPC7.3 (ocP /86.7) Annex VII page 20 Thus, it is noted on the Sinikiere farmland, that the arboreal vegetation, at present composed mainly of Vitelleria paradoxa (shea), Sclqtqreqye__br!rgg , sterculia Setigera, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Lannea acida and L. migrocarpa, has undergone, since 1956, a severe decrease in number, reaching 6O% tor the individuals which can be a) spotted on the aerial photographs on a scale of 1: 500 000 and 8Ol for the bigger- size individuals. The woody vegetation density there is about 301 less than the average density calculated for the whole of the zone. This corresponds to a I particularly great population pressure since Hervouet has shown that the increase in lands under cultivation in this farmland was 7J/" per year, between 1972 and 1p81, as 't against 1L.2"/" for the zone. In the whole of the zone, the shrubby vegetation is quite monotonous and predominated by some species of Acacia (seyal, gourmanensis, dudgeoni), Piliostigma t reticulatum and P. thonningii. Balanites aegyptiaca is also common. This shrubby stratum is therefore characterized by its relative homogeneity, the poorness of its flora and the predominance of species which are generally favoured by pasturage (Acacia, Balanite). It indicates a quite general state of degradation in which the part played by grazing is considerable. The role of pasture as Ern essential factor for the evolution of plant covers should therefore be emphasized in any development attempt. Specific research has been carried out in certain zones in order to specify some aspects of the functioning of the ecosystems studied. Particular interest was taken in the reconstitution of the woody vegetations on the fallows and their dendrometric characteristics . III. NEli HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RISKS The succes of the onchocerciasis control operation has made it possible for very many populations to cuftivate and settfe in new areas without having to suffer from the nuisance caused by blackfly bites and fear blindness. Most of the new habitation sites, composed of villages or isolated farms, have been established near the thalwegs. But these thalwegs are lined with either gallery forests or low shrubby forests. These biotopes are reproduction and living places for blood-sucking insects like s1ossina palpilis or tachionoides or mosquitoes of the Adedes genus, which are vectors of two major tropical endemic diseases: sleeping sickness caused by the tsetse flies ( the ravages at the beginning of the century and towards L935 are remembered in areas at present protected from onchocerciasis); yelIow fever whose epidemics are of a great brutality, caused by mosquitoes of the rl Aedes genus. The risks of recrudescence of these major endemic diseases are high today. An entomological survey carried out by the 0rganization of Coordination and Cooperation q in the Control of Major Endemic Diseases (OCCGE), in 1978, in Linoghin, an AVV village, revealed the presence of tsetse fIies, potential vectors of human trypanosomiasis . In 7979, four persons who had settled only late1y near the western L6raba were found to be affected by trypanosomiasis without having ever left the region. Finally, the terrible outbreak of ye11ow fever which ravaged the onchocerciasis- protected valleys in Burkina Faso in 1983 is remembered. JPCT .3 ( ocP/86 .7 ) Annex VII page 21 By eliminating the nuj,sance and risk of blindness brought about by the blackflies, the 0nchocerciasis Control Programme has made it, possible for many populations to settle in new sites where they are 1ikeIy to be in contact with appears be lr vectors of other major tropical endemic diseases. Vigilance therefore to indispensable. Monitoring and screening are essential. The most recent work makes it possible for the rural conmunities to take over the control of sleeping sickness. ,l Conclusion r Even if onchocerciasis was not the only obstacle to the settlement of agricultural populations in the river valleys, the fact remains that this parasitosis constituted, until the start of the control acti.vities, one of the main checks on the I durable settlement of farmers on these lands which had not been exhausted by long- duration utilisation without sufficient fallow periods. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in the valleys of the VJhite and Red Voltas in Ghana and Burkina Faso. It is slighty better in the Black Volta with a more calm flow and a different settlement system. Between latitudes 10o30'N and tzo3o'N, the valleys of the White and Red Vo1tas have very densely populated interfluves which contrast with "va11eys" which are completely void of people and human activities. This very distinct contrast is found again only on a portion of the Black Volta and its tributary, the Bouriba, around latitude 11oN. These val1eys, whi-ch are now protected from onchocerciasis, have all experienced, to varying degrees, an increase in cultivated areas and in the number and size of the human settlements. However, considering the agrarian systems in the zone, a simple quantitative analysis of the spatial evolutions does not seem to be sufficient for the measurement of the productions corresponding to the increases in cultivated areas, In order to do this, it seems to be necessary to change the scale and use that of village farmlands and production unlts. , )