rn University

, Vol. IX No. 8 September 1976 PA IGC-1956-1976 20th Anniversary, from Liberation Movement to Victory to Government

ALSO: Uprisings in South Africa Continue Rhodesia Attacks Escalate Vol. IX No. 8 September 1976

4 FEATURE Return to Guinea-Bissau by Stephanie Urdang

8 SOUTH AFRICA Politics Black Uprisings Continue in the Face of Repression South Africa-Independent African States Theron Commission: Mirage of Reform Coloured and Indian Politics Resistance and Repression Foreign Relations South Africa and its Western Allies South African Propaganda in the US Increases Defense UK Arms Embargo-A Hole Big Enough for Tanks NATO Shield to be Dropped South African Navy Celebrates Bicentennial in New York South African Defense Official Visited US Firms in 1974 The US Has an Arms Embargo? Economics Economic Ripples After Uprisings Ex-Im Bank Rejects Sasol Project Gold Price-Forever Downward? Bantustan Sweat Shops Job Reservation Conflict South Africa and the World

19 NAMIBIA Trials, Detentions, Arrests The War Turnhalle: The "Constitutional Conference" On the Larger Scene

21 ZIMBABWE The Military Situation Rhodesian Government Acts to Bolster its Military Forces Race Reform Proposals Meet Opposition US-British Plan for Rhodesia Clashes Said to Continue Within Zimbabwe Nationalist Movement

24 A LUTA CONTINUA Mozambique Mozambique Counter-Attacks Rhodesian Offensive Agreement of Cooperation Signed with Cape Verde 7,z News in Brief Angola Inside the PRA Angola Mercenary Trial Aftermath Anti-PRA Forces Still Alive US Vetoes Angolan Application to the UN OAU Support of PRA Cuba-Angola Relations Relations Improving with Zaire and Portugal Guinea-Bissau Foreign Affairs Cape Verde

28 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS At the UN Security Council Condemns South African Aggression Organization of African Unity OAU Adopts Unified Stand on Southern Africa 30 THE US AND SOUTHERN AFRICA Kissinger and Vorster Meet Democrats Adopt Africa Platform Fight Against Nuclear Exports to South Africa Becomes More Intense Congressional Trips to Southern Africa Focus on Rhodesia

31 NEIGHBORS Botswana Struggles for Economic Independence

33 US ACTION NEWS AND NOTES Mobil: Fueling Racism in Rhodesia Action in Massachusetts Expose South Africa Links in US Oppose Mercenary Activity in Texas

35 UPDATE

OUR COLLECTIVE berbseabarIes S blle jennifer dwis two mintsr SOUTHERN AFRICA is published monthly. except for a double issue July unchbl davs antonlom Augist, by the Southern Africa Committee, 244 West 27th Street. Fifth floor, New Yoek, N.Y. 10001. crwlies dipainker may AN subscriptions run from January to December. Those readers subscribing later Vm"oedin dinid rbislon In the yow will be sent back issues to January. or after June. readers may opt for OM rqwpm the 7 month subscription. Subscription rates are 56.00 per yew for individuals; 7 pew -se brihtine roet month subscription from June is S4.00; Institutions ae $18.00 per year. Cost per Judith hanlon to the ane miftd sopy is 75t $1.00. for the double issue. Airmail postage (in addition janet hoops. m~me muu Africa. Asia-S14.50; subscription rate) is: Caribbean, Central Amrica-$9.50; tan hultman Europe. South America-S12.50. Gift subscriptions available for prisoners. If jinna stroman unable to send $6.00 pleai write to us for other arrangements. paul irish john stromen bill johnston sihanle urdsq SOUTHERN AFRICA is available on microfilm through University Microfilm. richard knight ken vickary Xerox Company. Ann Arbor. Mich. 68106 reed kramer victor vockeredt richard leonard reberta wmhlngbon richard lobban dae vitsis.., edgerlockwood tony wan mary mcanlly-knilht -i welrt feature RETURN TO GUINEA-BISSAU by Stephanie Urdang

Pupils at the intermediate school in Quebo, an ex-Portuguese enclave in a liberated zone, perform a skit on the Council of Races which Spinola formed during his government. "'Spinola'"is to the right with glasses. Through these cultural and thratrical activities which are developed in each school, the history and culture of Guinea-Bissau are learnt and emphasized.

"Rebuilding Guinea-Bissau is like work in the rice against Portuguese colonialism, after seeing that armed fields. Some of the rivers are salty. Everybody must struggle and the reconstruction in the liberated zones at build a wall around his portion of the rice field to first hand, after feeling the great excitement of victory, I -keep out the salt water. If just one, person,does not was finally in Bissau. build his wall or builds it badly, it will let in the For the next eight weeks I was made to feel welcome water for the whole community." and at home in this country. From that first afternoon when comrades exerted extensive efforts to find me a - Bwetna N'Dubi, Balante place to stay, I was shown a hospitality that I have never Peasant woman, member of a before experienced. The fact that I had been with them in regional council. the liberated zones-witnessing the difficulties and harsh ness of life-seemed to mean a lot and gave an added "Next time we will meet in Bissau", Guineans told me dimension to the way I received. It meant a lot to me. I when I left the liberated zones in'June 1974. I bad just travelled now through most parts of the country visiting spent eight weeks with PAIGC and the first negotiations the old liberated areas, passing at times through places I with Portugal after the April coup were underway. De had been during the war-then on foot, now by landrover spite this voiced optimism, the mood was one of caution. or Peugeot-speaking to people, visiting villages and It was still too early to presume that arms were not again towns, attending mass meetings, visiting schools, hospitals, to be picked up to fight the colonialists, and behind our people's stores. All the while listening, looking, learning smiles and warm farewells lurked a question mark. Maybe. and trying to understand what it means to rebuild a And if so, how long would that take? But a few months country after centuries of colonialism, after decades of later the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, one year old after its economic destruction, after years of devastating war. self-proclaimed independence in September 1973, became The first thing that I had to understand was that the newest member of the United Nations. Far sooner Guinea-Bissau inherited from the Portuguese nothing. any of us at that time could have hoped or dreamed. "Nada, nada, nada," they would say in creole, always Just under two years later the Transport Aereos Gui using the word repetitively for emphasis. It was hard to nea-Bissau (TAGB) plane in which I was travelling from come from many years in the United States and frori Dakar landed at Bissalanca Airport, just outside of Bissau. South Africa before that, a country that is in comparison I stepped down out of the ex-Portuguese troop transport very highly developed, and appreciate what it means to plane and could not contain my joy and emotion. After have nothing. "Portuguese" Guinea was totally neglectd years of following and supporting the armed struggle by the Portuguese, for it was virtually owned byon 0 The priority for the development of the country is agriculture and countryside each week to work on the land. On the right is the tremendous emphasis is placed on the rural areas. Pupils from the director of the cchool. Kwame Nkrumah Secondary School in Bissau go out into the

Portuguese company Companhia Uniao Fabril (CUF) who planting of rice, peanuts, manioc and other produce. had no interest in providing any services for the people of Everywhere peasants could be seen working in the fields Guinea-Bissau. When the Portuguese army and administra from early morning to late afternoon. As I drove through tion departed at independence they made sure they took the countryside, comrades I was with would enthusiastica with them everything that could be moved. What could lly point to land under cultivation for the first time. "The not be removed was, for the most part, imply destroyed. people are working hard this year", they would say with Such as the equipment at the military hospital which had pleasure and satisfaction. The rains had come on time and served the Portuguese army during the war. Or the radio were evenly spread throughout the country. It looks as if station. a major obstacle-the shortage of food-will be overcome. • WheIn the Portuguese left, the new PAIGC government This is no small matter as agriculture is the basis of the inherited an unworkable economy, of one of the most economy of Guinea-Bissau, with over 95 per cent of the undeveloped and poor countries of Africa. In~order for population being peasants. Rivers zig-zag their way across the Portuguese administration to compete with the suc the country in abundance and with the heavy rainfall in cesses of the liberated zones, prices for basic commodities the rainy season as well as the rich soil, Guinea-Bissau is in were artifically low and many salaries artificially high. a/ fairly unique situation in Africa to be potentially totally Whereas in the liberated zones sufficient rice was grown to self-sufficient for their food. Not only self-sufficient, but feed the population-even to export, as had been done the export of agricultural products will form the major one year-in the Portuguese areas virtually every grain of part of its foreign trade. (There is a large deposit ,of rice had to be imported. And so the Portuguese sold the Bauxite, greater than that of the Republic of Guinea and rice for 7 escudos, although they were importing it at 15 this will be mined in the future). escudos. All Guinea-Bissau's gold sat in Portugal and to Throughout the country there are experimental farms this day has n6t been returned. The country had and still working on improving the agricultural output. Plans are has virtually no foreign currency. With independence being developed for large-scale projects, some of which came the massive relocation of the population, as refugees ,have already begun. A sugar-refinery and cane fields ,returned from Senegal and the Republic of Guinea (Con financed by Dutch and British firms, will produce 60,000 akry), as peasants who had fled to the towns to avoid the tons of sugar by 1980. It will employ 2,500 people and a bombing returned to their villages and as the people in the town is being planned for the workers with housing, liberated zones, who had moved their villages into the schools, medical services, cinemas etc. In Bolama I saw the forests, returned to their own land. Their priority was to foundations being laid for a large juice canning factory, re-establish their homes, so long denied them, and agri financed by Holland, which will process fruit grown in cultural production suffered a great set back. The govern different parts of the country as well as develop planta ment had to import nearly all its food, including 30,000 tions for fruit in Bolama itself-mangos, pineapples, cash tons of rice. It was not possible to sell the rice for less ew fruit, oranges, grapefruit. Agronomists from the Peo than have been paid for it, so the price increased, causing ple's Republic of China were in the country when I was added hardships. This past year the situation improved there, completing a study for rice production along the and rice imports were reduced to 10,000 tons. banks of the broad Jeba river, which will yield large My visit coincided with the coming of the rains and the quantities of rice, to be harvested twice a year. A few state-owned co-operatives are being developed, and more enough to eat. I saw no signs of hunger and the child are projected. I visited a coconut co-operative outside of generally looked healthy. The exceptions to this appe Bolama which was worked by members of FARP-the to be in the old Portuguese areas, rather than in t People's Revolutionary Armed Forces, the national army. former liberated zones. They combined their daily work with learning to read and Having enough to eat is no small feat, but beyond that write. Every three months the 80 soldiers were rotated. much has yet to be done to improve the "mater The co-operative had previously been a plantation owned benefits" of the people. The problems confrontinlg t by Gouveia-which along with Companhia Uniao Fabril Government as it begins to establish people's stores, (CUF) totally monopolized the economy of Guinea Bis hospitals, schools and other services for the peopla sau. When Gouveia was nationalized, the plantation was immense. First there is the basic problem of lack 'of fun developed into a co-operative. It will eventually be run 60 But what is the use of a people's store if goods canno non-FARP workers, but now with the lack of money this transported because there are no roads? (I saW sign b is impossible. Meanwhile soldiers work the land, as they road building and repair everywhere I went.) What ist do in other areas throughout the country. "Soldiers need use of a school building if there is no paper, no chalk, n to understand the importance of agriculture and produc teachers? There were many more schools, hospitals, pe tion to our country," the Secretary-General of FARP told pie's stores than under the colonialists but certainly no me. "They must help the people with production." enough yet for the whole country and this will no doubt take a few years to achieve. At one meeting of the Improving the conditions of life population I attended in the south, the newly elected president of a vitge council or base committee as they "Keep always in mind that the people are not are now called, stood up towards the end and said that the fighting for ideas, for the things in anyone's head. people of his village had asked him to bring to the They are fighting ... for material benefits, to live attention of the responsables that they had no people's better and in peace, to see their lives go forward, to store and this caused much hardship. They had been guarantee the future of their children. National promised one a year before, but it had not materialized. liberation, war on colonialism, building of peace and Now the rainy season was beginning and it would soon be progress-independence-all that will remain mean impossible to get goods and because of the bad roads they ingless for the people unless it brings a real improve would be isolated. The Party responsable for the region ment in conditions of life. It is pointless to liberate responded and spoke about the need-for patience, empha a region if its populations then remain without sizing that they could only go step by step. But that in the essential goods." future these services and more would be available for the people. -Amilcar Cabral I was driven through the bairros of Bissau by the Davidson, assistant Mayor. He spared me nothing. We drove over Quoted in Basil "roads" The Liberation of Guin6. that were gauged deep with ruts and almost impassable. In a month or so they would be rivers. The These words never meant more to me than when I was housing varied from small neat, tile-roof houses, dotted travelling through the countryside, or being taken on a here and there, to more commonly shacks of one descrip "tour" of the bairros (districts) of Bissau. People did have tion or another-either badly weathered mud huts or brick

One of the many people's stores being built throughout the forest at the beginning of the war to lessen the possibility of country. This store is in Campeane, a village that has been rebuilt attack by the Portuguese army. since independence, as the peasants transferred their village to the Each numbered doorway of this house in Bissau represents the A meeting of the population continues delpite a heavy downpour. home of a family and is without running water or electricity. People had come from miles around to attend the meeting where Under the corrugated iron roof the heat of the day is intensified. the members of five village councils, recently elected by the left The planned new housing will have tile roofs and houses that can population, were presented. Some of these are standing to the be renovated will have their'iron roofs replaced. and right of the landrover where the political responsables and the president of the sector sheltered while speaking to the people.

into eight regions, each houses patched together with beaten out metal drum or The country has been divided are then divided into crates used to ship war materiel. Electricity was scarce and with its President. The regions are party running water generally non-existent. Round the com sectors, sections and finally the villages. There these divisions, munal taps women and children gathered to collect water. and state responsables working throughout elected by the Overcrowding was in evidence everywhere. I was shown a as well as party and state committees are People's Justice section of one bairro where houses were neatly lined up people at all levels. In addition there JAAC (Juventude Africano along the street, complete with electricity and running tribunals, and committees for and the women's water. They had been built when Spinola was Governor, Amilcar Cabral, the Youth Organization) for supporters of the Portuguese regime by political organization. I was present at a prisoners who worked from early morning to dusk, with While I was on a visit to the interior five members of out stop under the blinding sun. At lunch time a large meeting of the population to present the elected shortly before. container of rice was brought to the work site and the six village councils that had been the war, all the prisoners had to line up and walk past the container and, (In keeping with PAIGC policy during women members.) If these without breaking their pace, g ab a handful of rice. That committees had at least two independence in was their food for the day. 0e woman political prisoner elections had taken place at the time,of would who was working with her baby on her back, discovered the former Portuguese areas, those in authority truly representa that the child had died from sunstroke. She was not have been automatically elected. Before the people had to under allowed to stop work and continued till the end of the tive elections could take place, Guinea-Bissau really day, her dead baby still tied to her back. Many of those stand what the independence of of the people was all about. who were imprisoned at that time still carry the scars of meant and what participation and discussions had to take place the whippings they were given regularly. Much political education this to people imbued with a mentality The small brick houses with tiled roofs are the models in order to explain by Portuguese colonialism. for all the future housing in. the area. Extensive plans are imposed National Assembly had been presently being developed to build housing, provide sani A meeting of the People's before my arrival and it demon tation and electricity to build the roads, to rebuild the held in Bissau shortly participation in the govern markets and eradicate the present unhygenic conditions. strated the high level of mass ment of the country. The problems that were brought by Already interim measures are being taken and I was shown the level of the discussion, the demands small one or two roomed constructions with refrigeration the deputies, criticisms voiced, the decisions voted for, all that are being built for the sale of fish and meat. The made, the the deep understanding and concern and the government plans to begin the reconstruction of the evidenced mostly peasants elect bairros within the coming year. but it will clearly take political awareness of the deputies, years to complete. ed by the people. "It's all there", one Party militant said to me. "The Bissau is not the central focus of the country even if it people know and understand their problems better than is the capital. Emphasis is placed on developing the the government. They must be listened to economy in the countryside and not developing the town the members of carefully. Their political consciousness is very high as a of Bissau, although it is the center of the administration result of the armed struggle and the politicising of PAIGC. and government. "What for?", I was told by one commis They must lead us." sioner *. "We have seen how capitals have been developed At the Assembly, many laws were discussed in detail, in other parts of Africa to the detriment of the people. as a new law about marriage and the Where just kilometres outside of the towns people have and passed such and one about divorce. Other regulations were never seen a car or hardly know that the government has family as a result of discussions, for example one become 'independent'. We must be able to learn from introduced the concern about alcoholism, a carry over from other people's mistakes". reflecting 'k, d11111111111111h

Teodora Gomes addresses a meeting of the population in Pitche a of the Commission to the Region of Gabu, where she was visin small town that was in the Portuguese-controlled area during the to speak to women and continue the process of politicz war. She is a member of the 10-member Women's Commission women, a fundamental goal of the Commissiqn. which heads the Women's Organization. She is the representative

life under colonialism. Deputies called for and voted for a platively. "Somehow, somehow we are achieving t ban on the commercial production and sale of palm wine. impossible." In future, families may collect it for their own personal use but beyond that it is forbidden. And so, step by step, the development of Guinea Stephanie Urdang is a member of the Southern Africa Bissau goes forward. I saw how the government is trying collective. She has just recently -returned from a two to develop a Country that would benefit all its people, and month visit to Guinea-Bissau. In future issues she will one in which the people themselves would participate cover in more detail different aspects of the national fully-a continuation of what was prevalent in the old reconstruction being undertaken by PAIGC and the gov liberated zones. The direction is clear and the goals ernment. revolutionary and socialist, though Marxist or socialist terminology are used sparingly, in keeping with Amilcar Cabral's ideology. "It is a question of semantics and not * Footnote: The term Commissioners and not Minister is used. ideology", a member of the central committee said to me. They feel that "Minister" denotes a sense of authority and Step by step. It's a slow process, as so mcuh needs to decision-making, which does not reflect the collective way in be done at times the problems seem overwhelming. "We which the Commisariats are run. are trying to do the impossible," the same comrade said to me quietly. He stopped and looked beyond me contem- Photos by Stephanie Urdang South Africa politics

