\C!a B~!!>GIJ\ro BOOK A Personal Viewpoint by CPr William J. Stein

he true test of a technical manual sandbar. The ice was excavated to the construction must be included m a is its usefulness in a practical field river bottom in the major channels, T rewrite of TM 5-349. situation. A true test of TM 5-349, Arc­ both across the channels and parallel tic Construction, came when the 23rd Ice Profile to the flow. Bailey bridges and M-4T6 Engineer Company (CBT) (HVY), Fort The next step in ice bridging is pro­ bridge sections were stockpiled to put Richardson, was tasked to build the filing the ice which TM 5-349 addresses across the channels ifthe water started main supply route for the joint train­ in general terms only. The reader is left flowing above the ground. ing exercise, "Brim Frost '83" in cen­ guessing where to place the profile Reinforcement tral Alaska. holes, how to estimate the load-bearing Calculations showed that the ice capacity for different types of ice, and Site Selection bridges over the four channels needed what to do with ice frozen solid to the The first task was to bridge the Delta to be 8 inches thicker. The TM's section river bottom or unsupported by water. River. This required choosing a site for on "Reinforced Crossings" says to clear The load-bearing capacity for ice is an ice bridge. Site considerations are the snow cover, but says nothing about given in table XIV of TM 5-349. Unfor­ covered in the "Ice Bridges" section of the snow berms on the edge of the ice tunately, this table does not say which TM 5-349. bridge. type of ice these minimum thicknesses Additional site considerations used During the winter exercise, "Jack are for and does not give correction fac­ by CPT Chris Turletes, commander of Frost 1979, "near Fairbanks, AK, the tors for other types of ice. The Ice the 23rd, included aligning the ice Cold Regions Research and Engineer­ Bridging pamphlet gives the load class bridge with the prevailing wind direc­ ing Laboratory (CRREL) evaluated the formulas and also has a table listing tion, insuring that streams or creeks ice bridge construction over the Tanana certain military vehicles with the cor­ were not entering immediately River and found significant reduction responding minimum ice thicknesses a upstream from the site, removing in the ice thickness under the snow required for certain types of ice. obstructions upwind, and placing snow berms on either side of the ice bridge. The Delta River crossing posed many berms downwind. His additional cri­ When ice bridge construction is com­ problems. The four major river chan­ teria are included in "Ice Bridging;' plete, the snow berms should be nels had conditions varying from solid Pamphlet 350-2 of the 172nd Infantry removed to prevent weakening of the ice to the river bottom to 40 inches of Brigade (February 1983) that was ice bridge. An explanation of the weak­ ice over 4-foot air voids. At the begin­ necessitated by the lack of a specific ening effect of the snow berms on the ning of construction, the water flow guidance in TM 5-349. ice bridge is included in the Ice Bridg­ was subterranean. The Arctic ing pamphlet, but not in the TM. Approaches Construction manual does not mention The next step in reinforcing the ice "Preparation of Approaches" sug­ these possible problems, much less bridge is addressed in the section on gests using a timber ramp from the ice offer solutions. "Flooding." This very short paragraph bridge to frozen fill on the banks. This Captain Turletes consulted Edward says to flood the bridge to 2112 times the ignores the fact that ice forming at the F. Sheehan, long-time resident, geolo­ roadway width using one-inch layers of banks usually expands off the river gist, and Senior Tust Manager with the water and claims that each inch of and becomes supported by the banks. Cold Regions Test Center at Fort water will freeze in two hours at 5° F. The overhanging ice creates a weak Greely, AK. Mr. Sheehan said that the However, the present industry stan­ spot because of the hinge effect. subterranean flow was normal, but dard is to flood the ice bridge to a width This problem was dealt with in that it would not continue all winter. of 150 feet. In reality at 5° F, each inch "Brim Frost '83" by breaking the hinge This information led to the following of water will take 11 hours to freeze ice and making the ramps of icecrete: solution: two crossing sites were pre­ with no wind, or 7 hours to to freeze crushed ice, aggregate, snow, and water. pared, one on the ground-supported ice This newer method of approach-ramp sheet and one weaving from sandbar to (Continued on page 37) E . ra1 WOIUME 1,ng1 nN~R~ r WINTER 1984-85

UNITED STATES ARMY FEATURES ENGINEER CENTER 10 WW II: Engineers in the European Theater AND FORT BELVOIR, VA by Dr. William C. Baldwin and Dr. Barry W Fowle COMMANDER/COMMANDANT 20 The Fort Leonard Wood Museum: A WWII Time Capsule MG Richard S. Kem by Robert K. Combs

ASSISTANT COMMANDANT 22 Blackwell Bridge: Historic Structure Saved Through COL Ralph T. Rundle Modern Methods by Jack Wilson CHIEF OF STAFF/DEPUTY INSTALLATION COMMANDER 24 Men and Machines: A History of Combat Developments COL Peter D. Stearns by CPT Ronald G. Prichard

COMMAND SERGEANT MAJOR 27 West Point Engineers: Builders of America's CSM Charles T. Tucker Infrastructure by MAJ Mark Vincent DIRECTOR OF TRAINING AND DOCTRINE 30 An Engineer Platoon Leader's Survival Guide to NTC COL Don W. Barber by CPT James G. Liwski

32 A Close Look at Drill Sergeant School CHIEF OF PUBLICATIONS by SP4 Thomas Copeland and SP5 Kathleen Ellison Stanley Georges

EDITOR 34 Construction and Maintenance of Delta Creek Airstrip Marilyn Fl eming by MAJ Thomas A. York

MANAGING EDITOR 38 Publications from CERL 1LT Louis J. Leto

ASSISTANT EDITOR 42 The Difference Donald Sc hmoldt by Dandridge M. Malone

CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Ellen D. Shields DEPARTMENTS DESIGN DIRECTOR Thomas Davis Inside Front Cover: A Personal Viewpoint EDITORIAL ASSISTANT SP4 Jean Tate 2 News and Notes 7 School News 4 Clear the Way 29 Engineer Problem On the Cover This German-laid minefie ld won't hold up 5 Bridge the Gap 37 Hotline Q&A Allied forces invading France as ILt Merle Kirste in makes a final sweep on June 13, 6 Engineer People 43 Engineer Solution 1944. Notice the mines that have already been recovered (U.S. Army Photo). 44 Career Notes

ENGINEER (ISSN 0046-1989) is a n authorized publication of the U.S. Ar my Engineer Center and Fort Belvoir, VA. Unless specifica lly stated, materia l appear­ ing herein does not necessar ily refl ect officia l policy, thinking nor endorsement by any agency of the U.S. Army. The words he, him, or his are used to represent personnel of either sex. All photographs conta ined herein are officia l U.S. Army photogr aphs unless otherwise credited. The use of funds for pr inting this publication was approved by Headquarters, Department of the Army, on July 22, 1981. Material herein may be reprinted if credit is given to ENGINEER and to the a uthor. ENGINEER's objectives are to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas, to inform and motivate, and to promote the professiona l develop­ ment of all members of the Army engineer community. Direct correspondence with ENGINEER is authorized and encouraged. Inquiries, letters to the editor, commenta ries, manuscripts, photographs and general correspondence should be sent to: ENGINEER Magazine, ATZA-TD-P Stop 291D, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5 291. Phone: (703) 664-3082, AV 354. ENGINEER may be fo rwarded to personnel in military units. Address changes should be sent to ENGINEER. Subscriptions to ENGINEER are available through the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. A check or money order payable to Superintendent of Documents, must accompany all subscription requests. Rates a re $11.00 for domestic (including APO and FPO) addresses a nd $13.75 for foreign addresses. Individual copies are available at $3.00 per copy for domestic addresses and $3.75 for foreign addresses. Second Class postage pa id at Fort Belvoir, VA, and additional mailing offices. -M News & Notes Engineers Save Historic Site; Clean Hawaiian Habitation Cave

"The cave in which we worked extends nearly three quarters of a mile to the next cave, which is closer to the ocean. Another cave extends nearly two miles;' he said. Hieroglyphics and other artifacts, including hollowed grinding stones found within those caves, led the Army to declare the area archaeologically significant. During their stay at South Point, the Engineers cleaned an estimated 20 tons of debris from the cave. They worked daily from dawn to dusk in a hot and dusty environment to restore the cave site. Micro!fech Equipment

Microprocessor technology may be the key to making the battlefield of the future safer for Combat Engineers. Researchers at the Ft. Belvoir Working in the heat and blowing dust of South Point, HI, the 25th Infantry Research and Development Center's Division's 65th Combat Engineers worked from August 15 to September Combined Arms Support Laboratory 7 to clear debris from an ancient Hawaiian habitation cave (photo by SP4 have mounted a microprocessor­ Robert P. Lindsay). controlled backhoe and manipulator arm on a cross-country vehicle to Engineers from HHC, 65th Engineer "The 65th Engineers became evaluate their potential in a combat Bn. Schofield Barracks, HI, preserved involved in the cleaning project situation. By minimizing the manual a portion of Hawaiian history recently. through the Hawaiian Home Lands operations required to handle these two From August 15 to September 7, the Department;' explained Whitfield. attachments, the microprocessor sys­ squad of Engineers cleaned an ancient "The Department preserves lands tem would reduce the danger to the Hawaiian habitation cave at South owned by the original Hawaiians in driver from weapons or chemical, bio­ Point, on the southern tip of the much the same way as Indian reserva­ logical or nuclear agents. Hawaii. tions preserve Indian lands." Once developed, its computer pro­ The habitation cave area of South When the original Hawaiians came gram could record and evaluate data on Point was the site of the first to South Point, they found several cave­ the exact position of the attachments Hawaiians' landing in the islands, like holes in the countryside called lava and calculate the exact voltages needed according to SGT Terrence Whitfield, tubes. These are formed when the sur­ to perform a specific task. Engineers HHC, 65th Engineer Bn. During WW face of a lava flow cools, allowing visualize a driver being able to call II, however, the Army Air Corps used molten lava in the center to flow out. upon a previously entered program to the cave area as an airfield. After the This forms a tunnel or "tube!' Accord­ dig a standard hole with the backhoe; war, when the airfield was deactivated, ing to Whitfield, the first visitors to to enter his own data for a special exca­ barb wire, fuel drums, and other debris Hawaii used these as shelters or vation; or to control the backhoe using were discarded into the caves. homes. a joystick. The manipulator, mean-

2 ENGINEER/Winter 1984- 85 assembly used with the link kit kept faltering. Consequently, my team con­ vinced the civilian Engineer to rede­ sign the roller assembly, so that we no longer experience any problem in this area!' The majority of the Engineers' actual training was done by Mr. Bob Farrar, an Englishman from Fairey Engineer­ ing LTD of Stockport, England, the designers and manufacturers of the MGB. A man of dry English wit and dis­ tinct British colloquialisms, Mr. Farrar was always found in the midst of the soldiers he was training, showing them in detail the proper assembly of the reinforcement apparatus. He noted that it takes about three bridge builds to get a unit well acquainted with the reinforcement kit.

In the future, a microprocessor-controlled backhoe and manipulator arm, mounted on a cross-country vehicle, may be used to improve the safety and efficiency of Combat Engineers (U.S. Army photo). while, would have the capacity to lift safety of the cab. and stack a pallet of ammunition at Data from initial tests currently angles up to 90 degrees when fully underway will also form the basis for extended. When close in, this could be using artificial intelligence in other increased to as many as four pallets­ types of construction and materials all while the driver remains in the handling equipment. Link Reinforcement Kit In October 1984, the Engineers of the Equipment Training Team that was 559th Engineer Bn. were once again available from the Field Services leaders in their field, as the 516th Activity of St. Louis, MO, discussed Engineer Co. became the first unit in how the integration of new engineer­ Europe to construct a medium girder ing equipment such as the link rein­ bridge (MGB) with a link reinforce­ forcement kit begins with research, ment kit. development and testing at Ft. Belvoir, At the field construction site in VA. "Then we get the responsibility to Hanau, Germany, the Engineers were manage the unit's training;' he said. found adding more than the usual He further added that the instructors number of bays to the bridge under training the Engineers were from the construction. manufacturers of the MGB. According to SSG Gary Layton, a sec­ Assisting Mr. Lynn was SFC Gary tion sergeant with the 516th, the rein­ Stayon from Ft. Belvoir. He further forcement kit allows them to build a described how it was the New Equip­ 22-bay double story bridge that can ment Team's mission to ensure that handle a Class 60 load. "Without the products are designed that can be pro­ Engineers of the 516th Engineer Co. kit;' he said, "a Class 60 bridge could perly used by troops in the field. "heave ho" as they adjust the link only be 12 bays long, and 22 bays could "As a 12C, my work primarily con­ reinforcement apparatus, visible only handle a Class 16 load." cerns bridging;' Stayon said. "For below the medium girder bridge Mr. Charles Lynn, chief of a New instance, the original third roller (photo by SP4 Paul Graveline).

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 3 l~,:; ~ fl "f-·" ->

CLEAR THE WAY - by MG Richard S. Kem, Commandant, U.S. Army Engineer School The American Military Engineer:

A Proud Heritage Because of this diverse background, it is appropriate that this historical issue offers articles across the As an American military Engineer, you possess a breadth of our mission-combat engineering, military multifaceted heritage that reaches as far back as construction, and our civil works engineering and con­ Europe during the Renaissance. The Engineers of that struction for the nation. The lead article tells how creative period recognized no dichotomy between mili­ Combat Engineers "cleared the way" in the European tary and civil engineering. They moved easily from theater during World War II. A second provides the combat engineering to the design and construction of origin of the Corps of Engineers civil works mission; civil structures such as canals, cathedrals, and forti­ and another, "The Fort Leonard Wood Museum;' tells fications. For example, Francesco di Giorgio Martini us how some of this heritage is captured and preserved of Siena, a Renaissance master known for his paint­ for us and future generations of Engineers. ing, sculpture and architecture, was responsible for his hometown's water supply and invented the star­ We look to this rich and varied past for many rea­ shaped bastion. Another, Aristotle Fiorviante of sons. Those of you who attended the commemoration Bologna, built one of the cathedrals in Moscow's at Fort Belvoir's 40th anniversary of the Battle of the Kremlin and laid pontoon bridges for armies on the Bulge experienced first-hand some of the pleasures march. and uses of our history. The talks by Engineers who fought in the Bulge not only taught us much about All of the elements of this 15th century tradition leadership in battle, but were inspiring and entertain­ are reinforced by our unique American heritage as ing as well. military Engineers. As Combat Engineers, we trace The content of this issue illustrates many ways in our descent to the earliest hours of the U.S. Army at which we draw on this heritage. In the first place, our Bunker Hill and to the original company of sappers past explains the origins of our current missions. For and miners who led the way through the British forti­ example, the article on the builders of America's infra­ fications at Yorktown. Although technology has structure traces the expansion of Engineer partici­ changed dramatically since then, their mission pation in the development of public works such as rail­ remains ours-mobility, countermobility, surviva­ roads, canals, and highways. bility. We are still sappers-"clear the way." Finally, our heritage as American military Engi­ Also, since the American Revolution, we have been neers should provide us a source of pride. The war­ constructors of military fortifications; and that time achievements of American military Engineers military construction mission has grown through the show what an Engineer organization, with its roots years, particularly since World War II. Finally, Army in such a wide variety of military and civil engineer­ Engineers have been instrumental in developing civil ing accomplishments, can do. society since the early 19th century. This started with Understanding our roots, fully appreciating the clearing obstacles from rivers, building the major major contribution our forebearers made in building highways of the period, as well as the exploration, our great nation and contributing on the battlefield survey, and mapping of our nation's westward expan­ to its defense, is necessary. Necessary to appreciate sion. This led to major national responsibilities in that you are a part of a great organization and a great water-resource development and major programs to tradition; and that you carry a heavy responsibility construct facilities for our space program, to moder­ to continue that tradition-in the peacetime Army, on nize the postal system, and in significant overseas the AirLand Battlefield, serving our Nation. construction. Essayons!

4 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 I ~ tt;:!- '\ j

~\

--~-BRIDGE THE GAP_..___~...... by CSM Charles T. Tucker, U.S. Army Engineer Center & School

Yesterday's Engineers, Today's Inspiration

Past Engineers Show the Meaning of "Soldier"

All of these examples should remind us of our first It pleases me that my first opportunity to write duty-to be a professional soldier. Our prime mission "Bridge the Gap" would be for a historical issue. on the battlefield is to defeat the enemy. If dropping When we think about the history of the Army and of our shovels and leaving behind our bulldozers is what the Corps of Engineers, we actually think of our we have to do to defeat our enemy, then that is what heritage. We may think of the Continental Army at we do. The fact was true on June 6, 1944, and it still N"alley Forge, Saratoga, and Yorktown. We may also stands today. hink about the soldiers who gave their lives at The AirLand Battle requires all soldiers to work Normandy, the Bulge, Pork Chop Hill, and Saigon. together. It demands that we recognize our mission The point is that as Engineers, we must first in supporting the maneuver forces and executing this remember our heritage as combat soldiers. Many task in the most proficient and professional manner times throughout history, Engineers were forced to possible. It means reorganizing and fighting as drop their shovels and pick up their weapons. We see infantry, should it become necessary. As Engineers, a prime example of this in the article, "WWII: we must realize this. If we qon't win the first battle, Engineers in the European Theater." Engineers were we may very well lose the· war. forced to defend against an overwhelming enemy force The American military Engineer has played a major at Trois-Ponts, even though other American troops role in this country's history and continues to do so. were ordered to retreat. Not only was he instrumental against Hitler's final Even at the Normandy landings, Engineers faced desperate attempt to defeat the Allies, but he also relentless enemy fire and suffered perhaps more planted the seed for this country's infrastructure. casualties man-for-man than any other unit. Without Troops continually work within our communities their courage and determination, the American forces improving roads, dams, bridges, and buildings. They may well have faced utter disaster. constructed the first railroad tracks so that Americans could travel easier, faster, and safer. They did all this This is illustrated in a book by Janice Holt Giles. and were proud of their work. In "The Damned Engineers," she explains how LTC Peiper led the German offensive at the Battle of the So, what do I ask of all noncommissioned officers Bulge and tried to maneuver his panzers against an and soldiers? Remember that as Engineer soldiers, outnumbered enemy. But every time he tried to move you can be just as proud of your heritage as any other his tanks across a bridge, he found that it had been soldier. Remember the key role Engineer soldiers have blown up by Engineers. The story goes that all he kept in the Army. Remember what your predecessors have aying upon discovering the bridges was, "The done and use that to inspire your soldiers. Educate !iamned Engineers:' Again, we see the significant role your soldiers as to whose footsteps they are following. which American military Engineers have played in That inspiration and dedication is what we need in our history. the AirLand Battle.

