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A Review on the Phytochemical Properties of Five Selected Genera of Orchids

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A Review on the Phytochemical Properties of Five Selected Genera of Orchids Volume 2021, issue 2, pages 50–58 30 June 2021 https://doi.org/10.33493/scivis.21.02.04 REVIEW ARTICLE A review on the phytochemical properties of five selected genera of orchids Lalrosangpuii*1 and Lalrokimi2 1Department of Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl 796001, India 2Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, India Orchidaceae family includes some of the most important ornamental plants with Received 16 January 2021 Accepted 15 February 2021 medicinal purposes. It is one of the largest groups among the Angiosperms. Even though there are several studies on the medicinal purposes of orchidaceae, lesser *For correspondence: [email protected] is known about the phytochemical compound present in the different parts of the plant. Therefore, in this present review paper five genus from Orchidaceae family Contact us: [email protected] has been selected to highlight the important phytochemical compounds present in the orchid plant. The commonly found phytochemicals are alkaloid, flavanoid, phenol, terpenoid, steroid and saponin. Keywords: Orchid, medicinal plant, ornamental plant, genus, phytocompound. Introduction Orchids comprises the largest and the most medicinal importance, and are also considered as an 1 diverse group among the flowering plants. Orchids ecological indicator.5 In Europe and Asia orchids are are generally cultivated for ornamental purposes, known for its medicinal purposes since ancient but it also happens to have enormous economic times,6 but lesser was known about its therapeutic importance. The origin of orchids on the earth could use in the New World.7 be traced back to 120 million years. But the earliest Orchids are popularly known for their aesthetic th written record was seen on 4 millennium B.C. only. value but less for their medicinal values. There has In China, orchids have been used as a source of been a tremendous research reports recently as 2,3 herbal remedies as early as 2800 B.C. Whereas in medicinal plants, however, orchids are not India, some orchids have been used for their curative completely explored for its medicinal applications and aphrodisiac properties since the Vedic period and pharmacological studies.8 Among the orchids, 4 (2000–600 B.C.) Orchid has been mentioned as the genera Dendrobiun, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, ‘Vanda’ in the Indian Vedic scriptures. Cypipedium, Eria, Anoectochilus, Calanthe, There are various types of orchids and is Bulbophyllum, Dactylorhiza, Habenaria, Nevilia, represented by terrestrial, epiphytic and saprophytic Pholidota, Galeola, and Gastrodia are mainly species. The occurrence of orchid is worldwide and considered to have medicinal value. It has been exhibited different diversity in shape, color, and size reported that extracts and metabolites from these of the flowers. They have an aesthetical and different plants parts like flowers, stem and leaves ISSN 0975-6175 (print) /2229-6026 (online) | CODEN SVCIC9 © The Author(s) 2021 | Published by Mizo Academy of Sciences | CC BY-SA 4.0 Volume 21 | Issue 2 | April-June 2021 has beneficial pharmacological activities such as oxidative and antibacterial activity,26,27 diuretic, anti-rheumatic, anti- inflammatory, anti- antiangiogenic activity,28 spasmolytic activity,29 anti- carcinogenic, hypoglycemic activities, anti-microbial, tumor activity.30 Phenanthrenes have also been anti- convulsive, relaxation, neuroprotective and anti found to exhibit anti-tumor, anti-fungal, anti- - virus activities.8 A number of chemical compounds oxidative, anti-aggregation, spasmolytic activity, such as alkaloids, bibenzyle derivatives, flavonoids, cytotoxic31 and anti-inflammatory activities. phenanthrenes and terpenoids have been isolated from orchids worldwide. The most common alkaloids Genus Liparis extracted include chysine, drobine, dendronine, 8 grandifolin and crepidine. Chemical components of Liparis is a genus that comprises of about 250 orchid isolated from Europe and Asia has shown members.32 Among the orchidaceae family, the significant antimicrobial activity against human 6 genus Liparis is one of the first to be investigated for pathogens. the presence of alkaloids. Boorsma (1902) was the There has been a significant scientific report on first person to report the presence of alkaloids in L. orchids as medicinal plants with an abundant parviflora. Liparis is not commonly used for number of papers published on this specific topic. medicinal purposes except in China despite the However lesser number of review papers regarding presence of alkaloids in many species.33 the phytochemical properties on orchids has been published. For this reason we decided to focus more on the presence of different phytochemical Liparis regnieri