THE M AG AZI NE FOR ARMY ENGINEERS

FALL 1980

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, ,1'iI c.<;'irUi,f,... ., Digging More Effective

-.f Tank & TOW (;!.t!Jj Defensive Positions UNITED STATES ARMY ENGINEER CENTER AND FORT BELVOIR

COMMANDER/COMMANDANT MG Max W. Noah

CHIEF OF STAFF/DEPUTY INSTALLATION COMMANDER COL Thomas M. McClelland

ASSISTANT COMMANDANT COL Robert M. Bunker

COMMAND SERGEANT MAJOR CSM Frederick I. Eisenbart, Jr.

DIRECTORATES

DIRECTORATE OF TRAINING LTC Stan ley R. Johnson

DIRECTORATE OF COMBAT DEVELOPMENTS COL Philip R. Hoge

DIRECTORATE OF TRAINING DEVELOPMENTS COL John W. Devens

DIRECTORATE OF EVALUATION MAJ(P) Terrance C. Ryan

UNITS

ENGINEER TRAINING BRIGADE COL James H. King, Jr.

ENGINEER CENTER BRIGADE COL David O. Cooksey THE COVER . ~ EDITOR Better concealment and greater Englneer Jerome J. Hill killing effectiveness of antitank weapons are possible by digging defensive pos itions deeper and STAFF WRITER facing them alternately left and SPS Mary Vitek . right to take advantage of flan k shots, as illustrated on the cover ILLUSTRATORS by Ron Perkins . For details, see Bill Ruth Captain Eric T. Mogren's article Alma Thaxton beginn ing on page 10. Ron Perkins

PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICER MAJ Sandor I. Ketzis Englneer - PC:? ______.:...:T.:...:Hc::E....:-M.:..:;AGAZINE FOR ARMY ENGINEERS lJOLUME: 10 FALL 1980 NUMDE:R J

FEATURES

10 DIGGING MORE EFFECTIVE TANK & TOW DEFENSIVE POSITIONS by Captai n Eric T. Mogren

13 PROJE CT KRYPTONITE by Captain Norman G. Comstock

16 THE DIVISION ENGINEER IN THE GERMAN ARMY

by Lieutenant Colonel Juergen M. Erbe page 13

18 THE TERRAIN ANALY SIS CENTE R by Captain David R. Gallay

20 THE 20TH ENGINEER BRIGADE

24 ROAD CRATERS- TECHNICAL & TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS by Captain Robert D. Volz

32 THE NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER by CSM (Ret) Johnny W. Greek

DEPARTMENTS

4 NEWS & NOTES 38 ENLISTED CA REER INFO

8 FORUM 39 THE SCHOOL SOLUTION

35 ENGINEER PROBLEM 40 OFFICER CAREER INFO

36 RESERVE CO MPONENTS

ENGINEER IS an autho riz ed publication of t he US Arm y Engineer Cent er an d Fort Belvoir , VA , Unl ess sp ecifically stated , mat erial app earin g herein does not necess ari ly rel lec t offi ci al poli cy , trun kmq , or endo rsement by any age ncy of th e US Arm y All ph ot og raph s containe d he rein are o lhctal USArmy ph ot ogr aph s un less otherw ise cred ited . Use of funds fo r pri nting th is pu blica tio n was appro ve d by Hea dquarter s , De part · ment 0 1 th e Army , on Febr uary 23. 1979 Mat eri al herein may be reprinted if c redit IS gi ven to ENGINEER and th e au th or . • ENGINEER OBJECTIVES are to p rovid e a foru m for the exc hange of idea s, to inform and motivate , and to pr omot e th e pr ot essi onat dev elo pment o f all mem ber s 0 1 the Arm y enq mee r family . • DIRECT CORRESPONDENCE w it h ENG INEE R IS au thon zed and en co uraged . Inqu iries, le tters to the aortor. manuscripts, ph ot ographs, an d general correspond ence sh oul d be sent to : Edit or . EN GINEER Ma gaZine, US Arm y Engine er Cente r, For t 8 el voir, VA 22060 Tel eph on e AUT OVON 354-500 1 or Co mmercial 703 -66 4,3 082/5001 If a return of manu scripts or mat erial IS d es rrec, a s elt-addressed stam pe d enve lo pe is requited . • SUBSCRIPTIONS to ENGINEE R are ava ila ble through th e Supe rintende nt of Docum ent s , US Government Printing Offi c e, Washington , D.C 2040 2 . A check or money orde r, payable to Superintend ent of Docum ents. mu st accompany all subscripti on re qu ests. Subsc riptio n rates are $5 50 for domestic (includ ing AP O and FP O) addr esses , and $6 90 fo r for ei gn add resse s. Individual copies are avarl­ ab le at $3 25 per copy for domestic addr esses and $ 4 10 for fo reign addr esses . • CONTROLLED CIRCULATION postage pai d at W ashington , D.C . NEWS,8z: NOTES