BLACK UPRISINGS CONTINUE IN THE FACE OF Despite Prime Minister Vorster's statement that new REPRESSION measures would be taken "without regard to persons" and The uprisings which started in Soweto on June 16th despite the massive killings by police in Soweto, Alex when high school students demonstrating against the use andria and elsewhere, there were big militant demonstra of Afrikaans in schools were brutally killed by police tions outside Pretoria in the black townships of Mamelodi, bullets, have not stopped. (see Southern Africa August Garankuwa, Mabopane and Atteridgeville. Students at issue). They have continued to erupt all around the Mamelodi High School hung up a banner which read country. During the first week the uprisings spread to all "Soweto we are one." Bantu Administration Board offices of the Black townships that surround Johannesburg in were destroyed and beer halls and bottle stores were burnt cluding Alexandria, Daveytown, Tokosa, Natalspruit, Vos down, depriving the board of its largest single source of Loorys, Katelong, Tembisa abd Kagiso. Students at the money-outlets for its multi-million dollar brewery. Still University of the North at Twifloop and at the University later, ten days after Soweto, more incidents expressing of Zululand near Embangeni set fire to Administration Blacks' anger and frustration occurred in Langa near buildings and organized marches on their campuses. Both Capetown, Jouberton and Klerksdorp. black universities were closed down by armed police and a The South African Government has resorted to a brutal number of students were arrested. series of killings arrests and detentions under the Terror- 8 students of Soweto: continuing the demonstrations.

ism Act and the new State Security legislation. At the would drift into a confrontation "of such dimensions that same time it has tried to preserve its "liberal" image for the current unrest will be like a Sunday school picnic by the rest of the world by backing down on its compulsory comparison." use of Afrikaans in the schools. Mr. Botha the Minister of Despite repressive measures, e.g. the government ban of "Bantu Education" has not totally reversed the Govern a mass burial of the students and teachers killed in ment's former position, but has said that the government Soweto, And police occupation of more than 20 black will agree to authorize school principals to apply for townships, resistance continues. Hundreds of people in permission to teach in English to the Secretary of Bantu Soweto, though not allowed a mass burial, gathered with Administration. However a little over a week later the clenched fists to sing black anthems at the funeral of a 13 Government closed down all schools in black townships year old boy, one of the first children to be killed. His indefinitely and the Minister of Justice, Mr. Kruger, funeral was a symbolic commemoration of all who had announced a ban on all political gatherings. been murdered. On July 18, students at Fort Hare, a black There is little information available about the wave of university on the border of the Ciskei held a meeting on arrests and detentions. An official statement gave a total the uprisings and bombed the main campus buildings with of 1298 arrested, but made no mention of how many gasoline bombs. Police were called in and the University people had been detained. (Under the new State Security was closed. law the government can hold suspects up to a year Most recently there have been confrontations in the without trial.) There have been arrests connected with the coal mining center of Witbank. There, on July 20th, uprisings at all three black Universities. Dozens of young thousands of black youth came out of the townships and people from Soweto are being held at John Vorste* attacked people living in the surrounding areas, and cars Square and according to a local reporter who saw some of driven by whites. Students attacked Government buildings them in cells some detainees appeared to be no older than and vehicles. Riot police armed with automatic rifles were eight. The police. announced that 33 of the young people called in under orders to suppress any uprisings with all held were under 18 but refused to give details of the necessary force. charges against them. Thomas Manthatha, an executive of If the Government had expected there to be ro the Black Peoples Convention was arrested on June 30th problems with the opening of schools outside the Johan as was Victor Gallinga, an official of the Catholic Bishops nesburg area, they were very much mistaken. In Mhluzi, Conference of Southern Africa. Jairus Kgokong, a mem another township in the Witbank area students from six ber of SASO and resident of Soweto was arrested on July schools marched together shouting anti-government slo 16. The .government has used the events of the last weeks, gans and stoning Government vehicles. Only one black not to come to terms with the Blacks, but to intensify -was reported killed which is no doubt a conservative repression. Time is running out for them and even moder figure. The police later sealed off several townships after ate Black leaders are making demands which are totally summoning reinforcements. All schools were closed in contrary to apartheid policys. Abolition of the pass definitely and students were warned not to gather, not system, abolition of the Group Areas Act and acceptance even for sports. of urban blacks as citizens of South Africa were some of Not since Sharpeville has there been such upheaval in the demands presented to the Government by moderate South Africa. But this time there is a notable difference: blacks from the townships in the form of a memorandum Angola is free, Mozambique is free and the struggles in which said that if demands were not met, South Africa Zimbabwe and Namibia are intensifying. It is now a South African police seizing a demonstrator in Guguleta outside Capetown. The demonstrations spread to the Cape area in mid August.

A policeman arresting an Alexandra resident (one of the Johanr burg townships) who had been shot in the leg.

Government buildings buring in Soweto. A

I i enIlyt&I I i Africa, and through their own visits to African states. Meanwhile the British corpdration, Lonhro, with invest ments in Zimbabwe and South Africa threatened by the liberation struggle, is using its control of the Standard of Nairobi, Kenya, to promote the acceptance of the "Bantu stan" concept. For" example, a typical Standard editorial states that "South Africa is daily becoming stronger, while in moft ways, the rest of Africa, is becoming weaker.... There is no realistic way they [the liberation movements] can beat South Africa .... The affairs of [African] gov ernments are badly mismanaged and many countries face bankruptcy and economic stagnation." (Star, Johannes burg, June 19,.1976)'

THERON COMMISSION: MIRAGE OF REFORM The South African regime is behaving like a typical colonial regime faced with the growing resistance of its colonial "wards." Just as the resistance of the oppressed majority is becoming more unified and stronger, the Apartheid regime-the colonial rulers of South Africa published a report which purports to create "reforms," but is really a strategic maneuver to detach one section of the oppressed Black majority from the liberation struggle. Thus, the very week African students rioted against the "Bantu Education System," the Theron Commission issued its report on the, social, economic, and political position of the Coloured community, and the Govern ment issues its White paper on the report's recommenda tions. The 20 member Commission, headed by Professor A Seweto mother, mourning her child, who was shot in the riots. Erika Theron of the Sociology departrment of Stellen One of her grandchildren is with her. 4 bosch University, met for three years. In a 600 page report, the Commission recommended 178 "reforms." A summary of the recommendations is as follows: 1. A body of experts "should investigate the eventual matter of time but it is also a matter of lives. Blacks in political re-integration of the Coloured people." South Africa are standing up to government repression 2. "Provision should be made with courage and a faith in the future. The biggest high for a satisfactory formula of direct Coloured representation and say in the school at Orlando in Soweto has a spray painted message various levels of government and decisionmaking." on the wall-"Victory is certain-Orlando MPLA" 3. "The existing Westminister-based (Sunday Times, London, June 26; The Guardian, (Lon government system will have to be changed to conform' don), June 22, 25, 23, July 3, 7; New York Times, July 2, to the distinctive demands of the South African plural population." 3, 11, 7, 16, 4, 19, 17, 21; TheStar, July 3, June 19; The 4. Since "job reservation between Coloured and Whites Guardian (New York) June 30; The Observer, July 11; no longer Southern Africa, June Issue) fulfills any appreciable function ... the Government [should] endeavor through information and guidance and by its own example to remove all SOUTH AFRICA-INDEPENDENT AFRICA STATES forms of administrative and traditional job reservation in respect of the Coloureds." The derailing of the Apartheid regime's detente strate gy in Africa has caused the regime to use more subtle 5. "In those parts of the country which are demarcated means to co-opt African Goverhments into being support as Coloured and White labour areas, and as Coloured preference areas, an equal effort should be ers of the status-quo in southern Africa. Economic link made to ensure that every White and every Coloured worker is ages are being more heavily emphasized in order to push fully employed." African leaders into the position of being allies of the 6. "Coloured residential areas should be systematically apartheid regime. A new propaganda agency, the "South developed as communities so that rising buying power ern African Freedom Foundation," was formed in June would increasingly flow to Coloured entrepreneurs." 1976. Its trustees include most of the prominent South 7. "The.principle of racially mixed companies [should] African businessmen, such as Mr. Raymond Ackerman, be extended with non-Coloured shareholders initially Mr. Aaron Beare, Dr. Jan Hupkes, and Mr. Gerry Muller. holding over 50 percent of the shares." The Foundation's chief executive officer is Mr. F. R. 8. "Coloured businessmen should be encouraged to be Metrowich from the African Institute, a pro-apartheid propaganda agency masquerading as an "academic" insti come members of White business and employers' organizations." tution. According to Mr. Metrowich, the group's objective 9. The Coloured Development Corporation should be is the promotion of "freedom and democracy in Africa, placed under the jurisdiction of the Industrial Devel particularly Southern Africa" through the "dissemination opment Corporation. of information on issues affecting African countries," 10. The Industrial Concilation Act should be amended through having experts from African states visit South to 0 allow the establishment of "mixed trade unions be viewed it as a 'method to restore "academic freedom."The tween Whites and Coloured ... without any limitation Archbishop of Cape Town, Most Rev. Bill Burnett, stated on Coloured membership of a trade union executive." that "the implementation of the- commission's recommen 11. "The Western Cape should be mainly the labour area dations would create a whole new atmosphere in relation of the Whites and Coloureds." ships between the races in South Africa." (Star, Johannes 12. Coloureds should "be allowed to buy or rent agricul burg, June 26, July 1,0, 1976) The objective of this tural land anywhere in the country without a permit." segment of the White community is to modify someof 13. The Mixed Marriage Act and Immorality Act should the grossest, overt aspects of the system without changing be repealed. its basic nature. The economic and political oppression of 14. Coloured students should be allowed to attend private the Black majority would continue, but the tactics would White elementary and secondary schools. become more subtle. 15. All the White universities should be opened to Col Responding to the Commission, the National Party oured students, and White students should be allowed issued a White Paper on June 18 which stated that it will to attend the University of the Western Cape study the possibility of implementing many, but not all of (Coloured). the recommendations. It immediately rejected the ppssi bility of giving Coloureds direct representation in the (Guardian, London, June 19, 1976; Star, Johannesburg, existing Parliamentary system and the repeal of the June 26, 1976) Immorality and Mixed Marriage Acts. The National Party None of these recommendations are aimed at funda is considering reorganizing the constitutional structure. mentally altering the position of the Coloured community One possibility being discussed is the expansion of the within the South African system. Their objective is to powers of the State President who would then be chosen separate the Coloureds from the Africans. By throwing under a system in which Indians, and Coloureds, along the Colored community a few crumbs, it is hoped that with Whites, would participate. This would lead in the they will falsely think that their position can change view of Mr. Piet Marais (MP. National Party) to the "situation under the Apartheid regime. The recommendations are ... where the 'non-Black groups' could talk the response of the "verlighte" (enlightened) section with each other on a consultative basis over matters of within the Afrikaner community to the Black Conscious common concern." Another possibility involves the crea ness movement of' the 1970s. In other words, these tion of a Third House, or a reform of the Senate, which politicians are attempting to make the Coloured commun would have both White and Coloured members. Because "ity identify psychologically with the fortunes of White of the Government's response, the Friend wrote that "the South Africa, so that they can become cannon fodder Government has given notice that itdis likely, once again, against the liberation movement. to ignore the writing-on the wall .... Admittedly they This is the reason for the total support of these [the unacceptable recommendations] make up only three recommendations by the Progressive Reform Party and of a total of 178 recommendations submitted by the the United Party. Mr. Enthoven (M.P., Progressive Reform Commission. But only a fool would not appreciate that Party) stated that there should be "a new constitution these three are among the most relevant to the whole representing all groups, with safeguards for minority Coloured tragedy." (Star, Johannesburg, July 2, 1976; groups." (Italics added) In other words, the method of Comment and Opinion, Pretoria, June 25, 1976) White control should change but the objective would remain the same. All English language newspapers en COLOURED AND INDIAN POLITICS dorsed the recommendations. The President of the faculty council oi the University of Cape Town, Dr. J. P. Duminy

Sonny Leon, a leader of the (Coloured) Labor Party, favor solidarity.

The South African Indian Council (SAIC) has pro that the first meeting of the Inter-Cabinet Consul Council of Coloured and Indians take place durir Parliamentary recess. This proposal was enphatical jected by the (Coloured) Labor Party which opposes the security police officers were charged with "culpable homi Council concept. Explaining his Party's position, Mr. cide." (Guardian, London, June 12, 1976; Daily News, Sonny Leon stated that "the Labour Party, which has the Dares Salaam, July 13, 1976) mandate of the Coloured People, rejected the Council on Mr. Mdluli was arrested in connection with a BOSS the basis that it was 'racialistic' in excluding African investigation of an "underground railroad" for black representation. We are not calling for an exclusive Col South Africans to leave South Africa for military training. ,oured representative on the Cabinet. If an African, Asian, At least 50 other persons have been arrested-including or White turns out to be the better man standing for Mr. Mdlyli's brother and two ANC members, Mr. Cleopas election, then we will elect him." He criticized the SAIC's Ndlovu and Mr. Joseph Ntuli who were kidnapped from policy of "going along" with the Cabinet Council, and Swaziland-and held incommunicado under the Terrorism advocated, instead, that the Indian management commit Act. The Swazi Government accused.the South African tees call for the immediate dissolution of the SAIC on 'the regime of "flagrant violation of its territorial sovereignty." grounds that it was rejected by the Indian people: "I [Mr. The South African Foreign Minister and Minister of Police Leon] appeal to these SAIC members with a conscience replied that the matter was being investigated. (Star, to quit this sterile body in the name of Black solidarity" Johannesburg, June 5, 1976; Guardian, London, June 11, (Star, Johannesburg, June 12, July 10, 1976) 1976) Despite this conflict with the Indian Council leaders, During early 1976 the ANC underground distributed there have been talks between the Labor Party and the throughout South Africa two leaflets and the lastest issue SAIC over a possible merger of the Indian Council and the of its underground newspaper-Amandla-Matla (Power). Coloured Representative Council. Mr. Gopee Munsook, (Secha~a, no. 3, 1976) The following are excerpts from the Cape member of the SAIC executive stated that he these I'ublications: favored the merger because "we have been living and "There is panic in the ranks of the Whites; in a timid trading together, intermarrying and attending the same way some have condemned the invasion of Angola by schools. So I don't see why we can't merge the councils racist SA. They feel that such adventures will hasten the till we got parliamentary representation." The Labour doom of White Domination. But we must not close our Party Chief Whip, Mr. Lofty Adams remarked that "we eyes to a growing number of Whites who genuinely find ourselves in similar situations, since we both have support the freedom struggle.... The ANC correctly ethnic councils .... We should get together to hammer defines the enemy as White Domination and its imperialist out a pattern of uniformity. Once we have sorted our backers and hence every revolutionary, Black or-White, sevles out, the African not amenable to the homeland ought to take in the struggle to overthrow White Domina concept should in their own right be allowed to do the tion .... The correctness of such a revolutionary approach same and then the two bodies should get together." (Star, of unifying all progressive forces has been vindicated in Johannesburg, June 5, 1976) Mozambique, Angola, etc. The liberation movements in Meanwhile the SAIC executive asked Prime Minister these former Portuguese colonies consistently defined Vorster to give the Indian community direct representa-, their enemy as Portuguese Colonialism, NOT the White tion ontown boards and local councils in Natal. Vorster Portuguese people. As a result many White Angolan and gave a "non-commital" reply. A member of the Natal Mozambican patriots of Portuguese origin fought side by Executive ,Council, incharge of local government, Mr. side with MPLA and FRELIMO militants." Derrick Watterson expressed total, opposition to any "We ... must draw a serious lesson from the disruptive "mixed" local councils pointing out that the Indians role played by the so-called 'pro-West' or 'anti-communist' could not be given participation while it was lenied to the splinter organisations like the FNLA, UNITA, PAC, or Coloureds and Africans. (Star, Johannesburg, June 12, COREMO, which sow chaos and disunity among the 1976) people .... Because these so-called 'liberation movements' are anti-communist, they get full support of the oppres RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION sors themselves .... These organisations ... merely serve On March 18 a member of the African National as agents of imperialism for a new form of colonialism, Congress underground, Mr. Joseph Mdluli, was arrested in neo-colonialism .... The liberation struggle ... [is] be SA. He died 24 hours later from the tortures inflicted tween all those who are pro-oppressor, 'pro-West' and during his detention by BOSS members. The Mdluli pro-imperialism versus all those who are anti-oppressor or family home was raided on March 19. Initially the pro-liberation, nonaligned and anti-imperialist." Apartheid regime claimed that Mr. Mdluli had "commit "The offer of phony independence to the Bantustan ted suicide." But when his widow was allowed two days traitors ... is a hopeless attempt to divert the people from later to see the body of her deceased husband, she said the path of revolutionary armed struggle .... The Bantu that there were obvious grave physical injuries all over the stans are so designed as to foster a narrow local national body. The Mdluli family appointed a pathologist to attend ism based on tribes which surrenders the people's birth the post mortem examination. However, he was pro right to the whole country .... The Bantustans are geared hibited from releasing his findings. Two lawyers, hired by to create a collaborationist class of Black capitalists who the family, began investigating the case and served the are prepared to sell their Black brothers to the White Minister of Justice and the Commissioner of Police with rulers for a few crumbs. That would set the stage fo0 ... demand for damages of $39,200. Mr. T. L. Skwiya, a neo-colonialism-where the African masses will be op barrister,, was deprived of his passport. Mr. Mlungife pressed by Whites, but indirectly through Pretoria bQot Mxenge, a solicitor, was detained under the Terrorism Act lickers in the Bantustans. The main aim of this neo-colon from mid-March until mid-July-a total of 103 days-and ial oppression is ... to counter ... the revolutionary was declared a banned person upon his release. However, a aspirations for real and complete freedom, cherished by general public outcry has forced the Apartheid regime to the people." investigate the causes of Mr. Mdluli's death and four Meanwhile the Minister of Justice, Mr. Kruger, told students at the University of Port Elizabeth that the* as important, they have changed in strategy; the Depart danger facing the regime was ten times greater then World ment of Information has now hired a black American to War II. He hinted that it might become necessary to use defend its racist regime. executive action and by-pass the courts as was done This newest foreign agent for South Africa is Andrew during W.W. II when people were arrested and interned Hatcher, International Vice President of Sydney S. Baron under emergency regulations. "Our [the Apartheid re & Co., and a former associate press secretary to President gime's] security is maintained . .. by four security laws Kennedy (New York Times, July 2). Hatcher claims to be the Riotous Assemblies Act, the Internal Security Act, the working on the full range of accounts with the firm Terrorism Act, and the Public Safety Act." (Star, Johan [whose other foreign contacts are with the Republic of nesburg, June 12, 1976) China (Taiwan) and the Electronics Industries Associated The lastest victim of the Internal Security Act is Ms. of Japan]. But Hatcher joined the company in May, at the Fatima Meer who was banned for five years in July. A same time as the' South African contract was signed. prominent sociologist from the University of Natal and a Furthermore, his propaganda for South Africa has been member of the Indian community, Ms. Meer had been very visible. In early June, Hatcher appeared on the nationally-televised active in the South African Liberal Party during the 1950s Today show with George Houser, Director and 1960s. Recently she has been a leader of the Black of the American Committee on Africa, and addressed Consciousness movement. As a banned person nothing she a Harlem meeting of 100 blacks opposing South Africa's Progressive- writes or says can now be quoted inside South Africa. Reform Member of Parliament Helen Suzman a white (WB.A.IL radio, New York, July 23, 1976) South African, neither o.f whom were forewarned In t'he meantime, the African students have corktinued that included on the panel was a black American defending to revolt against the Bantu Education system. Thousands South Africa. Houser likened Hatcher of students in Witbank demonstrated violently. When the to a "Jew hired by the Nazi's," to which Hatcher replied that Government attempted to reopen the schools in Soweto he wanted to, "save" black South Africans "from the George on July 23, hundreds of students threw rocks at the few Housers of the world." Hatcher is obviously a very valuable students willing to attend classes. Outside of Durban, asset to the South African Government, and the stones were thrown at schools in the African townships. South Africans are paying him for it; Sidney S. Baron & The library at the Amanzimtoti Zulu Training Institute Co. reported to the Justice Department that their annual was firebombed. (W&A.I. radio, New York, July 21, 26, contract with the South African Department of Informa 1976.) tion will bring him $365,000, The Sydney Baron contract represents a leap in South Africa's propaganda spending in the US. In the last year, foreign relations South Africa spent about $1 million in the US for purely political purposes-excluding all the expenses of its embas SOUTH AFRICAN PROPAGANDA IN THE US INCREASES sy and its three consulates (whose information staffs have During the last year, South Africa's propaganda efforts just doubled), and various contracts for film distribution in the United States have increased substantially. Equally and tourism promotion which are not purely political.

