Bibliography

Selection of English Translations of Sources and Further Secondary Reading

See also full annotations accompanying each chapter.

Primary sources

Abelard, Peter, Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian, trans. P. J. Payer, Medieval Sources in Translation, 20 (Toronto, 1979); see also the rendering of the text as Collationes, ed. and trans. J. Marenbon and G. Orlandi, Oxford Medi- eval Texts (Oxford, 2001). Aelred of Rievaulx, On Jesus at the Age of Twelve, trans. Th. Berkeley, in Treatises: The Pastoral Prayer, Cistercian Fathers Series, 2 (Spencer, MA, 1971) pp. 3–39. Anselm of Canterbury, The Prayers and Meditations of St Anselm with the Proslogion, trans. B. Ward (Harmondsworth, 1973). Bernard of Clairvaux, On Loving God, ed. and trans. E. G. Gardner (London, [1916]); On Loving God with an Analytical Commentary by E. Stiegman, Cistercian Fathers Series, 13B (Kalamazoo, MI, 1995). Benton, J. F. (trans.), Self and Society in Medieval France: The Memoirs of Abbot Guibert of Nogent (New York, 1970). Berger, D. (ed. and trans.), The Jewish–Christian Debate in the High Middle Ages: A Critical Edition of the Nizzahon Vetus (Philadelphia, PA, 1979). Chazan, R. (ed.), Church, State and Jew in the Middle Ages (New York, 1980). Edwards, J. (trans. and ed.), The Jews in Western Europe, 1400–1500 (Manchester, 1994). Eidelberg, S. (ed. and trans.), The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades (Madison, WI, 1977). Maccoby, H. (ed. and trans.), Judaism on Trial: Jewish–Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages (Rutherford, NJ, 1982). Resnick, I. M. (trans.), On Original Sin and a Disputation with the Jew, Leo, Concerning the Advent of Christ, the Son of God: Two Theological Treatises of Odo of Tournai (Philadelphia, PA, 1994). William of St Thierry, Enigma of Faith, trans. J. D. Anderson, Cistercian Fathers Series, 9 (Washington, DC, 1974). ——, The Golden Epistle: A Letter to the Brethren at Mont Dieu, trans. Th. Berkeley, Cistercian Fathers Series, 12 (Spencer, MA, 1971). ——, Mirror of Faith, trans. T. X. Davis, Cistercian Fathers Series, 15 (Kalamazoo, MI, 1979).

193 194 Bibliography

Secondary Sources

Abulafia, A. Sapir, Christians and Jews in Dispute: Disputational Literature and the Rise of Anti-Judaism in the West (c. 1000–1150) (Aldershot, 1998). ——,Christians and Jews in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance (London, 1995). Abulafia, D., Spain and 1492, Headstart History Papers (Bangor, 1992). Brundage, J., Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison, WI, 1969). Chazan, R., Barcelona and Beyond: The Disputations of 1263 and its Aftermath (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1992). ——,Daggers of Faith: Thirteenth-Century Christian Missionizing and Jewish Response (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1989). ——,European Jewry and the First Crusade (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1987). ——,God, Humanity, and History: The Hebrew First Crusade Narratives (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 2000). ——,Medieval Stereotypes and Modern Antisemitism (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1997). Cohen, J., The Friars and the Jews: The Evolution of Medieval Anti-Judaism (Ithaca, NY, 1982). ——,Living Letters of the Law: Ideas of the Jew in Medieval Christianity (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1999). Cohen, M. R., Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages (Princeton, NJ, 1994). Cole, P., The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270 (Cambridge, MA, 1991). Constable, G., The Reformation of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge, 1996). Dobson, R. B., The Jews of Medieval York and the Massacre of March 1190, Borthwick Papers, no. 45 (York, 1974). Erdmann, C., The Origin of the Idea of Crusade, trans. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton, NJ, 1977). Jacobs, L., The Jewish Religion: A Companion (Oxford, 1995). Jordan, W. C., The French Monarchy and the Jews: From Philip Augustus to the Last Capetians (Philadelphia, PA, 1989). Katz, J., Exclusiveness and Tolerance: Jewish–Gentile Relations in Medieval and Modern Times ([London], 1961). Klier, J. D., Imperial Russia’s Jewish Question, 1855–1881 (Cambridge, 1995). ——,Russia Gathers her Jews: The Origins of the ‘Jewish Question’ in Russia, 1772– 1825 (DeKalb, IL, 1986). Klier, J. D. and Lambroza, S. (eds), Pogrom: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History (Cambridge, 1992). Langmuir, G., History, Religion and Antisemitism (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1990). ——,Toward a Definition of Antisemitism (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1990). Maier, C. T., Crusade Propaganda and Ideology: Model Sermons for the Preaching of the Cross (Cambridge, 2000). Marcus, I. G., Rituals of Childhood: Jewish Acculturation in Medieval Europe (New Haven, CT, 1996). McCulloh, J. M., ‘Jewish Ritual Murder: William of Norwich, Thomas of Monmouth, and the Early Dissemination of the Myth’, Speculum, 72 (1997) 698–740. Bibliography 195