ENGINEER HOTLINE

The US Army Engineer School at Fort Belvoir, VA , has a telephone HOTLINE to help provide answers for specific Army Engineer problems in the field . If you experience problems related to engineer doctrine, TOE organization, MOS, equipment, manuals, training and/or training de­ velopment, call the HOTUNE number, AUTO­ VON 354-3646 or COMMERCIAL 703-664-3646. A recorded message will ask you to identify your­ self by name , unit, unit address, and unit tele­ phone number. Then you will be required to iden­ tify the subject area of your problem and state the problem as clearly as possible. Subject matter ex­ perts within The Engineer School will then be contacted about your problem and return your call . HOTLINE has responded to an average of about 20 calls a month during the last year. If you have a problem, call the Engineer HOTLINE .

NEW CHIEF OF ENGINEERS

Lieutenant General Joseph K. Bratton will become the Army 's 45th Chief of Engineers on WEST POINT WOMEN CHOOSE ENGINEERS October I . He will succeed Lieutenant General The first women to graduate from the United States John W , Morris, who retires September 30 . Military Acad emy at We st Point include s ix engineers Bratton has served as Deputy Chief of Engineers currently enrolled in the Engineer Officer Basi c Course since August I , He was the division engineer of at The Engineer School , Fort Belv oir , VA . They were the Corps of Engineers' South Atlantic Division at among the 61 women commissioned as second lieuten­ ants during graduation ceremo nies at West Po int in Atlanta, GA , prior to August l. June . The six precedent-setting engineer lieutenants in­ Bratton's command assignments have included clude Brigid Benya, Bobbi L. Fiedler, Kathleen M . the 24th Engineer Battalion with the 4th Arm ored Gerard, Clare Kirb y. Debra M . Merriken, and Caro l A . Division in Europe, and the 159th Engineer Group Young. Benya and Kirby have been as signed to the in Vietnam. 130th Engineer Brigade, US AREUR, foll owing EOBC, while Young has been assi gned to the 7th Engi necr Hi s staff assignments have included director of Brigade , USAR EUR . The other three will report to military application for the Department of Energy; stat eside commands foll owing completion of EOBC­ chief of nuclear activities, Supreme Headquarters , Fiedler to the 937(h Engineer Group , Fort Riley, KS : USAREUR; executive to the Supreme Allied Gerard to the 20th Engineer Brigade, Fort Bragg , NC ; Command in Europe; secretary to the Joint Chiefs and Merriken 10 the 36th Engineer Group, Fort Ben ­ ning , GA . of Staff; and military assistant to the Secretary of the Army. He has also served in the War Plans Division. Plans Directorate, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Military Operations; and with the Division of Reactor Development, Atomic Energy Commission .