Andrew Hatcher of the U.S. firm of Sydney S. Baron & Co., public relations consultants, shown with Helen Suzman, the opposition M.P. q

L 14 The Baron contract therefore represents an increase of siezure of power by the people and ...that it was no about one-third. It also shows a trend toward contracting longer just the question of ending apartheid, but of the out a greater percentage of public relations work to national liberation of South Africa by armed struggle .... American consultants as opposed to handling it from The other point of great satisfaction for us was that the official South African Information Offices in New York OAU member states are committed not to recognize the and California. Transkei, when South Africa bestows its phony indepen In 1974, a South African contract with the Washington dence on October 26. There was unanimous agreement law firm of Collier, Shannon, Rill and Edwards to do that any violation of this commitment would be regarded lobbying in Congress and with the Administration was a as a betrayal not only of the people of South Africa, but significant increase in its use of foreign agents. (See South of the entire African continent .... They [the Bantu Africa, July-August, 1974.) That contract, which costs stans] are glorified strategic hamlets intended as a barrier $51,765 over the last year, now looks small by compari to the southward thrust of our liberation struggle. They son to the Baron deal. The South African Department of will be 'Transkei' ect.-nationals and we will be 'foreign Information has also demonstrated a sensitivity to US invaders,' and the racists hope we will be locked in a political developments. In 1974, with a Republican in the fraticidal conflict. For this reason we hail ...the recent White House, the contract went to a conservative Republi OAU decisions which reaffirm the sacred principle of can law firm, but Baron's firm appears to be more closely national integrity for South Africa." (Guardian New tied to the Democratic Party. The President of Sydney York, July 14, 1976) Baron contributed $1000 to the Birch Bayh campaign last year, and the Chairman of the Board gave $1000 to SOUTH AFRICA AND ITS WESTERN ALLIES Jimmy Carter this March. The South Africa regime was elated that, despite the The South African government has recently intiated uprising and massacre of Soweto, the Vorster-Kissinger several other new public relations ventures. In August, the conference took place as scheduled. Die Vaderland wrote Department of Information contracted with Image Indus that "the importance of the talks will probably not only tries, Inc. of New Jersey to produce 50,000 multi-media derive from the contents of the agenda, but also from the packets on South Africa for junior and senior high school fact that South Africa and the US can now for the first teachers for the price of $90,000. South Africa also pays time negotiate at a high level after years of diplomatic Albert Berstein $15,000 a year for two days a week of rebuffs from Washington. Mr. Vorster's decision to pro consulting work with the South African representative to ceed with the talks in exceptionally difficult circum the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. stances, once again proves his determination to find a The law firm of Casey, Lane and Mittendorf also solution to Southern Africa's problems by means of appears to be working for the South African Government, contact and dialogue." The Star commented that "the although it is registered as an agent for the South African Bavarian Summit will provide the basis for further, poten Sugar Association. In previous years, the firm lobbied for tially constructive contacts among South Africa, the retention of the US sugar quota for South Africa, always United States of America, the most important Western claiming that the Sugar Association has no relationship to nations, and Africa's more moderate leaders." While Die the Government. But their foreign agent six-month report Transvaler noted that "the measure of success that Mr. for the period ending in June, 1975 stated that they "gave Vorster achieved in his talks with the United States attention to the attempt by the United Mine Workers and Secretary of State, Dr. Henry Kissinger, is largely the fruit Attorney General of Alabama to prohibit the importation of the Premier's tireless zeal to accomplish peace in of South African coal . . ."-a topic obviously unrelated t5 Southern Africa instead of an awful race war". The Rand the interests of the Sugar Association. The same report Daily Mail stated that "pressures arising from the ,South also states that they have been exchanging correspondence ern Africa crisis helped force the meeting, and no doubt with the Justice Department "in connection with the helped force the decisions too .... What impelled Dr. propriety and/or necessity of filing supplemental informa Kissinger to meet Mr. Vqrster-and risk the opprobrium tion" on the foreign agent activities. that comes from supping with the apartheid devil-was Simultaneous with the surge in South Africa's propa America's concern to keep Russian communism out of ganda activity, the Justice Department decided to allow Southern Africa and so defend her strategic and economic them to do more of their work in secret. This spring, the interests. ....Mr. Vorster seems prepared to speed major South African Information Service, which had been regis ity Black rule in Rhodesia and South West Africa in an tered as a foreign agent, was granted consular status under effort to buy time for separate development at home." which it will no longer have to make any public report of (Comment and Opinion, Pretoria, July 2, 1976) its activities or finances. The Justice Department approved Responding to the Vorster-Kissinger Summit, Mr. Sony the change, over some protest from the Department of Leon, backed by the executive of the (Coloured) Labour State's Africa, Bureau. Party and two members of the South African Indian The apartheid regime rationalized the defeat of its Council, sent a cable to the US Ambassador to South detente strategy by claiming that few African countries Africa, asking that he should arrange a summit meeting actually supported the resolutions passed and that South between Kissinger and the Black "leaders." He asked that Africa continues to be in "dialogue" with "moderate the summit meeting take place anywhere in the world. If black countries." (S.A.B.C., Johannesburg, June 29, the US Government agreed to the conference, then Mr. 1976) On thie other hand, the OAU conference was a Leon would invite people such as Chief Buthelezi to victory for the South African liberation represent Black South Africans at the conference. Ex movement. Mr. J. plaining Makatini, a member of the African National Congress the request, Mr. David Curry, deputy leader of delegation to the OAU meeting, stated that "the key the Labour Party, stated that they "rejected Apartheid phrase for us was that the conference recognized the and resented the American Government's move to consult 'legitimacy of armed struggle in South Africa for the only a White Government leader." (Star, Johannesburg, July 10, 1976) IVorster also conferred with West German Chancellor, company concerned, Technical Support & Services, a. Mr. Helmut Schmidt who informed him that West Ger subsidiary of Aviation Jersey, has been fined $2,880. In many "opposed" South Africa's racial policies. At the all, the Jersey Island-based company admitted to 16 same time the European Economic Community decided charges of contravening export control regulations be; to increase its political pressure upon South Africa to tween August and December 1975: eight involving false "force" South Africa to grant independence to Namibia description of goods for export and eight concerned with ;as soon as possible," to use its influence to "hasten" exporting prohibited military equipment. majority rule in Zimbabwe, and to "phase out" apartheid. Earlier, in January 1974, Aviation Jersey had begun However the EEC ruled out the possibility of enforcing an overhauling Meteor engines-the engines used to power economic boycott of South Africa because "South Africa South Africa's 200 Centurion tanks-returning them to is a vital supplier of scarce raw materials, such as chrome Grosvernor Industrial Engines Co. in Johannesburg with and manganese .... During the next ten years it will spare parts. Then, in May, Jordan, having purchased become the world's second largest producer." Meanwhile British Centurions, sold 41 of them to South Africa in a NATO issued a new policy that any links between South breach of the UK embargo. Africa and a member of NATO must be the sole responsi Four months later, when the Jordanian transaction was bility of the country in question, and that NATO itself exposed, Prime Minister Harold Wilson, on behalf of an -will not authorize such a linkage. (Star, Johannesburg, embarrassed Government, "had words" with King Hus June 26, 1976; Guardian, London, June 15, 28, 1976) sein. But Aviation Jersey's exports continued and indeed Thus Western European governments forced by the events increased dramatically from August, i975. in Soweto of June 1976 are being more vocal in their In an inquiry conducted earlier this year, Sir Philip opposition to the apartheid regime but are not willing to Allen, a member of the Security Commission, discovered actually end their profitable economic relationship with that most of the engines and spares had been supplied that aystem. directly to the Jersey company by the British Ministry of During June the apartheid regime sent its puppets from Defense. John Chalmers, the company's managing director the Transkei "Bantustan Government" traveling around has insisted that Aviation Jersey has been made a "scape the West in order to gain official Western recognition and goat" and that sales to South Africa have always had the endorsement of South Africa's "independence" scheme. "blessing" of the Ministry of Defeflse. Mr. George Matanzima, the Transkei "Justice Minister" first visited Canada, and in the company of the South African Ambassador to Canada lobbied for Canadian support. However the official Canadian position is that "Canada shares the international community's skepticism and deep concern that this is a continuation of the racial policies of apartheid which Canada opposes without any reservations. We would need a great deal of convincing evidence that the black population of this supposed independent territory is going to receive its due rights before we make any move at all on this question." "Minister" Matanzima received a similar rebuff by the EEC. At the Consultative Assembly of the EEC-lome it _; Conveption (African, Carribbean Pacific countries), a resolution was passed which opposed any de facto recog nition of the Transkei. The EEC Commissioners then ruled that they were only prepared to meet Matanzima as a member of the South African delegation which would not discuss the Transkei. (Globe and Mail Toronto, June 19, 1976; sita,Anti-Apartheid News, London, July-Aug., 1976) defenve

U.K. ARMS EMBARGO-A HOLE BIG ENOUGH FOR A British-mad& Saracen tank during a counter-insurgency exercise TANKS in the Northern Transvaal. Like the United States, Britain officially maintains an arms embargo against South Africa. And like the US Government, the British Government has been less than The involvement of a former Ministry of Defense vigilant in insuring its enforcement, and more than gener official who (s now a senior executive of Aviation Jersey ous in allowing the sale to South Africa of materials that has raised anew the issue of the embargo-busting role of clearly have military value but can be officially designated ex-Defense Ministry officials, a large number of whom as destined for "non-military use." have found their way into companies manufacturing arms In the last six months, several serious breaches in the in Britain. Other touchy issues raised have included the British arms embargo have been brought to the attention use of Jersey's sovereignty over international trade as a of Parliament by the British Anti-Apartheid Movement loophole for evading the arms embargo, and the serious and by anti-apartheid MPs in the Labor Party. loopholes contained in the relevant UK Customs and One case involving the sale of over $1.8 million in Excise Order itself. Centurion Tank parts has been brought to court, and the By the end of April this year, at least four other major 16 breaches of the arms embargo had been brought to public theirs. But South Africa has learned to ignore such slights, attention. and was happy to participate, chalking up another "first" 1) A contract between British Marconi, and the South in US-South Africa relations. African Defense Department involving almost $14.5 mil Now, when will Vorster and Kissinger meet again? lion worth of "communications" equipment destined for (Star,Johannesburg, May 22, July 10, 1976) use against guerilla fighters in Namibia. This contract had an Exports Credit Guarantee from the Department of S.A. DEFENSE OFFICIAL VISITED US FIRMS IN 1974 Trade-thus, official approvalp In May of this year, the Anti-Apartheid Movement in 2) A second Marconi contract for $12.6 million to Britain disclosed, with relevant documentary evidence, "refurbish 'and update the South African air defence that Dr. L.L. van Zyl, a South African defense official, system." had visited two important British defense establishments 3) The sale, via France, of 250 rocket motors manufac (the former Royal Radar Establishment, and the Defence tured by Martin Baker Ltd. and destined for use in the Operational Analysis Establishment) and a number of pilot ejector systems of South Africa's Mirage F1 jet British, European and American arms firms during a trip fighters. taken in October 1974. MIr. Abdul Minty, Secretary of the 4) The sale by Hasler (Great Britain) to Hasler (South Anti-Apartheid Movement, called on the British Foreign Africa) of a 64-line message-switching unit worth between Secretary to launch a full Parliamentary inquiry into the $410,000 and $900,000. The unit, under construction for matter that would determine the nature and extent of completion in 1977, could be fitted into South Africa's collaboration between British arms firms and defense "Advokaat" long-range military surveillance system at establishments and South Africa. Silvermine; or it could be destined for Rhodesia. Dr. van Zyl also made visits to American-owned firms. The disclosure of these breaches has been the result of On October 11, 1974, he went to Heidelberg, Germany, extensive work by Britain's Anti-Apartheid Movement. By to talk with Eltro Engineering, a partly American-owned early August, it is not known whether the other com company that produces laser range-finders, homina de panies will be taken to court, as was the Jersey-based firm. Vices and military electronic equipment. On October 23, What is clear, however, is that the British Government, he was in New York, talking with the International Signal and the Ministry of Defense in particular, have been Corporation, and Barnes Engineering of Stanford, Con caught with their loopholes showing and are being chal necticut. The International Signal Corporation is not lenged to mend them or suffer further from indecent listed in the US Industrial Register, but Barnes manufac exposure. (The Sunday Times, London, March 28; The tures detectors to measure infra-red radiation, and devices Guardian, London, April 2, 15, 17, 20, 27; The Observer, to detect object at night and in outer space. (Observer, London, April 4, 18, 25; Evening Standard, London, June London, May 9, 1976) 18, 1976.) NATO SHIELD TO BE DROPPED Note:for information on South Africa's recent attacks on Norway, supported by Denmark, Canada and the Neth Zambia and Angola, see Nanibia arid UN sections. erlands, has forced a NATO decision which will prevent member countries from using the organization as a shield THE US HAS AN ARMS EMBARGO? against political fall-out from defense links with South Readers may have noted that the planes used in, Africa. Under the new agreement, each country's ties with the successful Israeli rescue of hostages held at South Africa must be the responsibility of that country Uganda's Entebbe airport were American C-130's alone. Thus, the British Government's contributions to ... just like the six that Lockheed has sold this South Africa's "Advokaat" military communications sys year to Safair Freighters of South Africa. (See tem, heretofore justified on the grounds of NATO author Southern Africa, April, 1976) ization, can no longer be julstified on these grounds. The decision, following the May meeting in Oslo of NATO Foreign Ministers, was made in response to the economics expressed concern of Norway that NATO was taking an "unsatisfactory" political stance on white regimes in ECONOMIC RIPPLES AFTER UPRISINGS southern Africa. A blatant example of this stance has been What will the Soweto, university and township up .the absorption of South Africa into the NATO communi risings and killings do to the South African economy? cations system with access to NATO's defense equipment Although it is too early to tell (and the South African c6ding system. papers aren't talking that much), it appears that the stiff NATO members are now reportedly in agreement that regulations controlling the export of capital, which were in view of growing tensions in southern Africa, African instituted after more than $200 million was pulled out "moderates" must be encouraged and links with the white following the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, have in the regimes officially disavowed. (Guardian, London, June 15 short term done their job. According to the Johannesburg & 18, 1976) Stock Exchange President, the controls whereby profits must be held in "securities rands" and only exported at a SOUTH AFRICAN NAVY CELEBRATES lesser value prevented a repeat of the panic in 1960. But BICENTENIAL IN NEW YORK the killings did affect price indices with a drop in the On July 4 and during the following week, the South industrial and gold prices, although there were no drastic African anti-submarine frigate President Kruger lay in the plunges. Hudson River receiving over 3,000 tourists. It was the first Theories abound for the relative stability of the econo time a South African naval vessel has ever visited the US. my-relative in the sense that South Africa is beset by The US invitation to South Africa to attend the continuing double digit inflation, massive and growing international naval review was a belated one, coming more unemployment (absorbed by Blacks to date), and a than six months after 90 other countries had received persistent unfavorable balance of payments position. Some business people think that multinational corpora 11, 1976; New York Times, July 21, 25, 1976; Wall, tions and banking institutions are simply more adjusted to Journal, June 15, 1976) the fact of unrest in countries where they have business; others believe that the South African Government's tough handling of the riots gave confidence to the business world. Whatever the reason South Africa cannot afford to scare away its foreign backers. Minister of Finance Hor wood flew to England in early July, a visit which was interpreted as an attempt to "allay ... fears after the Soweto riots." (Star, Johannesburg, July 10, 1976) The expanding dependence on foreign capitalization means that South African politicians will have to smooth over the lack of confidence which may grow as problem upon problem appear for South Africa. The country's failed intervention in Angola, its continuing headaches in Namibia, the ultimate defeat of South Africa's interests in Rhodesia added to internal unrest means that South Africa will have to work harder to curry foreign favor. Yet with high profit returns and continuing cheaper labor the international firms and investors are far from ready to abandon their long time ally.