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 5 -M Engineer People

SSG Tom Benoit, a soldier assigned to the 11th Engineer Bn, Ft. Belvoir, Strongest Man in the Army . VA., claims to be the strongest man in the Army. In his competition, Benoit usually opens by squatting 722 pounds at least five times. Then he moves to 766 pounds and finally maxes with 805 pounds, squatting each of these weights three times. He then benchpresses 505 pounds and dead-lifts 665 pounds. In the 14 months that Benoit has been powerlifting, he's won over 33 medals. In a recent meet at Gettysburg, PA, held last August, Benoit deadlifted 665 pounds. That was the first time he had ever lifted that much weight. He placed first in the dead-lift and bench press competitions, and he also received a medal for best lifter in the 270 pound body weight class. Right before a lift, Benoit usually gets his adrenalin flowing by having SSG Tom Benoit, who claims to be the strongest man in the Army, shows someone slap his face or by hitting his the strength that he hopes will give him the world champion powerlifter head against the weight bar. "I'm a title (U.S. Army photo). super-aggressive person, so when I Marlow Heights, MD. He says he feels as he wants to be." work out with weights, it's like I'm at that having the right atmosphere is In his upcoming meet in February war.'' very crucial. He credits his success to 1985 at the Armed Forces Champion­ He enters only four competitions a his personality. "I love all sports and ship Meets, Benoit intends to walk year. He says that ifhe competed in any I'm very aggressive. Powerlifting is the away with a few more medals. With more, his body wouldn't be able to take only sport I've found that's individu­ proper weight training, working out at the stress. "You need time in between alistic. It's not like team sports, where the gym three times a week, and a to prepare for meets;' he said. you have to depend on a team's total proper diet, he says he could be the Benoit works out at a private gym in effort. My way a person can be as good world champion power lifter by 1988.

Have something for Engineer People? Please send your item German Friendship Award (with photographs) to ENGI­ NEER Magazine, ATZA-TD-P, Stop 291D Ft. Belvoir, VA Given to CSM 22060-5291.

~ The former Engineer School Com­ Troesch, who was honored for his organized activities in support of those mand Sergeant Major was named first endeavors in supporting and sustain­ festivities. Throughout his tenure at military recipient of the Federal ing friendship between Germany and Ft. Belvoir, he assisted military Republic of Germany Friendship the United States, served 12 years in families departing or returning from Award in recognition of his efforts to Germany during a 26-year Army assignments to Germany. foster good German-American career. While assigned in Germany, he Troesch was recently reassigned to relations. was actively involved in partnership Ft. Sam Houston, TX, as Command CSM Orville W. Troesch Jr. received activities, joint training ventures, and Sergeant Major of the Fifth Army the award from German Charge d' social events. Garrison. Affaires Theodor Wallau during a In 1983, during the 300th anniver­ recent ceremony at the German sary celebration of German immigra­ embassy in Washington, D.C. tion to the United States, Troesch

6 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 _f1_S_c_h_o_o_l_N_e_w_s______

Department of Combined Arms (DCA)

EOBC Course Engineer Officer Basic Course (EOBC) students will soon receive addi­ Revision: tional leadership training, as well as courses in the communicative arts. The officers, who are being trained to become professional Engineer pla­ toon leaders, will also be given additional night training and orienteer­ ing. More time will be devoted to the Engineer Stakes and the Common Training Test, and the final ARTEP/FTX has been changed to emphasize the role of the Task Force Engineer as both a platoon leader and a plan­ ner who integrates with a task force staff. The EOBC cadre, which is organized into three training companies, recognizes the need to improve certain fundamental tasks for these new Engineers. It encourages feedback from Engineer commanders on the EOBC curriculum results.

Directorate of Evaluation and Standardization (DOES)

ROTC Training The Engineer School and five university ROTC detachments are now Agreements: affiliated in an agreement signed Aug. 15, 1984. The five are Iowa State University, Johns Hopkins University, North Carolina State University, Penn State University, and the University of Missouri-Rolla. The program's goal is to increase the number of engineer and science students who participate in ROTC and to ultimately increase the number who will choose Engineer commissions. This program is in its first year, with only the Corps of Engineers and the Signal Corps participating. The universities were chosen based on three criteria: • Sound engineering school • Strong ROTC detachment • History of commissioning relatively few Engineer officers The program will be examined later for possible expansion into more universities, as well as expanding the program for other Army branches. At the Engineer School, the Engineer Proponency Office was given the program responsibility. By agreement, the Professor of Military Science at each of the universities is to be an Engineer officer. This branch assign­ ment will occur on the next possible assignment rotation date. The program will provide the Professors of Military Science with a direct line to the Engineer School for assistance in instructing and informing ROTC students about the Army branches, in particular the Corps of Engineers. The Engineer School will assist the ROTC program by providing slide shows, pamphlets, and other audio-visual material that will help to publicize the Corps of Engineers as a service choice.

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 7 _'f1 School News Directorate of Training and Doctrine (DOTD)

62N30 Basic Course: The Construction Equipment Supervisor Basic Technical Course (62N30) began October 15 at Fort Leonard Wood, MO. The five-week, three-day resident course teaches the basic supervisory management and technical skills which are required for planning and executing construc­ tion projects at the section level. The 62N30 BTC is available to active Army or Reserve Component soldiers who are qualified in MOS 62E, 62F, 62G, 62H, or 62N and have their commander's approval. First priority will be given to promotable E5s or E6s who are assigned to skill level 3 positions for which the training is designed. Second pri­ ority will be given to E5s or promotable E4s who, because of unit short­ ages, are assigned to E6 positions. Time restrictions and the technical subject matter required the course to be taught in three phases. First, a diagnostic test is given at the begin­ ning of the course to identify any deficiencies in prerequisite skills and to provide the curriculum for remedial training. This training will be conducted outside the normal academic day and will prepare each student for future BTC classes during the course. Next, each student will learn a variety of subjects including equip­ ment utilization and maintenance, interpretation of planning documents, production rate estimation, job planning, schedule development, safety and quality control procedures, personnel supervision, and personnel management. Finally, the course will end in a three-hour comprehensive test to evalu­ ate the soldier's knowledge of all the skills taught. This system of instruc­ tion will enable the soldier to return to his unit better qualified to resume his leadership position. Soldiers desiring to attend the 62N30 BTC should initiate the request on DA Form 4187 through their company commander in accordance with DA Pam 600-8. The POC for further information is lLT Bostian, General Engineering Branch, Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060-5291, (703)664-1997/4834 or AV 354-1997.

Functional Review: The second Engineer Functional Review (EFR) was presented to the ~ Headquarters, Department of the Army (HQDA), Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel (DCSPER) May 30, 1984. The Engineer School Comman­ dant uses these annual reviews to express the total personnel require­ ments and problems for the Engineer community. The Engineer Functional Review is used as a management tool to ensure that soldiers are trained to man new materiel systems and can support the Engineer force structure. The review examines new material systems and new or restructured organizations to identify their total personnel requirements. This enables the proponent to identify person­ nel issues which, if not resolved, could slow the fielding of new systems and organizations or could hamper unit readiness.

ENGINEER/Winter 1984- 85 Functional Review: Several personnel issues, identified in the May 1984 EFR, were (Cont.) women's limited opportunities for early career progression in the Engi­ neer force, the critical shortfall of Army divers, the shortage of Engineer warrant officers, and the lack of requirements for MOS 53B (Industrial Gas Production Specialist) in either the active or reserve forces. The Engineer Proponency Office has now assigned directorates within the USAES to solve these issues. If required, outside agencies such as other proponents, the Soldier Support Center-National Capitol Region, MILPERCEN, or the Army Staff will be asked to assist in problem solutions.

Branch Training A continuing program called the Engineer School Branch Training Team (BTT) has been established by the Directorate of Evaluation and Team: Standardization to maintain open communications with Engineer units worldwide. The Team, made up of representatives from the Engineer School and the Engineer Training Center at Ft. Leonard Wood, provides briefings on current actions and answers questions the unit may have. The BTT goal is to visit each active duty component Engineer battalion, group and brigade every two years, and reserve units as scheduling permits. Typically, Engineer School members include individuals from the Directorates of Combat Developments and Training and Doctrine, as well as the training departments. Both the Engineer School and the unit benefit from the Branch Train­ ing Team program since the visiting team receives feedback from the field and communications are improved. The unit also benefits from the information it receives. Contact the Directorate of Evaluation and Standardization at (703) 664-3668, AV 354-3668 for further information.

New Training The Engineer School has adopted the New Equipment Systems Train­ Handbook: ing Development Management Model (NESTDMM) handbook. This manual was developed to provide training developers, combat developers, and trainers with a management model and procedural guide for meeting training development requirements while acquiring new equipment systems. The NESTDMM handbook will give managers and project officers a comprehensive guide which outlines responsibilities and interactions that should occur between the different USAES organizations as they relate to the Life Cycle Management Model (LCMM). Completion of this handbook was made possible through the joint efforts of various branch representatives within the Engineer School who participated in numerous work sessions. Distribution of these handbooks began in October 1984. If you wish to receive a copy, contact Ms. Commie Brown, New Equipment Systems Office, (703) 664-2456, AV 354-2456.

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 9 WWII Engineers in the • European Theater

D-Day, June 6, 1944: 57,500 American and Allied troops massed together on the Normandy beaches to make Operation Overlord the largest single assault ever launched . .. and the Engineers led the way.

by Dr wmiam C. Baldwin and Dr Barry Fowle dugouts, and interlocking trenches. w They established artillery and mortar positions which could blanket the beaches with deadly, accurate fire. The Germans decided to defeat any invasion attempt on the beaches them­ Normandy Landings selves and, therefore, prepared no posi­ n June 6, 1984 the United States Omaha was the most formidable of tions further inland. Oand its western Allies celebrated the two American beaches. It stretched The American plan for assaulting the 40th anniversary of the landings for almost 8,000 yards between two sec­ Omaha required the Air Force and the on the Normandy beaches. Those land­ tions of coastline dominated by rocky Navy to bombard the beach prior to H­ ings began a drive that led to Ger­ cliffs. At low tide, the beach had a Hour. Landing just behind the first many's surrender less than one year 300-yard tidal flat of hard-packed, wave of American infantry, gap assault later. Contributing mightily to the gently sloping sand which could sup­ teams would create gaps through the effort were United States Army Engi­ port Allied landing craft. Behind this surviving German beach obstacles. neers who participated in every part of tidal flat lay a rocky shingle and a level Each of the 16 gap assault teams was that offensive. shelf of sand and grass. Inland from the composed of 28 Engineers from the Although Allied forces had already shelf, the ground rose steeply into 146th and 299th Engineer Combat landed in North Africa, Sicily, and bluffs from 100 to 125 feet high. Five Battalions, a naval combat demolition southern Italy earlier in the war, none small valleys, which cut through these squad, and a tank dozer. Eight support of these landings had been as large as bluffs to the beach, were the exits teams and two command teams would Operation Overlord, which was a direct through which American troops, vehic­ closely follow the assault teams. assault on Hitler's vaunted Atlantic les, and supplies had to pass (Figure 1). Each of the assault and support wall. The Germans, recognizing that teams carried 1,000 pounds of equip­ ~ The First Canadian Army and the Omaha was a possible invasion site, ment including explosives, demolition Second British Army under the com­ began to fortify the beach. They erected accessories, mine detectors, and gap mand of Field Marshal Bernard L. hedgehogs, ramps, and "Belgian markers. Each man in the team carried Montgomery landed on three beaches gates"; placed stakes, minefields, a 75-pound load, including 40 pounds on the eastern coast of Normandy, barbed wire; dug antitank ditches; and of explosives; and each team had 1,000 while the First United States Army studded all of these obstacles with pounds of extra explosives in rubber under LTG Omar Bradley landed on mines. boats. two western beaches, code-named Realizing that the valleys were the After the gap assault teams cleare Omaha and Utah. Although the Allies key to defending the beach because the initial passages through the bead had carefully planned the operation, they provided exits for American obstacles, troops from the 5th and 6th' the outcome of the assault was troops, vehicles, and supplies, the Ger­ Engineer Special Brigades would uncertain. mans fortified them with pill boxes, enlarge these gaps and begin unload-

10 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 Off the beach and driving forward, Engineers build roads on the coast of northern France near Cherbourg, June 8, 1944. Ships of the invasion fleet hover in the background (U.S. Army photo).

// / E A C H MA IN ~ SUPPLY Tt \ D U MPS, I I I

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ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 11 _ _ ., . _ ~- .;~ - ~}~·e~~S~;i -·- ·- -.:...:~~....;_~ ~ -...... --- :-- : -- .... - 4 -~ ... ,'·.,,...... _- --~::::- - ~-· _ , .., ._ ~ ~ · ~ .._ -~~~~ -...:_~~~:? .~~~?" )~--=--- .. -· -- ... ---- Photograph, taken several months after D-Day, shows a general view of beach defenses near Fort de Foucarville in the Utah Beach area (U.S. Army photo). ing supplies and moving them inland. onto the beach, the teams had to devise Ross led them and his Engineer pla­ The 37th, 149th, 336th, and 348th new methods for removing obstacles. toon against two German machine gun Engineer Combat Battalions which They discovered that it was easier and emplacements. This make-shift force formed the nuclei of the special bri­ safer to remove the mines attached to captured the positions, killing 40 gades' battalion beach groups, also the obstacles and use the tank dozers defenders. included quartermaster, ordnance, and, later, armored bulldozers to shove A German minefield located on a chemical, signal, medical, and military the obstacles aside. Later in the day, shelf of land between the shingle and police personnel. two landing craft demonstrated that the bluff still kept American soldiers Although American planners antici­ they could ram their way through the pinned on the beach. Working under pated that these Engineers might have disarmed obstacles. This technique heavy German fire, six Engineers from to fight as infantry in the first phases became standard practice. the 37th cleared and marked what was of the landing, they did not anticipate Also at 7 a.m. the first special bri­ probably the first foot trail from the the enormous confusion or the stiff gade Engineers landed 10 minutes beach to the bluffs. All six were German resistance that confronted the early and found the situation little wounded. While the Engineers cleared American troops on D-Day. improved from H-Hour. Because it was additional paths through the mine­ Since the preliminary air and naval impossible for them to land and move fields, the officers of the 37th guided attacks on the German beach defenses supplies, the battalion beach group the infantry through the lanes to less had little effect, the first waves of Engineers joined the gap assault teams exposed positions at the foot of the American assault troops faced intense in removing beach obstacles, aiding the bluffs. German small arms and artillery fire. wounded, and reinforcing the ragged Although scattered groups of soldiers Most of the first-wave troops landed fire line that was forming behind the began moving from the beach and up east of their assigned beaches, and few shingle pile. the bluffs, the tidal flat became landed on time. Of the 16 gap assault With German small arms and artil­ increasingly littered with equipment teams, 9 landed ahead of schedule and lery fire still intense, artillery shells and vehicles which threatened to block only 5 landed on their assigned beach. hit a landing craft carrying the first the exits. Privates Vinton W. Dove and The intense German fire forced many wave of 90 men from the 147th Engi­ William Shoemaker, bulldozer opera­ infantry troops to take refuge among neer Combat Battalion and caused 45 tors of the 37th Engineer Battalion, the beach obstacles which the gap casualties. This forced the rest of the worked under heavy German fire dur­ teams were trying to destroy. Unable Engineers to jump into neck-deep ing the next several hours, moving to clear soldiers from the obstacle area water without most of their equipment. wreckage and obstacles from the beach, it had wired, one team was heading The success of the landing now clearing a passage for vehicles through toward the shingle for cover when a depended on getting the troops from the loose rock of the shingle, and fill­ German mortar shell detonated the the beach to the bluffs, where they ing antitank ditches at the foot of the charges, killing or wounding 19 of its could suppress German fire. bluffs. members and as many infantry. By 7 Elements of the 37th Engineer Com­ As the infantry gradually subdued a.m. as the rising tide drove American bat Battalion then landed near Exits the German strongpoints at Exit E-1, soldiers inland, the gap assault teams E-1 and E-3 (Figure 1) and immediately the 37th and 149th Combat Engineers had only cleared five narrow lanes joined the infantry in attacking Ger­ built access roads from the beach to the through the German obstacles. man strong points. Gathering a leader­ exit. By 1 p.m. tanks and artillery As more men and vehicles crowded less infantry company, lLT Robert P. could move from the beach through the

