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2.3 Israeli Civil Society and Social Movements This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. “But It Comes with a Price”: Employment in Social Movement Organizations Mor Kandlik Eltanani PhD in Sociology The University of Edinburgh 2016 1 Declaration This is to certify that the work contained within this thesis has been composed by me and is entirely my own work. No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Mor Kandlik Eltanani 2 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the contribution of the organisations and individuals who contributed to this project. The time and efforts of the participants in my survey, workshops, and interviews has made this thesis possible, and their thoughts, ideas, and experience have made it valuable. I wish to thank my supervisors, Hugo Gorrine and Ailsa Henderson, for their wonderful supervision of this project. I am incredibly grateful for their thoughtful and helpful feedback, and for their continuous support throughout my PhD. I was fortunate to work with many of the researchers and lecturers in the University of Edinburgh. This experience has been invaluable as well as enjoyable. I wish to thank all those I have worked with, and especially Jan Eichhorn, Ailsa Henderson, Alison Koslowski, Valeria Skafida, and Morag Treanor. A special thank you to John MacInnes and Lindsay Paterson for their mentorship. This thesis would not be possible without the friendship and community I found in the School of Social and Political Science. To my friend Isabella Kasselstrand, I appreciate every moment of working together with you, and your immense contribution to this thesis. To all my colleagues and friends, and particularly Gitit Kadar-Satat, Martina Karels, Anna Schneider, and Tirion Seymour. Finally, I would like to thank my family. To my parents, Eyal and Yael, for their support during my entire academic path. To my partner, Yakir – your love, support, and hard work have made this thesis possible. To my daughter, Tamara – for inspiring me and making me happy every single day. 3 Abstract In recent decades, social movements in general and Social Movement Organisations (SMOs) in particular have been going through processes of professionalisation, adopting market goals and methods, and employing on a large scale. Whilst most literature focuses on the impact of such processes for SMO activism, this research focuses on the impact of such moves for SMO staff. This thesis looks at employment and professionalisation in Israeli peace and anti-occupation SMOs, using Social Movement Theory, labour market literature, and a Weberian approach to conceptualise professionalisation, working conditions, and careers in SMOs. The mixed-methods data collection process included a phone survey of 200 workers in 32 SMOs, administrative data collected from the Israeli Bureau of Associations, 5 in-depth interviews and 2 workshops. The quantitative analysis mainly includes a comparison of SMO workers and representative data on the Israeli population and labour market (using the surveys ISSP 2005, ESS 2010, and the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics’ Social Survey 2011), and multilevel analysis using variables at both the organisational and the individual levels. The interviews and workshops used participants as partners, ensuring that the analysis is valid, meaningful, and relevant. Findings reveal that the researched SMO workers are highly educated, with an over- representation of women and Palestinians. They have a higher proportion of part-time positions, shorter tenure, and lower pay considering their educational levels, compared to the general Israeli labour market. While inequalities between Jews and Palestinians are not maintained in SMOs, inequalities between men and women are. Whilst working conditions are not ideal, SMO workers are motivated more by helping others and by professional interest, and less by practical considerations – although these do have a place in their decisions. They tend to stay within the Social Movement Sector, and develop an activism career – in which the organisational style and goals of SMOs compared to those of other sectors make it hard for them to leave the Social Movement Sector. The conceptualisation of professionalisation as bureaucratisation presented in Social Movement Theory matches actual data, and a professionalisation scale was created. Professionalisation may have negative effects on salary and tenure, and no positive effects were seen. These findings are true for SMOs that already employ 4 workers, and they are interesting given that one consequence of professionalisation is creating more SMO employment. Different activity areas seem to offer different working conditions. This dissertation offers a contribution to SMOs and their workers, by highlighting inequalities and problematic issues regarding working conditions. It also enhances our theoretical understanding of SMO workers’ careers and careers in general, as well as of the possible consequences of professionalisation processes. 5 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................ 9 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 The Multi-Level Structure of the Research Subject .................................................................... 11 1.3 Political and Methodological Decisions ..................................................................................... 15 1.4 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 2: The Research Context .......................................................................... 20 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 20 2.2 Historic and Political Context ..................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Israeli Civil Society and Social Movements ............................................................................... 27 2.4 Peace and Anti-Occupation Organisations in Israel .................................................................... 31 2.5 Characteristics of Peace and Anti-Occupation Organisations and Their Workers ...................... 42 2.6 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 3: Literature and analytical framework ................................................. 51 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 51 3.2 Civil Society and Social Movement Organisations .................................................................... 52 3.3 Professionalisation in SMOs ....................................................................................................... 60 3.4 Labour Market Developments and Structure .............................................................................. 65 3.5 Work in Civil Society Organisations .......................................................................................... 70 3.6 Defining Work and Work-Related Motivations .......................................................................... 72 3.7 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 76 Chapter 4: Methods ................................................................................................. 78 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 78 4.2 Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis ................................................................................. 79 4.2.1 SMO Sampling Process ....................................................................................................... 81 4.2.2 Quantitative Data Collection ............................................................................................... 85 4.3 Response Rate ............................................................................................................................. 88 4.3.1 The Survey Data Collection Process and General Response Rate ....................................... 90 4.3.2 Results of Experiment ......................................................................................................... 93 4.3.3 Possible Effects of the Response
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