EX-IM BANK REJECTS SASOL PROJECT The US Export-Import Bank rejected on June 17 a request from the South African Coal, Oil, and Gas Corporation (SASOL) for $450 million'worth of guaran tees for goods and services for the construction of a coal A migrant worker going to the Transkei to briefly join his family. gasification plant in the Eastern Transvaal by Fluor Corporation of Los Angeles. Ex-Im had made an earlier BANTUSTAN SWEAT SHOPS decision to approve $225 million in loan guarantees, but The future of the "homelands" is clear. A French Congressional pressure plus the Soweto killings apparently electronics firm will pioneer a system to make the Bantu changed the policy. Although the Bank has traditionally stans "the workshop of industry of Europe." Components refused direct financing of projects in South Africa, it was will be flown to the Venda "homeland" and assembled by believed that in such an important energy area as the cheap labor for sale in Europe. The project presages a role transformation of coal to gas, a process of much interest for the Bantustans as adjuncts of a European-based econo to ,the United States, large loan guarantees would be my by providing a pool of manual labor which is cheaper forthcoming. Fluor will continue with its SASOL contract than either hand labor in Europe or mechanization. and the financing will come from other sources, but the (South African Digest, May 14, 1976) Ex-Im negative response was a blow to South Africa and, its allies in the US. (Africa News, Durham, July 5, 1976; JOB RESERVATION CONFLICT Guardian, UK, June 30, 1976) White and coloured union members in the iron, steel, and engineering industries feel betrayed by their employ GOLD PRICE-FOREVER DOWNWARD? ers because with the relaxation of job reservation their "With this new confidence I believe it is only a matter jobs have -not been well protected nor have they been of time before the gold price resumes its.upward trend," retrained as had been promised. Now the industrial em commented a confident South African Minister of Fi ployers' association, Seifsa, wants to further dissolve nance after the first International Monetary Fund sale of categories of- work reserved for Whites or Coloureds and 780,000 ounces of gold in early June did not adversely open up a potential 40,000 new jobs to Africans. Negotia affect the price of gold. But by July 21 the price fell to tions between Seifsa and the unions (Confederation of $107.75 per ounce, dropping 12 percent in 5 days. Metal and Building Unions-CMBU) have been unsuccess Although by July 24 it was back up to $111/ounce, the ful. Meanwhile the African Metal and Allied Workers downward spiral seems never ending. For each $10 drop Union has advocated the total abolition of all job reserva in the price of gold South Africa's balance of payments tion (the employers are willing to keep one category at deficit increases by $200 million, and it is suspected that the top reserved) and new wage scales which would give another devaluation of the Rand may be forthcoming. greater wage increases for lower job category holders thus Rising mining costs, drops in production, and lower prices reducing the differentiations between skilled and unskilled spell continuing problems for the South African economy, wages. CMBU wage demands on the other hand call for yet mining-house analysts remain optimistic that central across the board increases which would maintain tha banks will begin buying again and prices will rise. Their differential. (Financial Mail, May 14, 1976) confidence contrasts drastically with the London econo mist quoted in the New York Times of July 21: "If you SOUTH AFRICA AND THE WORLD take the gold out of South Africa ... you've got one of Despite the fact that the call for an end to economic the worst economies in the world." Although the state links with South Africa was issued at the OAU Summit ment is extreme given South Africa's vast mineral and Meeting which was held in Mauritius, it will be difficult industrial base, it does show how large the gold problem for this country to implement it. South Affican tourists, looms for South Africa. (Die Volksblad, June 3, 1976; food stuffs, and industrial goods flow into this island Comment and Opinion, SA Dept. of Information, June country, while Mauritius sells tea to South Africa. Foci South African industrial and export links in Africa union ban. '(Guardian, UK, July 2, 1976; Star, Johannes ude Reunion, a neighboring island of Mauritius, the burg, July 3, 1976) Y Coast, Malawi, Central African Republic, and Zaire. An Israeli electronics firm, Tadiran, will invest $1.95 ir, Johannesburg, July 10, 1976) million in South Africa in a new dry battery plant and, )iamond Distributors of the USA and Cominco of together with a South African firm, in a lighting factory. ada will help finance the exploration of diamonds in (South African Digest, May 14, 1976) northwestern Cape by a South African company, ns Hex-Beleggings. CHROME BUSINESS IMPROVES ran and other Middle Eastern countries have become The reserves of South African chrome are estimated to new buyers for South African fruit. Sales to Iran rose be increasing to some 66 per cent of the "world's proven n 5,000 cartons in 1973 to 2.2 million in 1975. (Star, reserves" according to a researcher for the Institute for annesburg, June 26, 1976) the Study of Conflict in London. This, together with the rhe Australian Council of Trade Unions instituted a fact that there is a new technique to utilize low grade nth-long ban during July on the handling of all goods South chromite in producing steel, will- magnify South iing from or going to South Africa via air, sea, or land. Africa's role as a source of chrome. stralia exports $115 million worth of goods, mainly The London economist, Peter Janke, also thinks that D components, to South Africa, while South Africa South Africa will surpass Canada as a source of aluminum ds $50.6 million worth (including strategic ferroy and will grow as a manganese producer also, although in ys used for steel production) to Australia. South this area it will have to compete with new Pacific Ocean ica fears that although the ban will not last it may ,deep sea exploitation. Janke warned, however, at a semi ourage Australian importers to look for new supply nar in Swaziland that new technologies will ultimately rces. Some Australian companies, including transport replace the need for some of these minerals. (Star, like Quantas, are not even to fly mail to South Africa Johannesburg, June 5, July 12, 1976) may in fact have secured ways of undermining the

3mibia I TRIALS, DETENTIONS, ARRESTS A South African supreme court justice sitting in Wind outside possibility that a new trial for all the four SWAPO hoek, capital of occupied Namibia, on June 25 granted an members might be ordered. application for a special entry to be made on the record of Another Terrorism Act trial moved a step further on the recent Swal~opmund terrorism trial which resulted in June 25 when six men appeared in a Windhoek magi the conviction of four members of the South West Africa strate's court and were remanded for a summary supreme People's Organization charged under the South African court trial set to begin on August 30 in, the southern regime's Terrorism Act. Namibian town of Keetmanshoop. They are; Messrs Zach Mr. Aaron Mushimba and Mr. Hendrik Shikongo had been sentenced to death by Justice J. J. Strydom, the first Aaron Mushimba, SWAPO National Organizer. His case is being imposition of the ultimate penalty in the nine-year history reviewed because of illegal actions by the South African govern of the Act. Ms. Rauna' Nambinga was given a seven-year ment during the trial and the death penalty may be reversed. prison term and Ms. Anna Nghihondjwa five years. The five-month-long trial was described by an observer from the International Commission of Jurists as "one in which the prosecution evidence was selective and incomplete" and, since most witnesses had been detained for ,long periods by the security police, "their detention, the torture and the fear of torture must render the probative value of their evidence suspect." Justice M. J. Hart allowed the application brought by the firm of Lorentz and Bone, defense attorneys, after it was disclosed that copies of vital defense documents had been leaked to the security police during the course of the trial. The firm had forced a partner to resign and had fired an employee. During the course of the two-week hearing, the State Prosecutor testified he had no personal knowl edge of the leaked information, although he was known to have spent a great deal of time in the company of the security police lieutenant investigating the case and to whom the documents were handed over. (Windhoek Advertiser, June 28, 1976) The result of the decision means that the case with appended note of irregularity will be considered by South Africa's highest court, the Appellate Division. It makes it likely that the two men will have their death sentences reduced to life or a specific nember of years. There is an ariah Nashandi, Risto Nakanyala, Marius Isak, Karel Nampala, Solomon Mbango and Gabriel Willem. Mr. File mon Nduvuu Nangola is also charged but still in hospital recovering from wounds received in an April 19 shoot-out with South African Police. The state withdrew charges against three others: Ms. Ragel Shifotola, Mr. Albanus Heinrich and Mr. Johannes Amutenya. (Wiindhoek Advertiser, June 25, 1976) Ms. Shifotola told the story of her detention and treatment at the hands of the security police. The mother of three children, whose husband is in political exile in Zambia, was arrested on Sunday, April 18, and detained for 12 days. She was beaten, knocked to the floor and verbally abused. Water was poured down the side of a blindfold and she was given electric shocks behind her ears ,until she lost consciousness. Ms. Shifotola made her allegations in the presence of the Rev. Edward Morrow, vicar general of the Anglican Church in Namibia; the Right Rev. Dr. Lucas de Vries, head of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia; and Pastor Gerson Max. She demonstrated how she was trussed up in a crouching position, her bound hands alongside her knees. A long stick was inserted over the elbows and under the knees, which allowed her torment ors to spin her around and around until her elbows were bleeding and she was completely disorientated. A strik ing-and painful-photograph illustrates this treatment. Three SWAPO members were arrested on July 20 in the Rehboth enclave south of Windhoek. White plain clothes policemen picked up Mr. Othniel Kaakunga, secre tary for internal affairs, and two supporters after a public meeting to discuss national unity and support for SWAPO and charged them with not having permits to be in (Windhoek Advertiser, June 23, 24, 28, 29; July 1, 5, 4 Rehboth. Kaakunga was detained for several months last 15, 20, 1976) year. (Windhoek Advertiser, July 21, 1976) The region where the long, thin finger of Namibian territory known as the Caprivi Strip and the Republic of THE WAR Zambia face each other across the Zambesi River has August 26, 1966, marked SWAPO's initiation of armed become a focal point of conflict. South Africa and warfare for the liberation of Namibia from South African Zambia have exchanged a series of accusations of incur rule. As the tenth Anniversary approached, clashes be sions, over-flights and cross fire, culminating in a Zambian tween South African troops and SWAPO forces intensi call for a Security Council meeting at the United Nations fied. on the subject of South African agressive moves. Sialola Throughout the latter part of June. 1976, a large force village was bombed and invaded, resulting in the killing of of guerrillas infiltrated through the border bantustan of 24 people and the serious wounding of at least 45 more. A Owambo and penetrated almost to Tsumeb, site of the SWAPO guerrilla camp stands at that site. Angola's border American-controlled base metals mining complex. A wave with Zambia and with the Strip lies a few miles to the of near-panic spread amongst the White minority in west, and President Agostinho Neto accused South Afri Namibia (no doubt partly influenced by the. ongoing can troops of crossing "once again" into Angola to burn demonstrations and shootings in the Black ghettoes sur three villages. South Africa denied all accusations, (Lon .rounding Johannesburg and Pretoria following upon don Times, July 13, 1976; London Observer, July 18, Soweto) and special military units were rushed up. The 1976; New York Times, July ?0, 1976; Washington Post, South African Defense Force headquarters attempted to July 12, 1976) censor press reports of the call-up and officials made Owambo Chief Minister Cornelius Ndjoba declared that express efforts to calm their constituents. A new South security forces had been instructed to shoot to kill if African major general was put in charge of all operations necessary in the one kilometre no-man's land strip along in Namibia (the top officer in the South African army is a the Namibia-Angloa border. The zone has been largely lieutenant general; ("South West Africa" is Pretoria's evacuated in Owambo and will be extended to the prime war theatre). Ruacana Falls, site of the Cunene hydro-electric dam. South African Minister of Police Jimmy Kruger flew to (Windhoek Advertiser, Jdly 8, 1976) Namibia and in mid-July declared that "White South West Africa"-the land lying below the border bantustans-was TURNHALLE cleared of "terrorists." Mr. A. H. du Plessis, leader of the The "Constitutional Conference" White delegation at the Turnhalle talks told a National The South. African-sponsored Turnhalle conference is Party meeting that the country would have "to live with in recess, with a constitutional committee pausing after terrorism." On July 20, Defense Force headquarters in three weeks of work on June 23. A press blackout has Windhoek claimed occupation troops and police had been instituted and little hard news has yet appeared in killed 57 "SWAPO insurgents" in a seven-week period. the press. The Windhoek Advertiser speculates that consti- tutional principles have been agreed on and will be leading to independence for the international territory. presented when Turnhafle reconvenes on August 3. The The deadline accounts in part for the accelerated combat Windhoek newspaper also says there is a contentious issue inside Namibia and on its borders. It is a matter of due to the lack of representation in the "ethnically-based" concern to the Americans and British and others with talks for three classes of White-English-speaking, Ger heavy investments not only in Namibia but South Africa mans and Jews. The matter of representation of political as well. The issue was discussed at the Kissinger/Vorster parties, notably SWAPO, the parties in the Namibian talks in West Germany in June. Prime Minister Balthazar National Convention (the major element there being Johannes Vorster denied that the American Secretary of SWAPO) and a gathering of smaller parties and tribal State had pressed him for a timetable for "granting entities grouped in the Namibia National Council has not independence" to the UN territory, but there are other been settled. (Windhoek Advertiser, June 24, 1976).' indications to the contrary. The London Times, for Turnhalle's star figure, Chief Clemens Kapuuo (wearing instance, says "South Africa is being pressed by the West two hats as chief of one branch, of. the Hereros and to show that South-West Africa is moving rapidly towards president of a Heroro party called NUDO), has meanwhile independence as a multi-racial state. It is believed that an ,returned to Windhoek from his fifth trip to Britain and undertaking to achieve this within 18 months was the the USA. Those promoting his future introduced him into only concession Mr. Vorster made in his talks with Dr. some activities of the American bicentennial and he was Kissinger." (Windhoek Advertiser, June'28, 1976; London hailed at at least one functidn as the "future Prime Times, July 13, 1976) Minister of South West Africa." Further promotion of Emanating from American diplomatic sources are re Turnhalle is the preparation of a booklet drawn up by two current suggestions that the Turnhalle talks will be moved South African government officials, to be distributed either to Lusaka, the Zambian capital (how that accords domestically and overseas. with the present South African/Zambian contretempts is anybody's guess), or to London. Obviously this "sugges On the Larger Scene tion" doesn't originate ;from Mr. Vorster. Its assiduous August 31 looms nearer and nearer. That was the promotion can only come from our very own Henry deadline established last Jpnuary by the United Nations Kissinger. Since a further imminent meeting between the Security Council for South Africa to accept the principle South African prime minister and the US Secretary is that the world body can enter Namibia to supervise and bruited about (even in Washington!!),'the pressure cooker control national elections for a constituent assembly is indeed close to popping. Zimbabwe THE MILITARY SITUATION Liberation fighters have expanded the geographical illegally declared independence, it has been in existence area of their operations inside Zimbabwe. In June, guer ever since. Minister of Justice, Law and Order, Hilary rilla activity took place in both the northwest and south Squires, cited four reasons why the state of emergency east -of the country, and by July violence had hit the had to continue: the intensification of the guerrilla war; Rhodesian capital, Salisbury, itself. the "active hostility" of one neighbor (Mozambique) and On June 8, two aircraft were blown up in the north similar threats by another (Zambia); the fighting between west region, near Lake Kariba on the Zambian border. factions of the nationalist movement; and the extension This was the first attack in the northwest since the recent of UN sanctions. (Guardian, London, June 25, 1976) intensification of the Zimbabwe liberation struggle earlier Ian Smith, the Prime Minister of the illegal Rhodesian this year. Freedom fighters have also sabotaged the vital regime, warned Zambia's President Kaunda, on June 15 rail link between Rhodesia and Botswana. A goods train that he would face "serious consequences" if he allowed detonated an explosive device on June 4 near Plumtree, Zimbabwe nationalist forces to operate frbm his country. just inside the border with Botswana. In June guerrilla The warning, which included a threat to engage in "hot attacks southeast of Bulawayo forced the Smith regime to pursuit" across the border into Zambia, came after a begin using armed convoys between "the South African recent guerrilla incursion into Rhodesia launched from border at Beit Bridge and Bulawayo. Convoys are already Zambia. Zambia responded that if attacked by Smith's in operation between Fort Victoria and Beit Bridge. forces, it would "fight back to the last man to protect its (Tanzania Daily News, June 6, June 9, July 10, 1976) hard won independence." (Radio Lusaka, June 16, 1976) On July 20 a nightclub and restaurant in Salisbury On June 26 Smith forces attacked the road transporta were hit by hand grenades. (New York Times, July 21, tion center of Mapai, 60 miles inside Mozambique. Three 1976) This is the first incident of its kind to take place in FRELIMO soldiers and 16 civilians were killed. Mozam the Rhodesian capital in the recent fighting. bican officials assess this attack as one aimed at hurting Also in early June, Chief Mabika, one of the ten chiefs the economy of the area rather than an effort to destroy appointed by the Smith government to sit in the Rhode facilities used by the Zimbabwe nationalist forces. The sian Senate, was reportedly abducted from his home east intent, the Mozambicans believe, was to raise the cost to of Fort Victoria by guerrilla forces. Mabika has long Mozambique of supporting the Zimbabwe liberation strug opposed the Zimbabwe liberation struggle and is a staunch gle. (Guardian, London, July 2 1976). The air attack supporter of the Smith regime. (Guardian, London, June concentrated on a large transport company, taken over by 9, 1976) the State and run by a workers committee after the owner In June the Rhodesian government extended the coun fled several months ago. Buses; trucks, land rovers, and *try's state of emergency for another year. Originally garages were all destroyed. They were part of a network imposed in Novernber, 1965, when the Smith government of the Mozambican transportation system, not part of the illegal government claims that it is seeking immigrants come and live in the country and join the Rhodesian art with the same pay and privileges as other white Rhoo sians. Press persons close to the fighting report seei North Americans who fought in Vietnam, Portugui colonial soldiers who fought in Mozambique and Ango Britons, South Africans, Germans, and Greeks-all recE arrivals to Rhodesia. (New York Times, July 25, 19 The Rhodesian attack on Mapai, Mozambique, is said have been engineered and undertaken by ex-Portugu( colonial fighters. In the United States a group called American Aid I Rhodesia has started to recruit soldiers and to raise mon for the Smith regime. Mike Gonzalez, a former arr infantryman, told UPI that his group is operating in S Antonio, El Paso, Houston, Phoenix, and other cities southwestern United States. "It's a paramilitary organi; tion ... but it's not composed of mercenaries," Gonzal Rhodesian troops in Salisbury: more and more of them are reported. "We would fight only as a last resort." (L mercenaries. Angeles Times, May 23, 1976) Adverse publicity on t recent use of mercenaries in Angola as well as legislath support system for the Zimbabwe liberation fighters which forbids the recruitment of mercenaries in ma operating out of Mozambique. Western countries, including the United States, has led t Smith regime and its collaborators to develop new kz RHODESIAN GOVERNMENT ACTS TO BOLSTER ITS guage to explain their efforts to recruit and pay foreigru MILITARY FORCES to fight against the Zimbabwe liberation struggle. A potentially dangerous threat to the Smith govern The Smith regime has also taken steps to increase t ment's ability to wage a continuing war against Zimbabwe number of Rhodesians fighting on the war fronts withe nationalists lies in the growing numbers of young white hindering the functioning of the government apparatus professionals leaving Rhodesia. Despite heavy restrictions economic enterprises. The South African government f ' or residency on the export of currency and intense propaganda by the been asked not to give work permits completed their military servii Smith Regime on the importance of fighting against the Rhodesians who have not outside 'Communist' agitators, 1820 more whites left On June 26, it was reported that 450 South Africa governmE Rhodesia in April than emigrated to it. (Star, Johannes had volunteered to fill in at industrial and (St, burg, June 5, 19761 This loss is by far the largest drop in posts for Rhodesians called for military service. the white population since UDI. (Guardian, London, May Johannesburg. JUne 12, 19, 26, 1976) 29, 1976) All together 2,280 white citizens left Rhodesia in the first six months of 1976. (New York Times, July RACE REFORM PROPOSALS MEET OPPOSITION 25, 1976) On June 14 a Commission of Special Inquiry on Rac To compensate the Smith government has increased its Discrimination issued a report advocating changes efforts to recruit white foreigners to fight in the Rhode Rhodesian racial laws. The recommendations covet sian army. While denying it is hiring mercenaries, the many areas of life; however, the most important a