12 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 exit and into the countryside behind were not as strong as those at Omaha. clearing Exit 2, another force, includ­ the bluffs. Exit E-1 became the prin­ During the night preceding D-Day, ing two companies of the 49th Engi­ cipal exit from the beach on D-Day, due assaults by the 82nd and lOlst Air­ neer Combat Battalion, moved south in part to the Engineers' courageous borne Divisions had further weakened from the beach toward Exit 1. Under efforts. and disrupted German defenses. small arms and artillery fire, the infan­ The afternoon saw slow but steady The assault plan for Utah, like that try moved inland to join the lOlst Air­ progress in capturing German posi­ for Omaha, required Army-Navy gap borne troops, while the Engineers tions overlooking the beach, but the assault teams to land shortly after the attacked German positions protecting situation was still confusing. When the first infantry units and create passages the sluice gates that had created the 336th Engineer Combat Battalion through the beach obstacles. water barrier behind the beach. The attempted to land in its assigned sec­ As a result of several miscalculations, Engineers captured the gates on D­ tor, German artillery fire was too the entire Utah assault force landed Day; and the next day they seized intense and the battalion's landing 2,000 yards south of the intended land­ another stronghold, capturing 59 craft was forced to find a better site. ing site at a beach that was less heav­ prisoners and 17 tons of ammunition. The battalion finally came ashore ily defended. Although German artil­ During the next several days, 49th 4,000 yards west of its assigned beach lery fire caused numerous casualties, Engineers held these positions on the and began a perilous two-hour journey they were light compared to those at southern flank of the beachhead and back to its sector. Omaha. The teams quickly cleared the drained water from the flooded area Accompanied by a tractor-pulled initial gaps, and by 9:30 a.m. the entire behind the beach. trailer loaded with explosives, the bat­ beach was free of obstacles. While Engineers from the combat talion divided into smaller groups and While the teams were clearing the battalions moved inland with the worked its way along the beach, obstacles, other units from the 237th advancing troops, members of the 1st covered at times by the smoke of burn­ Engineer Battalion were creating gaps Engineer Special Brigade remained on ing American equipment. As these in the seawall and clearing passages the beach, improving the exits and groups arrived at their beach, they through the sand dunes. Fortunately, clearing the obstacles. By nightfall on began building a road at Exit F-1. By the best causeways across the flooded D-Day, the 531st Regiment had cleared 8 p.m. the road to the top of the bluff area were near the landing site. a new beach and opened another cause­ was complete, and tanks began moving One company of the 237th destroyed way leading inland. inland. several obstacles near Exit 2 and By the end ofD-Day, American forces accompanied an infantry battalion as at Omaha and Utah had overcome By nightfall, none of the American it advanced inland. In the middle of most of the German beach defenses and units had reached their D-Day objec­ this causeway, the Germans had were advancing inland. Engineers on tives, but the crisis was past. As destroyed a culvert. While the infantry the beaches now faced the formidable American troops moved steadily inland waded to the other side, the 237th task of establishing the supply lines over roads that Engineers opened, Engineers, assisted by the 238th, built that would support American forces as troops of the 5th and 6th Special a 30-foot treadway bridge; and by early they fought to break out of the Nor­ Brigades still had to remove German afternoon, Exit 2 was open. mandy beachhead and advance across beach obstacles and minefields along As the infantry and Engineers were northern France. with the American vehicles and equip­ ment which covered the tidal flat. By the next day, special brigade Engineers could begin concentrating on their pri­ Battle of the Bulge_ mary mission of unloading supplies and transporting them to inland lthough D-Day gave the Western Ardennes-a hilly, densely forested dumps. A Allies a beachhead in northern area. Utah beach was located several miles France, almost two months of bitter In 1944, units of five American divi­ west of Omaha Beach at the base of the fighting had passed before the forces sions and a cavalry group held the Cotentin peninsula of Normandy. Its were able to force their way out of the 85-mile long Ardennes front. Three of tidal flat was wider than the one at hedgerow country. After the breakout, these divisions mostly consisted of new Omaha, and more importantly, no steep Allied armies raced across France, lib­ soldiers who had recently arrived on bluffs overlooked the beach. erated Paris, and headed toward the the continent, while the other two divi­ Behind the tidal flat was a masonry German frontier. sions had been badly mauled in the bit­ seawall and a stretch of sand dunes and The rapid pace of the advance, ter fighting in the Huertgen Forest. level fields. The most formidable ob­ however, placed a severe strain on The shortage of American troops stacle to the rear of the beach and the Allied logistics. The logistical prob­ forced Allied commanders to man por­ dunes was a swampy, low-lying area, lems, along with bad weather and stif­ tions of the front lightly. In addition, which the Germans had flooded to form fening German resistance, slowed the the bad terrain within the Ardennes a water barrier. Seven causeways offensive. By mid-December, American and the belief that the German army crossed this inundated area. armies had reached the Roer River was near exhaustion had convinced the Although the Germans had em­ inside Germany and the West Wall commanders that the sector was rela­ placed some obstacles and strongpoints along the Saar River in eastern France. tively safe. on the beach, the defenses at Utah Between these two fronts lay the After months ofretreat, however, Hit-

ENGINEER/Winter 1984- 85 13 ler decided on a bold gamble to regain a more powerful enemy force, these 18 ing the night, Engineers repeatedly the initiative in the west. Under cover Engineer battalions were very instru­ drove their trucks into Trois-Ponts with of bad winter weather, he and his gen­ mental in delaying an offensive whose their lights on and drove out with their erals massed 25 divisions opposite the only hope for success lay in crossing the lights off, simulating the arrival of Ardennes and planned to crash through Meuse quickly. reinforcements. The Engineers put the thinly-held American front, cross LTC Jochen Peiper, a Nazi SS officer, chains on their single four-ton truck the Meuse river, and drive to Antwerp. led one of the armored columns racing and drove it back and forth through the Before daybreak on December 16, the toward the Meuse. His route took him village to create the impression that German army launched this last des­ near Malmedy and toward the village there were tanks in Trois-Ponts. perate offensive, taking the American of Trois-Ponts, the headquarters of the An American tank destroyer, which divisions in the front lines by surprise. llllth Group. had slipped off the road and into the One of these American divisions, the When the llllth Group commander river a few days earlier, provided the 106th, was a new unit. Its Engineer learned on December 17 of the German artillery. It caught fire and its 105mm combat battalion, the 81st, had spent breakthrough, he sent LTC David E. shells exploded at irregular intervals the early part of December repairing Pergrin, the 26-year old commander of throughout the night. The ruses appar­ ... roads and removing snow in the divi­ the 291st Engineer Combat Battal­ ently worked, because the Germans sion's sector. Behind the 81st was the ion, to organize defenses. Although never launched a determined attack on 168th Engineer Combat Battalion most of the American troops in the the village. When the 82nd Airborne which had been operating quarries and area were fleeing, Pergrin decided to finally relieved the 51st on December sawmills. hold his position in spite of the panic 20, Yates greeted them with the words, The massive German assault inter­ and confusion. He ordered his Engi­ "Say, I'll bet you fellows are glad we're rupted these routine tasks. Both bat­ neers to establish roadblocks and here." talions found themselves fighting as defensive positions around Malmedy. American troops, including Engi­ infantry in a brave but futile attempt During the afternoon of the 17th, neers, finally stopped and destroyed to stem the German assault. On the Engineers manning a roadblock heard Peiper's armored column, but they had morning of December 1 7, as German gunfire coming from a crossroads just received invaluable assistance from the troops were cutting off and surround­ south of their position. Shortly there­ Engineers who had delayed the Ger­ ing the regiments of the 106th, the after, four terrified American soldiers mans and forced them into costly division ordered LTC Thomas J. Riggs staggered up to the roadblock. They detours. Jr., commander of the 81st, to establish brought the first news of the "Malmedy While the Engineers of the 51st and defensive positions east of the impor­ Massacre" in which Peiper's soldiers 291st Combat Engineer Battalions tant crossroads at St. Vith. had captured and murdered 85 Amer­ were fighting delaying actions in the Reinforced by the 7th Armored Divi­ ican soldiers. northern part of the Bulge, other Engi­ sion, elements of the two Engineer bat­ After the German armored column neer units were engaged in similar talions under Riggs held their position bypassed Malmedy, it headed towards rear-guard actions. Farther south, the against determined German attacks Trois-Ponts, where, Company C of the 44th Combat Engineer Battalion tried until December 21. 51st Engineer Combat Battalion had to defend Wiltz, a town located a few During that afternoon, a heavy Ger­ established positions. The 51st, also miles southeast of Bastogne. But the man assault, led by tanks and accom­ part of the 1111th Engineer Combat Germans forced them back, inflicting panied by intense artillery, rocket, and Group, had received orders to defend heavy casualties. mortar fire, overran the exhausted the village and prepare its bridges for From December 17 to December 19, American defenders. Riggs ordered his demolition. Another detachment of the Engineers from the 35th and 158th men to separate into small groups and 291st wired one bridge south of the Combat Battalions held critical posi­ attempt an escape to the rear. The Ger­ village; and Company C, reinforced by tions on the outskirts of Bastogne and mans captured most of the survivors, an antitank gun and a squad of ar­ helped to delay the German advance including Riggs. mored infantry, prepared its positions. long enough for the 101st Airborne As the American front collapsed, When Peiper's tanks approached, the Division to move into the town. GEN Eisenhower and his subordinates Engineers demolished the main bridge During the morning of the 19th, the summoned their slender reserves. But leading into the village. Although the 158th received orders to move north­ while these troops were moving into river separating Trois-Ponts from the west and left Bastogne before the position, the American commanders German column was shallow enough famous siege began. Before the day was had to rely on rear-area troops already for infantry to ford, it was an effective over, the corps commander ordered the in the Ardennes. barrier to tanks. 158th to reinforce a detachment of the Many of the units along the front By the evening of December 18, the 299th Combat Engineer Battalion, were corps and Army Engineer bat­ small American force at Trois-Ponts which was defending an important talions, scattered throughout the area had come under the command of MAJ bridge at Ortheuville, 10 miles behind in company, platoon, and even squad­ Robert B. Yates, executive officer of the Bastogne. sized groups. Engineers, who had been 51st, who had come to the village These Engineers held off German engaged in road maintenance and saw­ expecting to attend a daily staff attacks for two days until the enemy milling, suddenly found themselves meeting. troops forced them back. Like other manning road blocks and preparing Fearing that the Germans would Engineer units in the Ardennes, these defensive positions in the face of power­ discover the weakness of his force, battalions helped to delay German col­ ful German armored columns. Against Yates tried to deceive the enemy. Dur- umns racing toward the Meuse.

14 ENGINEER/Winter 1984- 85 Engineers fought as infantry neers imposed, often at the cost of The Battle of the Bulge vividly dem­ throughout the bulge formed by the heavy casualties, gained some of the onstrated that Engineer troops, located German offensive. Engineer officers time that Allies needed to rush rein­ in an apparently quiet sector well like LTC Pergrin and MAJ Yates forcements into the area. Gradually, behind the front lines and engaged in insisted on holding their positions even the Americans and the British stopped routine, rear-area tasks, could not for­ when other American troops were flee­ the penetration and pushed the Ger­ get their secondary mission of fighting ing to the rear. The delays which Engi- mans back. as infantry. Bridging the Rhine______

he Rhine River was probably the made studies of the approaches and ning, the 9th Armored Divison made T largest and most challenging na­ exits before selectinf; actual crossing the first crossing of the Rhine River in tural obstacle fac ing the Engineers in sites. the III Corps area entirely by accident. Europe. The width of the 320-mile Consideration in selectinf; sites was On March 7, 1945, CCB, 9th Armored river, from Basie to the Netherlands, given to location of airfields for air sup­ Division was surprised to find the varies from 700 to 2,000 feet. There are port, location of construction materials, LudendorfRailway Bridge at Remagen no fords in the river, even at low tide. and the effect of weather including ice still standing. Its commander, BG During fl ood periods, the river level floes and floods. Once everything was William M. Hoge, then immediately varies as much as 25 feet and often ready, the 12th U.S. Army Group with ordered its capture. Although badly fl oods as m uch as a mile or more to the its First, Third, and Ninth U.S. Armies damaged, the bridge provided one-way levees on either side. and the 6th U.S. Army Group's Seventh traffic until it finally collapsed a week Elaborate planning for crossing the Army began crossing operations. later. Tanks and other vehicles were river began as early as August 1944. able to cross the Rhine on the existing Engineer units and infantry assault bridge instead of by storm boats as troops conducted an extensive training First Army previously planned. Rapidly the bridge­ program behind the lines. Engineers After months of trainmg and plan- head began to expand.

Photograph shows the collapsed Ludendorf Bridge across the Rhine River at Remagen, Germany (U. S. Army photo).

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 15 To provide additional crossing capa­ bility and to allow time to repair the Engineer Remembers WWII Remagen Bridge, the 111 lth Engineer Combat Group ordered the 291st Com­ by ISG Mike Zimmerman and bat Engineer Battalion to construct a 2LT Greg Steggerda bridge across the Rhine River near the t was the first trip abroad for Remagen Bridge. The 291st erected a I many in the 224th Engineer Bat­ 1,032-foot, Class 40 steel treadway talion, Iowa Army National Guard, bridge across the Rhine River in 33 deployed in West Germany for hours and 30 minutes. With the 988th REFORGER '84. But SFC Robert and 998th Engineer Treadway Bridge Popejoy had been there before. Companies providing the equipment, "About 39 years ago, I was very they completed the bridge on March near where we are standing now;' 11, 1945. stated Popejoy. He entered the mili­ At the same time, the 51st Engineer ... tary just after his 18th birthday as Combat Battalion, supported by the a voluntary replacement in the 97th 552nd and the 181st Engineer Heavy Infantry Division, the most-traveled Pontoon Battalions, was ordered to con­ ,_ American combat organization in struct a Class 40, 25-ton reinforced World War II, and arrived in Ger­ SFC Robert Popejoy looks over heavy pontoon bridge across the Rhine many just after the famous Battle familiar terrain (photo by lSG from Kripp to Linz, Germany. of the Bulge. Mike Zimmerman). Engineers selected a bank site for the From there he moved with his bridge where a civilian ferry was unit, B Company of the 387th Infan­ to our line, we saw a sniper in a tree, located. The ferry had a cobblestone try Regiment, to an area east of and PFC Mozzetta hit him. That road approach on the west bank and Bastogne where they witnessed the was the last shot." required only 50 yards of approach on round-the-clock bombing of Dussel­ Having logged over 30,000 miles the east bank. The 969-foot bridge was dorfby Allied bomber groups based with his WWII unit, across two con­ completed in only 30:30 and was in England. tinents and through two theaters, named in memory of MAJ William F. "That was something else;' Pope­ Popejoy has seen many things that Thompkins Jr., commander of the joy said. "There were dozens of are difficult to imagine. From Dus­ 552nd Engineer Heavy Pontoon Bat­ planes in the air, both day and seldorf to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, talion. Thompkins was killed by enemy night, making their runs. At night, he has learned of the destruction of bombing during bridge construction. search lights tried to single them war and the resilience of soldiers in By March 12, 1945, III Corps had out, and then German 88s (sophisti­ combat. firmly established the Rhine River cated anti-personnel, anti-aircraft SGT Popejoy was discharged in bridgehead at Remagen. The decision weapons) would try to hit them." 1946 and a year later joined the was then made to cross VII Corps to the Next, the unit pushed on through Iowa Army National Guard as a north of III Corps at Rolandsek. Bonn, down to Remagen. "Although private. In 1965, with 21 years of Once the VII Corps had seized a the Allied forces had tried to blow service, he retired. bridgehead on the east bank, the 297th up the bridge there, it was still Was it peer pressure, or could it be Engineer Combat Battalion was task­ standing, as I recall. Later it col­ his desire to wear a 25-year ring? ed to construct a bridge on the site of lapsed;' he said. Only SFC Popejoy knows why. But, another existing civilian ferry. In less The B Company crossed the Rhine in 1972 he again joined the Guard, than two days, they completed a 1,176- River on a float bridge, moving at the rank of Staff Sergeant, with foot, Class 40 steel treadway bridge. north into the German industrial the 224th Engineer Battalion. In addition to the bridge at Roland­ area known as the Ruhr Pocket. "I guess I'm what the young fellas sek, three heavy pontoon ferries were Pushing on, the 97th moved across call a short-timer;' said Popejoy. He constructed: one at Rolandsek, one at country through Germany into retires in December, 1985. "How­ Konigswinter, and the third at Bonn. Czechoslovakia, to a small town ever, right now I'm enjoying my Additional bridges which were con­ near Filzen. It was there that return to Germany." structed included a heavy pontoon Popejoy participated in a history­ bridge at Konigswinter and an M-2 making patrol. lSG Mike Zimmerman, 135th steel treadway bridge at Bonn. Once "I was with the rifle squad as a Public Affairs Detachment, Iowa VII Corps crossed, V Corps began its machine gunner; we had advanced Army National Guard, is a profes­ crossings to the south of III Corps. to within 100 yards of the town sional photographer. when we came under fire and were 2LT Greg Steggerda is a press offi­ Ninth Army driven back about a thousand yards cer with the 135th Public Affairs Planning for Ninth Army to cross the to a chmch. Artillery was called in;' Detachment, Iowa Army National Rhine River began during Octobe Popejoy relates, "and the patrol Guard. He is a journalism student 1944. Ninth Army, now under British. managed to disengage. Moving back at Dordt College 21 Army Group control, assigned XVI Corps to plan and execute the cross-

16 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 // /' VICTOR '11111&E 11'19RITllM ...-st TACTICAi. .... • .. TIIE WOllD

~--~1......

The Victor Treadway Bridge, the longest tactical bridge in the world, crosses the Rhine River at Henningen, Ger­ many (U.S. Army photo). ings. Plans required Ninth Army's XVI Wesel bridges, constructed by units of work of roads intersected, and hills and Corps to make the assault crossing in the 1117th Engineer Combat Group. a town masked Engineer approaches to the northern sector of its zone, and the the river on the west bank. XIII and XIX U.S. Corps to pass Third Army The 1135th Engineer Combat Group through its bridgehead. The Third Army plan required cross­ directed the operation using 100 storm Ninth Army began its Rhine River ings near Mainz with Frankfurt and boats and motors, 300 assault boats crossing at 2 a.m. March 24, 1945, after Darmstadt as the targets. The Army and motors, and already assigned one of the war's heaviest artillery bar­ Engineer established a special staff equipment of 500 boats and 100 rages. The 258th Engineer Combat section which formulated the Engineer motors. Battalion ferried the 30th Infantry plan and made estimates of needed Approximately 18 Engineer units Division assault troops across in four equipment and material. He estab- were attached to the 1135th Group to hours; and the 79th Infantry Division 1ished schools to train Engineer units support the crossing which started at crossed just as quickly, supported by for the Rhine crossing and to train the 10 p.m. on March 22, with the 204th the 149th and 187th Engineer Combat naval unit in the use of LCVPs (Land­ Engineer Combat Battalion paddling Battalions. Equipment and supplies ing Craft, Vehicle Personnel) and the 11th Infantry across in assault were not only crossing the Rhine the LCMs (Landing Craft, Mechanized) on boats. By dawn most of the 5th Infan­ same day, but in less than seven days, rivers. try Division had crossed. 10 floating bridges were completed. Toul, France became the assembly During the night, the 150th Combat On March 26, the Corps Engineers point of stocking the equipment needed Engineer Battalion began work on a reorganized and sent the 1103rd and for bridging the Rhine River. Third Class 40 M-2 treadway bridge at 1153rd Engineer Combat Groups for­ Army assembled a huge fleet of trucks Oppenheim, just north of Nierstein. ward to support the attack east of the to move equipment from the storage Although artillery fire and the Luft­ Rhine. The next day, the 1148th Engi­ dumps at Toul, Esch, and Arion to the waffe harassed construction, air cover neer Combat Group reverted to the con­ Rhine, a 300-mile round trip since and anti-aircraft fire prevented exten­ trol of Ninth Army, and the Army some direct roads were not yet cleared sive damage. At daybreak the Engi­ Engineers took control over all Engi­ and streams were not bridged. neers moved the assembled parts to the neer work west of the east bank. By While both XII and XX Corps ini­ crossing site and began work on the pril 10, the major portion of Ninth tially were scheduled to make the bridge. By 6 p.m. the bridge was tak­ Army's combat elements had crossed crossing, only XII Corps was assigned ing traffic. the river, and traffic began to decline. the mission. XII Corps made the cross­ In addition to the treadway bridge, Most of the traffic had passed over the ing near Nierstein where a good net- the heavy pontoon company of the 88th

ENGINEER/Wmter 1984-85 17 Heavy Pontoon Battalion began con­ paddled across in assault boats on ing on the left. Not only did Engineers structing Class 40 rafts at Nierstein for March 28 while succeeding waves raft eight assault battalions of the two ferrying operations. Sixty-five tanks crossed in powered assault and storm divisions across the river in 30 and tank destroyers plus hundreds of boats. But by March 29, 24 hours after minutes, but all of the assault other vehicles, rations, gasoline, and the first crossing, Engineers completed regiments were across in only 1:30. By ammunition were ferried across the a 1,896- foot M-2 steel treadway bridge. H+24, Engineers had rafted across bridge the first day. Built by the 160th Engineer Combat over 1,000 vehicles including 50 tanks. The 87th Engineer Heavy Pontoon Battalion and the 997th Engineer Bridge construction began almost Battalion began a heavy pontoon Treadway Bridge Company, it was the immediately on D-Day. The 540th bridge at Nierstein on the 23rd; and by longest tactical bridge across the Rhine Engineer Combat Group completed a 1:30 the next morning, the 1,280-foot River. 948-foot treadway bridge and a 1,040- Class 24 bridge opened for traffic. By By March 30, the date marking the foot heavy pontoon bridge the first day. 7 a.m. it had been reinforced to carry end of the assault phase of the Rhine The 40th Engineer Combat Group Class 40 loads. Furthermore, Engi­ operations, the Third U.S. Army con­ began construction of a heavy pontoon neers started another treadway at trolled the entire west and east banks bridge and a floating treadway bridge ... Oppenheim on March 24 which opened of the Rhine River from Oppenheim to the first day, completing both early on by noon the next day. Koblenz except for one small pocket the second day.

