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Microfilmed 1994 Information to Users U-M-I MICROFILMED 1994 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely, event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms international A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 0411800 lnnokentij Annensky’s “The Cypress Chest”: Contexts, structures and themes Armstrong, Todd Patrick, Ph.D. The Ohio State Univereity, 1093 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 INNOKENTU ANNENSKIJ’S THE CYPRESS CHEST: CONTEXTS, STRUCTURES AND THEMES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Todd Patrick Armstrong, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1993 The Dissertation Committee: Approved by Irene Masing-Delic Frank Silbajoris 7 * ^ ^ ,t/iy George Kalbouss Adviser Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures To Hania and Alex ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express sincere gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Irene Masing- Delic for her guidance, insight and moral support throughout my research. My thanks also go to the other members of my dissertation committee. Dr. Frank Silbajoris, who initially inspired me to study Russian poetry, showed much understanding and provided valuable guidance in the undertaking. Dr. George Kalbouss also provided many useful suggestions and comments. Gratitude is also expressed to the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures for the generous and constant support rendered throughout my years at Ohio State University, and to Drs. Anelya Rugaleva, Charles Gribble, Lyubomira Parpulova-Gribble, and Gerard Ervin for their guidance and friendship. Thanks also go to Ms. Rosa Cormanick and Ms. Gail Lewis for the many things both great and small that they did for me during my time as a graduate student. The encouragement, assistance, proofreading, advice and friendship of John, Karen and Caroline Angel| is gratefully acknowledged. I also acknowledge the unflagging support and love of my parents. To my wife, Hania, I offer sincere tlianks for your unshakable faith and constant support throughout graduate school, and the willingness to endure with me the good days and bad. Without you, this would not have been possible. Andj my son, Alexander, I thank for always making me smile. Vita March 14, 1 9 6 1 ............................ Born: Helena, Montana 1983 ................................................ B.A. University of Oregon, Eugene,Oregon 1983 ............................................. Semester Program, Pushkin Institute Moscow, USSR 1984-1985 . ........................ SUNY Stony brook Poland Exchange Program 1987-1993 .................................... Graduate Fellow, Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus,Ohio 1993-present ................................ Instructor, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa Fields of Study Major Field: Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .........................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .........................................................................iii VITA ........................................................................................................ iv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................. 1 i. Innokentij Fedorovifi Annenskij as Poet: Historical Context and Initial Response............. 1 ii. Critical Response to Annenskij the Poet .... 13 iii. New Perspectives in Annenskij Scholarship . 23 II. ANNENSKIJ’S AESTHETICS AND THE REALITY OF DESIRE ............................................29 i. Selected Biographical Inform ation..............................29 ii. Primary Sources andAnnenskij's Basic Theme . 31 iii. The Role of P o e t r y ....................................................... 56 III. AUTHORIAL INTENT AND THE CYPRESS CHEST .... 63 i. Publication History ...................................................63 ii. The Case for the 1987 Edition .............................. 65 iii. The Trefoils: 1910 vs. 1987 ................................... 74 iv. The Case of “Fiery Trefoil" ...................................92 v. The "Broken" Trefoils and the Case of "It Happened at V allen-K oski"................................................ 117 IV. THE TREFOIL.................................................................... 123 i. The Trefoil and "Thoughts-Needles"................... 123 ii. The Trefoils Origins ............................................... 129 v iii. The Chronologically Progressive Trefoil .... 141 iv. The Associative T re fo il ........................................... 187 v. The Synthetic T re fo il ....................................................205 V. OTHER STRUCTURES IN THE CYPRESS CHEST ....................... 222 i. Hinged-Icons....................................................................222 ii. Scattered Leaves and Other Structures in The Cypress C h e s t .....................................................263 iii. The Title of the Collection............................................290 VI. CONCLUSION.................................................................................293 i. The Cypress Chest as Lyric Cycle .............................293 ii. The Impact of The Cypress Chest as Lyric Cycle 311 iii. Concluding R e m a r k s ....................................................317 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................321 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Hbcomhbhho, pyccKoe oBuibctbo KOrflB’HMOyflk OllBHMT 3T0r0 pBRKO- ffapoBHToro h oBanremHoro ub/iobbkb . Undoubtedly, Russian society will some day appreciate this rarely-gifted and fascinating man} i. Innokentii Fedorovig Annenskij as Poet: Historical Conteit and Initial Response Russian literature at the beginning of the Twentieth-Century was marked by a cacophony of new voices, a heteroglossia never before heard in its history. The Silver Age was at its height, and lyric poetry had by now regained its preeminence after almost a century of prose and civic verse. Myriad poetic movements arose, propounding new and original approaches to the poetic word, including Symbolism, the dominant and innovative poetic school of lFrom Annenskij's obituary in Apollon No. 4, 1910 (The Hague: Mouton, Slavistic Printings and Reprintings, 1971.) 1 2 the 1890’s and 1900's, with such diverse poets as Brjusov, Bal'mont, Belyj, Ivanov, Sologub and Blok, New and insistent poetic voices could also be heard—those of acmeism and futurism. The poets Gumilev, Mandelstam and Axmatova lead the way for the former, while Majakovskij, Xlebnikov, Krufienyx, and the young Pasternak were among those at the forefront of the latter. Novel and frequently controversial journals devoted to literature and the arts provided a forum for the numerous movements, and on their pages could be found the latest poetry, as well as current literary theory and polemics. New voices appeared not only in groups, but also individually. One of these voices was heard in the 1909 inaugural issue of the St. Petersburg fledgling acmeist journal Apollon, where there appeared an essay entitled "On Contemporary Lyricism" ("0 coBpeMGHHOM JiMpM3Me")--a review of the latest trends in Russian poetry. The article was far from a programmatic statement promoting one of the many new trends in art, reflecting instead a striking independence of thought on the part of its author, Innokentij FedoroviS Annenskij, who was obviously well versed in the works of the various poets and movements of the time. Its 3 contents, couched in a complex and impressionistic prose, were misunderstood by some, and even raised the ire of others. As a result, Annenskij considered it necessary to write an open letter to the journal, explaining his position. This event illustrates Annenskij's status as outsider in terms of his literary criticism; the outsider status can—tragically—frequently be applied to his creative work. As a poet, he stood on the fringes of the major trends of the day, often misunderstood by his contemporaries. Annenskij remained until recently relegated in many studies of Twentieth-Century Russian
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