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Apis Mellifera) Produce Honey from Flowers of Tea Plants (Camellia Sinensis) Kieko Saito, Rieko Nagahashi, Masahiko Ikeda and Yoriyuki Nakamura

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Apis Mellifera) Produce Honey from Flowers of Tea Plants (Camellia Sinensis) Kieko Saito, Rieko Nagahashi, Masahiko Ikeda and Yoriyuki Nakamura Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 1 Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 1 India . United Kingdom Editor(s) Dr. Ahmed Medhat Mohamed Al-Naggar, Professor of Plant Breeding, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; FIRST EDITION 2019 ISBN 978-81-934224-3-4 (Print) ISBN 978-93-89246-17-9 (eBook) DOI: 10.9734/bpi/atias/v1 _________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright 2019 The Author(s), Licensee Book Publisher International, This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Contents Preface i Chapter 1 Reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of Nigerian 1-11 Cultivars of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) S. O. A. Ajenifujah-Solebo, I. Ingelbrecht, N. R. Isu and O. Olorode Chapter 2 12-16 Honeybees (Apis mellifera) Produce Honey from Flowers of Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis) Kieko Saito, Rieko Nagahashi, Masahiko Ikeda and Yoriyuki Nakamura Chapter 3 17-26 Bio-pesticidal Properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica) B. E. Agbo, A. I. Nta and M. O. Ajaba Chapter 4 27-37 Postharvest Heat Treatments to Extend the Shelf Life of Banana (Musa spp.) Fruits P. K. Dissanayake Chapter 5 38-44 Development and Properties of Green Tea with Reduced Caffeine Kieko Saito and Yoriyuki Nakamura Chapter 6 45-59 Productivity of Some Hausa Potato Accessions (Solenostemon rotundifolius (Poir) J. K. Morton in Jos-Plateau Environment O. A. T. Namo and S. A. Opaleye Chapter 7 60-64 Roots of Hydroponically Grown Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plants as a Source of a Unique Amino Acid, Theanine Kieko Saito and Yoriyuki Nakamura Chapter 8 65-80 Genetic Variability of Sugarcane Clones as Affected by Major Endemic Diseases in Ferké, Northern Ivory Coast Yavo M. Béhou and Crépin B. Péné Chapter 9 81-89 Riparian Buffer Strip Width Design in Semiarid Watershed Brazilian Victor Casimiro Piscoya, Vijay P. Singh, Jose Ramon Barros Cantalice, Sergio Monthezuma Santoianni Guerra, Moacyr Cunha Filho, Cristina dos Santos Ribeiro, Renisson Neponuceno de Araújo Filho and Edja Lillian Pacheco da Luz Chapter 10 90-100 Phenotypic Plasticity: The Best Approach for Stress Selection Ciro Maia, Paulo Mafra de Almeida Costa, Cleverson de Freitas Almeida, Luiz lexandre Peternelli and Márcio Henrique Pereira Barbosa Chapter 11 101-109 Abundance and Incidence of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L) Flies in the Korhogo Department of Northern Côte d’Ivoire and Pest Control Methods Used by Farmers Yalamoussa Tuo, Klana Kone, Michel Laurince Yapo and Herve Kouakou Koua Chapter 12 110-122 Soluble Bases and CEC Variation across Undisturbed and Disturbed Coastal Forests in Tanzania Elly Josephat Ligate and Can Chen Chapter 13 123-132 Surface Water Nitrogen Load Due to Food Production-Supply System in South Asian Megacities: A Model-based Estimation Syeda Jesmin Haque, Shin-ichi Onodera and Yuta Shimizu Chapter 14 133-143 Nutrient Solution: Agronomic Characteristics and Quality of Strawberry Fruits Cultivated in Substrate Dalva Paulus and Anderson Santin Preface This book covers all areas of agricultural sciences and other related fields. The contributions by the authors include tomatoes, genetic transformation, GUS gene, tea, Camellia sinensis, flower, honey, bio- pesticides, efficacy, food production, neem, pesticides, banana, postharvest life, green tea, Hausa potato, roots, hydroponics, leaf scald, smut, pokkah boeng, agro-ecology, erosion, soil conservation, abiotic stress, root system, Saccharum spp., Zucchini, attacked fruits, coastal forests, forest ecosystem, nitrogen load, nutrient etc. This book contains various materials suitable for students, researchers and academicians in the field of agricultural sciences. i ii Chapter 1 Print ISBN: 978-81-934224-3-4, eBook ISBN: 978-93-89246-17-9 Reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of Nigerian Cultivars of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) S. O. A. Ajenifujah-Solebo1*, I. Ingelbrecht2,3, N. R. Isu4 and O. Olorode4 DOI:10.9734/bpi/atias/v1 ABSTRACT This study was carried out to develop transformation protocol for the possible improvement of local cultivars of tomatoes in Nigeria using complete randomized design (CRD). The research was conducted at the Plant Biotechnology Centre, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria between May 2009 and December 2009. Seeds of