Five divisions passed over the three from Eltville to Winkel. On March 26, the 343rd and 344th I> bridges by March 27 with supplies and Engineer Regiments began construc­ necessary supporting troops; the entire ting semi-permanent bridges for VI 6th Armored Division crossed in 16% Seventh Army Corps. The first was a 937-foot railroad hours. During the assault phase from Seventh Army crossed the Rhine bridge across the Rhine at Mannheim, March 21 to March 31, 60,000 vehicles River on March 26, 1945, in an area which took 15 days to build. Engineers crossed the bridges at Oppenheim. from Oppenheim to a point between built a second railroad bridge which While XII Corps crossed the Rhine, Mannheim and Speyer. XV Corps con­ was 853 feet long at Karlsruhe in 10 VII Corps prepared to cross the Rhine ducted the assault on a two-division days. in the Great Gorge which runs from front with a width barely exceeding By March 31, 1945, all four Ameri­ Bingen to Ober Lahnstein. The cliffs, nine miles. The 540th Engineer Com­ can armies had completed the assault depth of the river, and current created bat Group supported the 3rd Infantry crossing of the Rhine River, the last difficult conditions for ferrying troops Division crossing on the right, and the great natural barrier protecting the or building bridges. 40th Engineer Combat Group sup­ German heartland. In 40 days, Ger­ Corps assigned the 1134th Engineer ported the 45th Infantry Division cross many would surrender. Combat Group to support the crossing and to ferry the 87th Infantry Division across at the main crossing site at Bop­ pard and Rhens. At Boppard, the 159th ADSEC Engineers_ Engineer Combat Battalion, supported the "Campaign of Northern France." by the 991st and 1012th Engineer he Advance Section (ADSEC) Engi­ Maintenance generally included filling Treadway Bridge Companies, erected neers of the Communications Zone T potholes, smoothing and resurfacing bridge. Engi­ charge of road mainte­ an M-2 steel treadway (ComZ) took craters, and maintaining proper drain­ neers started construction at 8 a.m. on nance in early July 1944. After the age. A shortage of trucks and road the same day as the assault crossing Allied breakthrough at St. Lo on July equipment and one of the most severe and completed the 1,044-foot Class 40 26, ComZ Engineers began work on the winters in recent years, however, bridge by 9:30 a.m. the next day. road net within the French border. For­ turned normal maintenance into a On the night of March 25, VIII Corps tunately, the Germans had not de­ more difficult operation. began crossing operations at St. Goar stroyed many of the small bridges, con­ As the Armies moved into eastern and Oberwesel. The Germans strongly centrating instead on the longer spans. France, Engineers began preparations resisted the crossing at St. Goar, and Unfortunately for the Americans, how­ for the "Campaign for Germany" operations were shifted to Oberwesel ever, the road net was inadequate for which began on Sept. 14, 1944. ADSEC where nearly a whole division was fer­ military use. Engineers built 71 semi-permanent March 27 ried across in 48 hours. By As a result of the heavy traffic and fixed highway bridges, mostly in the division cleared the east bank of bad weather, roads sometimes disap­ France and Belgium. For the most the St. Goar area while the 243rd peared in the mud. Engineers, however, part, these bridges replaced floating or Engineer Combat Battalion, supported were able to temporarily repair roads fixed tactical bridges. ADSEC Engi­ by the 1010th and 1012th Engineer by using corduroy, timber plank, pierc­ neers built 14 bridges over the Meuse Treadway Bridge Companies, began an ed steel planks, and crushed stone. River in France and Belgium and six 828-foot steel Class 40 treadway bridge the weather grew warmer Later, while bridges over the Albert Canal in and completed it 36 hours later. and the roads began to thaw, Engineers Belgium. Meanwhile, XXth Corps made the applied more crushed stone and used fourth Third Army crossing of the more corduroy construction. Rhine at Mainz, which was also There was an excellent road system strongly resisted. The first waves of the within northern France. Engineers The Red Ball Highway 80th Infantry Division were secretly maintained 2,878 miles ofroad during The most famous road which

18 ENGINEER/Wmter 1984 85 Engineers maintained in ComZ was 1945, Engineers used 6,871 prisoners important functions in every part of the the Red Ball Highway, the route by of war to repair roads in the ComZ. theater. On the front line, Engineers which supplies were sent from the From July 1944 through May 1945, built bridges, cleared minefields and coastal ports to the front line troops. Engineer troops performed about one­ other obstacles, repaired and main­ The Red Ball came as a result of the half the road work while POWs per­ tained roads, and assisted in assault front's rapid advance after the break­ formed one-third, and civilians crossings. through at St. Lo on July 26, 1944. one-sixth. Although most of the Engineers' Until the rail system could be repaired, Engineer work on bridges and roads work at the front contributed to the for­ ADSEC established one-way traffic in the ComZ was extensive. From June ward progress of American armies, over the best roads from Cherbourg to 6, 1944 to July 1, 1945, ComZ Engi­ Engineers were prepared to fight as Belgium and eastern France to provide neers constructed 237 bridges at least infantry also. This was evident through supplies to the Armies. 40 feet in length. In addition, ComZ their training and ingenuity to resist The route began at the port oflsigny Engineers maintained 7,688 miles of enemy counterattacks at the Battle of near Omaha and Utah Beaches and roads. Of that number, 6,903 miles the Bulge. ran south to Vire through St. Lo, then were in France, 658 miles were in Behind the front lines, Engineers east to Versailles. At Versailles the Red Belgium, 30 miles were in Holland, helped to operate the vast and complex Ball fanned out to Hirson on the Bel­ and 97 miles were in Luxembourg. logistical network necessary to support gium Border, and Commercy east of The Engineer mission of constructing the American advance. The construc­ Verdun. and maintaining roads and bridges in tion and maintenance of roads, rail­ When ComZ established the Red Ball the ComZ was vital to the success of roads, bridges, hospitals, warehouses, system on Aug. 25, 1944, t he road sur­ the troops on the front line. Without an and other facilities placed heavy faces were in good condition. To keep efficiently functioning road network, demands on Engineers. them that way, ComZ tasked the 355th vital ammunition and equipment When Germany surrendered in May Engineer General Service Regiment would be in short supply in the com­ 1945, there were more than 325,000 with maintaining the Red Ball east of bat zone. U.S. Army Engineers in the European the Seine River and assigned the 365th Until the major ports in Holland Theater. All of them had reason to be Engineer General Service Regiment to were captured and the rail systems proud of their contribution to the maintain the route west of the river. By rebuilt , forwarding supplies to the front Allied victory. the time the Red Ball system came to lines depended on the road network an end on Nov. 13, 1944, over 1,000,000 from Normandy to the front line. Engi­ Dr. William C. Baldwin is a historian tons of supplies had passed over it. neer construction and maintenance of with the Historical Division, Office of ComZ established other express the road network in ComZ allowed the the Chief of Engineers. He has written routes during this period. One of these successful forwarding of those vital a history of the US. Army Engineer routes, the White Ball Highway, served supplies and the rapid defeat of Studies Geater which will be published the ports of Le Havre and Rouen, Germany. in 1985 and received his Ph.Din mili­ extending eastward to Paris and Beau­ From the Normandy landing on June tary history from the University of vais. Another route, the Green Dia­ 6, 1944, to the surrender of Germany Michigan. mond, was the shortest of the express on May 8, 1945, Engineers played a key Dr. Barry W Fowle is a historian in highways. It extended from the Omaha­ role in the campaigns of the U.S. Army the Historical Division, Office of the Utah Beach area and Cherbourg to the in the European Theater of Operations. Chief ofEngineers . He retired from the Granville-Dol area on the south of the Engineers were among the first Army in 1971 as a lieutenant colonel Contentin Peninsula. This transfer troops to land on the Normandy after 23 years of service and attended route allowed shipment of supplies east beaches; and throughout the cam­ the University of Maryland where he by rail over the central and southern paign, Engineer troops performed received his Ph.D in history. lines of France.

Labor for Roads and Bridges The Chief Engineer used as many n_E_N_G_l_N_E_E_R_H_O_T_L_l_N_E_-----. civilians as possible to work on roads and bridges in ComZ because Engineer troops were in short supply. In Septem­ Problems, questions, and comments relating to Engineer doctri ne, ber 1944, Engineers hired 15 civilians training, organization, and equipment can be addressed by tele­ to perform maintenance; and by April phone to the U.S. Army Engineer School 's " Engineer Hotline." The 1945, Engineers had 6,359 civilians Hotline's auto-answer recorder operates 24 hours a day, seven working on the roads. days a week. You should give your name, address and telephone The Office of the Chief Engineer also number, followed by a concise question or comment. You 'll receive authorized prisoners of war to perform a reply within three to 15 days. The Hotline is not a receiving oad work. Where civilian labor was ot available, the maximum number of agency for formal requests. prisoners were assigned under the Call commercial (703) 664-3646; WATTS 800-336-3095, extension supervision of a minimum number of 3646; or AV 354-3646. Engineer troops. During February

ENGINEER /Winter 1984-85 19 Preliminary designs have been made for the Corps of Engineers historical center and museum at Fort Belvoir, VA. The center will demonstrate the successful role of the Corps of Engineers and private industry in the growth and defense of the United States and other nations. Exhibits will focus on the development of combat, civil, and topographic engineering and on engineering equip­ ment. The center will present military construction from seacoast fortifications to missile sites and civil works functions and national improvements. It will also feature Engineers as military and civilian leaders such as Lee, MacArthur, Warren and Clay. The Corps of Engineers Historical Foundation began a campaign to raise $8 million for construction. Contribu­ tions to the nonprofit organization are tax-deductible. For more information, write Executive Director, Corps of Engineers Historical Foundation, Kingman Building (CEHF), Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, or call (202) 355-2084. (Archi­ tectural rendering by Clark, Tribble, Harris, and Li.)

The Fort Leonard Wood M uL A WWII Time Capsule

he Fort Leonard Wood museum largest military installations. Sudden­ The Engineer Replacement Training allows both military and civilians ly, 32,000 workers swarmed over the Center had already been organized to experience the history of Fort Leon­ quiet Ozark countryside hoping to find under the command of General Ulysses ard Wood during World War II and tells good-paying jobs in those late years of S. Grant III. In the next several the story of the early development of the Depression and challenged sur­ months, the 6th Infantry Division from the fort. In November 1940, after first rounding communities to provide hous­ Fort Snelling, MN, and the 72nd Field considering an unsuitable Iowa site, ing, recreational facilities, and law Artillery Battalion from Fort Knox, the War Department announced that enforcement. KY, arrived to begin training. The 6th Pulaski County had been chosen as the Despite many difficulties, buildings Division was one of the few regular site of an $8 million Army training appeared at an astonishing rate (1,600 Army divisions comprising the nation's camp. in less than six months), and the post defenses in 1941. Construction soon began on what was transferred from the contractors to In December, after the Japanese sur­ was to become one of the nation's the War Department in June 1941. prise attack on Pearl Harbor, Fort

20 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 man and Italian prisoners were used stoves, mess kits, and rations. as laborers to build stone bridges, Originally the 63-man barracks was walks, chimneys, and culverts which a drafty wooden box that slept 53 still exist. enlisted men and 10 noncommissioned Approximately 320,000 soldiers had officers on single cots. Coal was used received training at the post when Fort for heat during the winter, and the Leonard Wood was deactivated in original coal-fired hot water heater and March 1946 and left in caretaker sta­ furnace have been installed. Bunks, tus. The land was leased to a rancher, footlockers, rifle racks, and wall racks and cattle roamed freely over the fort were the only furniture in the while a portion of the post was used barracks. during summer each year for National The asphalt floor tile and the battle­ Guard training. ship-gray linoleum have been removed Currently, one building is open to the to expose the original tongue-and­ public, and the museum is planning to groove wood flooring. Wall racks have restore a complete World War II mobil­ been replaced, and the latrines re­ ization complex of twelve buildings. stored to include the correct "whiz" The Q-9, or regimental commander's showerhead, stainless-steel mirrors, quarters had basic luxuries such as a and wooden toilet seats. private bath, bedroom, and sitting Most Army museums discuss the room. combat history of the war, but few ever The company supply building, when mention training, the backbone of the restored, will contain complete stocks Army. The Fort Leonard Wood museum of World War II issue items such as preserves this unique and basically sheets, blankets, and gas masks, as unaltered World War II mobilization well as some of the smaller vehicles, a compound. %-ton weapons carrier and the famous Willys Jeep. The company dayroom will be re­ Robert K. Combs has been the curator stored on the exterior, but the interior of the Fort Leonard Wood Museum since will be renovated for use as a tempo­ 1982. He has a bachelor's degree in rary exhibits gallery. history from San Francisco State Uni­ The mess hall, one of the most ambi­ versity and a master's degree in mu­ tious projects, was modernized during seum studies from John F Kennedy the 1950s. The interior will have to be University in California. Mr. Combs totally recreated to include three coal­ served his internship at the Smith­ fired ranges, the ever-popular potato sonian Institute in Washington, DC. peeler, and exhibits on military cook­ and was a historical museum techni­ ing, with examples of various field cian at the Presidio of San Francisco.

Basic trainees enter a restored WWII barracks to view the uniforms and historical displays at the Fort Leonard Wood museum (photo by Robert 1seum: K. Combs).

by Robert K. Combs

Leonard Wood was to be used as in­ tended by the Mobilization Act of 1935. The buildings and training facilities were designed to accommodate a max­ imum of 45,000. During the early war years, more than 40,000 troops from various branches were continuously in training at Fort Leonard Wood with as many as 56,000 during the peak peri­ ods of WW II. Additional facilities assigned in December 1942 were constructed for a prisoner-of-war camp. The 3,000 Ger-

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 21 -

Engineers from Fort Stewart and the Savannah District inspect the historic Blackwell Bridge (photo by Jonas Jordan). The 67-year-old Blackwell Bridge saved from a watery grave

22 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 abutment. A 35-foot lifting beam was then set on top of the pontoons. Cables were threaded around the main-end Blackwell pins and lifting beam, and then the beam was jacked up, raising the bridge. In January, after the lake rose and lifted the pontoons, the 3rd Engineers maneuvered and towed the bridge 12 Bridge: miles across the newly forming lake to a temporary location to await future rising of the lake's water in June­ when the bridge was towed another 5 miles to its new location. Historic Structure The operation involved guiding the bridge through the channel, between and over tree stumps only inches under the water. If the water level had been Saved Through too high, the structure would not have been able to pass under a railroad bridge. On the day before the operation, district resource management person­ Modern Methods nel hurried to top trees in the bridge's path, remove floating debris, and set out buoys marking the channel that the bridge would take. The Engineers used special Army by Jack Wilson bridge boats which are highly maneu­ verable, equipped with twin Saber diesel engines, and propelled by water jets. When fully loaded, they draw only historic bridge, which would have "Even the flotation scheme, which 26 inches of water. been covered by the new Richard was 10 times less expensive than a "The Engineers did a professional job . Russell Lake on the Savannah River move over land, was outside the bud­ in moving the bridge;' said MAJ John in Georgia, has found a new home get;' said John Hager of the district's Seibert, Savannah District Deputy through the efforts of Savannah Dis­ structural section. By checking around Engineer for civil works. "I was espe­ trict personnel and Engineers from Corps, "we found eight unused dredg­ cially impressed with the timeliness of Fort Stewart. ing pontoons in Mobile District;' he personnel in getting the new job done;' The 67-year-old Blackwell Bridge­ added. he said. which exhibits important features of Fort Stewart's 3rd and 92nd Engi­ The January bridge-moving opera­ the American system of pin connec­ neer Battalions agreed to provide their tion is believed to be the first attempt tions in bridge construction-is now a manpower and expertise to relocate the to move a bridge that size by water. pedestrian crossing over a creek at the bridge-with the Savannah District Lifting the bridge out of the water by site of a future state park on the lake. doing design work and procuring cranes onto its newly constructed abut­ Built in 1917 across Beaverdam Creek, materials and supplies for the venture. ments was a precision job, as well as an the single-span bridge is the oldest The battalion commanders agreed that exercise in caution. No one was abso­ remaining steel truss bridge in Elbert the salvage operation would provide lutely certain if the old bridge could County. the Engineer troops with an excep­ survive such a lift, according to Jim Final bridge relocation operations in tional training experience. Parker, Public Affairs Officer. Now at June 1984 involved lifting the 56,000- In the spring of 1983, the 92nd Engi­ its new home, Blackwell Bridge stands pound span onto newly constructed neers spent almost a month at the new as a landmark for future generations foundations. Structural District Engi­ bridge site constructing embankments to enjoy as a bit of American Engineer­ neers studied different plans to save for the bridge, placing gabion walls, ing history. l the bridge, including lifting it by heli­ and building access roads. In the fall Jack Wilson is a writer-editor in the I copter or transporting it by road to a they returned to complete the new site Public Affairs Office of the Savannah new site. work, driving piles and placing con­ District, US. Army Corps ofEngineers . The solution chosen was to attach crete caps for the bridge abutments. He was a public affairs specialist at Fort pontoons to the bridge and float it to Meanwhile at the old site, the 3rd Stewart, GA for 10 years. A former jour­ its new site. Measuring the bridge Engineers removed the old bridge deck­ nalist with the US. Navy, he served components by hand, the Engineers ing, attached the eight 19-foot dredg­ with the Polaris Submarine Squadron reated a computer model which was ing pontoons, and added bracing to the 14 in Holy Lock, Scotland, and with exposed to vigorous mathematical bridge structure. Submarine Flotilla Two Public Affairs analysis, and produced a flotation plan Pontoons were set on 25-foot timber Office in Groton, CT He is a graduate which lessened the risk. crib walls which were built on each of Mercer University in Macon, GA.

