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Simple Orchid Culture Simple Orchid Culture UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII• COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE CIRCULAR 452 AUTHOR Donald P. Watson, Specialist in Horticulture, Hawaii Cooperative Ex­ tension Service, and Professor of Horticulture, College of Tropical Agriculture, University of Hawaii. " ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This circular is based on "Sears Orchid Guide" by William Kirch, president and general manager of Wm. Kirch Orchids, Ltd., and Woodlawn Nursery, Inc., and published by Sears, Roebuck & Company. It has been revised by Donald P. Watson to identify common orchids and provide information on their history and cultural methods in such a manner that even the most inexperienced novice can grow his own orchids. The section on control of insects was prepared by Albert A. La Plante; the section on control of diseases was adapted from University of Hawaii Cooperative Extension leaflet 140, "Orchid Disease Control" by Arthur H. McCain and Mamoru Ishii. The use of trade names is for the convenience of readers only and does not constitute an endorsement of these products by the University of Hawaii, the College of Tropical Agriculture, the Hawaii Cooperative Extension Service, and their employees. Cover picture: Phalaenopsis 'Mad Lips' - courtesy Rod McClellan Company. CONTENTS Orchids Are Easy To Grow . 1 Care of Orchid Plants in Flower . 2 Dendrobiums (Cane Orchids) . 2 Dendrobium Culture Chart . 4 Polyploid Dendrobium phalaenopsis . 5 Pendulant-Type Dendrobiums............. .. 6 Strap-Leaf Vandas............. ........... 7 Vanda Culture Chart . 8 Terete Vandas . 9 Cattleyas and Allied Hybrids ....... ........ 10 Cattleya Culture Chart ..................... 11 Epidendrums ......... .... .......... 12 Renanthera- The Fire Orchid .......... .... 13 Phalaenopsis . .... .... .. ... ..... .... 14 Oncidiums . .................. ........... 15 Miltonias ................................. 16 Insect and Mite Control .................... 18 Diseases .............. ................... 19 Viruses Diseases .......................... 21 ORCHIDS ARE EASY TO GROW If you aren't growing orchids so it requires food and water. In you are missing a lot of fun. its natural setting these come Hawaii has the perfect climate from bird droppings, accumu­ for orchids as garden plants. You lated vegetative com post and won't need a glass-house, fern­ rainfall. house, slat house, or other struc­ In Hawaii, the climate is per­ tures to grow orchids in your fect for growing certain orchids garden. All you need is a place to on trees. All you need to know grow them, a little basic informa­ is what kind of orchids, where to tion and understanding, some put them on the tree, and how to imagination, and love of things attach them. Then you must pro­ that grow. If you can grow a vide water, food and protection hibiscus or papc1.ya, you can suc­ from insects by occasional spray­ ceed with orchids. mg. The orchid family is large. These rock and tree dwellers Individual members require dif­ will also grow in pots, beds, or ferent food, climate and physical other containers, if you provide surroundings. For example, cat­ the proper material for anchorage tleya will grow on a tree branch. for the root system and to hold It is one of the epiphytes (rock water and food. Some of the or tree dwellers) and this is its materials used are osmunda natural site. It is not a parasite­ fiber, hapuu or tree fern, gravel, it just uses the tree for support- rocks and fir bark. CARE OF ORCHID PLANTS IN FLOWER In Hawaii, one of the least where the wind will constantly expensive and most beautiful blow on it. Wind dries the flowers plants is a potted orchid in and reduces their keeping qual­ flower. No other flowers will give ity. you greater enjoyment for the Insects- When insects first ap­ money you spend. pear, carefully remove them by Here are some suggestions to hand or wash them off with water. help maintain orchids in good Insecticides applied when the condition: plants are in flower will damage Light-Do not place a plant in the petals. direct sunlight. Indirect light all After flowering- Cut off the day is ideal. If you do not want old flower spike with sharp to feature your flowering orchid shears at the base of the spike. in a place that is well lighted, Place the plant in the garden or use several plants and rotate on your lanai where it will flower them every 3 days. agam. Water- An orchid in flower Orchids most suitable as pot should be watered regularly, plants for the house are: Cattle­ usually once a day. Water just as yas, dendrobiums, vandas, and often as the plant dries. lady slippers. Examine them at Drafts and wind- Try not to your garden shop; enjoy their