three promising farmer preferred varieties of cultivars of tomatoes namely Ibadan local, Ife and JM94/46 were selected and cultivated in-vitro. Sterile cotyledon and leaf explants were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 with plasmid (pOYE153). Transformed plants were analyzed using GUS assay and PCR methods. Results showed that leaf explants had higher transformation efficiency than cotyledon explants in the three cultivars. Ife cultivar had the best transformation efficiency in both explant types - leaf 42.5% and cotyledon 8.89%. Histochemical GUS assay of transgenic plants showed blue coloration in leaves, stems and roots. PCR analysis showed amplification of 600 bp fragments of GUS and nptII genes in the transgenic plants on 1.0% agarose gel. The GUS and nptII genes were successfully integrated into the three cultivars of tomatoes thereby providing a reliable transformation protocol for the genetic improvement of local cultivars of tomatoes for desirable traits such as longer shelf-life, pest and disease resistance, enhanced nutrients, higher soluble solids, etc. The GUS and nptII genes were successfully integrated into the three cultivars of tomatoes thereby providing a reliable transformation protocol for the genetic improvement of local cultivars of tomatoes for desirable traits such as longer shelf-life, pest and disease resistance, enhanced nutrients, higher soluble solids, etc. Keywords: Nigeria; tomatoes; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; genetic transformation; GUS gene. 1. INTRODUCTION Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops grown all over Nigeria. It is the world’s largest vegetable crop after potato and sweet potato but it tops the list of canned vegetables. In Nigeria, tomato is regarded as the most important vegetable after onions and pepper [1]. Nigeria is the largest producer of tomatoes in tropical Africa, with an annual production of 1,504,670 tons out of the estimated annual production of 16.55 million tons in Africa [2]. A total area of one million hectares is reportedly used for tomato cultivation in Nigeria [3,4]. The use of tomato is about 18 percent of the average daily consumption of vegetables in Nigeria [5] and is the most popular vegetable crop in Nigeria dominating the largest area under production among vegetable crops [6]. A substantial volume of the tomatoes in Nigeria are usually transported over long distances from the Northern part of the country to other parts and from the hinter lands to towns and cities. In Nigeria, as most other developing countries, efficient storage, packaging, transport and handling techniques are _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria. 2International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. 3Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, University Gent, Belgium. 4Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria. *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 1 Reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of Nigerian Cultivars of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) practically non-existent for perishable crops [7] resulting in considerable loss of produce. Postharvest loss is a major challenge hampering tomatoes production in most developing countries [8]. Tomato being a perishable crop as a result of its high moisture content has short shelf life of about 48 hours [9] under tropical conditions. Specialised postharvest handling practices and treatment methods are needed in order to extend the shelf life of the crop after harvest [10]. Also cultivated tomatoes suffer from a myriad of problems ranging from diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes to post harvest losses due to biochemical processes. Therefore improvements such as longer shelf-life, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, nutrient enhancement, higher soluble solids, etc are desirable in the local cultivars of tomato. Losses of up to 50% can be recorded in tomatoes between the harvesting and consumption stages of the distribution chain in tropical countries [11] which is in line with estimates by Gustavo et al. [12] that between 49 and 80% of all agricultural commodities end up with the consumer whilst the remainder is lost. However, the introduction of genes that confer these qualities to commercial cultivars by conventional breeding techniques often encounters serious difficulties due to high incompatibility barriers to hybridization [13]. To overcome these problems certain more recent approaches of gene manipulation might be required. The cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has been a subject of research because of the commercial value of the crop and its potential of amenability to further improvement through genetic
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