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A Confederation of Defences A CONFEDERATION OF DEFENCES A Postcolonial Study of Intercultural Projection by Katayoun Tamara Medhat A Doctoral thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University College London December 2013 1 DECLARATION I, Katayoun Tamara Medhat confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. ________________________________ Katayoun Tamara Medhat 2 ABSTRACT The ethnographic study of organisational dynamics and bureaucratic process in an Indian Health Service mental health clinic and a tribal alcohol rehabilitation programme is approached through a reframing of dichotomous notions of function and dysfunction and order and disorder. Bureaucratic stricture in healthcare protocol contrasts with the rapacious ‘dysfunctionality’ that propels team relations, which are variously broached by staff through bureaucratic complaints procedures, strategic manipulation and witchcraft accusations. Bureaucracy and group (dys-) function represent modes of processing post-colonial discontent while also manifesting the carnivalization and hybridisation of cultural mores. The projective dynamics that are apparent in historical developments and that continue to feed current intercultural relations remain largely unacknowledged. They become evident however in the conceptualisation of hierarchy and its responsibilities, in attitudes towards bureaucracy, and in particular around the cultural construction of alcohol and ‘Indian Drinking’. Alcohol is a mutable spirit, an ‘object of desire’ and a destructive foe: it offers cathartic release, empowerment and occasion for hedonistic enjoyment. By some of the survivors of colonialism it is also perceived in effect as a biological weapon: a colonially imported, intentionally employed inter-generationally active toxin that has invaded and corrupted Native genes. The notion of corruption, loss and change is explored in the context of how culture, ‘traditions’ and language are shaped, reduced, manipulated and mediated in ways that conveniently fit into the strictures and structures of contemporary official frameworks. In its conclusion the study proposes a relational theory of ‘adversarial intimacy’, an idea inspired by Roger Caillois’ exploration of mimicry as symbiotic drive akin to sympathetic magic, where rivalrous organisms are propelled towards a compulsive emulation of each other in homage to the greater system they are part of. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people whom I would like to thank by name but cannot, as they were given pseudonyms in this thesis: To everyone who contributed, inspired, and so generously shared their knowledge, opinions, ideas and life-stories: in gratitude and appreciation. I hope you know who you are and that you like the pseudonyms I have chosen for you. Thank you to all staff at IHS and DBHS. Thank you in particular to the group-facilitators who let me into their groups. These experiences and your collective skills strengthened my confirmed belief in the value of group-therapy. Thank you to everyone at DBHS who so generously invited me in. Not only did I find my experience with staff and clients instructive and enlightening, but it also was a lot of fun! A particular thanks to all the clients who shared and gave so much of themselves in groups. I learnt a lot. And thank you to everyone who shared their stories and jokes (some of which took a long time to ‘sink in’). Thank you to staff and clients at the IHS Day Center: I really liked ‘hanging out’ with you all. Thanks to the teachers who kindly allowed me to ‘audit’ their classes: Mr Tony G, Mrs Alice W., Mrs Lorraine M. and Mr Herbert B.: Baa ahééh nisin. In gratitude to the Wenner-Gren Foundation for a generous grant that made fieldwork possible. With thanks to the University of Sussex for granting sabbatical leave for fieldwork. To Larry King for generously sharing his stimulating and bold ideas; and to Charlie (& Cynthia!) for lively, inspiring conversations and for being a great all-round help. To Judy Wolfe, landlady extraordinaire and all the members of her wonderful household. To Jeanne Fitzgerald, my very gracious and generous host without whose support this thesis may not have been finished, and who taught me that sometimes ‘doors open’ when you most need it. To my good friends: Anita, always on the lookout for ‘mosí’, Fernando and his hospitable family. To shádí Gwen, lovely company and great support; and Chuck & Orville ‘Yo-Yo Champion’ Johnson. To Kathryn and Rod Eckart, exemplary landlords; and ‘la comadre’ Consuelo for all her stories… To friends, family and colleagues who said: “You’ll get there- eventually” and who remained supportive through this long process. To Kokoli (Tse-tse), for ego-propping, proof-reading & serenity; to Corvin for his creative ideas. To my supervisor Roland Littlewood, for his inspiring interdisciplinary work & his patience with me. To Chris Russell at UCL for lay-out help. And with love and admiration to the memory of Maggie Scroggins, 1957-2013, a jewel. 