Nirenberg, D., Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages (Princeton, NJ, 1996). Riley-Smith, J., The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986). —— , ‘The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews’, in W. J. Sheils (ed.), Persecution and Tolerance, Studies in Church History, vol. 21 (Oxford, 1984) pp. 51–72. Rubin, M., Gentile Tales: The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews (New Haven, CT, 1999). Stow, K. R., Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe (Cambridge, MA, 1992). Tolan, J., Petrus Alfonsi and his Medieval Readers (Gainesville, FL, 1993). Trachtenberg, J., The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and its Relation to Modern Antisemitism (New Haven, CT, 1943). Trautner-Kromann, H., Shield and Sword: Jewish Polemics against Christianity and the Christians in France and Spains, 1100–1500 (Tübingen, 1993). Yuval, I. J., ‘Easter and Passover as Early Jewish–Christian Dialogue’ and ‘Passover in the Middle Ages’, in P. F. Bradshaw and L. A. Hoffman (eds), Passover and Easter: Origin and History to Modern Times – Two Liturgical Traditions, vol. 5 (Notre Dame, IN, 1999) pp. 98–124 and 127–60. —— , ’Jews and Christians in the Middle Ages: Shared Myths, Common Language’, in R. S. Wistrich (ed.), Demonizing the Other: Antisemitism, Racism and Xenophobia (Singapore, 1999) pp. 88–107. Index

Abdallah (Sultan), 110, 111 Aryan myth, 138 Abulafia, Anna Sapir, viii, xi–xviii, 61–85 Ashkenaz, xvi, 61, 88, 95, 96, 109, Abulafia, David, xii 122, 123 Acre, fall of, 61 Augustine of Hippo, Adam (Abbot of Perseigne), 75–6 holy war, 5 Aelred (Abbot of Rievaulx), 67–9 Judaism and Jews, xiv, 45, 46, Agobard (Archbishop of Lyons), 48, 50, 53, 56, 57, 72, 73, 79, 44, 124 112–13 al-1akim (Caliph), 4, 110, 122, 123 recovering God’s image, 67 Albert of Aachen, 29, 33 Ayala, Baltasar, 184 Albigensian Crusade, 12, 75, 140, 148 Alderman, Geoffrey, viii, xviii, Babylonia, 118 176, 179–83 Badis (Sultan), 110 Alexander II (Pope), 47, 142 Baer, Yitzhak, 126, 127 Alexander II (Tsar of Russia), 159 Baha)is, 174 Alfred the Great (King of Wessex), 141 Baldwin (Archbishop of Almohad persecutions, 110, 121, Canterbury), 75 122, 123, 129 baptism, Ambrose, 141 see also conversion Amir, Yigal, 175 forced, Ashkenaz, 123 Amulo (Archbishop of Lyons), 44 First Crusade (1095–9), 3 Anacletus II (Antipope), 9, 74 France, 4, 145 Andrew, Christopher, viii, xvii–xviii, papacy, 45, 144–5 173–8 refused, 13, 38, 144 Angerstorfer, Andreas, 90 religious violence, 144–6 Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury), 62 reversion, 30, 47, 144, 145 anti-Judaism, Rhineland persecutions (1096), 11, see also Jews, accusations against, 26, 30, 31, 32, 34, 38, 46, 143 and society sacrament, 144, 145 blood libel see blood libels/ritual Saxons, 141 murder accusations second Crusade of the Shepherds Britain, 179–80, 182 (1320), 4, 145 murder see ritual murder accusations validity, 144–5 persecution see persecutions Baron, Salo W., 107 pogroms see pograms Baruc, Jean, 145 Rhineland see Rhineland Bavaria, persecutions, 3 persecutions (1096) Beguine movement, 140 Antichrist, 66 Benedictines, 69, 75 antisemitism, xvi, 110, 130, 157, Berger, David, 73 166, 167, 176, 179–80, 182 Bernard (Abbot of Clairvaux), xiv, 3, Arabia, 113, 117 14, 16, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 69, 72, Aristotle, 55 73, 74, 149 Armenians, 128 Bernold of St Blaise, 29