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 23 98-17861 18lU!M/l:I33NIDN3 vZ

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:sau1q:Je:W pue ua he Corps of Engineers has a proud While there was no formal organiza­ Technology was changing rapidly T heritage which can be traced from tion to monitor the evolution of doc­ because of the internal combustion the appointment of the first Engineer trine, tactics, or equipment, Engineer engine, and the Engineers recognized in the Continental Army in 1775. officers initiated changes on their own. that they would have to keep pace. The While the term combat developments is Railroads, river crossing, route prepara­ first organization specifically charged relatively new, the function has been tion, and fortifications were improved with monitoring equipment develop­ familiar to Engineer officers since as Engineer units improvised and ments was created in 1911. This Board 1816. adapted to keep pace with the war. The on Pontoons and Engineer Equipment The focus of combat development seacoast blockade renewed interest in was comprised of officers from the activities currently is to formulate, dis­ harbor defense, and in 1864 the Board school and from the staff of the Chief seminate, and evaluate concepts, or­ of Engineers on Fortification was again of Engineers and served as an "on-call" ganizations, tactics, and equipment for established. Its mission was to survey advisory body to the Chief. Due to its the Engineer force. This mission evolv­ all harbors, design fortifications, and ad hoc nature, this board accomplished ed as a variety of organizations helped supervise their construction. little before the United States entered the Engineers keep pace with the The conclusion of the Civil War World War I. improvements in technology over the brought a change in the system of The Engineer School served as the past two centuries. training Engineers. The Corps of Engi­ intellectual center for Engineering The first agency for combat develop­ neers lost responsibility for the Mili­ developments. Through several publi­ ments was created in response to the tary Academy, but recognized that spe­ cations such as Professional Papers, weakness of the U.S. harbor defenses cialized education for Engineers was Occasional Papers, and the Professional identified during the War of 1812. The required. The Engineer School of Memoirs, Engineers discussed their former chief of artillery in Napoleon's Application at Willets Point, NY was role in the new type of warfare which army, Simon Bernard, and two U.S. organized to fill that need. Besides was evolving in Europe. Engineers Engineer officers, Joseph G. Tutten and serving as the center for educating went into battle in France in 1917 with William McRee, were designated as the Engineer officers, this school became organizations and doctrine which they Board of Engineers on Fortifications. the source and test center for new adopted from the Allies who had more Their mission was to plan and con­ organizations, tactics, and equipment. experience in trench warfare. Engineer struct seacoast defenses using the The Essayons Club, an organization of equipment, however, remained rela­ latest techniques and technology. The officers and students, served as a forum tively unchanged from what had been board functioned from 1816 to 1824 in which new developments were used in the Civil War, and WWI proved and reflected the primary emphasis of discussed. this equipment inadequate. Engineers until the Mexican War­ The military emphasis of Engineers During WWI, the Engineer School fortifications. continued to be fortifications and relocated to Camp A. A. Humphreys The Mexican War brought a new role harbor defense and was strengthened (now Fort Belvoir) in order to provide to the Corps of Engineers: river cross­ by the report of a Congressional adequate space for training officers and ings. A pontoon bridge set was pur­ committee in 1885. The Endicott Board enlisted men. While Engineer officers chased from France and shipped to found that the seacoast defenses of the universally recognized the inadequa­ General Scott at Vera Cruz, but it United States were woefully inade­ cies of their equipment and doctrine, arrived too late to be used and was sent quate due to recent developments in the Army was concerned with demobil­ to the United States Military Academy ordnance and years of neglect. A joint ization after the war. It was 1921 before at West Point. The academy, created in board of Engineer and Ordnance offi­ a formal organization was created to 1802 to train officers for the Army, was cers was created to address the prob­ remedy those deficiencies. administered by the Corps of Engi­ lem. This Board on Fortifications and The Board of Engineer Equipment neers. Engineering students there Ordnance provided for seacoast consisted of three officers appointed by experimented with the pontoon bridge defenses and related developments the Chief of Engineers and one officer and created the first river-crossing doc­ until it was dissolved in 1920. from the Engineer School. It was trine for the U.S. Army. The Spanish American War found charged with the design, development, Since the termination of the Board of the entire Army organization under­ construction, and testing of Engineer Fortifications in 1824, Engineer atten­ strength and poorly organized for its equipment. (The 13th and 29th Engi­ tion focused on internal improvements. new global mission. The Corps was neers, assigned to Camp Humphreys, The turmoil of the Civil War rekindled enlarged to three battalions with one conducted the actual equipment test­ interests in the combat functions of battalion permanently on station in ing.) This board focused its attention on Engineers. the Philippines. The Engineer School float-bridging equipment, searchlights, Like each war before it, the Civil War was transferred to Washington Bar­ and water-purification equipment. saw the Engineer's role expand. This racks (now Fort McNair) which had While this board represented a tremen­ time the Engineers assumed respon­ more room and was closer to the Chief dous advancement in efforts to improve sibility for military railroad operations. of Engineers' office. Engineer capabilities, membership on

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 25 the board was an additional duty for all 1947 and grew out of the sections of the The Army reorganized again in 1973. the officers. As a result, its accomplish­ Engineer Board which had actually This, among other changes, saw the ments were limited. designed, constructed, and tested creation of TRADOC and the return of The Board of Engineer Equipment equipment. combat developments to proponent was replaced by the Engineer Board in This new organization was inade­ schools. The Engineer Agency became 1933. The Engineer Board, with a per­ quate, and in 1955 the Engineer School the Directorate of Combat and Train­ manent staff, was able to expand the was reorganized again. The ERDL was ing Developments at the Engineer scope of equipment evaluations. This separated from the Engineer School School. This new agency performed the board examined all tool kits, river­ and evolved into what is currently same functions, but only existed for two crossing equipment, and construction known as the Mobility Equipment years. In 1975, in order to maintain all equipment; and it focused attention on Research and Development Command. authorized 06 slots, the Engineer the new areas of mines, countermines, The Engineer Developments Board School Commandant approved a sepa­ and obstacles. When the military units became the Engineer Combat Develop­ ration of combat and training develop­ of the Corps began to expand before ments Group. This new agency estab­ ments. The mission of preparing of doc­ World War II, they encountered no dif­ lished the foundations of the current trine and literature was transferred to ficulty with equipment, for the Engi­ organization. Its three sections, known the new Directorate of Training Devel­ neer Board had done a superb job with as Projects A, B, and C, later became opments, while all other missions its evaluation process. the Studies, Materiel, and Organiza­ stayed within DCD. This was not a World War II saw the creation of tion and Doctrine Divisions. total separation, however, for DCD still many new types of Engineer organiza­ The entire Army reorganized in impacts upon doctrine and literature tions and tremendous changes in mis­ 1962, and the combat development through the production of concepts. sions of Engineer units. Some of the activities of all branches were con­ With the creation of the New Equip­ new Engineer missions included: solidated under the Combat Develop­ ment Systems Office in 1978, The Di­ amphibious landings, aviation facility ments Group which was located at Fort rectorate of Training Developments construction, and (from the Quarter­ Belvoir. The Engineer Combat Devel­ absorbed the responsibility for writing master Corps) responsibility for base opments Group became the CDC Engi­ new equipment literature from DCD. construction. During the war, the neer Agency. Its mission and structure The testing and evaluation function o Engineer Board grew in size and scope. remained the same for the duration of the Materiel Division was expanded It monitored and accelerated equip­ CDC's existence. One of the major ini­ and made the separate branch of Con­ ment research and development pro­ tiatives of the Engineer Agency was cepts and Studies Division. grams for Engineers (occurring at a the Universal Engineer Tractor. The Today DCD continues to refine the variety of locations), and initiated fact that the CDC Engineer Agency management of new systems. Through changes in doctrine and organization. was no longer in the Engineer School, testing and evaluation of developmen­ After WWII, the Engineer Board con­ but part of a consolidated combat tal systems, studies and Engineer tinued in its role (with a much decreas­ development community, created many organizational development enhanced ed staffing) until 1951. Tremendous problems. The Engineer Agency had to in 1982 by the introduction of an in­ technological strides had taken place be responsive to both the Chief of house computer capability, DCD is during the concentrated war effort; and Engineers and the Commander of moving ahead with its mission to organizations, doctrine, and equipment CDC. improve and modernize Engineer sup­ became more sophisticated for the While there were problems, a benefit port to the Total Army. entire Army. The Corps of Engineers was that combat developments activi­ evaluated its organization for research ties were clarified while the Engineer CPT Ronald G. Prichard is Com­ and development and restructured it to Agency was part of the CDC. Respon­ mander, B Company, 1st Battalion. provide for earlier exploitation of sibility for preparing Tables of Organ­ (AIT) at Fort Belvoir. He served as pla­ technology. ization and Equipment (TO&E) and toon leader and executive officer in the The Engineer Board was dissolved Basis of Issue Plans (BOIP) became a 5th Engineer Battalion. (Corps) (CBT) and replaced by the Engineer Develop­ part of the Organization Branch. The at Fort Leonard Wood and was a pro­ ments Board. This new board absorbed Material Division accepted responsibil­ ject officer with the Directorate of Com­ part of the equipment mission of the ity for proponency of Engineer equip­ bat Developments. CPT Prichard is a old Engineer Board and took responsi­ ment from ERDL in addition to testing graduate of the US. Military Academy bility for organizations, doctrine, and and evaluation for all developmental and has master's degrees in engineer­ technique from the school, but it systems. The Studies Division began ing management and American history remained part of the school. The war gaming and conducting operations from the University of Missouri-Rolla remainder of the equipment develop­ research to evaluate Engineer mission and George Mason University. ment mission fell to the Engineer areas. The last area of responsibility Research and Development Laboratory was the preparation of doctrine and (ERDL) which had been created in literature.

26 ENGINEER/Winter 1984- 85 West Point Engineers:

Builders of America's INFRASTRUCTURE

by MAJ Mark Vincent

he Corps of Engineers civil works In 1800, the nature of constructing T program has played a chief role in westward, requirements for east-west masonry fortifications, other defenses, the building and rehabilitation of this transportation also grew. The early and lines of communication was com­ country's infrastructure. As important roads, railroads, rivers, and canals parable to constructing buildings, as that work is now, there was a period became the nation's first engineered highways, and other public works. In when the Corps was even more influen­ infrastructure. fact, so little distinction existed be­ tial. For decades into the 19th century, As the need for such works grew, so tween civil and military engineering West Point Engineers exerted more did the demand for civil Engineers. The that it was said " that nothing is so influence on the planning and con­ Army's need for Engineers was recog­ easily converted to civil use, as the struction of this country's civil works nized during the American Revolution science common to both the profession program than perhaps any other Engi­ and did not disappear when the British of a civil and military Engineer." neers in history. were defeated; fortifications to protect The Army's Engineer staff during The country's early colonization saw harbors, cities, and other defenses were the late 1700s consisted primarily of the establishment of coastal develop­ still required. So, for similar reasons, such foreign-trained officers as Richard ment as a self-serving means of trans­ the Army's requirement for Engineers Gridley and Thaddeus Kosciuszko. ortation. As the country expanded paralleled that of the civilian economy. While well respected, their presence

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ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 27 often sparked resentment among West Point graduates devoted efforts Congressional funding of work was so native-born, self-made Engineers. The almost exclusively to coastal defenses. intense that just between 1824 and need for a source of trained Engineers However, the role of the Corps grew 1828, West Point Engineers had plan­ in this country was a practical and rapidly in proportion to the swelling ned 34 canal routes and completed 44 political concept held by many. ranks of its academy graduates. river and harbor surveys. Those repre­ President George Washington was a In 1816, the Army established a sented the majority of general survey supporter of a school for military Board of Engineers for Fortifications work performed by the Corps during Engineers, but he doubted the consti­ within the Corps of Engineers. This that period. tutionality of the idea. Although the board devoted increasingly greater por­ Army itself was small, a pervasive tions of its personnel to civilian projects argument for creating an academy was with some relevance to Army needs. Highways that its Engineers' "utility would Engineer surveys broadened from While the Corps was involved with extend beyond military works to what­ coastal areas to include rivers, harbors, the national frenzy concerning canals, ever respects public buildings, roads, and even canals. it concurrently had significant respon­ bridges, canals, and all such works of sibilities in road work. For instance, a civil nature." the first national highway, from Cum­ Surveying berland, MD, to St.Louis, MO, was sur­ President James Monroe recom­ veyed and constructed by the Corps of West Point mended that the Corps prepare smveys Engineers from 1824-1840. While Although Congress authorized the and plans for canals between Chesa­ working on that road, Richard Dela­ construction of coastal and harbor for­ peake Bay, Lake Erie, and the Ohio field (1818) designed and constructed tifications in 1794, it was not until River in 1823. That involvement led to the first iron arch bridge in the United 1802, at the insistence of President the General Survey Act of 1824 which States at Dunlop's Creek, PA. The Thomas Jefferson, that an academy at authorized the President to use Army bridge, which was still in use over 100 West Point was authorized with the officers together with civilian Engi­ years later, had a span of 80 feet. purpose of training a Corps of neers to survey roads and canals of The Corps undertook the planning of Engineers. With its founding, West national importance. That legislation routes of varying importance through­ Point became the only engineering actually formalized the introduction of out the country, most of which were school in the country, a distinction it Army Engineers into civil engineering. supervised by West Point graduates held for almost 20 years. The General Survey Act thrust West serving as general superintendents of The curriculum at West Point evolved Point graduates into the tasks of map­ territorial improvements. into a program that produced Engi­ ping, exploring, and surveying for Thomas J. Cram (1822), while assign­ neers. By 1816, instruction included which they are well known. The Steph­ ed as General Superintendent of Har­ military and civil architecture, and en Long expedition that plotted the bors and Roads in Wisconsin, surveyed permanent as well as field fortifica­ courses of the Platte, Arkansas, and and contracted for the construction of tions. In 1823, the first course titled Canadian rivers included John R. Bell 1,100 miles of roads in that territory "Civil Engineering" was taught. By (1812), J. D. Graham (1817), and W. H. alone between 1839 and 1843. The 63- 1824, studies included elementary Swift (1819). mile route from Racine to Sinnipee was parts of buildings; orders of architec­ Benjamin Bonneville (1815) con­ typical of the roads financed by Con­ ture; and construction of buildings and ducted an expedition from 1832 to 1834 gress at that time. arches, bridges, canals, and other pub­ that first accurately mapped the In order to allow a team of horses to lic works. In 1826 the courses were ex­ hydrography of the territories west of easily pull two tons of cargo along a panded still further to include roads, the Mississippi River. While western wagon track 15 feet wide, trees had to tunnels, railroads, artificial harbors, exploration was most prominent, West be grubbed from 34 running miles of and inland navigation. Point Engineers were dispatched to the woods; and 151 bridges with an aggre­ During this era, most Engineers limits of all our frontiers. gate span length of over 1,900 feet were already in practice had little formal built. The bridges had hewed-timber education, but instead developed skills Waterways abutments, stringers, and spiked-plank from experiences as apprentices and River and harbor works soon became flooring which helped to increase the from individual study. According to a major duty of the Corps of Engineers. cost of the road to $159 per mile. Daniel Calhoun in his book, The Amer­ Harbor work on the coast extended ican Civil Engineer, the natme of train­ beyond fortifications to the planning of ing at the academy caused the Board Railroads breakwaters and management of har­ of Visitors to report that "the pupils of By 1827, Army engineering atten­ bor improvements. Rivers and lakes West Point will deliver the country tion was also directed toward railroads were surveyed for navigability; and from the quack engineering which has, which were gaining prominence as reports were prepared recommending in diverse instances, inflicted deep competitors of canals. William G. ways to remove snags and rocks, con­ wounds upon our system of internal McNeill (1817) completed the first struct dikes, or bypass falls with improvements." railroad survey performed by the Corps canals. Other responsibilities included in 1828 by comparing canal and rail­ planning and building lighthouses, road alternatives between the James Coastal Defense beacon lights, bridges, and even and Kanawha rivers in Virginia. For a decade, the new Corps and its aqueducts. West Point officers, including

28 ENGINEER/Wmter 1984-85 McNeill and George W. Whistler, were one of the earliest rational methods of The time from 1820 to 1860 has been sent by Congress to study methods of analysis of stresses in trusses. called the most sensitive period of planning, construction, and operation The Haupt lattice truss design was national growth. The Federal govern­ f railroads in England. McNeill and named for its inventor. Haupt's reputa­ ment, through its Corps of Engineers, histler became the most famous tion as chief Engineer or superinten­ tried to satisfy the extraordinary de­ railroad Engineers of their day. dent of several railroads during the mands by its citizens for Engineering Railroad progress made by West 1850s resulted in his recall into service assistance. The rank of Engineering Point officers remained intensive for in 1862 as a general in charge of build­ graduates of West Point met those several decades and included routes in ing, maintaining, and operating the needs. The almost limitless opportuni­ the West founded by George McClellan railroads for the Union during the war. ties within the embryonic nation drew (1846), Philip Sheridan (1853), and Many other graduates were commit­ graduates from the service to other John B. Hood (1853), all of whom ted to lives of service with private positions, both private and public, and became famous during the Civil War. railroad companies. Possibly West spread the talents of the Engineers. Point contributed more to railroads The combined successes that those through its civilian Engineers than Engineers achieved in developing the Civil Practice through the military Engineers who early elements of our first infrastruc­ Although the role of the Corps of remained Army officers. By 1903, 212 ture-the roads, harbors, railroads, and Engineers was immense during this West Point graduates had become pres­ other public works-earned them a period, the influence of West Point ident, superintendent, or chief Engi­ special place in our history. Never Engineers was felt outside the military neer on railroads or other public works. before or since that era has one group service. Academy graduates began so positively influenced the shape of appearing in civilian engineering prac­ the building of America as did the Civil tice in 1818. Their numbers increased, Public Works Engineers of West Point. and by 1837 a census recorded 120 West Point graduates were also prom­ graduates in civil practice. In all, 237 inent leaders of that part of the infra­ MAJ Mark Vincent is an assistant of the 940 graduates from 1802 to 1837 structure including municipal engi­ professor of civil engineering at the went into civilian engineering at some neering and buildings. George S. United States Military Academy. A time during their lives. Greene (1823) made noteworthy con­ 1973 USMA graduate, he has com­ Army policies, rather than inhibiting tributions to urban water supply by manded an assault bridge company in this trend, often fueled the departure helping to develop systems for New USAREUR, instructed at the Engineer of Engineers from the ranks. Officers York City and Washington, D.C. Mont­ School, and served as a project manager ere customarily furloughed to duties gomery Meigs (1836) was also involved and engineer in the Seattle District. vith private companies to gain exper­ with water supply, but he is best known Vincent has a master's degree in civil ience; often the private firms paid for for the design and construction of the engineering from the University of personal expenses above the military dome and wings of the United States Illinois and is a registered professional salaries. Basically, the General Survey Capitol Building. engineer. Act did not let officers perform any­ thing more than surveys, plans, and estimates of projects. To become involved in the construc­ Engineer Problem tion phase of the work, an officer had to resign from the Army. To further Your platoon has been ordered to install a standard pattern minefield. complicate matters, by 1830 West Point Given the following requirements. determine the total number of was producing almost twice the num­ mines. number of regular strips. number of antihandling devices. and ber of Engineers that the Army could total manhours. place within its ranks. Secretary of War John H. Eaton declared that "the ben­ Given : efit to be derived, however, from their Desired density AT = 3 APF = 4 APB = 2 (officers') education will not be lost, but, on the contrary, will be felt in the IOE representative cluster several states where they reside:' True composition AT = 2 APF = 2 APB = 2 to that observation, those graduate Engineers who left the Army's ranks Front 250m contributed as much to our nation's Depth 300m early development as the career officers who remained. Antihandling devices 10% Herman Haupt (1835) typified those officers leaving the service. Haupt Type m ines available M14. M15. M16A1 spent three months on active duty REFERENCES: FM 5-34; FM 20-32. Mine/ Countermine Warfare; efore resigning to work on the Nor­ ERRATA information provided by Engineer School. istown Railroad. Haupt eventually (Problem submitted by SSG Gene R. Shelnutt. Department of Military became a professor of engineering at Engineering). Pennsylvania College and developed