place the plant in a direct draft or beauty in your home. DENDROBIUMS (CANE ORCHIDS) In Hawaii, dendrobiums are where they will get full sun all called "cane orchids." All den­ day. In regions such as Wahiawa, drobiums are basically epiphytes Kaneohe, Kailua and Makiki, (rock or tree dwellers) but will they should have morning sun. In adapt themselves to bed, pot, or the very hottest locations, such as log culture. First, decide where Koko Head, Kalihi, Waikiki, in the garden you want to use slight partial shade during the them, then select the most suit­ heat of the day is ideal. able culture. If you are going to grow them Cane orchids require plenty of in a pot, use shredded hapuu, sunshine. In a valley, plant them osmunda fiber, or rough fir bark 2 as a potting medium. You also can mount them on hapuu logs- either a half log lying horizontally or a full log standing upright. Bore a hole in the log and place a seedling in it firmly. It will root quickly into the log and, in a short time, pro­ duce a solid mat of roots over the surface of the log. Log culture is ideal for the valleys and plains. In the very hot regions, you must provide water every hot day. Cane orchids grow beautifully in beds, preferably hollow-tile beds raised above the surface of the ground to assure perfect drainage. The bed should be 12 to 14 inches deep. Fill the bottom 6 inches with rough rock or large pieces of coral for drainage. Fill the top 6 to 8 inches with gravel about the size of a lima bean or a small kukui nut. To place the plants, scoop out a hole, lift the plant out of the pot, leaving all the material on the roots, put the plant in the hole and place gravel firmly around the plant to anchor cools the rock surface so the heat it. It will quickly root into the will not prevent new root growth. gravel bed. Such beds have per­ Water by hand or with an auto­ fect drainage and dry quickly. matic sprinkler; saturate the Heavy watering is needed-the entire bed as often as it gets dry. warmer the region, the heavier Dendrobiums are beautiful as the watering schedule. potted plants. Either a clay or During the hot months, it is cement pot is suitable. The plants advisable to put a mulch of peat grow to a large size so you will moss, shredded hapuu, or similar need a big pot. Repot them organic material on top of the frequently, always allowing gravel. This holds moisture and enough room for growth. Ma- 3 terials suitable for pot culture difficult for the novice to use are shredded hapuu fiber or fir than fir bark because the material bark. When using fir bark, place must be packed tightly into the the plant in a pot with the back pot with a stick. Hapuu takes on end at the rim and the growing a springlike characteristic when portion toward the center. Hold compressed. If you try to force it the base of the plant so that it is in the pot, it will pop right out. 1112 to 2 inches below the pot rim. Place the plant in the pot, then Fill the pot with fir bark, pressing add the hapuu fiber. Work from it in firmly so that the plant is the center out to the pot rim, well anchored. Large plants may pressing the fiber until it is firm need staking until they root firmly and solid. Hold the plant in place into the new material. during this operation or the force Shredded hapuu is an excellent used in placing the fiber will material although a little more move the plant from side to side. DENDROBIUM CULTURE CHART Light: Dendrobium orchids require sunlight. In the valleys: full sun; lower plains: full morning sun; hot regions: light shade. Water: As often as they get dry, except for species and D. phalaenopsis types. Keep dry when dormant-late winter to spring. Protect from rain at this time. Potting media: For pots: Hapuu shredded, fir bark, osmunda fiber; pot firmly. For beds: Gravel; in hot areas mulch the top surface. On logs: Hapuu logs; drill a hole and place plants in it firmly. On trees: Attach firmly to the tree, in a location with good light. Keep some media on the roots until well established. Use wire and staples to attach. They must be firmly attached to establish themselves. Fertilizer: At least twice a month; use liquid orchid fertilizer according to manufacturer's directions. Insecticides: Spray once every 2 weeks with a good all-purpose insecticide that will protect against most insects that are apt to attack dendrobium orchids. Repotting: Dendrobium orchids are large plants and need a large container. Repot as often as the medium becomes soft or the plant fills the pot. 4 POLVPLOID DENDROBJUM PHALAENOPSJS Orchids that have the charac­ schroderianum 'Ruby,' and No. teristics most persons desire are 3) D. phalaenopsis 'Giganteum.' often polyploid. Polyploid means Crosses were made between "many sets of chromosomes." parents No.
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