Rhodesian soldiers in an anti-querilla operation-they're after Mozambique's economic lifelines as well. controversial ones centered on voting and land reform. liberation forces in Zimbabwe will bring to power a The Commission recommended a return to a nonracial political leadership similar to FRELIMO in Mozambique. common voters roll for Parliamentary elections. Under the The New York Times, of July 19 writes that diplomats present system there are separate voters rolls for Africans fear "escalating war will produce a radical Marxist black and white Rhodesians with Africans voting for 16 Black leadership .. " Such a leadership would not be likely to members and white Rhodesians for 50. However the look toward Western capital as the means for developing Commission did not deal with the controversial question an independent Zimbabwe. of what qualifications would be necessary for being put The U.S.-British proposal contains a plan to finance the on the roll. purchase of 'land from white farmers who could then lease In terms of land reform, the report advocated that back the land if they chose'to remain. A second proposal urban, commercial and industrial land be made available would guarantee a floor price for land thereby assuring to all races and that "suitably qualified blacks" be allowed that a farmer could sell his land if and when he chose to to farm. lands in areas that are now reserved for whites do so. Other proposals are being drawn ,up to assist white only. The present land tenure policy gives the 280,000 businessmen, to guarantee pensions for civil servants, and whites half of the country and the country's six million to provide ways for Rhodesian whites to settle in Europe Blacks the other half. The Commission also stated that and the United States. (New York Times, July 19, 1976) residential land of Europeans should remain exclusively This general plan for dealing with the white settler white. (Guardian, London, June 15, 1976) population of Rhodesia is similar~to the one developed by The report called for an end to racial discrimination in Great Britain for Kenya at the time of its independence in hotels, bars, and restaurants after a two year transition 1963. In Kenya the settler class was bought out in order period. However class and behavior could still be used to to make possible the granting of independence to moder determine whether an individual should be served. The ate Africans who in turn agreed not to tamper with British Commission opposed multiracial schools and advocated or other foreign economic interests. Today Kenya is a that parents' permission be obtained before children leading example of capitalist development in Africa. engage in inter-racial sports activities. At the adult level the Commission recommended there be no barriers to CLASHES SAID TO CONTINUE WITHIN ZIMBABWE multi-racial sports. (Radio Salisbury, June 15, 1976) NATIONALIST MOVEMENT While moderates in the Rhodesian Parliament applaud Bishop Abel Muzorewa, head of the external faction of ed the Commission report, opposition came from many the ANC (Joshua Nkomo leads the internal wing) told the quarters. Hard liners in Smith's Rhodesian Front Party OAU conference held at the end of June in Port Louis, argued against both the common voters roll and the Mauritius, that fighting is going on in the guerrilla training opening up of white farm areas to "qualified" Africans. camps in Tanzania and Mozambique, and as many as 50 (Guardian, London, July 3, 1976) "We cannot accept people have already died in these clashes. He also accused these changes, they will undermine the white nan's Presidents Machel of Mozambique and Nyerere of Tan position and future in the country," argued a Rhodesian zania of creating the "Third Force", a group of former Front MP. (Guardian, London, June 17, 1976) Smith ZANU and ZAPU militants led by elements of both himself called the report "balanced and reasonable" and organizations. Muzorewa urged the OAU to support the said his government would attempt to implement several "established Rhodesian nationalist leadership." (Guardian, of 'the proposals. There is considerable doubt as to London, June 29, 1976) whether Smith would actually move to implement sub The OAU Liberation Committee meeting in Dar es stantial items in the report. Giving lip service support to Salaam in early June had approved a resolution calling on many of the recommendations is probably more of a rival factions of the nationalist movement to unite and to public relations gesture aimed at winning support from intensify the struggle against the Smith regime. At the Western powers who are demanding some progress in same time, the Committee praised the efforts of the breaking down racial barriers in Rhodesia. Presidents of Tanzania, Mozambique, Botswana, and Zam Both factions of the ANC criticized the report. Rever bia for their efforts in trying to bring together the divided end Max Chigwida, speakihg for the Muzorewa group, said leadership of the ANC. (Guardian, London, June 7, 1976) the report left -the major issue, the question of power in At the meeting there had also been some consideration to Rhodesia, untouched. "Oppressed Zimbabweans will not openly condemning the established leadership of the ANC be deceived either by the recommendations of the com for their failure to achieve unity, but no resolution to this mission or by any promises to implement a!l or some of effect was included in their final report. the recommendations." On July 6, Nigeria gave $250,000 to the Mozambican Josiah Chinamano of the Nkomo faction was less' government for support of the Zimbabwe liberation fight critical in his reaction to the report, saying that Africans ers in Mozambique, the so called "Third Force". The had been demanding much of the- Commission's recom Nigerian Commissioner for External Affairs, Brigadier mendations for years. He added, however, "publication of Joseph Garba said at the time he was sorry he could not the report is one thing: implementation is yet another. We give the money to the AINJC but that they seemed to be wait to see what the government will do. The report is not fighting more among themselves than against Ian Smith. enough and more drastic changes can be brought about (Maputo Radio, July 6, 1976) only by majority rule." (Guardian, London, June 16, 1976)