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 29 An Engineer Platoon Leader's Survival Guide to NTC

o, you're going to the National STraining Center! Everywhere you by CPT James G. Liwski turn these days, you hear that name ... another war story from the guys at the club. Another article describing the Engineer Employment Considerations numerous pitfalls. Another memo from the battalion commander emphasizing •Task organization based on Engineer work requirements his "concern." • Single point of contact With all the attention focused on • Normal association NTC, you want to make sure that your • Centralized control platoon does the best possible job of • Integral part of Combined Arms Team supporting your task force. The ques­ • Early involvement in planning tion you ask yourself is . .. how? • Engineer effort forward Part of that "how" has been devel­ • Engineers as terrain experts oped at the Engineer School. Due •Engineer construction equipment moves slowly largely to the efforts of CPT Dave •Once Engineers are committed as infantry, no further Engineer Dunaway (Unit Training, DOTD), the effort can be expected Engineer School has produced an Engineer NTC Train-Up Package that presents a coherent training strategy for success at the NTC. The package Management Training System of the Combined Arms Team. A sam­ consists of three parts. (BTMS), analysis of the NTC mission ple briefing is included to assist you i Part one contains a discussion of the and terrain, and suggestions to assist starting an early and effective working significant recurring problems in the you in supporting maneuver units relationship with the brigade and task Engineer support at the NTC, a list of more efficiently. force commanders and their staffs. key skills obtained from a Battalion Part two addresses Engineers as part Done well, the briefing will allow Engineer platoon leaders to establish credibility and give the task force an Task Force Support To Engineers appreciation of Engineer capabilities and specific information on how they • Intelligence from scouts can fully integrate Engineer efforts • Incorporation of Engineers into troop-leading procedure into Combined Arms operations. •Early warning orders Part three contains " 1ofTthe- shelf' • Logistical support (particularly class IV and class V) materials which will assist your prep­ • Labor support for constructing and breaching obstacles aration for effective Combined Arms •Cooperation on obstacle-breaching battle drill Operations at the NTC. It contains • Team locations training tips, emerging doctrine, and • Tactical Operations Center (TOC) locations a variety of other materials. It's truly an impressive package. • Engineer vehicles that task force cannot fix What makes it t\pique, however, is the • Class IV recovery plan Engineer briefing mentioned in part • Bulldozers operating at night two. • Withdrawal routes for the teams and Engineers The Engineer briefing is an integral • Priority of repair at unit equipment repair points (UERP) part of the package. It provides the • Priority of obstacle construction start time starting point to sell yourself and the • Task force collection points for medical evacuation and Engineer capabilities that you super­ maintenance (UERP) vise to the maneuver force commander. • Replacement time lag for destroyed vehicles The briefing is prefaced by a short • Routine for replacing destroyed vehicles introduction by your battalion or com­ • Informs when brigade will pull assets: bulldozers and pany commander. The entire briefingi swing platoon takes about 30 minutes, not including time for questions. It's an ideal topic for a professional development class for

30 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 task force officers or any other suitable meeting to prepare for the NTC. The briefing covers topics such as: • Command/Support Relationships • Engineer Employment Considera- tions (See chart) • Obstacle Employment Principles • Engineer Assets • Mobility, Cou ntermobility, Sur­ vivability Missions • Engineer Planning Factors and Work Rates • Family of Scatterable Mines (FASCAM) • Task Force Support to Engineers (See chart) • Engineer Platoon Leader Respon­ An M-1 tank provides a smoke screen for advancing friendly forces dur­ sibilities (See chart) ing NTC training at Fort Irwin, CA (U.S. Army photo). • Engineer Platoon Sergeant The list of topics discussed is exten­ Responsibilities sive. In fact, you'll probably learn something yourself from reviewing the briefing. The best part of this briefing is the Engineer Platoon Leader Responsibilities clear, concise way it presents the many varied Engineer considerations in sup­ • Receive the warning order port of a task force. It establishes you • Move the platoon as the Engineer "expert" and gives you •Reconstitute: sleep; evacuate casualties; resupply ammunition, needed exposure and credibility as a fuel, and basic load; recover and repair vehicles; rezero MILES; critical member of the commander's maintain personal hygiene; provide food for troops staff. This facet has been an annoying problem experienced by your predeces­ • Forage class IV from battlefield sors at the NTC. • Establish a hasty platoon defense Dedicated use of the package along • Go to the after action review with careful research of the briefing • Liaison with the company XOs who have picked battle topics will help cement your position positions as part of the team; and that's half the • Liaison with XOs for primary obstacle line battle! • Write the operations order with staff That's the Engineer NTC Train-Up • Organize reserve obstacles and closures Package . . . problems identified, • Receive full operations orders resources listed, and an Engineer brief­ • Coordinate with S4 for class IV ing to help get you on-board with the • Coordinate with the fire support officer task force. • Meet the class IV drop on the ground So, if you're going to the National Training Center, or even if you just • Coordinate with Engineer swing platoon want to get a better handle on Engi­ • Coordinate with Engineer support platoon neer support of a task force, get a copy •Maintain the platoon (coordinate I, III, V, IX) of t h e Engineer NTC Train-Up • Fill out casualty feeder report Package-your survival guide to NTC. • Send courier with casualty reports Requests for copies of the Engineer • Receive replacements NTC Train-Up Package should be for­ • Contact team commanders to start obstacle work warded to: • Coordinate resupply of class IV U.S. Army Engineer School • Inspect obstacle construction ATTN: ATZA-TD-U-D • Escort and control all bulldozers in area Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5291 • Submit all obstacle reports to the task force AV 354-2070/2286 • Prepare and submit minefield reports CPT James G. Liwski, a graduate of •Conduct leader's reconnaissance of Engineer withdrawal and the United States Military Academy, is assigned to the Unit Training Division, battle positions DOTD, at the Engineer School. He was •Provide security on obstacles the assistant operations officer and • Provide anti-reconnaissance platoon leader with the 9th Engineer Battalion in Germany

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 31 SFC Jeffrey Singer's expression depicts the seriousness of the drill sergeant's job (U.S. Army photo). a Close Look at Drill Sergeant School

by SP4 Thomas Copeland and SP5 Kathleen Ellison

' ' This is probably one of the week course. added. We noticed that the self-paced toughest schools a noncom­ "The orientation phase introduces class people were looking out only for missioned officer can attend;' said the candidates to different levels of themselves. With our group class eve­ MSG Samuel Clark, chief instructor at instruction;' said SFC Jesus Gomez, ryone learns at the same pace. If some­ the Fort Leonard Wood Drill Sergeant senior course manager. Here we teach one is having difficulty with one sub­ School. "Not everyone can be a drill classes on subjects like uniform regula­ ject, another student will help him so sergeant. Only the best soldiers out of tions, drill and ceremony, trainee treat­ that the class can go on;' Gomez said. each career field are selected:' ment, and the role and responsibility Classes include basic rifle markman­ Between 450 and 500 drill sergeants of the NCO. Many of these courses may ship, stress management, leadership are presented with their distinctive be repeated in the actual course, but and physical training. "brown round" hats each year. Only 10 presenting this material to them before "During the summer the first forma­ percent of the students do not graduate starting the actual course greatly tion is at 5 a.m., and the day lasts until from the school usually because ofrea­ increases their chances of graduating 4:30 p.m. In the course of eight weeks, sons ranging from medical to academic. and their ability to be a good drill the drill sergeant candidate must suc­ Formerly, the attrition rate was as sergeant. cessfully complete 103 course mod­ high as 25 percent, and because of this "Another thing that separates our ules;' according to Clark. , the school supervisors were prompted school from other drill sergeant schools For most candidates, the course to add a three-week drill sergeant is that we have a group-paced format proves both mentally and physically orientation phase to the regular eight- rather than a self-paced one," Gomez demanding. " During the three-week

32 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 orientation phase," said SFC Allen NCO;' Clark said, "At the end of the I called my branch at DA and told Clark, master fitness trainer and assis­ basic training cycle, the drill sergeant them I wanted to go (to Drill Sergeant tant chief instructor, "we give the can­ can see the improvement in the people School), and so they sent me here;' said didates a complete diagnostic test. It he's had to train and turn into soldiers:' the former Fort Hood atomic demoli­ covers height, weight and a diagnostic "I was kind of sad when I first got tions munition platoon sergeant. "The physical training test. During that here;' said SFC Leonard Wilson, a drill sergeant is the first impression of three weeks we get everyone up to candidate in his fourth week, who had the Army these young soldiers have about the same physical readiness level been selected by the Department of the when they first come in. He provides and able to easily pass the Army Army. "But once I got here it was all them a role model, someone to Physical Readiness Test. right. With more than 18 years in (the emulate." "When the actual course starts, we Army), it was something that I still Students said the school does what use the level they were at as a starting hadn't done. Being that it was a new it can to help them through the course. block. From there we push them to challenge, I went for it." Many said the group pace was a great their fullest. We have them run more "The course is very challenging. You help. than they ever thought they could. really learn a lot that you may have The requirements listed in Army Sure, there's a point where the human taken for granted. It is different when Regulation 614-200, Section II, state body can't go any further. But there is you have to teach someone something that male candidates must be in grades also that little something down there that you have learned;' Wilson said, E5 through E7. Female candidates that drives you to do that last effort," who before coming to the school was a must be in grades E4 through E7. Can­ Clark said. mortar platoon leader at Fort Riley. didates must possess a high school The academic portion of the course is "I volunteered for the school," said, diploma or GED equivalent and have also challenging. Everything the candi­ SGT Jeffrey Thomason, a former crane demonstrated leadership ability. Upon dates learn will not only be passed on operator at Fort Bragg. "I've always graduation, drill sergeants have a two­ to new soldiers, but they must be able liked the overall appearance that you year stabilized tour, with an option for to do it professionally and proficiently. had to maintain and the respect that another year. Everything the trainee does, the drill you get from it. The PT hasn't been too sergeant candidate does. tough on me so far, although the oral Biographical information on SP4 Cope­ "I think being a drill sergeant brings presentations were pretty stressful at land and SP5 Ellison was not availa­ prestige and job satisfaction to the times." ble at the time of publication.

Drill sergeants enforce the highest standards during basic training at Fort Leonard Wood (U.S. Army photo).

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 33 Construction and Maintenance of Delta Creek Airstrip

by MAJ Thomas A. lVrk

elta Creek Airstrip was con­ winds and the cleared approach and were brought in and resupplied by D structed by the 562nd Engineer departure zones. Approach zones had helicopters because no existing roads Company, 172nd Light Infantry Bri­ to allow aircraft to head into prevail­ lead to the area. gade (Separate), at a remote site on a ing winds. A 50: 1 ratio was maintained Heavy Engineer construction equip­ dry creek bed. The airstrip, 30 miles for the height of obstacles in the ment could not be used because the west of Delta, AK, was built in the approach and departure zones. For CH-54B skycranes could lift a max­ summer of 1982 to support Brim Frost example, a one-foot tree must be 50 feet imum of 22,000 pounds. A D-5 bull­ '83, a major Army field exercise in from the end of the runway clear zone. dozer was the largest that could be January and February. The airstrip was oriented to avoid airlifted into the site. This was a joint operation with the forested approach and departure zones, A gravel airstrip was preferred 23rd Engineer Company (CBT) (HVY) thus overriding the consideration for because it could be used year-round which assisted in developing the road prevailing winds. This decision became with few drainage problems. An air­ network, clearing bivouac sites, and costly when aircraft with troops and strip built in marshlands or swamps providing general maintenance sup­ equipment were diverted to a paved would only be suitable for winter con­ port of the airstrip. The runway length airstrip in Delta Junction for two days struction and use. was 4,000 feet with 500 feet of clear during the exercise airlift. The prevail­ A nearby water source was necessary zone on each end. ing crosswinds had made landing of to provide water for compaction. fully loaded aircraft too dangerous. The site had to permit proper orien­ The airstrip required less than 2 per­ Design Criteria tation of the runway allowing for pre­ cent slope from end to end, less than The airstrip was designed to be a vailing wind direction and cleared 1.7 percent slope from centerline to medium-lift, support-area strip that approach and departure zones. shoulder, and 2 percent moisture con­ would require minimum maintenance A primary consideration was that the tent. The C-130s needed airstrip soil for two months. It had to support air­ airstrip would be surrounded by a mini­ that could support 75 psi on impact. craft with a maximum gross weight of city of 10,000 soldiers and various fuel, Penetrometer readings were taken on 130,000 pounds and included: medical, food, ammunition, and main­ diagonals across the airstrip at 50-foot • a minimum runway length of 3,500 tenance support packages. This en­ intervals and consistently gave 150 psi feet and runway width of 60 feet; tailed a vast road network and area readings. The sieve analysis results • a parking apron for four C-130 that would support bivouac sites hid­ showed that the soil was poorly grad­ Hercules; den from view and required the inte­ ed gravel with a California Bearing • a refueling apron to support two gration of the road with forest cover. Ratio (CBR) of 30. C-130s or "bladder birds" that could A year-round water source was neces­ distribute fuel to ground fuel sary to support construction in the storage; Site Selection summer and to provide water for per­ • a helicopter refueling area to sup­ A relatively level site was needed to sonnel in the winter. The Delta Creek port four helicopter refueling pads. minimize the amount of earth that had River has meandering six to eight-foot Orientation of the airstrip was based to be moved to meet slope require­ streams that were two to three feet on two considerations: the prevailing ments. All equipment and personnel deep in the summer. The streams

34 ENGIN EER /Winter 1984-85 became subterranean flows in the copters provided fuel for all operations crane. A ramp was constructed that winter, an action t h at was n ot by sling-loading in 600-gallon fuel allowed the bulldozers to push gravel anticipated. blivets. from a borrow pit into awaiting dump Valuable time was lost because a two­ Clearing and grubbing operations trucks. mile winter road had to be constructed took about one week. Cut and fill Construction was hampered by prob­ in December to reach a nearby lake operations with compaction took t he lems with helicopter support. Bad that would become the primary water remainder of the time. Delays were weather, damaged multileg slings, and source. A water-purification unit capa­ caused when the Air Force recom­ limited weekend availability for Na­ ble of 420 gallons per hour produced mended widening the strip from 150 to tional Guard skycranes caused plan­ water (over 40,000 gallons during the 300 feet. The extensive work dedicated ning problems. The total dependence exercise) from this lake. Two-inch cot­ to the surrounding road network and upon air resupply kept planners busy ton water-distribution hoses were insu­ bivouac sites caused significant delays adjusting critical path networks. lated inside six-inch fuel hoses during to the original estimate of two weeks. The project took 62 days, used 3,900 extreme cold. Maintenance of equipment and re­ gallons of diesel fuel and 1,400 gallons supply of repair parts for low-density of gasoline, and cost $4,000 for repair Construction construction equipment were continual parts. During the compaction process, The airstrip and surrounding road problems. A skycrane lift in early 120,000 gallons of water with glacier network were constructed in two September replaced deadlined equip­ silt were added to fill the voids in the months using a John Deere 570-A road ment with new equipment including top six-inch compacted layer. grader and 450-C bulldozer, two Cater­ an additional D-5 bulldozer and two When completed, the airstrip was pillar D-5 bulldozers, a 13-wheel com­ new 2 Y2-ton dump trucks. 5,000 feet long and 300 feet wide. The pacting roller, two 2 Y2-ton dump trucks, Penetrometers and nuclear denso­ runway was 4,000 feet long and 150 and a jeep. meters were used to test the density of feet wide. The end-to-end slope was Communications rigs, medical t he poorly graded gravel during the 0.67 percent. teams, and daily helicopter support initial site selection and during the were a lso added to t he construction compaction process. Maintenance and Use package. A 500-gallon water tank was Fill operations required some inno­ Two months later, a similar construc­ placed in the bed of one of the dump vative ideas because lifting equipment tion team followed a freshly cut road trucks modified with a spray bar to be such as 2 Y2 -cubic yard scoop loaders (the width of one D-7 blade) into the used in the compaction process. H eli- were too heavy to be flown in by sky- airstrip to clear an accumulated two-

A D-5 bulldozer performs grubbing and clearing operations for the Delta Creek Airstrip and surrounding road network (photo by MAJ Thomas A. York).

