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'Black Atlantic' Cultural Politics As Reflected in Panamanian Literature

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'Black Atlantic' Cultural Politics As Reflected in Panamanian Literature University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2005 'Black Atlantic' Cultural Politics as Reflected in anamanianP Literature Sonja Stephenson Watson University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Modern Languages Commons Recommended Citation Watson, Sonja Stephenson, "'Black Atlantic' Cultural Politics as Reflected in anamanianP Literature. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2005. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2320 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Sonja Stephenson Watson entitled "'Black Atlantic' Cultural Politics as Reflected in anamanianP Literature." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Modern Foreign Languages. Michael Handelsman, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Óscar Rivera-Rodas, Dolly J. Young, Luis Cano, La Vinia Jennings Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Sonja Stephenson Watson entitled "'Black Atlantic' Cultural Politics as Reflected in Panamanian Literature." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Modern Foreign Languages. Michael Handelsman _______________________________ Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: __Óscar Rivera-Rodas___________ __Dolly J. Young_______________ __Luis Cano___________________ __La Vinia Jennings_____________ Accepted for the Council: ___ Anne Mayhew_______ Vice Chancellor and Dean of Graduate Studies (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) ‘BLACK ATLANTIC’ CULTURAL POLITICS AS REFLECTED IN PANAMANIAN LITERATURE A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Sonja Stephenson Watson August 2005 ii Copyright © 2005 by Sonja Stephenson Watson All rights reserved. iii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my wonderful husband and best friend Mr. Marcus Jermaine Watson, my loving parents Mr. and Mrs. Willie and Millie Stephenson, my sister and confidant Dr. Becky L. Stephenson and to my friend and colleague, Ms. Lori Celaya, all of whom have been with me since the beginning of this intellectual journey. iv Acknowledgments I wish to thank all those who helped me to complete my Doctor of Philosophy degree in Modern Foreign Languages. I would like to thank my dissertation director, advisor, and mentor Dr. Michael Handelsman for his insight, recommendations, and countless attention throughout these seven years. Dr. Handlesman, I owe a great deal of my intellectual growth and development to you. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee: Dr. Óscar Rivera-Rodas, Dr. Dolly J. Young, Dr. Luis Cano, and Dr. La Vinia Jennings for their time and consideration of my work. Dolly, thank you for your constant encouragement. I would also like to thank all of my "unofficial" mentors for giving me advice, encouragement, and words of wisdom: Dr. John Hodges, Dr. Carolyn Hodges, Dr. Dawn Duke, and Dr. Dawn F. Stinchcomb. Lori, thank you for being my friend, confidant, colleague, and proofreader since we began this journey together in 1998. I could not have made it without you. I wish to thank Mr. Charles Gee and Ms. Lori Celaya for providing me with a place to stay during my frequent trips to Knoxville during the final stages of my dissertation and Ms. Yudith María Padilla for giving up her room. Mama and Daddy, thank you for instilling in me the importance of education and for supporting my dreams. Becky, thank you for being a great role model and a tough act to follow. I would like to thank my husband Jermaine for his constant support, encouragement, and understanding throughout this lengthy process. I am grateful for the W.K. McClure summer fellowship which provided financial support to conduct research in Panama in 2002. I greatly appreciate the dissertation year fellowship (2003-2004) from the Southern Regional Educational Board which was instrumental in enabling me to complete this dissertation in a timely fashion. I would v also like to thank the Sociedad de Amigos del Museo Antillano in Panama for embracing me and introducing me to Panamanian West Indian society and culture. I would also like to thank Ms. Inés V. Sealy and Mr. Cecil V. Reynolds for all of those unofficial excursions and trips throughout Panama City. Lastly, I would like to thank all of the Afro-Panamanian writers for providing me with the literature to make this project happen. vi Abstract The diaspora experience is characterized by hybridity, diversity and above all, difference. The nature of the diaspora experience therefore precludes an exclusive articulation of identity. Black identity in Panama is one characterized by this same multiplicity. My dissertation examines race, culture, and ethnicity in the development of Panamanian national identity and is informed by the critical theories of Paul Gilroy, Stuart Hall, and Frantz Fanon. The articulation of Afro-Panamanian identity is both intriguing and complex because there are two groups of blacks on the Isthmus: Spanish- speaking blacks who arrived as a result of slavery (15th -18th centuries) and English- speaking blacks who migrated from the West Indies to construct the Trans-isthmian Railroad (1850-1855) and Panama Canal (1904-1914). The country’s cultural and linguistic heterogeneity not only enriches the study of Panama and illustrates that it is a nation characterized by multiplicity, but it also captures the complexity of the African Diaspora in the Americas. This plurality is evidenced in Afro-Panamanian literary discourse from its inception in the late nineteenth century to the present. This study analyzes the representation of Afro-Hispanics and Afro-Antilleans during different time periods in Panamanian literature, the literature written by Afro- Hispanics, and the literature written by Afro-Antilleans which emerged during the latter half of the twentieth century. Finally, I address how the discourse of both groups of blacks converge and diverge. vii Panamanian literature has been grossly understudied. While its history, geography, and political ties to the United States have been examined extensively by intellectuals from the United States and Latin America, with the exception of a few studies, its literature has been virtually ignored by the Hispanic literary canon. Within the field of Afro-Hispanic literature, black Panamanian literature has also been understudied. With the exception of works published about Gaspar Octavio Hernández, Carlos Guillermo Wilson, and Gerardo Maloney, Afro-Panamanian literature has not been examined comprehensively. My dissertation seeks to fill this void in the field of Afro-Hispanic literature and, hopefully, it will enrich the field of Latin and Central American literature and literary criticism. viii Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter one: The Rhetoric of Nation and the Invisibility of Blackness in the New Republic of Panama…………………………………………………………….........21 Chapter two: The Black Image in Early Twentieth-Century Panamanian Literature......................................................................................................................67 Chapter three: The Social Protest Novels of Joaquín Beleño Cedeño: A Study of the Inherent Conflicts and Contradictions of Anti-imperialism and Negritude in the Canal Zone……………………………………………………………………………94 Chapter four: The Afro-Caribbean Works of Carlos "Cubena" Guillermo Wilson and his (Re) Vision of Panamanian History………………..……………………...140 Chapter five: Race, Language, and Nation in the Works of Three Contemporary Panamanian West Indian Writers: Gerardo Maloney, Melva Lowe de Goodin, and Carlos E. Russell…………………………………………………………………….175 Conclusion: Afro-Panamanian Discourse: From Invisibility to Visibility……….217 List of References........................................................................................................222 Vita................................................................................................................................247 1 Introduction Paul Gilroy in The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness defines the 'Black Atlantic' as "a culture that is not specifically African, American, Caribbean, or British but all of these at once" (3). Gilroy's metaphor describes the multiplicity of the black diaspora and the difficulty in articulating a single collective identity. The nature of the diaspora experience precludes an exclusive articulation of identity. As the black British cultural critic Stuart Hall notes, the diaspora experience is one shaped
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