US-BRITISH PLAN FOR RHODESIA The U.S. and British governments are developing a plan to win the support of whites in Rhodesia in an effort to pave the way for a quick settlement leading to majority rule. Western interests fear a protracted struggle by the A LUTA CONTINUA Mozambique MOZAMBIQUE COUNTER-ATTACKS RHODESIAN OFFENSIVE Rhodesia launched an air and ground attack on June 26 at 5 a.m. on Mapai, a village in Mozambique about 55 miles from the border, in Gaza province. The attacks were carried out with the collaboration of a plantation owner and a former proprietor of the Nagala transport mono poly, which has its headquarters in Mapai. The former owner of the company is currently a fugitive in Rhodesia. The aim of this new attack was the destruction of the transport company which has recently been nationalized. Only a small unit of the Mozambique's People's Libera tion Forces was stationed there. During the struggle, 16 civilians and three members of the FPLM died. Seven civilians and nine members of the FPLM were wounded. Every building in the village center was bombed, burned, and raked with machine gun fire including the transport company buses, garages and can teen and club used by local residents. At 7:00 a.m., The town of Malvernia, which is to Mapai, was attacked with artillery fire and Students at Maputo University staged a rally recently denouncing adjacent an against Malvernia the racist Smith government in Rhodesia. Smith is pictured as infantry. Another attack was launched insect being caught by the continent of Africa. at 12:30 p.m. on June 28. The July 1, Guardian (Britain) reported that officials in world were cut, hence allowing the raiders to drive back Mozambique believe that the Rhodesian attacks were to Rhodesia undetected, still posing as Frelimo activists. aimed at crippling the economy of the region. The two Since the beginning of the year, President Machel had towns hit by the Rhodesians are of vital economic been threatening to counter attack into Rhodesia. In importance to the Gaza province. February, he told the central committee of Frelimo: "We Malvernia is the western terminal of a railway that runs will respond to an attack with attack .... This means that from Maputo to the Rhodesian border. The line is a vital we will not stop in Salisbury. We will stop at the far supply route forthe region. Mapai is the center of road border of Zimbabwe." (The Guardian, London, July 1, transport for the region. 1976) Many men in the Gaza rgion are employed as miners A people's militia is being organized throughout Chi! in South Africa and one of the transport company's main cualacuala district in Gaza province. The mobilization is functions was to transport mine workers to the town of being carried out for defense purposes by members of the Pafuri, on the South African border. Most families in the People's Forces and the Mozambican police force. province are dependent on the work in the South African The Johannesburg Star (July 10,1976) reported on a mines for their livelihood. rally attended by approximately 100,000 people, ad An important Rhodesian base, Vila Salazar was com dressed by President Machel at Maputo airport. President pletely destroyed by Mozambican troops in response to Machel en route to Tanzania, to attend the 21st annivers the above attacks. Rhodesian casualties are unknown. ary of TANU (Tanzanian African National Union) as the The raiders on the Mozambican villages were mostly ruling party. black and they were heard to have been speaking English, At the rally he stated, "We want the support of Africa Portuguese and several Mozambican and non-Mozambican because now we are in a position to advance to crush Ian dialects. The July 3 Guardian (London) reported that Smith ... We appeal to the Mozambique People's Libera after the end of the struggle for independence, many tion Forces to get ready from this very moment to march black people serving in the Portuguese army fled to on Zimbabwe..." Rhodesia. It is believed that the army of attackers was President Machel appears to be keeping his word: to comprised primarily of this group, of people. They ob work towards building a Mozambican socialist party-a by posing as a Frelimo tained entrance into Mozambique party strong enough to lead the masses in the building of a convoy-with Frelimo uniforms and the Frelimo flag new socialist country while helping to bring socialism to waving gaily in the breeze as the vehicles in which they other countries as well. rode headed toward their destination. It was reported that they were often waved at and cheered on by villagers who had been celebrating the Mozambidan independence anni AGREEMENT OF COOPERATION SIGNED WITH versary. CAPE VERDE The attackers spent the night camped near Mapai and A 46 member Mozambican delegation led by President at dawn, struck in co-ordination with the aircraft. All Samora Machel visited the Republic of Cape Verde on communications links between Mapai and the rest of the June 9 and 10, 1976. During the visit, an agreement of cooperation and friendship was signed jointly by the developing a philosophy of education distinct from the Mozambican President' and Aristides Pereira, the' Cape limited colonial education provided by the Portuguese. Verdean President. "We've had to start almost from zero", said Jacinto. One Article one provides for economic, financial, technical, of the new textbooks begins, "Angola is the name of our scientific, cultural, diplomatic and communications coop dear land. It is located in Africa and produces much eration. These areas of mutual aid will be outlined in wealth such as coffee, sugar, cotton, diamonds and oil. We special, separate, agreements. The agreements will be ,re therefore proud to be Angolans". The objective is to drawn up at a later date in Maputo. make Angola the center of our world and then Africa, . Article two outlines plans for trading, development, Jacinto pointed out; before books taught it used to be monetary and financial relations. Portugal, then Europe, Asia, America and finally Africa. Article three provides for cultural and educational At the same time the MPLA is introducing a new concept exchange. of education, which aims to end the colonial practice of Article four provides for plans in setting up diplomatic separating the educated elite from the working class. missions in the respective countries. (Star, Johannesburg, June 19, 1976) Article five requests frequent consultations in reference to the establishment of the foreign policies of Mozam ANGOLA MERCENARY TRIAL AFTERMATH bique and Cape Verde. Lastly, article six puts the agreement into effect im Following praise regarding the fairness of the Luanda mediately. Should Cape Verde or Mozambique request a trial of 13 British and American mercenaries, the court change, a 90 day notice is required. (untitled source) handed down death sentences against four of the mercen aries. Five Americans and seven Britons were sentenced to NEWS IN BRIEF prison terms ranging from 16 to 30 years by the Angolan The Johannesburg Star reported on the release of all People's Revolutionary Tribunal. (Tanzania Daily News, 200 Portuguese prisoners who had been detained in June 26, 1976; New York Times, June 29, 1976) Mozambique. The immediate release came after President On July 9 President Agostinho Neto delivered a radio Machel toured the country, visiting prisons in particular. speech to the Angolan people in which he reviewed the Most have gone back to Portugal, by way of South Africa. history of the phenomenon of mercenaries in Africa and (June 19, 1976) in Angola and declared that the "justice which we apply in Angola is not only on behalf of our martyred people, A communique issued by the Minister of the Interior but also for the benefit of the fraternal peoples of announced that 14 people connected with the police force Namibia, Zimbabwe and all peoples of the world against have been detained in re-education centers for behavior which imperialism is already perparing new mercenary "incompatible with Frelimo policy." (Maputo Home Ser aggression". With that the President of Angola confirmed vice, Jung 13, 1976) One case in point was that of an the death sentences passed on the three Britons, Georgiu, attempted subversion plot by an individdal within the Baker, and McKenzie and on the American Vietnam vet, police force who was found to be a former PIDE agent. Daniel Gearhart. (Radio Luanda, July 10, 1976) A few days later the executions were carried out by firing squad and Radio Luanda editorialized that the trial and execu Angola tions were in defense of the whole of Africa which has been beset with mercenary attacks in Katanga, Biafra and INSIDE THE PRA Sudan. The editorial went on to say that it is imperative The PRA continues to nationalize selected enterprises that the mercenary phenomenon be banished from the including the country's radio, TV and newspapers, such as African continent and the world in general. (-Radio Jornal de Angola and Diario de Luanda. It was also Luanda, July 12, 1976) announced that an Angolan national oil company called It is clear that the action taken by Angola against the "Sonangoll'will be formed which willbe totally responsi mercenaries was one of international solidarity with clear ble for the country's oil affairs. (Africa AFP, May 25; May implications for the future of mercenary activity in 28, 1976) Africa. Mercenary recruiting for Rhodesia (which came to Early in June the PRA nationalized 36 agricultural light during the Luanda trial) might become a little more firms, including a coffee company which was said to cover difficult. most of the province of Kuanza Sul. A mass mobilization In passing,,sentence the presiding judge, Comrade Teix of people in the northern provinces early in June was eira ca Silva, referred to the evidence of the collusion by scheduled to harvest coffee on plantations abandoned by the U.S. and England in the ending of mercenaries to Portuguese owners. Secretary of Agriculture, Carlos Fer Angola. International organizations denounced by the nandes, reported a severe labor shortage in coffee-growing Tribunal as criminal aggressors against the Angolan people areas due to the war-time exodus of workers to their were the CIA and the SAS or "Wild Geese Club", a home villages. (Africa AFP, June 1, 197.9) mercenary recruiting organization in South Africa. (Radio The first grass roots popular elections were held in Luanda, June 29, 1976) Luanda June 27, a first step toward Angolan popular Official reaction in the U.S. was, not surprisingly, one democracy. The residents of Luanda's 20 'bairros' (neigh of condemnation of the executions. The State Depart borhoods) voted for neighborhood committees representa ment condemned the death sentence against Gearhart as tives which will be responsible for consumer cooperatives, "unwarranted by the facts as we understand them", while medical services, local schools and other necessities of they denied the allegation that the department condoned daily living. (Sunday Times of Zambia, June 27, 1976) the dispatch of mercenaries to Angola. The State Depart In the field of education, Antonio Jacinto Minister of ment was joined by President Ford and Secretary of State Education announced that the Ministry is in the process Kissinger who condemned the executions as an attack of re-writing school textbooks, changing programs and against the U.S. government, thus implying that Gearhart on both sides of the Angola-Zaire border. (Guaro London, July 2, 1976) It was not clear whether tl were remnants of the defeated FNLA or some new for The U.S. Press has also been reporting the contin presence of UNITA guerrillas in the southern part Angola, although no official reference has been made the PRA to UNITA troops in the south. The New Y Times 1976 reported a news release brought out Angola especially for western consumption by a cou coming from Cangumbe UNITA "headquarters", in C tral Angola. Dated June 1976, the report listed a $erie: ambushes, attacks on towns and railroad derailmE undertaken by UNITA bands. According to another port, UNITA soldiers are moving in -groups of 100 200 and the fighting is reported to be taking place arot Huambo and Silva Porto. (Christian Scientist Monitor J 9, 1976) Support for the UNITA fighters may be So African or it may be the U. S. which is anxious to tie Cuban and MPLA troops in the south thus creating m problems for the base of Jhe MPLA government in Angolans demonstrating against the mercenaries. north. ( Guardian, London, July 10, 1976) was in fact fighting for the U.S. government. (New York INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Times June 29, 1976; Washington Post, June 30, 1976) Before this outcry the U.S. had threatened that the U.S. VETOES ANGOLAN APPLICATION TO T execution of Gearhart would jeopardize the normalization UNITED NATIONS of relations between the U.S. and Angola, but those who are familiar with the U.S. posture on the recognition of Angola prior to the time of the/trial know that the U.S. had no intention of establishing diplomatic relations with the PRA or supporting its application for U.N. member ship. [see August issue of Southern Africa and this issue] Meanwhile the two U.S. lawyers from the National Conference of Black Lawyers (NCBL) who attended this trial are charging that the Ford administration breached U.S. neutrality laws by permitting mercenary recruiting here. Lennox Hinds, national director of the NCBL and Hope Stevens, co-chair, went on to say that "we see Angola as merely the tip of the iceberg with Namibia and Rhodesia as areas that are really going to be dangerous". (Washington Post June 29, 1976) Hinds and Stephens contend that evidence given at the trial shows that the FBI knew of the violations of the law and the State Department knew or ought to have known of the viola tions of the law. They want to pursue the U.S. mercenary recruiter, David Bufkin, of Security Advisers Service, and find out from where he received the money for recruiting. William Scranton, United States representative to the United Nations. The U.S. etoed Angola's application for United Nations In an interview in late May Bufkin said he was unworried membership. about being prosecuted in the U.S. because the "individuals fronting the money happened to be a de partment in our government". (Washington Post, June 29, In an anticipated move, the U.S. vetoed Angola's 1976) application( for U.N. membership claiming that Angola is A group of seven South African prisoners of war are not truly independent while' Cuban troops are still in the also to be put on trial according to the Angolan Director country. The U.S. veto was the only vote against Angola of Information, Luis de Almeida. A campaign from of the 15 member Security Council, with the exception of Pretoria has already been launched to attempt to stop the China which abstained from voting, as it has on a number trial and obtain the release of the captured soldiers. A of occasions. The gesture at the U.N. increases the South African editorial claims that the only real crime of isolation of the U.S. from the 112 countries which have the sentenced mercenaries is thdt "they fought on the recognized the People's Republic of Angola. losing side and were unfortunate enough to be captured" PRA representative, Elisio de Figueiredo, spoke to the (Star, Johannesburg, June 29, 1976) U.N. Security Council saying that the presence of Cuban troops is strictly an internal affair and that "Angola is an ANTI-PRA FORCES STILL ACTIVE independent and sovereign state and will not tolerate the U.S. or any other country dictating its domestic and Angolan Prime Minister, Lopo do Nascimento, said in foreign policies". (Tanzania Daily News Dar Es Salaam, an interview with Radio Mozambique that troops opposed June 25, 1976) The U.S. had wanted to postpone the; to the Angolan government were regrouping in the north U.N. vote until after the Republican Convention in August, and China sided with the U.S. in objecting to this RELATIONS IMPROVING WITH ZAIRE AND "early" consideratioh of Angolan-U.N. membership. PORTUGAL For the first time since Zaire recognized the PRA, OAU SUPPORT OF PRA President Neto met with Zairean President Mobutu. Their The Organization of African Unity Council of Ministers discussions concerned security along their common fron which met in Mauritius from June 24-29 adopted a series tier and measures needed to strengthen control of the of resolutions regarding the PRA which include the border. The two parties recognized the need to open a following points 1) a denunciation of the continued cam liaison office in each country, particularly important after paign of defamation against the PRA 2) condemnation of the re-opening of the Benguela Railroad. (Radio Kinshasa, the practice of the recruiting of mercenaries, most re June 30, 1976) cently to de-stabilize the Angolan regime 3) to recom An MPLA source in'Lisbon has reportedly told officials mend OAU members who have not done so to stop all aid in Portugal that favorable conditions existed for a speedy to anti-PRA forces, and thereby aid the liberation struggle normalization of relations between Portugal and Angola. in the whole of southern Africa 4) to reaffirm the right of Semi-official contacts between the two countries and the PRA to adopt t&e political system which suits it and other bilateral initiatives are believed to have contributed to establish relations of cooperation with any country it to the creation of such conditions. (Radio Lisbon, June 2, may choose 5) to ask all OAU member states to aid the 1976) PRA in any way possible to stop South African aggression in Angola. (Radio Luanda, July 6, 1976) Guinea-Bissau CUBA-ANGOLA RELATIONS For some months a state visit by Fidel Castro has been FOREIGN AFFAIRS expected in Angola; now it appears President Agostinho In a sweep along the Casamance frontier area, Sene Neto will visit Cuba as a guest of honor in its 26th of July galese authorities arrested 150-200 people who were for celebrations in Havana. [Editors' Note: This latter visit charged with carrying out armed actions against the took place and will be reported on in the September Republic of Guinea Bissau. Some of these held were issue.] members of the counter-revolutionary organization Top sports officials of Cuba and Angola signed a joint known as FLING (Front for the National Liberation of communique on June 16 expressing plans for socialist Guinea). Several years earlier FLING members were impli cooperation in the training of cadres and exchange of cated in the assassination of PAIGC Secretary General athletes. (Granma, Havana, June 27, 1976) Amilcar Cabral as well as the infamous attacks on neigh At the first Latin American Congress of Journalists, boring Conakry. While some of the FLING rebels were resolutions were passed congratulating Agostinho Neto simply removed from the border area, others were turned and the MPLA for the victory achieved in Angola and the over to the Bissau authorities. It is thought that this Congress called for a campaign in the Latin American action by Sengal will help to improve relations between press to counter the false reports and distortions put out Bissau and Dakar. (WestAfrica, Lagos, Apr. 5, 1976) by the North American press in defense of U.S. policies. Secretary General of the PAIGC, Aristides Pereira, (Granma, Havana, June 20, 1976) recently announced that a vote on the merger of the In Northern Angola the workers of the Martines do Republic of Guinea Bissau with the Republic of Cape Caxito sugar mill requested that the sample of the first Verde may be expected in the near future. Currently sugar produced in the mill be sent to Fidel Castro in relations between the two nations are articulated in many recognition of the Cuban people's solidarity with Apgola. ways and the vote would formalize this alliance. (New President Neto agreed that this is an appropriate moment York Times, July 18, 1976) A recent issue of the as the Cuban comrades had shown special interest in 'government newspaper noted "we are not tribes, we are Angola's sugar production. (Radio Havana, July 13, 1976) not races, we are one country" with reference to the Cuban soldiers who had previously fought with the proposed unLfication of the two nations under the joint FAPLA troops of the MPLA are now participating in the leadership of the PAIGC. (No Pintcha- Bissau, July 8, first sugar harvest of the PRA. (Radio Havana, June 30, 1976) 1976) According to Luis de Almeida, PRA Director of In THE REPUBLIC OF CAPE VERDE formation, Cuban aid to Angola will continue as long as The first anniversary of the birth of the Republic of the two governments desire. Best estimates are that Cape Verde was held throughout the Cape Verde archi 5-6000 Cubans will remain in Angola to aid with technical pelago. During the celebrations the two dominant themes and economic development. were unity with the Republic of Guinea Bissau, and a Meanwhile the U.S. State Departmen't is continuing its broad call for increasing effort in economic development. international "dirty tricks", the latest of which was a Attending the festivities was a seven-person delegation of report that part of the Cuban force in Angola would be top officials from Guinea Bissau. These include Umaro withdrawn to the People's Republic of the Congo (Brazza Diallo, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces; Vasco Cabral, ville). The Congolese Foreign Ministry denied the U.S. from the Ministry of Economic Development and Plan intelligence report saying that it was designed to "create ning, Jose Araujo, Minister without Portfolio, and Major tensions between the peoples of Central Africa and ruin Constantino Teixeira, from the Office of National Secur the climate of co-existence". The U.S. report said that ity. (Daily News, Dar es Salaam, July 7, 1976) 3000 Cubans would be used to train the Congolese army Although a formal vote and additional details still are which might exert- pressure on other central African to come, a number of strong points of unity are already countries. Having "lost" Angola, the U.S. isemploying the well established. Beyond the common political party in old tactic of the "red menace" to frighten non-aligned both republics there is direct air service, bilateral develop African countries into the American fold. ment meetings, harmony in foreign policy, plans for a away. According to the Star it is for this reason that Salim ening to close its own border with Botswana if Khama A. Salim, Chairman of the United Nations Special Com closed the border-a move which would cripple the Bots mittee on Decolonization and U.N. Ambassador from wanan economy overnight. But as the South Africans are Tanzania, has said that his Committee would not call on well aware, the white Rhodesian regime's days are num Botswana to close its borders with Rhodesia. (Star, Johan bered, and the longer it lasts the more likely it is that the nesburg, June 5, 1976) new government replacing it will be actively hostile to South Africa could come to Rhodesia's aid by threat- white rule in South Africa itself. at the United Nations wmwmm SECURITY COUNCIL CONDEMNS SOUTH AFRICAN their attempts at "detente" - a policy which has worn AGGRESSION rather thin after the aggression in Angola and the Soweto The Security Council met from July 27 to 30 to massacre - he offered that all the countries of southern discuss a charge by Zambia against South Africa's re Africa "come together to examine the underlying issues, peated acts of aggression, which culminated in an attack not simply discuss the symptoms of dispute. and to lay on the village of Sialola on July 11. Zambia had requested the foundations of permanent harmony in the area." an urgent meeting of the Council, charging that South South Africa also engaged in a diversionary tactic by African troops under air cover had attacked and shelled seemingly acceding to a proposal by Liberia that the Sialola, about 20 miles inside Zambian territory, killing 24 Council send a fact-finding mission to Namibia to investi people and seriously injuring 45. Zambia said that this was gate Zambia's charges of aggression. The proposal, how only the most recent in a series of South African acts of ever, and South