ENGINEER/Winter 1984- 85 35 Parking aprons and refueling areas for helicopters and C-130s appear on the outline of the airstrip (photo by MAJ Thomas A. York). foot snowfall. Skycranes were sched­ The equipment was kept running for spills which did not occur. uled as backup mobility for some of the 24 hours. Turbochargers were being The C-130s that were loaded over heavy equipment if the road couldn't damaged on the diesel trucks because 27 ,000 pounds used the entire runway be opened by December 10 due to main­ operators were not manning the trucks for takeoff and sometimes did not leave tenance, hot springs, or Air Force at all times and keeping the RPMs up the ground until they were in the clear bombs that were found on a bombing to 1,500. Operators needing sleep could zone. Blowouts were a major concern range in one area of the main supply not stay in their vehicles because of due to the gravel airstrip. The only inci­ route. possible carbon monoxide poisoning. dent occurred at Elmendorf Air Force The main supply route was opened During the extremely cold weather, Base and was attributed to the gravel on schedule; and the snow removal of maintenance was cumbersome, minds at Delta Creek Airstrip. the airstrip, road network, and bivouac became tired and did not reason clear­ When the last aircraft departed site took approximately seven days. ly, and hidden problems in machinery Delta Creek Airstrip on Feb. 12, 1983, Scoop loaders did the work of bull­ emerged. Only one maintenance tent over 400 C-130s had safely landed. dozers in clearing new roads in forested was available, and it could support only landed. areas. one piece of equipment at a time. Her­ On January 6, the unit convoyed ten man Nelson heaters (40,000 BTUs per dump trucks and logistics vehicles to hour) were critical, but suffered peri­ MAJ Thomas A. York is the Deputy the airstrip for final preparation. The odic service problems. Commander; US. Army Engineer Dis­ first C-130 was scheduled for a January Scoop-loader tires were going flat trict, Pittsburgh. He was the Assistant 11 touchdown. Avalanches in the Pax­ when they were off-loaded from low boy Inspector General, 172nd Infantry Bri­ son area 60 miles south of Fort Greely tractors or from railroad flat cars. gade at Fort Richardson, AK, and com­ delayed the convoy for 24 hours. Parachutes covered the tires with manded A Company, 10th Engineer The airstrip was opened on time with pumped in heat and made the tires Battalion, and the 562nd Engineer a 150 foot width cleared. Snow berms pliable so they could be repaired. Company while stationed there. He also were kept below ten feet so that C-130s Maintenance of the airstrip was rela­ held command and staff assignments would not hit their wing tips during a tively easy. When ruts developed, in Germany and Korea. MAJ York has possible skid or turn. The berms were gravel and water mixtures were placed a bachelor's degree in engineering lowered by driving D-5 bulldozers over in the ruts and frozen. Spalling ofrocks management and a master's degree in them. below the six-inch compacted surfaces civil engineering from the University of Temperatures were below -40 °F, and began to appear after the 200th air­ Missouri and is a graduate of the Com­ the unit had its highest number of cold­ craft had landed. The refueling park­ mand and General Staff College. weather injuries during this period. ing apron was bermed in case of fuel

36 ENGIN EER/Winter 1984-85 mafrost and promote roadbed stabiliza­ significance must not be overlooked. tion. A recent study by CRREL shows History shows that the subarctic can be that the use of membrane encapsulated a theater of war (Norway, Finland, soil layers (MESL) is effective in road U.S.S.R.). The Army Engineer must construction in an arctic or subarctic have an updated and accurate manual environment. to provide the know-how to support the mobility and survivability of the Building Materials Army's Combined Arms Team. Utilities, buildings, and airfields can­ not be left out of a new arctic construc­ CPT William J. Stein is a deputy divi­ tion manual. Many studies have evalu­ sion chiefand project inspector at Letter­ Ice Bridging by the Book: ated the use of snow and ice as building kenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, PA. materials and the effects of insulation He was a platoon leader in the 23rd A Personal Viewpoint and aerodynamic considerations for all Engineer Company (CBT) (HVY) and (continued from inside front cover) types of construction. An excellent the training support branch chief at Fort source of information concerning utili­ Richardson, AK, where he was an assis­ ties construction would be the under­ tant G-3 coordinating Air Force tactical with a 15 mph wind. Research on ice ground utilidor (utility corridor) built support for the Brim Frost exercise CPT growth by CPI' Larry Jinkins was used in permafrost at Barrow, AK. Stein is a graduate ofthe Engineer Offi­ during "Brim Frost '83" and it shows Since 40 percent of all landmass in cer Advanced Course and has a bache­ that the convection cooling of the wind the northern hemisphere is in the lor's degreee in mechanical engineering has a direct bearing on the freeze time subarctic or arctic, its military from the University of Missouri at Rolla for the water layers. The methods of pumping water or the locations of the pump holes are not explained in TM 5-349. They are f1_H_o_t_lin_e_Q_&_A__ _ explained in the pamphlet. Arctic Construction correctly states 0. I need the latest reference manual, film, or television tape for that the carrying capacity of the Engineer River Crossing Operations. induced ice is one-half that of natural A. FM 90-13 or ETM 350 -1 00 covers Eng ineer River Crossing Operations. DA ice. However, induced ice beyond one- PAM 108-1 answers questions about available films. hird the total thickness may cause a 0. I need to know the NSN and supply catalog for short, medium, and downward thawing of the natural long picket fences. I also need the NSN for general, barbed tape crystalline ice. obstacle, and information on how to obtain it. Mobility A . U-shaped pickets come in two sizes: 60-inch (NSN 5660-00-370-1 587) and The vehicles crossing the Delta River 30-inch (NSN 5660-00-270-1589). This information can be found in CTA 50-920, ice bridge had to stop and be Section II , ~xpendable Items and in the Army Master Data File. GPBTO can· unchained, cross the ice bridge, then be requisitioned through normal supply cha nnels. The NSN is 5660-00-921-551 6. stop so the chains could be put back on. 0. What is the classification of the M -10 5-ton truck with a water This mobility reduction made convoys distributor mounted on the rear? prime enemy targets before and after A . The vehicle classification is as follows: Overall weight 20,050 lbs (empty ), crossing the ice bridge. 28,383 lbs (full) . Vehicle cla ssification is 15 empty (E), 21 cross-country (C), This chaining and unchaining could 25 highway (H) . Additional information can be obtained from TM 5-3825-221-5 have been eliminated by using a log and TM 5-3825-227-12. Information on the 5-ton truck may be obtained in T M tread way frozen onto the top of the ice 9-2320-260-10-1. bridge and covered with four inches of snow. The snow would prevent the logs 0. Where are the 160 radios to be mounted on the new 510-M929 squad from absorbing solar radiation and vehicles? melting the ice. These ice-reinforcing A. Radios in sq uad vehicles, particularly the M929 Series Vehicles are currently methods are mentioned in TM 5-349. being tested and evaluated at U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Command at (TACOM) . It is expected that the results w ill have been completD ed by ec. 3, Construction 1984, and the requested information will be made available at that time. The Constructing a road or winter trail tested mount is located between the operator and passenger seats on the rear is another problem. Since TM 5-349 panel. was published 23 years ago, machines have been built that cut snow, then 0. We are trying to determine a way to winterize graders for snow compact it using vibration or heat removal. Does the Army have a temporary cab canvas-type window? transfer. There are now newer methods A. At the present time there is no standard w interization kit in the supply system. of determining thaw depth and new However, a commercia l kit can be purchased from Safety Cab Co. , Fresn o, CA, onstruction techniques using various and it was used for graders sent to Alaska . The phone number for the Safety insulations (sulfur foam, polyurethane, Cab Co. is: (209) 268-5545. The AMC Systems Manager at TACOM, AV reinforced sytrofoam, and modified con­ 786-7349, can be called for further assistance. crete) to preserve the upper level of per-

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 37 Rapidly Emplaceable Overhead Cover Support Systems - Use of preformed fiberglass plastic, rapidly emplaceable Publications overhead cover support systems such as foxhole covers. Foam Domes as Expedient Facilities - Use of foam domes in providing housing and storage for mobilization efforts fro.,.._ and other semipermanent facilities. Programmable Pocket Calculators for Engineer Troop Units - Use of programmable pocket calculators to sup­ CERL port Combat Engineer activities. Computer-Based Engineer Training System - PLATO-like training system to deliver training to Combat Engineers on station in lieu of centralized schooling. his is ENGINEER's second annual listing of publica­ Combat Engineer Command and Control Subsystem - tions produced by the U.S. Army Construction Engineer­ Development of a Combat Engineer command and control T system to support the maneuver control system of the ing Research Laboratory (USA-CERL). Army's automated command and control system. The list is divided into two sections: material related to Combat Engineers and material related to Facility Engi­ Foam Protective Shelters- A study of foam structures for command, control, and communications uses. neers. These sections are subdivided into a list of fact sheets of current USA-CERL research efforts and a list of technical Flotation BridgingI Rafting System for Airborne I Airmobile Operations - Evaluation of methods to float reports/publications produced since October 1983. vehicles, using on-site foamed plastics as floats, and ways Fact sheets are typically short summaries of USA-CER!Js of attaching float bodies, maintaining float stability, and research on a given subject. Technical reports and publica­ preventing use-induced damage. tions are lengthier documents presenting the results ofUSA­ CERIJs research on a specific topic. Fact sheets are available from the Public Affairs Office, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, FACILITY ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES P.O. Box 4005, Champaign, IL 61820-1305. Fact sheets are available on the following USA-CERL Technical reports and publications are available at a research efforts on Facility Engineer activities: nominal cost from the National Technical Information Ser­ PAVER- A maintenance management package to aid pave­ vice, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, or ment engineers and managers in achieving maximum bene­ through the Defense Technical Information Center, Cam­ fits from dollars spent on road maintenance. eron Station, Alexandria, VA 22314. When ordering publica­ Improved Roofing Materials and Systems- A quality­ tions from NTIS or DTIC, please use the ADA numbers control (QC) specification that will improve QC of built-up listed. Additional information on these publications can be roof construction. obtained by writing to the USA-CERL Publications Branch. Corrosion Mitigation - A means of gathering corrosion­ related data and information about utility systems and structures and determining their useful life. COMBAT ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES Paint Laboratory- Current programs include applied Fact sheets are available on the following USA-CERL research in the field of protective coatings for steel and studies in progress on Combat Engineer activities: aluminum, quality assurance, paint testing, and field consulting. Engineer Unit Microcomputer Applications- Discusses the use of microcomputer software applications for manag­ Quality Control/Quality Assurance (QC/QA) Program ing construction activities for the 18th Engineer Brigade in - Techniques, equipment, and aids to improve the effec­ Germany. tiveness of the resident engineer's QA mission. Engineer Modeling Study- A computer program designed Concrete Quality Monitor (COM) - System that provides a to determine the effects of Combat Engineer activities in means of assessing the quality of fresh concrete while it is the outcome of a battle. being placed, thus averting replacement of defective concrete. Flotation Bridging I Rafting Concepts for River Crossing Operations- Evaluation of methods available for floating Soil-Cement/Roller -Compacted Concrete Quality vehicles across nonfordable streams. Monitor- Determines the cement and water content of soil-cement and roller-compacted concrete. Foam Overhead Cover Support Systems (FOCOSJ - A rapidly constructed foam-filled fabric arch used with a top­ Pipe Corrosion Management System - A maintenance soil covering to protect infantry operators of antitank management package to aid facility engineers in making weapons. decisions for pipe-maintenance strategy.

38 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 RAILER- A railroad track maintenance management system Photovoltaic Power Systems- Test results on a photo­ that assists installation personnel in achieving maximum voltaic power system for a permanent military facility. benefits from maintenance dollars. Modular Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems- A two Ceramic Anode- A high-technology anode for cathodic component system for DOD barracks buildings. protection of civil works structures, underground pipes, Computerized Evaluation of Utility Plans (CEUPJ- Com­ and water towers; produced at the cost and at \ the Y. 00 puter programs that analyze the electrical and water distri­ weight of the currently used silicon-iron anodes. bution and sanitary sewerage collection systems on military installations for their adequacy in supporting future con­ Automated Voice Recognition System - Transforms aver­ struction and base mobilization. bal recording such as inspection information or data into a Computer-Aided Engineering and Architectural Design written report. System (CAEADSJ- Automated design tools used by Electromagnetic Pulse (EMPJ Protection - Design and designers (architects, engineers, specifiers, estimators) construction of structures for protecting communications through the 35 percent level of the building design process. and computer equipment from an EMP. Systematic Evaluation ofArchitecture (SEARCHJ­ Underground Heat Distribution Technology- Mainte­ Reviews architectural plans against measurable criteria nance procedures for buried prefabricated conduit heat found in design guidance and Army and Engineering distribution systems emphasizing preventive care and regulations. maintenance of manholes. SKETCH- Permits computer entry of single-line floor-plan Paint Test Kit - A simple, portable test kit which field person­ drawings for automatic generation of double-line drawings nel can use to check the basic qualities of oil-based and in production of plots and criteria evaluation. latex paints. Habitability Program- Procedures and design information The USA-CERL Welding Technology Center- Describes to assist installation personnel in providing input for services USA-CERL can provide on welding research and improving constructed facilities. advice, with phone numbers and point of contact. Construction Management Microcomputers- Provides Electrical Reduction Methods- Ways to reduce electricity the area engineer an opportunity for improvements in con­ used in barracks, administrative and maintenance build­ struction scheduling and resource allocation using ings, and community facilities. microcomputer technology. Analysis of Energy Consumption Data - Provides energy Decision Support System I Directorate of Engineering usage patterns, application of time series analysis tech­ and Housing- Microcomputer-based information niques to hourly data, and energy use versus climatic management system to assist DEH in managing installation variations. facility engineering activities.

Solar Energy System Feasibility Analysis (SOLFEASJ­ Facility Space Planning System - Procedures for identify­ An interactive, user-oriented computer program for ing space planning requirements for administrative offices estimating the economic feasibility of an active solar ther­ and managing space planning activities to meet future mal energy system early in the building design process. needs. Building Loads Analysis and System Thermodynamics Industrialized Building Systems- Use of industrialized (BLAST) - Programs for predicting energy consumption building systems to provide more facilties for the construc­ and energy system performance and cost in buildings. tion dollar in less time. Heat Recovery Incineration Technology- On-site inciner­ One and Two Step Facility Acquisition- Procurement pro­ ation of waste used with a waste heat boiler to provide cesses which incorporate performance specifications and energy. allow contractors to submit a design proposal along with HVAC Controls Retrofit- Use of retrofit controls for improv­ the bid for new facilities. ing the performance of existing heating, ventilating, and Facilities Technology Application Tests (FTATJ-A 5-year air-conditioning systems. program which demonstrates the use of over 35 technolo­ Installation-Wide Energy Conservation Programs­ gies is available through Corps of Engineer research Demonstration project at Fort McClellan, AL, to validate laboratories in support of the Directorate of Engineering effectiveness of energy conservation technologies iden­ and Housing. Technologies will be demonstrated in areas of tified through the Army energy program. energy, environmental quality, buildings, and pavements and roads. Solar Energy Acceptance Test Procedures- Procedures to test a solar energy system to insure it meets specifica­ Training Ranges- Planning and management of training tions before accepting the system from the contractor. ranges designed to accommodate new weapons systems. Fuel Selection Strategy- Development of Army-wide fuels PORTAWASHER- High-pressure cleaning system for sanitiz­ selection strategy and criteria based on current and emerg­ ing dumpsters, washing heavy equipment, cleaning ing energy-related technologies and on projections of latrines, and recovering liquid spills at half the cost of tradi­ future fuel availability and cost. tional procedures.

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 39 Sanitary Landfill Leachate Control- Provides guidance for Hazardous Materials Management System (HMMSJ­ identifying and solving installation leachate problems from Provides environmental officers at Army installations with abandoned and existing refuse disposal sites. information for compliance with laws on use, transporta­ tion, and safe handling of hazardous materials and wastes. Army Sewage Treatment Alternatives- Alternatives for upgrading existing trickling filter sewage treatment plants. Training Area Research/Basic- Predicts impact of training on various ecosystems. Hazardous/Toxic Waste Management Information System- Provides identification of those chemical sub­ The Commercial Activities System (CASJ - Takes users stances both listed and defined by the Resource Conserva­ through a cost comparison form for comparing in-house tion and Recovery Act (RCRA) . and contracted costs of commercially available activities.

Composting Toilet Technology-A waterless, odorless, Capability to Assist in Environmental Impact Statement low-maintenance waste treatment alternative to pit latrines (EIS} Preparation - Outlines USA-CERL.'.s capability to and vault and chemical toilets that requires no chemicals assist installation personnel in preparing various environ­ and creates no polluting discharge; may be a practical alter­ mental impact statements. native to present remote-site technology (at training and Fort Hood Geographic Information System (G/SJ ­ firing ranges) and for mobilization application. Computer-based system to help in management of an Installation Compatible Use Zone (ICUZJ-A program to installation's land resources. prevent noise-sensitive development in high-noise areas Hopper Evacuation System (HES} Demonstration - through cooperative efforts of installations and adjacent Describes air pollution control capabilities of a HES in a test communities. on a coal-fired boiler at Chanute Air Force Base. Vehicle Maintenance and Consolidated Washing Facili­ ties - A revolutionary approach to control water pollution originating in vehicle exterior cleaning and maintenance Listing of FY 84 USA-CERL technical reports/ publications areas. on Combat Engineer activities: Early Warning Analysis System (EWASJ - Allows MACOM Technical Report P-158, "Automated Construction Man­ and installation environmental planners to identify potential agement System (ACMSJ Volume/: User's Guide," by problem areas at the "what if" stage of planning with both Jennifer Young, June 1984, ADA143031; tabular and mapped output. "Volume II: Program Documentation," by Charles E. Her­ Integrated Noice Contour System (INCSJ - Provides ring Jr., June 1984, ADA143032. MACOM and installation environmental planners with con­ tours showing the noise impact of installation activities. Interim Report M-348, "Development of Polyurethane Foam Flotation Bridging I Rafting Systems up to Environmental Technical Information System (ETISJ­ Military Load Class 20," by 0 . S. Marshall Jr., May 1984, Analyzes environmentally related impacts resulting from ADA142379. DOD programs. Technical Report M-353, "Performance of Battlefield Civil Works Computer-Aided Environmental Legislative Overhead Cover Support Systems in a Simulated Data System (CW-CELDSJ- Aids planners in certifying Nuc/earB/astEnvironment,"by Alvin Smith, July 1984, compliance with 15 environmental statues as mandated by ADB0855271. ' Office of Management and Budget.

Mobilization Facilities Planning System- Evaluates the capability of an installation to respond to mobilization task­ Listing of FY 84 USA-CERL technical reports/ publications ing or other crisis response. on Facility Engineer activities: Training Range/Facility Management- Methods to man­ Environmental Research age training ranges and facilities assets while maintaining Technical Report N-182, "Upgrading Army Sewage environmental conservation. Treatment Plant Trickling Filters with Synthetic Stationing Analysis Model (SAM}- Systematic process Media," by Calvin P. C. Poon, Richard J. Scholze, John T. for comparing installation facility assets with projected unit Bandy, and Ed D. Smith, August 1984, ADA145648. force and equipment demands. Technical Report N-60, "Acoustic Directivity Patterns for Water Conservation/Recycle Technology- Application of Army Weapons, Supp/ement2,"by Paul D. Schomer water conservation technologies for use at military and Richard Raspet, August 1984, ADA145643. installations. Technical Report N-186, "Prediction and Modeling Acoustic Noise Warning System- A microphone and Helicopter Noise," by Richard Raspet, Mark Keif, and "smart" monitor to alert the range control officer when Raymond Daniels, August 1984, ADA145764. operational noise levels exceed an established limit. Technical Report N-184, "Rotary-Wing Aircraft Noise PCB Transformer System - Provides guidance to Army Measurements: Analysis of Variations and Proposed DEH's on regulations and options for use of transformers MeasurementsStandards,"by Paul D. Schomer, containing PCB in the insulating field. September 1984, ADA146207.