4 CONTENTS TITLE PAGE 1 DECLARATION 2 ABSTRACT 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 MAIN PART CONFEDERATION OF DEFENCES INTRODUCTION 8 Prologue ‘Origins’ Fieldwork Bureaucracy Conflict ‘Gaming’ Trauma Rationale of Study CHAPTER ONE 36 NOTES ON FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND BIA AMERICAN INDIAN POLICIES AND STRATEGIES Abstract Prologue ‘Letter To Iraqis From the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ CHAPTER TWO 60 LEGACIES Abstract Part I Residential Schools Part II On the Theory and Practice of Trauma Part III The Anatomy of Envy 5 Part IV Jokes on Elders: Strategies of Disgruntlement? Conclusion CHAPTER THREE 131 BUREAUCRACY AND CLINICAL PROCESS Abstract Part I The Indian Health Service Part II The Hózhóní Clinic at the Yádootl’izh Center Part III Paper Tiger – Data Dragon Part IV The Diagnostic Process: Cunning and Unreason Part V “CYA” Part VI Medication/Salvation Part VII Das Stahlharte Gehäuse CHAPTER FOUR 188 WITCHCRAFT AND STRIFE Abstract Part I Institutional Feuds Part II Write-ups: How to Keep Trouble Abrewin’… Part III Parallel Process Part IV A (Be-witched) Dog’s Tale Part V Jhon’s Syndrome or: The Crab Barrel Part VI Paper Wars or: How to Use ‘The Man’ to Harm Adversaries Part VII Function and Dysfunction: Notes on Organisational Psychoses CHAPTER FIVE 231 NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF ALCOHOL IN A ‘NEW WORLD’ Abstract Part I 6 Theories on Indian Drinking Part II Colonial Attitudes towards Indian Drinking Part III Migration, Class and Temperance: Changing Attitudes towards ‘White Drinking’ PART IV Paradigmatic Shifts in Theories and Perceptions of Drinking Effects CHAPTER SIX 263 ‘THE WORLD AS WILL AND REPRESENTATION’ ALCOHOL-IC ETHNOGRAPHIES Prologue Abstract Part I Identity Conflicts and Conflicted Identities- A Drinking Narrative Part II Pushing Liquor: The Business of Alcohol Part III Sketches of Mutual Perception Part IV The Problem with Sobriety Part V ‘Chosen Trauma’ Postscript CONCLUSION 298 APPENDIX 310 I) Appendix Chapter: Trouble in Cyberspace 311 II) Notes on Identity 345 III) Accounts of Material Inequity 359 IV) Notes on Witchcraft 363 V) Notes on Medicine Ways 381 VI) Bibliography 389 7 INTRODUCTION PROLOGUE “White Thunder, a man around forty, speaks less English than Menomini, and that is a strong indictment, for his Menomini is atrocious. His vocabulary is small; his inflections are often barbarous, he constructs sentences of a few threadbare models. He may be said to speak no language tolerably” 1 * * * “All of tree logic is logic of tracing and of reproduction. In linguistics as in psychoanalysis its object is an unconscious that is itself representative, crystallized into codified complexes, laid out along a genetic axis and distributed within a syntagmatic structure. Its goal is to describe a de facto state, to maintain balance in intersubjective relations, or to explore an unconscious that is already there from the start, lurking in the dark recesses of memory and language … The rhizome is altogether different, a map and not a tracing. … The map does not reproduce an unconscious closed in upon itself. It constructs the unconscious … The map is open and connectable in all of its dimensions; it is detachable, index reversible, susceptible to constant modification.” “The rhizome itself assumes very diverse forms, from rarefied surface extension in all directions to concretion into bulbs and tubers (…) any point of a rhizome can be connected to anything other, and must be. …Multiplicities are rhizomatic … A multiplicity has neither subject nor object, only determination, magnitudes, and dimensions that cannot increase in number without the multiplicity changing in nature”2 1 Hymes, 1974:72 2 Deleuze & Guattari; 1988: 8 ff 8 ‘ORIGINS’ “Now the strange thing about this silly if not desperate place between the real and the really made- up is that it appears to be where most of us spend most of our time as epistemically correct, socially created, and occasionally creative beings. We dissimulate. We act and have to act as if mischief were not afoot in the kingdom of the real and that all around the ground lay firm. That is what the public secret, the facticity of the social fact, being a social being, is all about. No matter how sophisticated we may be as to the constructed and arbitrary character of our practices, including our practices of representation, our practice of practices is one of actively forgetting such mischief each time we open our mouths to ask for something
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