196 Index 197

Bible, Cairo Geniza, 117, 122 Hebrew text, 111, 113, 114 Calixtus II (Pope), 142, 144, 149 Mosaic law, 54–7, 65, 112 Cathars, 9, 140, 148 New Testament, 6, 77, 78, 112, Charlemagne, 141 114, 153 Charles III (the Simple) (Frankish Old Testament, 6, 77, 78, 111, 112, King), 142 113, 114 Chazan, Robert, ix, xiii, xiv, 21–43 Septuagint, 113 Children’s Crusade (1212), 12 Black Death (1348–50), 87, 152 Christian society, anti-Judaism, xiv, Blois, ritual murder accusations 11, 48, 49, 51, 66 (1171), 88, 89, 90, 93 Christianity, blood libels/ritual murder Catholicism, 121, 123, 125, 148 accusations, xv, 44, 75, 89–90, Celtic, 140 93, 125, 141, 150–2 clergy, 76–7 as sacrifice, 96, 98, 99 conversion see conversion Bacharach, 99 Cur Deus-homo, 62 Blois (1171), 88, 89, 90, 93 eschatology, 77, 78 Frederick II, 89, 151 Eucharist see Eucharist Fulda (1235), 89, 93, 151 Jerusalem, 67–8, 76 Jewish reactions, xv, 86–102 lack of uniformity, 140 Lincoln, 99, 150 loving God, 64–5, 69–71, 72–3 Mainz (1187), 89 New Israel, 112, 113 Munich (1285), 92, 98 reason, 62–5 Norwich , 93, 99, 150 religious centralization, 142 Ottoman Empire, 130 religious micro-climates, 140 papacy, 57, 151, 152 religious reform, 61, 65–80 Passover, 89, 92, 93, 101 Roman empire, 111–12, 148 Pontypridd (1903), 176, 181 sacraments, 144 Prague, 87 salvation, concept, 50, 51, 52, 76, 112 ritual cannibalism, xv, 44, 89, salvific history, 67, 72, 112 90, 91, 92, 93, 109, 141, spirituality, xv, 61–85 151, 152 Trinity, 62, 64, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 114 Southern France, 125 Christian–Jewish disputations, 62–5, Blumenkranz, Bernhard, 119, 124 117, Bohemia, persecutions, 3 efficacy of, 66, 75, 76 Britain, Churchill, Winston, 180 antisemitism, 179–80, 181–2 Cistercians, 3, 48, 50, 67, 69, 73, 75, England, Jews, 93, 99, 126, 144, 146, 77, 78, 79 149, 150, 151, 179, 180 classical philosophy, xv, 55, 62–5 Jewish emancipation, 179, 180 Clement III (Pope), 77 Jewish immigration, 180 Clement IV (Pope), 57 Wales, 176, 180–1 Cohen, Jeremy, ix, xiv, 44–60, 63, 73 xenophobia, 180 Cohen, Mark R., ix, xv, xvii, 107–37 British Brothers League, 180 Cologne, 21, 22, 29–30, 31, 32, 33, 34, British Union of Fascists (BUF), 38, 46 181–2 Conrad von Marburg, 89 Brooke, Christopher, xx conspiracy theories, 176 Burke, Deirdre, viii, xviii, 177, 188–92 Constantine I (Roman Emperor), Byzantium, 113, 117, 127–8 100, 112 198 Index conversion, attitudes to Jews, 49–50, 115–18, convert(s), see also baptism 124, 125, 126, 128 inner Christian conversion, 62, moneylenders see moneylenders/ 66–73, 75 moneylending medieval Christendom, 11, 30, 31, usury see usury 32, 34, 38, 47, 57, 66, 68, 69, Edessa, 147 73, 74, 77–9, 89, 98, 113, 127, educational perspectives, 188–92 141–2, 144, 145, 146 Edward I (King of England), 150 medieval Islam, 110, 123, 129, 130 Ekkehard of Aura, 11 Cosmos of Prague, 30 Emicho, Count (Emich of Flonheim), Council of Christians and Jews, xi, xviii xiv, 11, 21–2, 26, 27–8, 30, 31 Council of Clermont (1095), 3, 35, 143 England, Jews, 93, 99, 126, 144, 146, Council of Rheims (1119), 74 149, 150, 151, 179, 180 Council of Trent, 9 eschatology, Cowdrey, H. E. J., 143 see also millenarianism crucifixion, Christianity, 77, 78 see also blood libels/ritual murder Jewish texts, 99 accusations ethnic cleansing, 4, 190 Jews blamed, 63–4, 66, 111 Eucharist, xv, 90, 95, 96, 97, 99, 102, ritual murder accusations, xv, 89, 109, 140, 141, 151, 152 93, 141, 150–1, 152 expulsions, crusades, xiii–xiv, xvi, 13–20, 48, 61–2, medieval Christendom, 12, 109, 75, 76, 147, 148, 149, 176 115, 119 see also holy war medieval Islam, 109, 130 Albigensian Crusade, 9, 12, 75, Spain, 127, 129, 146 140, 148 Children’s Crusade (1212), 12 Ferdinand (King of Aragon), 127 First Crusade (1095–9), xii–xiv, Final Solution see Holocaust xvi, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21–38, 46, 47, First Crusade (1095–9), xii–xiv, xvi, 3, 48, 95, 125, 129, 141, 143, 4, 7, 14, 21–38, 46, 47, 48, 95, 146–7, 152 125, 129, 141, 143, 146–7, 152 Fourth Crusade (1202–4), 75, 76, 127 see also crusades Livonian, 6 Fisher, E. J., 188 Second Crusade (1147–9), xiv, Folcmar, 22 48, 73 Fournier, Jacques (Bishop of Pamiers), second Crusade of the Shepherds 145 (1320), 4, 145 Fourth Crusade (1202–4), 75, 76, 127 Third Crusade (1189–92), 3, 75, 149 Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 9, 76, 79 dhimma/dhimmis, 10, 109–10, 115, France, 119, 120, 122, 123, 130 Jews, xv, 12, 22–5, 33, 48, 53–6, 88, Diocletian (Roman Emperor), 112 89, 126, 150, 151 Dipanagra, 8 Jews in Southern France, 125–6, 145 Dominicans, 14, 15, 146, 184 Southern France, 4, 12, 140, 148 Dumont, Louis, 118, 119 Franciscans, 14, 79, 146 Frank, Anne, 191 Easter, 50, 93, 96, 157, 159, 164 Franks, 116, 124, 141 Eck, Johann, 102 Frederick I (Barbarossa) (Holy Roman economic factors, Emperor), 4 Index 199

Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor), Holy Roman Empire, 61–2, 89 89, 151 Holy Sepulchre, 4, 14, 22, 24, 50, 51 Fulk of Neuilly, 75, 76 Holy Spirit, 70, 71, 72 Holy Terror, 176 Geertz, Clifford, 120 holy war, Gel’fman, Ges’ia, 159 see also crusades; just war genocide, 190 Christian, xviii, 5–6 Gentiles, 49, 67, 68 internalization of, xiii, 8–12 Gentili, Alberico, 185 jihad, 8, 10, 174, 175, 186 Geoffrey (Abbot of Auxerre), 78 host desecration, 96, 97, 109, 129, Geonim, 118 141, 151–2 Germany, 124, 148, Hourlier, J., 70 see also Rhineland persecutions Hugh of Lincoln, 150 (1096) Humbert of Romans, 15 Ashkenaz see Ashkenaz Jews, xv, 4, 25, 88, 89–90, 151–2 Ibn Da)ud, Abraham, 111, 121 Goitein, S. D., 4, 123 Ibn Ezra, Abraham, 122 golem, 86, 87 Ibn Taymiyya, 8, 10 Gottschalk, 22 Ibn Verga, Salomon, 87, 100–1 Granada, 110, 127 Idel, Moshe, 86 Gregory I (the Great) (Pope), 45–6 India, 8, 173, 175, 176 Gregory VII (Pope), 143 Innocent II (Pope), 9, 74 Gregory VIII (Pope), 9, 14 Innocent III (Pope), 6, 8, 9–10, 15, Gregory IX (Pope), 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 46, 75, 76, 96, 97, 115, 144–5 Grotius, Hugo, 185 Innocent IV (Pope), 54, 56, 57, 151 Guibert of Nogent, 11, 29, 47 Inouye, Yoshihiro, 176 Gulf War, 185 Inquisition, papacy, 148 Haimeric, 74 Spanish, 127, 146 Hamelin (Bishop of Le Mans), 76 Iran, 174 Haverkamp, Alfred, 147 Iraq, 120 Hayyim ben Machir (Rabbi), 98 Isabella (Queen of Castile), 127 Hebrew First Crusade Narratives, 3, 11, Isidore of Seville, 44 22–38, 46–7, 95 Islam, Henry III (King of England), 150 ‘assassins’, 176 Henry of Champagne (Count), 88 Christianity, hostility, 114, 129 Henry of Marcy, 24 commerce, 117 heresy/heretics, 5, 9–10, 11, 148 conversion, 110, 123, 129, 130 see also Albigensian Crusade and dhimma, 10, 110, 123, 130 Cathars dhimmis, 109–10, 115, 119, 120, medieval Islam, 130 122 Talmud accusations, 54, 57 economy, 117–18, 129 Hermannus, 66–7, 75 expulsions, 109 Hezbollah, 176 fatwa, 174 Hick, John, 190 hadith, 113, 117 Hilberg, R., 189 Islamic–Jewish relations, xv, Hinduism, 175, 176 107, 108, 109–11, 114, 115, Hitler, Adolf, 173, 176, 177 118–21, 129–31 Holocaust, 177, 182, 188, 189, 190 jihad, 8, 10, 174, 175, 186 200 Index