40 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 Technical Report N-163, ''An Interactive Soils Informa­ Technical Report N-178, "Noise From Traffic and Noise tion System Users Manual," by William D. Goran, Barrier Performance: A Prediction Technique," by September 1983, ADA133480. Kenneth McK. Eldred , Richard Raspet, and Paul Schomer, July 1984, ADA144287 . Technical Report N-1'71, "Feasibility of Department of Defense Used Lubricating Oil Re-refining," by John Technical Report N-69, "Economic Impact Forecast Kunarewicz, Timothy Shea, and Walter J. Mikucki, System (EIFSJ II: User's Manual, Updated Edition," by December 1983, ADA136641. D. P. Robinson, J. W . Hamilton, R. D. Webster, and M . J. Olson, May 1984, ADA117661 . Technical Report N-168, "Solvent 'Cradle-to-Grave' Man­ agement Guidelines for Use at Army Installations," by Energy Research B. A . Donahue and M. B. Carmer, December 1983, Technical Report E-197, "Summary of USA-CERL ADA137063. Research on Control of Heating, Ventilating, and Air­ Technical Report N -164, ''A Health Risk Assessment of Conditioning Systems," by Douglas C. Hittle and David the Use of Hexachloroethane Smoke on an Army L. Johnson, July 1984, ADA145530. Training Area," by Edward W. Novak, Lester B. Lave, Technical Report E-190, "Use of the Building Loads James J. Stukel, and Steven Miller, December 1983, Analysis and System Thermodynamics (BLAST) ADB079544. Computer Program to Review New Army Building Technical Report N-165, "Recreational Reuse of Waste Designs for Energy Efficiency," by Donald J. Leverenz, Disposal Sites: Chanute Air Force Base, IL," by Dale J. Herron, JoAnn Amber Eidsmore, and Robert E. Terence Harkness, Lawrence J. Schmitt, and Robert E. Rig ­ O' Brien, October 1983, ADA134487 . gins, November 1983, ADA138248. Technical Report E-188, "Energy Impact Analysis of the Technical Report N-166, "Strategies for and Validity of Military Construction-Army Building Delivery Noise Monitoring in the Vicinity of Civilian Airfields System," by D. Leverenz, D. Herron, A . Stumpf and A . and Army Installations," by Paul D. Schomer, Richard E. Eidsmore, October 1983, ADA135277. DeVor, and Robert D. Neathammer, January 1984, Technical Report E-189, ''An Estimate of Process Energy ADA137780. Consumption in DARCOM," by Ben J. Sliwinski, Octo­ ber 1983, ADA135418 . Technical Report N-170, "Interactive Hazardous Materi­ Technical Report E-187, "Energy Conservation als Information System (HM/SJ: Description and Strategies for Army Installations," by D. C. Hittle, Assessment," by M. Messenger, R. D. Webster, C. Cor­ January 1984, ADA137918 . bin, and Lester Pritchard, December 1983, ADA138329 . Technical Report E-191, "Wind Power Generation Design Technical Report N-173, "Landfill Gas Control at Military Considerations," by Elizabeth Elischer and Larry M . Win­ Installations," by R. A . Shafer, A . Renta-Babb, J. T. dingland, December 1983, ADA138841 . Bandy, E. D. Smith, and P. Malone, January 1984, ADA140190. Technical Report E-192, "Procedures for Acceptance TestingofSolarEnergySystems,"by D. L. Johnson and Technical Report N-167, "Community Reaction to Impul­ D. M. Joncich, April 1984, ADA141839. sive Noise: A 10-year Research Summary," by Paul D. Schomer and Robert D. Neathammer, February 1984, Technical Report E-195, ''A Photovoltaic Power System ADA141762. for the Holman Guest House, Fort Huachuca, AZ," by D. M . Joncich, May 1984, ADA142646. Technical Report N-160, ''Appropriate Technology for Treating Wastewater at Remote Sites on Army Instal­ Technical Report E-194, "Development of a Modular lations: Preliminary Findings," by E. Smith, C. Poon, S. Solar Domestic Hot Water System for Department of Struss, J. Bandy, and R. Scholze, April 1984, ADA142096. DefenseBarracks,"by D. M . Joncich and R. E. Kirts, May 1984, ADA142678. Technical Report N-177, "Effects of Tracked Vehicle Activ­ ity on Higher Vertebrate Populations at Army Instal­ Technical Report E-196, "Investigation of Power Factor lations," by W. D. Severinghaus, April 1984, ADA142653 . Controller Applications," by Mary B. Ch ion is and Ben J. Sliwinski, July 1984, ADA144466. Technical Report N-180, "Description and Implementa­ tion of the Hazardous Materials Tracking System Technical Report E-193, "Evaluation of Microcomputer (TRACKER)," by Manette Messenger, William R. Nicholls, Energy Analysis Programs," by Linda Lawrie, William and Ronald D. Webster, June 1984, ADA144107 . Klock, and Donald Leverenz, July 1984, ADA144684. Technical Report N-181, "Development of Prediction Facility Systems Research Techniques for Soil Loss and Sediment Transport at Technical Report P-146, "Microcomputer Selection Army Training Areas," by Robert E. Riggins and Law­ Guide for Construction Field Offices, Updated Edi­ rence J. Schmitt, June 1984, ADA144110 . tion," by M . J. O'Connor, T. Kruppenbacher, and G. Col­ well, September 1984, ADA146615. Technical Report N-183, "Landfill Liners and Covers: Properties and Applications to Army Landfills," by R. Technical Report P-166, "The Application of Artificial Shafer, A. Renta-Babb, E. Smith, and J. Bandy, June 1984, Intelligence to Contract Management," by Timothy ADA144003. Kruppenbacher, August 1984, ADA146681 .

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-~5 41 Technical Report P-762, "ADP Documentation and Technical Report M-334, "Evaluation of Contractor Specifications for Microcomputer Applications to Quality Control of Built-up Roofing," by Myer J. Rosen­ the Military Construction Process (MICRO)," by Carl field, October 1983, ADA135672. E. Delong, August 1984, ADA146738 . Technical Report M-336, "Construction of Aluminum Technical Report P-141, "Housing Operations Manage­ Standing-Seam Roofing at an Army Facility," by Myer ment Systems (HOMES) Volume I: Executive Sum­ J. Rosenfield, November 1983, ADA136401 . mary," by Robert Blackmon, August 1984, ADA146936. Technical Report M-335, "Criteria for Evaluating Impact Technical Report P-164, "Economic Analysis Models for Damage Resistance of Exterior Insulation and Finish Evaluating Costs of a Life Cycle Cost Data Base," by Systems," by Alvin Smith, Robert E. Muncy, and Steven L. Murphree and R. Neathammer, September 1984, C. Sweeney, November 1983, ADB079523. ADA146801. Technical Report M-339, "Fixity of Members Embedded Technical Report P-144, "Development of a Facility in Concrete," by Fernando Castilla, Phillippe Martin , and Management and Improvement Manual for Army John Line, February 1984, ADA138862 . Service Schools," by Robert L. Brauer, Cynthia Mc Neilly, Technical Report M-337, "Development of Concepts for and Kim Groesbeck, March 1983, ADA135145. Corrosion Assessment and Evaluation of Technical Report P-750, "Strategy for Development of an Underground Pipelines," by A. Kumar, E. Meronyk, and Expedient Facilities Catalog," by R. L. Schneider and Ed E. Segan, April 1984, ADA140633. Goodale, December 1983, ADA136616. Technical Report M-344, "Deform#ltion and Fracture Technical Report P-155, "The Microcomputer Maps for Polymer-Foams, Solid Polymers, and Knowledge Base: Introduction and User Instruc­ Polymer-Composites," by M. E. Ashby and P. W. R. tions," by Frank Mabry, William Hohensee, and Gregory Beaumont, April 1984, ADA141197. Norris, January 1984, ADA137694. Technical Report M-345, ''An Investigation into Polymer Technical Report P-749, ''A Model for Training Range Design and Synthesis for Infrared Energy Absorp­ Planning Data," by R. L. Brauer, Martin Koch, Hugh tion," by Alvin Smith, May 1984, ADA141265. Henry, and Samuel T. Brooks, April 1984, ADA141140. Technical Report M-342, "Evaluation of Commercial Technical Report P-157, ''A Concept Description for a Magnetic Descalers," by Debbie J. Lawrence, May 1983, Directorate of Engineering and Housing Decision ADA143020 . Support System (DEH DSSJ," by Allen W. Moore, Janet Technical Report M-346, "The Effects of Minor Constit­ R. Randle, Simon J . Kim, and Robert E. Buhts, August uents in Calcium Silicate Insulation on the Corrosion 1984, ADA145075 . of Underground Heat Distribution Systems," by E. G. Segan, D. W. Blackmon, and C. March , June 1984, Engineering and Materials Research ADA143378. Technical Report M-355, ''A Review of Metallic Surface Technical Report M-351, "Evaluation of the Pavement Treatments for Corrosion Mitigation," by V. Hock, J. Condition Index for Use on Porous Friction Surfaces," Rigsbee, and J. Boy, September 1984, ADA146701 . by Starr D. Kohn and Mohamed Y. Shahin, July 1984, ADA144521 . Technical Report M-358, "Recommended Aluminum Pipe Welding Procedures for Corps of Engineers Con­ Technical Report M-347, "Investigation of Tri-Service struction," by Robert Weber, September 1984, Heat Distribution Systems," by Ellen G. Segan and ADA146712. Ching Ping Chen, June 1984, ADA145181 . Technical Report M-333, "Preliminary Investigation of Technical Report M-343, "Construction of Experimental Ceramic-Coated Anodes for Cathodic Protection," by Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Roofing," by Myer Rosenfield, E. G. Segan and A. Kumar, August 1983, ADA133440. April 1984, ADA145406 .

THE major malfunction in the develop­ The line is totally unimportant in A ment of company-level leaders will terms of making the 43 better individ­ certainly occur when the leadership of uals than the 126. Any one of the 169 DIFFERENCE a unit does not put enough effort into can be as good as any other. The line recognizing, emphasizing, and using is extremely important, though, in the difference. terms of making it possible for the Of 169 soldiers in a full-strength com­ officers to lead the unit. pany, 43 are officers and 126 are not. Any organized effort involving two or by Dandridge M. Malone And that's the difference. There is a line more people must have someone in between them. charge. There must be leaders and

42 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 followers, and leaders and followers do strengthen, to clarify the difference Dandridge M. Malone, a retired different things. Leaders analyze, between those who are part of the Infantry Colonel, has published many rganize, deputize, and supervise. leadership and those who are not. The articles, books, and technical reports. ollowers execute. better the leadership of the unit does He has a master's degree in social psy­ The line establishes the difference this separating, the better the unit will chololgy from Purdue University and between the two. New lieutenants and be led. completed the Armed Forces Staff Col­ new sergeants, just as they have a hard lege. He has served in staff or faculty time balancing mission needs with per­ assignments at the US. Army Com­ sonnel needs, also have a hard time Adapted from an article appearing in mand and General Staff College, the learning the difference between leaders the September-October 1982 issue of US. Military Academy, and the US. and followers. INFANTRY journal. Army War College. Somewhere among your soldiers, there's probably one that you have started on the road to becoming a leader. You picked him out because he Engineer Solution seemed to be the focus in one of those M informal buddy groups that hang around together. He knew better than A . To determine the number of mines needed: anyone else what was inside his bud­ dies, how they felt about the Army and 1 . Number of IOE clusters about their jobs. He could speak for Front (250m) + 9 = 28 them and pass on their attitudes and needs to the leadership. 2. Mines in IOE That's what makes an informal IOE cluster composition AT = 56 APF = 56 APB = 56 leader. He knows his buddies' attitudes (2-2-2) x 28 and needs, and they think he's the one 3 . Mines in mainfield AT = 750 APF = 1000 APB = 500 who can get something done about Front (250m) x desired them. That's why they put him in charge, informally, of course. Then you density (3-4-2) came along and put him in charge, for­ 4 . Subtotal of mines AT = 806 APF = 1056 APB = 556 ally, because he's a leader in your yes and theirs. 5. Compute 10% for AT = 81 APF = 106 APB = 56 But at this stage, there is no way he mine rejections can do the balancing between mission and men, which is so critical. He knows 6. Total mines needed AT = 887 APF = 1162 APB = 612 little about the needs of the mission. B. To determine the number of strips needed: When you bring him across the line that separates leaders from followers, 1 . Add desired density AT 3 + APF 4 + APB 2 = 9 the needs of the mission are what he must learn. And then he will begin to 2 · 2 x total desired density (9) = 5.4 understand the price he has to pay to 5 become a leader. 3 . 3 x AT desired density (3) = 9 Nothing good ever comes for free. What he will learn is that never again, 4 . Number of strips as a leader, can he be one of the boys. (highest number from lines 2 and 3) = 9 He has crossed the line. He has graduated. He is different. C. To determine the number of antihandling devices ~ Now that he's different, he's got to 1 . AHO (given 10%) x AT mines find some new buddy groups. He's got .10 x 887 = 89 to hang around with leaders. And that's why brand-new sergeants should D. To determine the total manhours needed: be reassigned within their units. And Total AT mines + Total APF mines + Total APB mines x . that's why, in good units, there are 1 2 separate NCO clubs where they can 4 8 16 talk about it some more. And that's why there are separate NCO rooms in _____887 _ _ + __1_1_6_2 _ __ + ___ 6_1_2_ __ x 1 .2 the barracks and why there are 4 8 16 eparate NCO get-togethers, meetings, nd activities. 222 + 146 + 39 x1 .2 = 489MH All this has nothing to do with NCO prestige. The purpose of all this sepa­ Note: Most figures are rounded up to the next whole number. rating is to teach, to develop, to

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 43 -M Career Notes Commissioned Officers' Branch

Officer Retention On December 1 the Army began using centralized DA-level boards to select other than Regular Army officers for Conditional Voluntary Indef­ Program: inite (CVI) and Voluntary Indefinite (VI) status. LTC Dennis Dalton, chief of MILPERCEN's Officer Personnel Manage­ ment Branch, said, "these boards will be responsible for the qualitative management of the officer corps. They are needed to maintain the necessary strength limits in both high and low density branches." Officers with 2 1/ 2 years of service who wish to apply for CVI should sub­ mit their applications through their chain of command to their career management divisions. The application should include a statement that the officer understands that CVI status may include a branch transfer. The officer will also be required to list three under-strength branches in order of his preference. The revised system also gives officers the opportunity to voluntarily re­ quest re-branching when they apply for CVI status. Applications which contain branch transfer volunteer statements will be processed in the same manner as normal requests for branch transfers under existing regulations. Officers approved for voluntary branch transfers will be con­ sidered for CVI status in their new branch. Centralized boards will consider applications along with other appli­ cants from the same year group. This will ensure that the process is applied fairly to officers with both three and four-year obligations. Officers who are approved for CVI status will be extended on active duty through their eight years of service, unless they are separated sooner or released from active duty under appropriate regulations;' Dalton said. "Officers who are disapproved for CVI status will be reassigned to the reserve components after they complete their active duty obligated tour;' he added. Centralized boards will screen the files of officers who have applied for CVI status. The board's review will be based on the officer's performance and potential, and on recommendations from the chain of command and the officer's career management division. Dalton said the board will then list, by branch, the files of officers approved for CVI status. The board will then determine if re branching is required to properly align branches. If necessary, a proportional number of officers in the top, middle, and lower third of the list will be transfer­ red from over-strength to under-strength branches. During re-branching, MILPERCEN will consider officers' preferences and criteria provided by branch proponents (such as military and civilian education level) as much as possible. All officers approved for VI will be allowed to remain in the Army until selected for 04 and integrated into the Regular Army, unless separated sooner under other regulations.

44 ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 Advanced Civil Engineer Branch will hold its last FY85 Advanced Civil School Board on March 1, 1985. Applications should be sent to U.S. Army MILPERCEN, School Board: ATTN: DAPC-OPF-D, 200 Stoval St., Alexandria, VA, 22332. For further information, call CPT Corley, AV 221-7504/7506.

NCO & Enlisted Soldiers' Branch

MOS 62F Are you confused about whether you are a crane operator, a forklift Reclassification: operator, or maybe both? Well, here's the latest scoop on MOS 62F, crane operator reclassification, from the Engineer Proponency Office. Two years ago the Directorate of Training and Doctrine (DOTD) sub­ mitted a request to MILPERCEN recommending that forklift operations should be deleted from MOS 62F. At that time, the job title for that MOS was "Lifting/Loading Equipment Operator." This decision was made because, of 1,700 MOS 62F personnel in the field, only one-third were working within Engineer units. The other two­ thirds were assigned to either ordnance, transportation, or quartermaster units as forklift operators. This was an unacceptable situation for the Corps of Engineers for two reasons. First, once individuals were assigned to one of those other branches, they usually stayed there, separated from and lost to the Engineers; and second, because they were in other than Engineer units, it was difficult to keep them proficient in their MOSs due to their limited duties. Crane operations, the main focus of the MOS, was not available for training purposes. In January 1984, MILPERCEN published five reclassification guidelines for the 62F MOS: • Personnel and positions associated with Rough 'Thrrain Forklift (RTFL) operation in ammunition units will be reclassified to MOS 55B and fur­ ther identified with additional skill identifier, Bl (Rough Terrain Con­ tainer Handling Operations). • Personnel and positions who operate RTFL equipment in Transporta­ tion Terminal units will be reclassified to MOS 57H and further identi­ fied with ASI Bl. • Personnel and positions which are a part of the operation ofRTFL equip­ ment in supply units will be reclassified into MOS 76V and further identified with ASI Bl. • Personnel and positions associated with the operation of container cranes will be reclassified into MOS 57H and further identified with ASI G 1 (Terminal Crane Operations). All other MOS 62F positions and personnel are scheduled to remain unchanged. MILPERCEN has also revised the MOS 62F job title from Lifting/Loading Equipment Operator to Crane Operator.

ENGINEER/Winter 1984-85 45