Africa's offers were roundly condemned aggression against Zambia, which totalled 13 since the by the other African speakers, who rightly saw in them a beginning of the year. maneuver to legitimise South Africa's control over Nami In his speech before the Council, the Minister of bia. Foreign Affairs of Zambia, Siteke G. Mwale, explained In the end, the Council adopted a resolution which met' that the immediate target of South Africa's attack was a most of Zambia's demands. The resolution, sponsored by SWAPO transit camp. Mwale told the Council that the Benin, Guyana. Libya, Pakistan, Panama, Romania and attack should be strongly condemned on two grounds: Tanzania, strongly condemns the armed attack of South first, it was perpetrated in blatant violation of the sove Africa against Zambia; demands that South Africa respect reignty and territorial integrity of Zambia, a direct con Zambia's sovereignty; demands that South Africa cease travention of international law and the United Nations using Namibia as a base for launching armed attacks charter; second, since the attack was directed at a SWAPO against Zambia and other "front line" states for their camp and since South African occupation'of Namibia was support of the liberation struggle; declares that the libera totally illegal, it was cruel and completely without justifi tion of Namibia and Zimbabwe and the elimination of cation for the South African regime to attack Namibians apartheid in South Africa are necessary for the attainment fighting to liberate'their country. of justice and lasting peace in the region; and declares that Mr. Mwale explained that South Africa, in collabora in the event, of further attacks on Zambia, the Security tion with the illegal Smith regime in Rhodesia, had Council will consider "the adoption of effective measures deployed air and infantry commando forces along the in accordance with the appropriate provisions of the UN Caprivi strip and Kasungula border with Zambia. The charter." commandos had often crossed the border with Zambia The vote on the resolution was 14 in favor to one and planted anti-personnel and anti-vehicle mines which abstention-the United States. According to its representa took a heavy toll in human life and property. tive at the UN, William Scranton, the US felt that the text In addition, he charged, Zambia had irrefutable evi was "too categorical in the light of evidence so far'made dence that South Africa haVl been interfering in Zambia's available." Whether Kissinger's much touted statement on internal affairs for a long time. The Vorster regime had southern Africa will ever be followed by concrete policy trained, financed and armed certain dissident elements in changes was, of course, very much on the mind of the Zambia such as William Chipango, who was recently Africa delegates in the Council debate and was the object sentenced to death for treason, and Bratson Mushala. of bitter remark by many speakers. (United Nations press South Africa's activities, he said, were designed to-change releases SC/3780-3, New York Times, July 30, 31, 1976) Zambia's policy with regard to the liberation of southern This wnoie question of sanctions, which is one of the Africa and to put an end to Zambia's support for SWAPO few effective weapons that African countries could use and the other liberation movements. against South Africa, highlights at the same time African Mwale urged the Council to take action along the economic weakness and dependence on the Western following lines: to isolate totally the white racist regimes world, and the divisions between the Western-oriented of Southern ALfrica, demand South African respect for the African countries and the more progressive African na sovereignty and territorial integrity of Zambia and other tions. The result has been that the OAL" has always been "front line states", declare that South Africa should unable to obtain a commitrnent from its'members to take relinquish forthwith its illegal hold on Namibia, and effective action against South Africa, or against those express its unqualified support of SWAPO and the other Western interests which support the apartheid regime, but southern African liberation movements. on which they themselves are deperdent for financial aid The representative of South Africa came before the and investment. As Western observers at the Summit ouncil to claim his Government's ignorance of the attack pointed out, imposing sanctions on South Africa would MH9lto blame the "instability" in southern Africa on the mean for several African countries imposing sanctions on 0flYVIties of the liberation movements. In keeping with themselves. The disappointing resolution on sanctions was accompanied by another weak resolution on airline con power is a violation of the Charter and of UN resolutions nections. While acknowledging the fact that airlines flying on self-determination and decolonization, but simply ask to and from South Africa have pool arrangements with ing member states of the UN to seek effective alternatives South African Ariways which in fact enable the South to the right of veto enjoyed by the permanent members, Africans to use the African airspace and facilities although so that the will of the international community would not they are barred from them, the Summit postponed action be thwarted. (OAU documents CM/Cttee A/Draft Res. 1, once again. It merely referred the question to a confer 2, 4, 9, 14, 20, 25; Africa News, July 5, 1976; Observer, ence of "experts" which should report to the next session London, July 4, 1976; Guardian, London, July 7, 1976; of the Council of Ministers. Star, Johannesburg, weekly edition, June 26, July 10, Finally, the resolution on sports links with South 1976; Sunday Times, Johannesburg, July 4, 1976.) Africa was also rather weak, again reflecting fundamental divisions between the pro-Western and the progressive OAU ADOPTS UNIFIED STAND ON SOUTHERN camps. Incensed at New Zealand's decision to send a AFRICA rugby team to play in South Africa immediately after the The OAU Summit concluded its work on July 7 with a Soweto massacre, several African countries had called for number of strong resolutions on Southern Africa, despite a total boycott of the Olympics if New Zealand was deep internal rifts on a variety of issues which had led allowed to participate. Eventually, the resolution adopted observers to describe the meeting as a trial of African appealed to all member states to reconsider their partici solidarity comparable to the crisis over Angloa earlier this pation if New Zealand was not barred by the Olympics year. Committee., (Despite the mild wording of he resolution, The meeting was beset by controversies even before it however, most African countries did quit the Olympics, started, when the decision to convene the session in with the exception of Tunisia, Sengal, and Ivory Coast). Mauritius was challenged because of the island's close The meeting also took a number of decisions on links, especially economic, with South Africa. Another Angola, which show that the conflicts which had wrecked dispute related to the fact that Mauritius is one of the few the last OAU Summit hav been overcome and'that the Commonwealth countries which has retained the English People's Republic now enjoys a wide consensus within the Queen as titular head of State. Since the OAU Chairman Organization. One resolution denounced the continued ship falls by tradition to the head of State of the host acts of hostility against Angola and condemned the country, Idi Amin had threatened to press the issue in a recruitment and training of mercenaries attempting to bid for a second term as OAUIChairman. Both questions, overthrow the Angolan Government. The OAU called on however, were resolved before the beginning of the session member states to place at the disposal of the PRA all and Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauri political, diplomatic, financial, material and military re tius, was elected Chairman. sources to enable it to face external aggression, particular The Summit itself was rocked by' regional contro ly from South Africa. The resolution reaffirmed the right versies, some of which have occupied the OAU practically of the PRA to have the political regime of its choice and since its inception, but have seemed to come to a head in to establish relations of cooperation with all countries of recent months because of a number of developments. its choice and to solicit all assistance in exercise of its Mauritania and Morocco at one point threatened to" sovereignty (an obvious reference to the Cubans). withdraw from the OAU in their confrontation with In another resolution on Angola, the Summit con Algeria-and the liberation movement Polisario (supported demned the U.S. veto of Angola's membership in the by Algeria)-over the question of 'the Western Sahara, United Nations as being contrary to the Charter and a which became independent from Spain last year. The challenge to the OAU. It called on the OAU, the Non Ethiopia-Somali border dispute flared up again with the Aligned Conference, and all states members of the UN to impending independence of the territory of Djibouti. The • support Angola's admission to the nxt session of the UN Israeli raid at Entebbe ariport led to bitter accusations by Law of the Sea Conference as a full member. Uganda against Kenya of collusion with Israel. Sudan, The continued presence of mercenaries operating which was threatened by a coup against the Nimeiry against the PRA and the reported recruitment of mercen regime during the Summit, accused Libya of having aries by the Rhodesian army led the Summit to adopt a sponsored the attempt. resolution condemning mercenaries as agents of the ene Despite these growing conflicts, which undermine Afri mies of Africa, who are determined to obstruct the can solidarity and open the way to imperialist maneuvers struggle against colonialism and racial domination. The (such as the recent United States decision to supply arms Summit congratulated Angola for its presentation of a to Kenya and Zaire), the OAU Summit was able to adopt Draft Convention on Mercenaries, which would be sub a unified stand on Southern Africa. Nevertheless, the need mitted to states members of the OAU for study and to maintain unity on this question led to some watering comments, with a view to adoption by the next Council down of essential provisions in a few resolutions. While of Ministers meeting in February, 1977. the final text of the resolutions is not yet available, the, Constant frustration in the United Nations because of preliminary drafts (as adopted by the Political Committee the Western Powers' abuse of the veto power (such as on of the Conference of Ministers) show the outlines of Angola's membership, on sanctions against South Africa, future OAU strategy on Southern Africa. etc.) led to a debate in the Summit on the possibility of The Soweto massacre and reports of growing nuclear revision of the UN charter. Sekou Toure of Guinea argued collaboration with South Africa by the United States, that the Security Council was an anachronistic body France, West Germany and other Powers dominated the having a racist bias, given that Africa is not represented as debate on South Africa. To this must be added the new a permanent member with the power of veto. He called aggressive posture adopted by the South African regime for constitutional changes that would give the OAU such a against independent Africa, as shown by the aggression in power. Eventually, the Summit adopted a more cautiously Angola and the recent invasion of a Zambian town under worded resolution, affirming that the misuse of the veto pretext of attacking a SWAPO camp, as well as the recently adopted Defence Amendment Bill by which states from recognizing the fraudulent independence of South Africa arrogates itself the right to strike anywhere the "bantustans." The fact that the OAU reached unanim. in Africa to defend its borders. The result has been a ity on the question was reportedly a shock for the Chief change in African attitudes away from the negotiating Matanzima, the dictatorial ruler of the Transkei, who had posture adopted with the Dar-es-Salaam Declaration, hoped to achieve recognition from some of the more which assigned priority to the solution of the Rhodesian Western-oriented states in-Africa, such as the Ivory Coast and Namibian question, to a concern with the immediate and the Central African Republic. South African observers need to tackle the question of South African liberation noted that Western countries which might have been itself. considering recognition would now have to take the OAU In one of its most strongly worded resolutions, the stand into account in their diplomatic calculations. The OAU Summit affirmed that the only effective guarantees resolution, which is strengthened by the similar approach for the African people of South Africa against the repeti taken by the United Nations in opposition to the "bantu tion of massacres is the launching of the armed struggle stans," has thus shattered South Africa's maneuvers to for the siezure of power by the people. The Summit make apartheid acceptable to the international commun. and ity. resolved to extend maximum political, economic Other provisions adopted military assistance to the movements to enable them to by the OAU strongly'con execute the armed struggle. It also appealed to all friendly demned nuclear collaboration with South Africa, called it countries, especially the Non-Aligned Conference and the a hostile act against all of Africa, and called on France to Arab League, to increase their support to the liberation rescind its decision to sell nuclear reactors to South movements. At the same time, the OAU declared that an Africa, and on the other Western countries, Japan and act of aggression against ary independent African state by Israel, to terminate all nuclear collaboration with South South Africa is an act of aggression against the whole of Africa. The Summit also recommended that the OAU Africa, thereby assuring the "front line" states (Mozam member states take strong measures against transnational bique, Angola, Zambia, Tanzania, Botswana) of African corporations collaborating with South Africa in the nu help in case of attack. clear and military fields. However, no action against other Repeating its previous stand against the "bantustans" transnationals (which would be sensitive to African pres in uncompromising terms, the OAU went a step further sure in view of the fact that they invest both in South than in the past by making it mandatory for-its Members Africa and in independent Africa) was decided upon. not to accord recognition to the Transkei when it sup Similarly, the question of economic sanctions against posedly becomes "independent" on October 26. The South Africa was not dealt with in any detail, except by OAU declared that violation of this collective commit denouncing all cooperation with South Africa by OAU ment by any member state would be seen as a betrayal of member states, by appealing to all countries to implement not only the fighting people of South Africa but the sanctions, and by requesting the oil-producing countries entire continent. The resolution committed-the OAU to establish an effective embargo against South Africa. through the African group at the United Nations and African diplomatic representatives throughout the world to wage a concerted campaign to dissuade U.N. member U.S. and Southern Africa_____ KISSINGER AND VORSTER MEET Both Kissinger and Vorster were virtually silent about Only one week after the uprisings in Soweto broke out, the results of the two-day meeting. Kissinger had stressed Secretary Kissinger met Prime Minister Vorster in Ger to the press that the talks were merely "exploratory" and many on June 23-24. The meeting came as no surprise; that no conclusions would be reached. The report on the Kissinger had told the Senate Foreign Relations Commit talks in the government-owned mouthpiece South African tee in a report on his April trip to Africa that the US Digest of July 2 was characteristic of the vagueness of planned to start "serious conversations" with South Afri official comments: "A significant aspect of the talks was ca on the "evolution of southern Africa." that they did not come to an impasse." Another report It was widely believed in Washington that the main said that the only agreement was for the two leaders to topic of the high-level talks would be what Vorster would meet again, and the July 20 Washington Post quoted the be prepared to do to accomplish a "moderate" solution in Rand Daily Mail speculating ihat a second session of talks Rhodesia and to set a timetable for independence in would begin within the next five or six weeks. Thi' story Namibia. As Kissinger told the House International Rela suggests that the venue might be Iran, although the tions Committee, "The question I want to explore is Iranian Ambassador in Washington rejected this possibili whether South Africa is prepared to separate its own ty. future from Rhodesia and Namibia." Kissinger told re Speculation in the press on the contents of the talks, porters, who asked if the "riots" would force him to call centering on Rhodesia, began in late July. The most off the talks, that the talks would go on because South important article so far is a July 20 New York Times Africa is an essential element to any solution in southern report from London by Bernard Weinraub. The focus is Africa. Because of the recent uprisings in South Africa, on possible guarantees to white Rhodesians in the event of the Congressional Black Caucus and others demanded that majority rule, consistent with Kissinger's emphasis in his majority rule in South Africa be made the main agenda April 25 Lusaka speech on majority rule with minority item for the talks, but it is likely that the crisis-manage rights. (See also Zimbabwe section) The proposals which ment attitude of Secretary Kissinger kept the focus on arebeing considered include compensation for property Rhodesia and Namibia. to whites who want to leave, establishment of a bank to joint shipping company, and long standing cultural ties. would then have to be cut back. The overall strategy is to In view of deficiencies in materialand administrative put the nation on a secure ecomonic footing before resources, the short run policy for development is to moving in other -sectors. There Is no room for utopianism concentrate on productive investment rather than quickly in the pragmatic plans for Cape Verdian development. consume the scarce resources on social welfare which Neighbors BOTSWANA STRUGGLES-tOR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE A decade of relative isolation is coming to an end for Botswana as the advance of the liberation movements in Southern Africa compels its leaders to take sides against the remaining white dominated states. Since Mozambique closed its borders with Rhodesia, pressure on President Seretse Khama has intensified to cut the railway link between Rhodesia and South Africa which runs through his country. But the problems result ing from closure would be even more severe for Botswana than those suffered by the Mozambicans. The railway line and all its rolling stock are owned by the Rhodesians, who also provide all the personnel. Closing the border and the rail link would cut off Botswana's lifeline: coal and oil supplies would be exhausted within ten days; the millions of dollars in foreign exchange received from Rhodesia for the use of the line, and income from copper and beef exports would disappear (Manchester Guardian, April 18, 1976) In an effort to mitigate the difficulties which closure would cause, President Khama has taken several steps. His visit to India. in April reportedly resulted in a promise of Indian rolling stock and personnel to run the railways and train managerial and maintenance staff. (Star, Johannes burg, June 25, 1976) Two oil storage depots are being built outside the capital of Gaberones which will allow for a four-month reserve. (Manchester Guardian, April 18, 1976) Also, construction is continuing on the 700 mile all-weather road to Kazangula, the town on the Zambesi BOTSWANA ferry link to Zambia, and Botswana's only section of Roads: projected and completed border with a black-ruled nation. Railroads This road, financed by a $70 million loan from the ment official. At present, nearly half of the wage-earning United States, Sweden, West Germany, and the World population of this nation of less than 700,000 people Bank, will provide an alternative export and import route works in the South African mines. (Washington Post, June for Zaire and Zambia as well, which currently ship goods 30, 1976) through the-officially closed border between Zambia and At the same time, Khama's continuiqg need for South Rhodesia to South Africa or via Botswana and on to African aid and approval is evidenced in his call for a South Africa. The South Africans are quite interested in summit meeting between African leaders from inside and the road since they believe, probably correctly, that it will outside South Africa with Prime Minister John Vorster. increase their trade with Zaire and Zambia, reinforcing the He said that political prisoners should be released for the economic dependence of those countries upon South talks so that they can all together discuss ways by which Africa. (Star, Johannesburg, June 5, 1976) "South Africa can change the present system that is Botswana, which is currently a virtual economic de objectionable to non-Whites." (Star, Johannesburg, June pendent of South Africa, is now struggling to loosen its 26, 1976) ties. In August its currency will cease to be the South Roger Hawkins, Minister of Transport and Power, African Rand and will become the "Pula", which means shrugged off the potential effect on Rhodesia if Botswana rain. The word is also used as the ceremonial greeting, an sealed the border, asserting that the remaining rail link indication of the importance of rain and water in general directly to Beitbridge on the South African border could for this semi-arid country. (Manchester Guardian, April handle the traffic. The South Africans, however, are less 18, 1976) sanguine. "The effect on Rhodesia would be drastic," Khama is also making an effort to attract foreign predicted the Star of June 5; the already overloaded rail investment to counterbalance the heavy South African line from Beitbridge to the south would have great investment which now prevails. The country has rich difficulty handling the increased traffic. Even if it could deposits of diamonds and other minerals and "is on all the accommodate all the Rhodesian goods, the Zambian and investors' maps," according to a United Nations develop- Zairean goods which use that route would be turned buy land from whites at a guaranteed floor price, and 1972 platform. On the other hand, the 1972 document guaranteeing pension benefits of Rhodesian civil servants. called for "sharply reduced" military aid, which is not The US, with Great Britain, would probably finance such mentioned this year. Ironically, the point has less signifi proposals, and the expense could be considerable. The cance in 1972 than it would have now, when the US is New York Times has already given such a plan its editorial initiating a much-expanded program of military sales and blessing, saying every effort should be made to associate aid to Africa, beginning with Kenya, Zaire, and Ethiopia. black African governments with such a plan. In fact, Nor does the platform deal with the crucial question of Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs William stemming growing American financial participation, in Schaufele was dispatched to Africa after the talks to cluding new investment, in the South African economy, report to various African leaders. Several African leaders, which is largely dependent on such outside contributions including President Nyerere of Tanzania, have suggested for its future growth. This is not surprising, perhaps, given compensating white Rhodesians who want to leave, but the predisposition of the Africa Study Group. A crucial none -have publicly countenanced making guarantees'to section of their