Islam – (continued) Jews accusations against, late Medieval, 129–31 blindness, 76 madrasas, 8 deviation from truth, 11 Medina, 113, 121 dishonesty, 49 millenarianism, 8 enemies of God/Christ, 12, 47, 61, monotheism, 114 143, 157 Muhammad, 50, 109, 113 bad behaviour, 73–4 Muslims, Jews considered worse irrationality, 63, 64, 65, 79 than, 11, 47, 63, 143 killers of Christ, 12, 49, 51, 63–4, 66, New/Old Testaments, attitudes, 114 76, 79, 90, 111, 117, 129 Ottoman Empire, 129–30 wickedness, 10–11 Pact of Umar, 109, 110, 111, 119, worse than Muslims, 11, 47, 63, 120, 130 143 pluralism, 129, 130 jihad, 8, 10, 174, 175, 186 polemic literature, 114 Joachim of Fiore, 64, 75, 77–9 poll tax, 109, 110, 115, 123 John (Bishop of Speyer), 25 Qur)an, 114, 117 John Chrysostom, 44 Saracens, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53 John (King of England), 75 shari)a, 115, 130 Jordan, William C., 117, 126 Shi)tes/Shi)ism, 8, 174, 176 Joseph b. Judah ibn (Aqnin, 122 Sunnis, 174, 175 Joseph ibn Nagrela, 110, 111, 122 taqiyya, 123 judaisare, 73 virgin birth, 52, 63 Judaism, Israel, conversion see conversion ancient Israelites, 48, 50, 51, 52 debates see Christian–Jewish carnal Israel, 72, 73, 75, 79 disputations Land of, 91–3 Haggadah, 92, 100 New Israel, 112, 113 initiation rituals, 97 State of, 175, 186 law, 112; Passover, 89, 92, 93, Italy, 125–6, 145, 100, 101 see also Roman Empire progressive, 190 ‘serfdom’, 49, 114–15, 124, 127, Japan, 176 128 Java, 8 shechita, 181 Jerusalem, xi, 4, 7, 9, 14, 25, 50, 51, Talmud see Talmud 61, 67–8, 76, 147 Torah see Torah Jesus Christ, 99, 112, 153 unclean foods, 96–7 see also Jews, accusations against, use of Christian symbols, 97–8, 99 crucifixion, 63–4, 66, 111 yeshivot, 118 imitation of Christ, 5, 95 Zionism see Zionism knights of Christ, 7, 61 Julian of Toledo, 44 life, death, resurrection, 16, 50–2, just war, 111, 113, 149–50 see also holy war Passion, 69–70, 72, 95 Christian attitudes, 141 quest for Christ, 61–80 theory, 184–6 Talmudic verdict, 97 Justinian (Byzantine Emperor), 127 Jew Bill riots (1753), 179 Jews, legal position of, 114–15, 124, Khomeini (Ayatollah), 174 127 Klier, John D., ix, xvi, xvii, 157–70 Index 201