compound by selecting five genus. Liparis regnieri is an herbaceous plant from orchidaceae family. It is one of the members of the Features of Orchidaceae genus Liparis. Its common name is Regnier’s Liparis. The whole plant is used for extract preparation. The The plants under the Orchidaceae family phytochemical studies on Liparis regnieri includes comprises of extensively evolved and widely phenanthrene glycosides namely nudoglycosides A distributed monocotyledons with a large number of and B.34 These phenanthrenes are a great compound terrestrial, saprophytic and epiphytic species. It for antimicrobial activity. In the same plant Ren et al., comprises of nearly 30,000 species in which falls 2017 has reported biphenanthrene named 9 under about 750 genera. Orchids are of very high liparisbiphenanthrene A and ten new nervogenic aesthetic beauty and therefore account for multi acid derivatives namely liparisbenzoate B, liparis- million dollars in cut flower industries in many parts 10,11 benzoate C, liparisbenzoate D, liparisbenzoate E, of the world. The original home of orchids is liparisbenzoate F, liparisbenzoate G, liparisbenzoate believed to be South-East Asian Tropic (Indo-Malaya H, liparisenoate A, liparisenoate B, liparisacrylate A, Regions), where there is high concentration of and liparisacrylate B. genera, species and individuals. Liparis nervosa Phytochemicals in Orchids A small terrestrial herb no taller than 12 cm, stem Phytochemicals are non-nutritive chemical is fleshy, erect, sheathed by two plicate, ovate to constituents of plants which occur naturally in it, i.e., ovate-elliptical, pointed leaves. It is mainly used for the chemicals which are derived from plants are detoxicating and hemostatic functions.35 called Phytochemicals.12 The major chemical Pyrrolizidine-alkaloids which has an antitumor constituents reported from orchid species are activity has been isolated from Liparis nervosa 36. alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, bibenzyl Huang et al., 201337 has also reported five new derivatives, phenanthrenes and stilbenoids. Presence nervogenic acid derivatives such as 3,5-bis (3-methyl of these phytochemicals provides antimicrobial, -2-butenyl)-4-O-[β-D-glucopy-ranosyl-(1→4)-β-D- antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral activities, etc. glucopyranosyl] ben-zoic acid, 3,5-bis (3-methyl-2- Alkaloids are known to have antipyretic activity,13 butenyl) -4-O- [β-D-glucopyranosyl- (1→2)-α-L- and also have the ability to inhibit the Na+- K+ arabinopyranosyl] benzoic acid, 3,5-bis(3-methyl-2- ATPase activities in kidneys of rats.14 Flavanoids have butenyl)-4-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-gluco- been found to have antioxidative properties,15 Anti pyranosyl] benzamide, 3,5-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-4 platelet aggregation activity,16 antitumor,17 and -O-[β-D-gluco-pyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyran- antifungal activities.18 Terpenoids are involved in osyl] ben-zamide and 3,5-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-4- sensitization of cells that express multi drug O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl] resistance phenotype to the toxicity of anticancer benzamide. In 2016, the ethanolic extract of the drug doxorubicin19 and immunomodulatory whole plant of Liparis nervosa was found to have activity.20,21 Bibenzyl derivatives have anticancer nervosine VII, nervosine VIII and nervosine IX. These activities,22,23,24 anti-aggregation activity,25 anti- are pyrrolizidine alkaloids and the structures were 51 www.sciencevision.org Volume 21 | Issue 2 | April-June 2021 extensively elucidated with spectroscopic 38 Vanda coerulea examination. Three new biphnanthrenes was again isolated from the ethanolic extract of Liparis nervosa Vanda coerulea is a monopodial orchid, an by bioactivity-guided fractionation. The three new epiphytic plant commonly found in the northeastern biphenanthrenes includes liparis-phenanthrenes A, region of India (Meghalaya, Mizoram, Assam and liparisphen-anthrenes B and liparisphenanthrenes C. Manipur) and northern parts of Thailand and Burma. These biphenanthrenes are found to have potent Vanda coerulea is primarily used for ornamental as cytotoxic activity against stomach (HGC-27) and well as horticultural purposes. Apart from its 39 colon (HT- 29) cancer cell lines. On a study ornamental values, it is also an important ethno conducted by Song et al., 2013, the butanol extract botanical plant and used to prepare several was found to have new nervogenic acid glycoside traditional medicines, which is due to the presence where the structure elucidated by extensive of several biochemical compounds such as flavidin, spectroscopic measurements was 3, 5-bis (3-methyl- coelonin, imbricatin, gigantol, methoxycoelonin, but-2-enyl)-4-O-[β-D-xylopyra-nosyl-(1→2)-β-D- phytosterol 49. The common name for Vanda glucopyranosyl]-benzoic acid.
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