submission says that Administration "poli whites who would want to stay, particularly when rights cy blunders" are "imperilling vital US interests on the for the majority have not been established. following critical issues: a) Preserving US access to Raw Materials and Energy; b) Protecting US Trade and Mark DEMOCRATS ADOPT AFRICA PLATFORM ets; c) Protecting Long Term US Investment Interests in Besides selecting Jimmy Carter as its nominee for Africa; d) Protecting US Strategic Interests Respecting President, the Demogratic Party agreed at its July conven Africa." tion on a party platform, which includes a section on It is no secret that these interests, deemed "vital" by Africa. The platform drafting committee, whose members the Democrats have clashed with national revolutionary ranged from anti-war activists to Daniel Patrick Moynihan, movements in many parts of the world. They may well do accepted most of the recommendations of the Democratic so again in southern Africa. Foreign Affairs Task Force's "Study Group on Africa." FIGHT AGAINST NUCLEAR EXPORTS TO SOUTH The Study Group was headed by Goler T. Butcher, an AFRICA BECOMES MORE INTENSE attorney and former aide to Rep. Charles Diggs, and Liberation movement spokesmen, fourteen members of Wayne Fredericks, Lyndon Johnson's top man on Africa the Black Caucus and a number of anti-apartheid groups in the 1960's. have'filed legal papers with the US Nuclear Regulatory Essentially the African section is a restatement. of Commission to try to put a stop to US exports of highly liberal Democratic viewpoints on Africa, first put forward enriched uranium in the Kennedy-Johnson era and regularly espoused by to South Africa. On January 22, 1974 and again on October 2, 1974 the Democratic critics of Nixon, Ford, and Kissinger ever NRC had licensed export of 12,529.25 grams of uranium since. However, events over the past two years have forced with an enrichment even Kissinger to accept, belatedly, many of the positions of approximately 93%. Again on January 6, 1975 20,759.65 grams were licensed advocated by liberal Democrats, especially in public pro for export. The current application by the exporter, US nouncements such as his April speech in Lusaka, Zambia. Nuclear, Inc. The result is that many Democrats are no longer critics is for 25,713.50 grams of the same degree of enrichment, called the weapons grade because it is suffi but supporters of Kissinger; Carter himself said on June 23 that "I personally agree with the recent posture taken ciently enriched to be used 'for an atom bomb. All of these applications have in the past have been routinely by Secretary Kissinger as relates to Africa." (New York approved as a part of the US Atoms Times, June 24, 1976) for Peace plan in which the US Nonetheless, the platform does propose several steps hoped to unburden itself of the onus of its which would amount to a substantial change in US policy. own nuclear stockpile by selling enriched uranium for Declaring that "eight years of indifference, accompanied scientific and medical and other peaceful purposes under what by increasing cooperation with racist regimes, have left are alleged to be appropriate safeguards. The petitioners in the proceedings our influence and prestige in Africa at an historical low," filed with the the platform calls for: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, however, claim that the NRC should not have granted the licenses in the past and should not do so now without " an Africa-centered policy, and not a corollary of US a specific finding that the proposed export is not "inimical to the common Soviet policy which produced the Angola fiasco defense * increased economic aid, especially to the Sahel and security," a finding which, the petitioners argue, the " unequivocal support for majority rule in southern Commission simply cannot make in regard to South Africa Africa. Not only has " non-recognition of Bantustan "independence" in South Africa not signed the Nulcear South Africa Non-Proliferation Treaty, but it has indicated a desire to "maximize its nuclear options, including those * strengthening of the arms embargo against South that are militarily Africa. related." Because of its advanced nuclear tech * withdrawal of tax credits for businesses operating in nol'ogy, including the ability to enrich uranium for itself, South Africa Namibia and paying taxes to South Africa has the capability of building nuclear wea * enforcement of Rhodesian sanctions and repeal of pons. Furthermore, the petitioners contend that some of the Byrd Amendment South Africa's nuclear facilities, such as the Valindaba * normalization of relations with Angola enrichment plant and the Pelindaba research reactor, are * increased participation of black Americans in not subject to International Atomic Energy Agency safe formulation of African policy. guards, which are themselves deficient. Because of rising black tension and anger over Apartheid, South Africa The items dealing with Bantustans, the arms embargo, could withdraw into itself and divert uranium to' make Angola, and black Americans are additions to the party's weapons. Given the fact that licenses have already been granted and the audience of the Today show in the. United States in the past on an almost routine basis, the petitioners face that the guerillas would reject anything short of immedi an uphill battle even to be allowed an open hearing on the ate and unconditional transfer of power to the black issues. But it is clear that Conqressional sentiment is majority. The guerillas ruled out any advance guarantees moiqn the direction of openly questioning the wisdom of compensation to whites for land and property, an issue of ruclear exports and of the viability of safeguards. The which Kissinger has stressed in hopes of securing a future Nuclear Regulatory Commission, however, has been given for Whites and stemming a white flight. Mugabe said that vir~pally dictatorial powers, which even the President Zimbabwe's land was "God-given" and that it had been cannot touch. Its decision is final. worked by Africans, who could place counter-claims for Appearing for the petitioners is Goler Butcher, former exploitation. counsel for the Diggs Committee on Africa of the House Solarz also talked with Whites and ruled out their of Representatives, Michael Peay and William Ware of the acceptance of any such terms. From the evidence he has Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights under Law are gathered, he has concluded that Kissinger's policy of co-counsel. Black Caucus support of the petition was seeking a negotiated solution to the Zimbabwe conflict is almost unanimous. Only Barbara Jordan, Yvonne Brath "based on illusion" and has called for US humanitarian waite Burke and Harold Ford have failed to join in so far. and medical aid to the liberation forces. Solarz' views are Organizations which have joined the suit include the interesting not only because he has broken with the American Committee on Africa, Episcopal Churchmen for general view expressed by liberals supporting Kissinger's South Africa, SWAPO and the Washington Office on efforts, but because he has been a sophisticated advocate Africa. Individuals include Thami Mhlambiso of ANC of Israel, a nation with few friends left in black Africa (South Africa), and Theo-Ben Gurirab of SWAPO, and especially since Prime Minister Vorster's visit to Israel in Elizabeth Landis, a leading expert on Namibian legal April to forge an economic and perhaps military alliance. questions. The so-called "Third Force" of the Zimbabwe national Meanwhile, South Africa has been forced through ist movement will get a chance to tell its case to an even public pressure to shift the contract for the construction more important Congressional spokesman of liberalism on of a nuclear power plant from a US-Dutch-Swiss consor Africa when Senator Dick Clark of Iowa, chairman of 1he tium led by General Electric to the French Framatome Africa Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Company. Supporters of the legal campaign point to this Committee, visits Mozambique this November. Clark as evidence of the growing power of political opposition hopes to visit the guerrilla camps themselves and talk to to dealings with South Africa which feed the possibility of the guerrilla leaders of the ZILA directly as well as to nuclear holocaust to defend apartheid. Mugabe. One factor which is likely to influence Clark's perception of the Zimbabwe situation is his close relation CONGRESSIONAL TRIPS TO SOUTHERN AFRICA ship With the African American Institute, which has FOCUS ON RHODESIA recently signed a contract to administer some $4 million An articulate young member of the House-Committee in training funds, which will probably be appropriated on International Relations has returned from an Africa shortly, on behalf of the Nkomo faction of the African trip convinced that the Kissinger plan for a negotiated National Council. But Clark is determined to hear from all settlement in Zimbabwe just won't work. Brooklyn parties among the Zimbabwe nationalist groups. Democrat Stephen J. Solarz talked directly with Robert In addition to his stay in Mozambique, Clark plans to Mugabe, secretary general of ZANU and Edgar Tekeri, a spend time in Zambia, South Africa, Kenya and Tanzania member of the ZANU central committee, on July 7th at and may also try to get to Somalia and Ethiopia. Quelimane, a coastal city some 200 miles northeast of Beira, in Mozambique. He told reporters in Johannesburg U, s. action news MOBIL: FUELING RACISM IN RHODESIA For eight years, Mobil Oil amd-other oil giants have a d notes been supplying Rhodesia with its oil needs, despite UN sanctions. The Center for Social Action of the 1.8 million then distributes to the refining companies in Rhodesia, member Protestant United Church of Christ, (UCC) re including Mobil. An elaborate "paper chase" of billing to vealed the process and secret documents from inside the six bogus corporations was established in order to make it Mobil organization at a press conference in June. Center appear that Mobil in South Africa was not making any director Rev. Larold K. Schulz explained that the docu sales to Rhodesia, and thus violating U.S. sanctions laws. ments were obtained by mail from a group in South The second purpose of the billing was to confound any Africa called Okhela, which describes itself as made up of person pursuing an investigation of the sales. "white patriots" who clandestinely support the African Mobil's initial response to the Center for Social Action National Congress. disclosures was to issue a statement "denying charges that The oil came from Mobil's South African refinery and it has contravened US restrictions on trade with Rhode was shipped by Freight Services, Ltd, owned by Harry sia." The response stated that Mobil headquarters "have Oppenheimer's Anglo-American empire. A ,Freight Ser gone to considerable effort to make sure that all our vices representative contacted by the New York Times affiliates . .. have been informed of the requirements of responded to questions with the comment: "we do not US law". Mobil may be perfectly correct in its denial disclose the identities or details of the business activities" however, since there are large loopholes in the law so that of the companies we ship for. it does not necessarily stop Mobil's South African affiliate Genta, a secret corporation established by the Rhode from trading with Rhodesia, but only prohibits knowledge sian government, acts as the importer of the oil, which it and complicity in the scheme by U.S. officers of the company. Nevertheless, as the UCC report charges, "With ACOA's memo also details a contract between a black three U.S. citizens who are or have been both directors of cosmetics firm based in Meridian, Ms. to market hair Mobil (South Africa) and very senior executives within straighteners and skin lighteners through a South African' Mobil (USA), it is difficult to see how Mobil (USA) could pharmacy chain, Andrew Harding Pty Ltd. The memo be said not to know of the sanctions-breaking activities of describes the history of the contract, based on informa its subsidiary." The Times report also cites the existence tion from local Mississippi activists. of a Mobil executive who "is said to have authenticated In 1974 Dr. Carlton Turner, Associate Director of the the broad outlines of the company's secret activity in University of Mississippi Research Institute for Pharma southern Africa" and presumably confirmed the knowl ceutical Sciences went to a conference on Alcohol and edge of U.S. officials. Drug dependence in South Africa. The charges are now under investigation by the U.S. yvhile there he met a white businessman, Andrew Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control. Harding who runs a chain of pharmacies in South Africa. Further, following testimony by Rev. Schulz before the Out of their discussions came the introduction of Harding UN Security Council sanctions committee, the US Gov to Charles Young, president of E.F. Young Co., an ernment is being asked to respond to the allegations invitation from the Mississippi University Research Insti within two months. Hearings on the matter may be held tute of Pharmaceutical Sciences to Harding and some in the fall by Senator Dick Clark's Subcommittee on fellow businessmen to visit the U.S., and a five year Africa and Congressman Donald Fraser's Subcommittee contract signed between Young and Harding. on International Organizations. And Representative Under this contract E.F. Young, which is headquartered Charles Diggs has telegrammed the White House calling for in Meridian, Mississippi, will supply a wide range of its "immediate amendment of the sanctions regulations to special "black" cosmetics skin lighteners and hair straigt cover US owned or controlled subsidiaries Wherever eners to the Harding Co., which will market them in located." South Africa. The contract, obviously seen as a triumph With the Zimbabwe liberation armies poised for a by the South Africans was signed in front of Governer takeover, it may be difficult to arouse interest in sanctions Finch of Mississippi, in a partying atmosphere which enforcement now, yet the Center's report concludes: included the presentation of South African gifts to the "Today a tiny white population of Rhodesia hangs onto Governor. power with a tenacity few could have foreseen. But no In a hard-hitting statement Henry J. Kirksey, an in amount of determination by them could have kept their dependent black politician running for the Senate against economy and military machine operating if they had not incumbent John Stennis, attacked the contract and said received a steady flow of oil supplies." The report is "The native people of South Africa and Rhodesia don't available from the Office of Church & Society UCC, 297 need any cosmetics. They need help to get the European Park Avenue South, New York NY 10010 for $1.00. ,apartheid thieves off their backs." (Memo 8/2/76) OPPOSE MERCENARY ACTIVITY IN TEXAS EXPOSE SOUTH AFRICA LINKS IN U.S. The Texas Black Caucus, Texas State Representatives The American Committee on Africa released a three Joe Bernal and G.J. Sutton, San Antonio City Councilman page memorandum describing the contract between the Claude Black and Texas NAACP leader Lillian Sutton U.S. public relations firm of Sydney S. Baron & Co. and Taylor are among those who have endorsed a campaign to the South African government's Department of Informa stop mercenary recruitment to Rhodesia in the South tion. News of the contract became known when Andrew west. The Caucus adopted a resolution calling for strict Hatcher, .a black vice president, of Baron, (and formerly enforcement of U.S. laws against mercenary recruitment assistant press secretary for President Kennedy) debated and calling on the Democratic convention to oppose George Houser, ACOA's white executive director on mercenaries and all other forms of U.S. aid to the white NBC-TV's "Today" show. The Baron organization re minority regime. ceives $1,000 a day, all year round or $365,000 annually. Mario Salas, who chairs the 30 person Committee The contract, filej with the Justice Department under Against Mercenary Recruitment and U.S. Intervention in the Foreign Agents Registration Act, details the responsi Foreign Countries in San Antonio, explained that his bility of the company to South Africa. group is seeking names for a petition with the following The Consultant will "make every effort to encourage goals: discouraging tourism in Rhodesia, boycotticig the American business and financial community to be Rhodesian goods, and end to bank loans and freedom f~r come acquainted with the economic opportunity offered all political prisoners in southern Africa. / by the Republic of South Africa... Will "promote The Committee arose in response to a report carriedf n exchanges of visits between the U.S. and the Republic of the San Antonio Light about a certain Mile Gonzalez, South Africa .. " acting on behalf of an unamed El Paso man, recruiting "Assist the Department of Information in the prppara persons to a group called "American Aid for Rhodesia" tion and distribution of press releases, publication, analy (AAR). The drive is aimed at persons with military ses, reports, films and other communication vehicles .. " backgrounds, but Gonzalez claimed "We will not be "Counsel the Department of Information concerning taking any arms or ammunition". A local attorney con tourisnm programs ...... firmed that Gonzalez contacted him about setting up a "Undertake such public opinion surveys in the United tax-deductible conduit for funds for the Smith regime. States as the Department of Information deem necessary Gonzalez claimed that AAR was recruiting in El Paso, to determine American attitudes and opinions concerning Phoenix, Los Angeles and Houston and had 400 pros Africa." the Republic of South pects. Gonzalez is apparently one other of the many "Furnish the Department of Information with analyses individuals actively recruiting for the Rhodesian army. and interpretations of political and sociological develop (San Antonio Light News, 5/23; 6/13/76) The Committee ments in the United States affecting the Republic of Against the Mercenaries can be contacted at P.O. Box South Africa when so requested .... " 893, San Antonio, Texas 78293 update SOUTH AFRICA CLAMPSDOWN ON MILITANTS and continuing skirmisheshan, stalledrepair work. The South Africangovernment is movingon two fronts Both Zambia and Zairerely on the Benguela railroad to to quashcontinuing resitance by blacksto its apartheid get substantial quantities of copper to port at Lobito, on pelicis: it is cracking down hard on what it regardsas the Angolancoast. militant troublemakers and atthe sametime it is making concessions tomollify thebitterness of Africans. PENTAGONCONSIDERS TRANSKEI NAVAL BASE Following weeksof intermittent protest in Mack town A recent issue of the U.S. Army's Military Review ship;around the country, police arrestedsnores of African proposes that the U.S. establish a navl base in the leadersin August, among them Winnie Mandele, Steve Transkei-one of South Africa's Mack "homelands," Biko and many prominent members of the SouthAfrican which is dated to get independencein October.Writing in Councilof Churches. Chargesagainst the detaineeswere the Review, MajorWesley Groesbeck of the Army Intelli. not made public, but it is thought that mat arebeing gence Staff says the U.S. arms embargo against South held under the tough new Internal Sacurity Act. Africa will probably continue in spite of the Defense in the midst of the police swoop, however, South Department's desire to end it, but he suggests a way African authorities moved to liberalize urban leusehold around the diplomatic embarrassmentof direct tieswith regulatlons, so that urban Africans can now own their South Afnca' white government. homeswithout taking outhomeland citzenship. Groesbeck argues that the Transkei-whose indepen dencewill be contested widely-will welcomea U.S. naval SWAPO ROLE SOUGHT IN NAMIBIA TALKS presence. He also points out the U.S. is losingaccess to Diplomatic sources in New York and Washingtonsay other ports on Africa's coastlinesand that the Transkel's there are indications that a quiet campaign is in effect to portsare closn to the strategicallyvital Capesea lanes. "destabilize" SWAPO,the Namibianindependence maneo The article carries a reminder that it doesn'treflect went Sourcessoy the action-backed principally by Bri official U.S. thinking, but expertswho monitor defense tain and the U.S-is designed to promote a moderate activities say it is a "trial balloon" for the Pentagon. lactionwithin the movementthat will accept a negotiated Military strategists are orried about what they seeas settlement with South Africa, the' controlling foreign increasedSoviet influence in Angola and Mozambique.the power sinceWorld War One. flanksof southern Africa. Sources say that the internal pressurewithin SWAPO could well forcethe leadership to accept a settlement that SOUTH AFRICA WARNED ON ZAMBIA ATTACKS fagsshort of is long-term demands. SWAPOhas de The United Nations Socuriry Council last month mandedthat all South Africanforces must be withdrawn, warned South Africa againstfurther attacks on Zambian all political prisoners released, and Namibian exiles border outposts in their campaign to root out SWAPO allowedno return beforeit could agree to talks on the guerrillas.The Council hearda presentationfrom Zambian territory'sfuture. Foreign Minister SisekeMwmale, in which he charged South South African-sponsored constigunionaltalks in the African troopswith violating Zambianterritory fourteen Namibian capital of Windhoek continued through the times since January-incidents that South Africa denies month of August. however. with delegatesfrom the altogether. country's ethnic groups discussingstructures for a future Mwale said he was pleasedwith the Security Council government. resolution,which he describedas "very very strong." "They have told South Africa never to useNamibia a RHODESIA ESCALATESEASTERN BORDER WAR is base for attacking Zambia and Front-Linestates," said The Mozambicangovernment claimed last month that Mwale, "and they also repeated that South Africa Is In Rhodesian forces attacked a refugeecamp near the village Namibia illegally." of Nhagomia and killed over 600 men. women and cidren. MUZOREWASUPPORTERS CHARGED WITH A Rhodesianmilitary communique issued earlier had BOMBINGS describedthe incursion as an attackon Zimbabwenation Eight membersof the faction of the ZimbabweAfrican alist guerrillas attheir basecamp. The Salisbury state National Council led by Bishop Abel Muzorewahave been ment, said that 300guerrilla had beenkilled-an occasion chargedwith responsibility for two bomb blaststhat ook for celebration among the government'swhite constit place in Salisbury in July. The eight men tacodeath uency,some of who felt the offensive was long overdue. sentencesunder Rhodesia'sLaw and Order Maintenance outh Africanwhites reacted differently to news of the Act, and all pleaded guilty at the start of their trial in Rhodesianaction-the latest and largestin a seriesof 'hot Salisbury. puursit" border crossings.Both Afrikaans and English language newspaperscriticized Rhodesia and cautioned RHODESIARESTRICTS FOREIGN JOURNALISTS that further atacks on Mozambique might draw outside The white regime in Rhodesiahas issuednew regula powersinto the conflict. tions applying to foreign rinmalists,who will now be required to obtain specialresidence permits before MPLA SAYS BENGUELATRAFFIC TO RESUME enter. lag the country. The new measuresam evidence that the The Angolan governmentsays it isworking as fas wit government is feeling increasing pressurefrom Zimbabwe can to reopen the Benguelarailway to normal traffic. The nationalist guerrilas. line was closeddue to damagedone during the recent war.

The Mozambique Film Project Announces the Premiere of 0 POVO ORGANIZADO

0 POVO ORGANIZADO (THE PEOPLE ORGANIZED) IS PRODUCED BY ROBERT VAN LIEROP AND TAKES UP WHERE 'A LUJTA CONTINUA' LEAVES OFF. THIS 16M! COLOR FILM WAS SHOT THROUGHOUT MOZAMBIQUE IN LATE 1975.

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