Laden, Osama bin, 175 moneylenders/moneylending, Langmuir, Gavin I., ix, xvi, xvii, 89, Christian, 73, 116 125, 138–56 Jewish, 12, 73, 74, 116–17, 125, Langton, Stephen (Archbishop of 128, 149 Canterbury), 146 Muslim, 118 Languedoc, 125, 126, 140 usury, 12, 73, 74, 76, 115, Le Goff, Jacques, 119 116–17, 118 Leo IX (Pope), 142 Mongols, 129 Lewis, Bernard, 110, 120 monotheism, 10, 109, 114, 138–9 Lewis, H. D., 189 Morocco, 129 Linehan, Thomas, 182 Mosaic law, 55, 56, 65, 112 Lithuanians, 128 Mottahedeh, Roy, 120 Littell, F. H., 190 Muhammad, 50, 109, 113, 114 Livonian crusades, 6 Mühlhausen, Yom Tov Lipmann Loew, Judah (Rabbi), 86, 87 (Rabbi), 91, 94 Louis VII (King of France), 48, 50, 51, multiculturalism, xi 52, 88, 89 Louis IX (King of France), 12, 53, 54 Natural Law, 64–5 Nazism, 138, 173, 188 McGinn, Bernard, 61 Nicholas Donin, 53, 54, 55 McVeigh, Timothy, 175 Nirenberg, David, 44 Magyar invasions, 142 Norbert of Xanten, 66 Maimonides, 121 Norwich ritual murder accusation, Mainz, 3–4, 12, 21, 25, 27–8, 29, 30, 93, 99, 150 32, 33, 46, 89 Nur al-Din, 8 Maitland, Frederic William, 146 Malkiel, David, 100 Odo of Cambrai, 63 Mamluk Empire, 129 Odo of Châteauroux, 12, 54, 56 Mao Zedong, 173, 177 Orderic Vitalis, 74 Marcus, Ivan, 97, 98 Origen, 71 Markward of Anweiler, 10 Osiander, Andreas, 101 Martin of Pairis (Abbot), 15 Oswald (King of Northumbria), 141 massacres, Ottoman Empire, 129–30 see also persecutions; pogroms; riots pacifism, 141, 185 Banu Qurayza, 109, 121 Pact of (Umar, 109, 110, 111, 119, Haifa, 147 120, 130 Jerusalem, 4, 147 pagans, Northern Europe, 140–1, 143 conversion, 141–2 York, 4 crusades against, 6 Massawi, Hussein, 176, 177 Germany, 116, 124 Mayer, Hans Eberhard, 142 papacy, merchants, economic factors, 116, crusades, xii–xiii, 6, 8, 9–10, 11, 117, 124 14, 16, 35, 48, 75, 76, 141, Merchavia, Chen, 55 143, 148 messianism, 88 Dispar nimirum est, 47–8 Metz, 21, 29, 46 forced baptism, 45–6, 144–6 millenarianism, 8, 11, 176 Inquisition, 148 missionary wars, 5 Investiture Contest, 142, 143, 144 202 Index papacy – (continued ) Peter the Hermit, 33, 34 Jewish ‘servitude’, 115, 128 Peter Lombard, 79 popes, xii, 6, 8–11, 14–16, 35, 45–8, Peter the Venerable (Abbot of Cluny), 53–7, 74–7, 96–7, 100, 115, xiv, 9, 10, 48–53, 63, 65 141–5, 149, 151 Pharisees, 68 ritual murder accusations, 57, Philip II (Philip Augustus) (King of 151, 152 France), 75 Sicut Iudaeis non, 46, 144, 149, 152 Philip III (King of France), 151 Talmud, 53–8, 145 Pierleoni, Petrus, 74 use of force, 142, 143, 148 Pierleoni family, 74 wet-nurses, 96, 97 piyut, 90, 92, 93, 98 Paris, Plato, 65 Talmud burning (1242), xiv, 54, 56 pluralism, University of, 54, 55, 56 Byzantium, 128 Paris, Matthew, 12 decline, 123, 125 Partner, Peter, 141 Franks, 116 penance, Islam, 119–21, 130 penitential war, xiii, 6–7, 10, 13, 75 Poland, xvi, 128 required for killing in war, 141 Roman Empire, 116 persecutions, Southern France and Italy, 125–6 see also blood libel; violence Spain, 126–7 Almohad (1147–8), 110, 121, 122, pogroms, 123, 129 see also massacres; persecutions; riots Bavaria, 3 Granada, 110 Bohemia, 3 Monmouthshire, 180–1 Erfurt (1221), 90 Russia see Russian pogroms First Crusade (1095–9), xiii–xiv, 3 Pol Pot, 173, 177 France, 4 Poland, xvi, 128, 166 host desecration, 96, 97, 109, 129, Prague, 22, 29, 30, 46, 87 141, 151–2 preaching, xiv, 14–17 Italy, 145 Albigensian Crusade, 9–10 massacres see massacres Bernard of Clairvaux, 14, 16 memory, 121–3 First Crusade (1095–9), xii, 14, 35, pogroms see pogroms 48, 141, 143 Prague (1096), 22, 29, 30, 46 Fourth Crusade (1202–4), 75 Rhineland see Rhineland Innocent III, 15 persecutions (1096) Second Crusade (1147–9), 14, 16, 73 riots, 7, 14 Third Crusade (1189–92), 75 Rouen, 29, 47 Premonstratensians, 67 Second Crusade (1147–9), xiv Spain, 146 rabbis, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 Third Crusade (1189–92), 149 Rabin, Itzhak, 175 well-poisoning, 87, 109, 129, 152 Rahman, Omar Abdel (Sheik), 175 Yemen, 110, 123 Ralph (Cistercian monk), 3, 73 Persia, 109, 113, 115 Rashi, 148 Peter Abelard, 62, 64–5 Raymond of Aguilers, 47 Peter Alfonsi, 63–4, 78 reason, 62–5 Peter of Blois, 64, 75 Reconquista Spain, xvi, 47, 126–7, Peter the Chanter, 75 130 Index 203 religion, xvii, 173, 182, 188, 189 villagers, 27, 31, 34, 38 see also monotheism Worms, 21, 25, 26–7, 29, 31, Christian see Christianity 38, 46 Jewish see Judaism Richard I (King of England), 149 Muslim see Islam Rigord, 90 paganism see pagans Riley-Smith, Jonathan, x, xiii, xiv, twentieth-century hostility, 173 xviii, 3–20, 61, 176, 184–7 religious exclusivity, totalitarianism, riots, xvii, 7, 14, xvi see also Russian pogroms religious orders, Jew Bill riots (1753), 179 Benedictines, 69, 75 Mainz (1188), 3–4, 12 Cistercians, 3, 48, 50, 67, 69, 73, 75, Russia, 158–9 77, 78, 79 ritual cannibalism, xv, 44, 89, 90, 91, Cluniac order, 142 92, 93, 109, 141, 151, 152 crusades, 7 ritual murder accusations see blood Dominicans, 14, 15, 146, 184 libels/ritual murder accusations Florensian order, 77 Robert of Artois, 12 Franciscans, 14, 79, 146 Rollo, 142 Hospitallers, 147 Roman Empire, 5, 6 Knights Templar, 147 Christian, 5, 6, 100, 141 Premonsratensians, 66–7 Christianity, 111–12 Spiritual Franciscans, 79 Judaism, 111–12, 176 religious toleration, 5, 148, 173 legal traditions, 125, 127 Rhineland mystics, 140 pluralism, 116 Rhineland persecutions (1096), Rosenberg, Judel, 86, 87 burghers, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, Rouen, 12, 29, 47 32, 33–5, 38 Rubenstein, R., 190 coalitions, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34 Runciman, Steven, 21, 22, 26, 28 Cologne, 21, 22, 29–30, 31, 32, 33, Rupert of Deutz, 66, 77 34, 38, 46 Rushdie, Salman, 174 crusading armies, 27–31 Russia, 157–67 crusading bands, 21–2, 30 pale of settlement, xvii, 161, 162 First Crusade (1095–9), xiii–xiv, 3, personal freedom of Jews, 162–3 21–38, 46 riots, 158–9 forced baptism, 11, 26, 30, 31, 32, serfdom, 162 34, 38, 46, 143 shtetlakh, 163 French crusaders, 22–5, 33 status of Jews, 161–3 Hebrew texts, 22, 28–9, 32–3, 46–7 taverns, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166 Latin texts, 32, 33 violence, xvii, 157–67 Mainz, 21, 25, 27–8, 29, 30, 32, Russian pogroms, 33, 46 Baku, 161 martyrdom, 34, 143 Balta, 163 Metz, 21, 29, 46 Black Hundreds, 164 millenarianism, 11 Bright Week, 159, 164 nobility, 12, 22–3 copycat nature, 160 perpetrators and dynamics, 21–43 dialogue of violence, xvi–xvii, 157–70 Speyer, 21, 25, 26, 31, 46 Elisavetgrad, 160, 161, 164, 165–6 Trier, 21, 29, 32, 33–4, 46 firearms, 165–6 vengeance, 3, 38, 61 government policy, 158 204 Index

Russian pogroms – (continued) Granada, 110, 127 Kiev Bacchanalia, 158 Inquisition, 127, 146 Odessa, 157, 164 Marranos, 127, 146 property destroyed, 165 Reconquista, xvi, 47, 126–7, 130 provocation, 164 Sefarad, xvi, 61 rape, 165 Visigothic, xii, 44 religious feasts, 157, 159, 164, 167 Speyer, 21, 25, 26, 31, 46 religious symbols, 166 Stalin, Joseph, 173, 177 rural, 160–1, 166 Suarez, Francisco, 184 self-defence, 165 Sylvester I (Pope), 100 unwritten rules, 165–6 urban, 160, 166–7 Ta-Shema, Israel, 97 Talmud, 95, 96, 97, 101 Saddam Hussein, 174 accusations, heresy, 54, 57; St Paul (Apostle), 6, 45, 113 irrationality, 63, 64 Saladin, 4 censorship, 57 Samuel the Nagid, 110 papacy, 53–8, 145 Saracens, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53 trial, Paris, xiv, 53–6 see also Islam Tchernikowsky, Saul, 121 Scholem, Gershom, 86 terrorism, 174–5, 176, 177 Second Crusade (1147–9), xiv, 48, Testimonium Veritatis, see Augustine, 73 Judaism and Jews Sefarad, xvi, 61 Tetragrammaton, 64, 78 Sefer Joseph Hamekane, 94 Theobald of Blois, 88 Sefer Nizahon, see Mühlhausen, Yom Theodosian codes, 127 Tov Lipmann (Rabbi) Third Crusade (1189–92), 3, 75, 149 Sefer Nizahon Yashan (Sefer Nizahon Thomas Aquinas, 46, 184 Vetus), 91–3, 94 Thomas of Monmouth, 150 shamanism, 6 thugs, 176, 182 Shinrikyo, 176, 177 Torah, 94, 97, 138–9, 166, 190 Shlomo ben Avraham (Rabbi), 90 transubstantiation, 97, 151 Simmel, Georg, 116 Trier, 21, 29, 32, 33–4, 46 Simon of Trent, 152 Trinity, xvi, 62, 64, 71, 72, 77, 78, society, 79, 114 Carolingian privileges, 116, 124 Twelfth-Century Renaissance, 148 Christian nature, 79 exclusion of Jews, 72, 79, 119 Udovitch, A. L., 121 hierarchy, 118–20 Ukrainians, 128 marginality theory, 118–19 United States, 174–5 place of Jews, 72, 79–80, 116, Urban II (Pope), xii, 11, 14, 16, 35, 118–21, 124 48, 141, 143, 144 pluralism see pluralism urban society, 116, 125–6 Spain, usury, 12, 73, 74, 76, 115, 116–17, 118 Andalusia, 122, 126 see also moneylenders/moneylending Aragon and Castile, 126, 127 conversion, 127, 146 Valensi, Lucette, 121 ‘convivencia’, 127 Venerable Bede, 141 expulsions, 127, 129, 146 vengeance, 3, 4, 38, 48, 61 ‘Golden Age’, 107 Vietnam, Hoa Hao sect, 8 Index 205 violence, holy see holy war communism, large scale violence, 173 just see just war crusades see crusades missionary, 5 holy war see holy war penance for killing, 141 persecution see persecutions penitential, xiii, 6–7, 10, 13, 75 psychopathological, 153 Watson, B., 191 religious: clergy, 146; definition, well-poisoning, 87, 109, 129, 152 xvi, 139, 179; educational Wiesel, Elie, 177 perspectives, 188–92; jihad, 8, William (Abbot of St Thierry), 10, 174, 175, 186; name of 69–73 religion, 188–9; past/future William I (King of England), 142 perspective, 173–8 William II (King of England), 144 Russian pogroms see Russian pogroms William the Breton, 90 terrorism, 174–5, 176, 177 Worms, 21, 25, 26–7, 29, 31, 38, theology, 44–58 46, 87 wars see wars Wycliffe, John, 140 virgin birth, 52, 63 Vitoria, Francisco de, 184 Yassif, Eli, 86 Yemen, 110, 123, 175 Wales, Yitzhak ben Moshe Or Zarua (Rabbi), Baptists, 181 96, 97 Monmouthshire pogrom (1911), York, 4 180–1 Yuval, Israel Jacob, x, xv, 86–106 Pontypridd blood libel (1903), 176, 181 Zealots, 176 wars, Zionism, 87, 107 crusades see crusades Zoroastrians, 109, 115