2 co n~i n u ed

NOAH SUCCEEDS KELLY

Maj or Gen eral Ma x W . Noah has succeede d Major Gener al James L . Kell y as Commanding Ge neral of the US Army Eng ineer Ce nter a nd Commandant of the US Army En ­ ginee r Scho ol at Fort Belvoir, VA . MG Kelly retires from act ive service on September 30 aft er a distinguished 30- year military career. MG Noah last served as Div ision Engi neer for the Cor ps of Eng ineers' Huntsville Div ision in Huntsville , AL. He was previ ou sly assigned to the US Arm y Trainin g and Doctrine Co mmand at Fort Monroe, VA. as Deputy Chi ef of Staff for Resource Ma nage me nt. MG Noah is a 195 3 graduate of the SOLDIERS EARN OLYMPIC MEDALLIONS US Military Ac adem y at West Point. In 1958 he recei ved a master ' s de­ Display ing official Olympic med alli ons they received for the ir part gree in electrical engineering at Pur­ in the Winter Olympics at Lake Placid , NY , are SP6 Clark 1. Hein­ due Univer sity. He also is a graduate kel , SFC Joseph T. Tcnschert , and SP6 Marshall R . Thacker. All of the Arm y Comm and and General three are members of Team C, 535 th Engineer Detachment, Fort St aff Co llege, the Arm y War Col­ Eustis, VA . They assisted in providing backup electrical power at lege , and the In st itute of Defen se La ke Placid in Febru ary. Th eir per form ance also earned them cer­ Analys is . tifi cate s of apprec iatio n from the Secre tary of Defense. MG Noah 's 27-y ea r military care er inc l udes two tours in Korea ( 1954-55 . 1973· 74) , a tour as chi ef of operations for the 18th Enginee r Brigade in Vietn am ( 1966-67) , and a tour as co mma nde r of the 307th Air­ NEW BORE CLEANER borne Engineer Batt alion , 82nd Air ­ borne Division , at Fort Bragg, NC A ne w product, now available to unit s through the national mili­ ( 1968-70). tary supply system, not only breaks loose grit , rust , salt, etc., from The Greensboro , NC, native is a metal surfaces but also lubricates and preser ves them by providing a regi ster ed pr ofessional e ng inee r in long-l astin g thin film prote ctive coating . Th is new product, called the state of Ne w York . Break-Free CL P (cle aner-lubricant-prese rvative), is produced by the S AN/BAR Co rporatio n of Santa Ana, CA . Break-Free was first used to clean primer vent holes, which ordi­ narily clog up with hard re sidue after seven or eig ht rounds, requir­ ing the U5e of a mechanical reamer. Not only did the so lution do the cleaning , but it also ex tended the tim e for the nex t cleaning to 17 or 18 roun ds. Th e moi sture-di spl acing fi lm dep o sit ed by the Teflon-based Break-Free comp ound is less likely to break down und er heat and pressure as hav e other oils and lu bricant s. Nor doe s it attract dust, grit, and powd er re sidue, a principal limitation of oth er lubricants and penetrating oils.

ENGINEER 3 News & Notes ", M ESSAYONS RETIRED

Th e Army Eng i nee rs hopper dredg e ESSAYONS, which helped clear the S uez Canal of da mage suffe red in the 1956 wa r , was re ti red last Spr ing . T he vessel , the fl agship o f the US A rmy Corps of Enginee rs dr edge fl ee t. took pa rt in man y epochal engin eering e ven ts in bo th co ntine ntal U nited St ate s a nd for ei gn wat er s . Its na me is the malta of the C o r p s . wh ich tr an sl at ed fr o m th e Fren ch , me an s " Let u s try . " Co m mi s ­ s ioned Ja n uary 16 , 195 0 . after be ing co mpleted at the S un Shi pyards in Chester , PA , it was the largest in the Co rps fleet. wi th a le ngth of 52 5 fee l. lrs capac ity was 8 , 270 c ub ic ya rds a nd it s speed while loaded was 12 sta tute miles pe r hou r. The plac e a t th e he ad of th e Co rps dr edge fleet vacated COLD WEATHER TRAINING by the ESSAYONS will be fi l led b y a mo dern large Member s of Co mpany A . 7th Eng inee r Battali on, 5th Infa ntry D ivi sion (Mc c h), cl ass hopper d red ge under offload rail ca rs at Fort Drum , NY, d uri ng exerc ise "Winter Raider 80" last win ter . co ns truc t io n in N e w O r ­ Company A person nel and eq uipment we re deplo yed to Fort Dru m with the 1st l ea ns . C hief o f E ng inee rs Brigade of the 5th Infantry for cold wea ther training . T he P&H crane above unloaded Lieut e nant Ge neral Jo hn W . mor e tha n 200 co nexes and engi ne crates d uri ng the deplo ym ent and repe ated tha t Morri s . sa id the ESS A­ performance d uri ng the redeplo yme nt. (US Army pho to by ILT Mat thew P . Sa itta) YONS was re tired because th e dr edg in g ind ustry ha s demon strated an a bili ty to t a k e o ve r m o re of the work load wh ich previously has been acco mpl ish ed with CODE·A-PHONE FOR ACCP ENGINEER COURSE Co rps o f Engi neers equi p­ ment. T he Co rps is phas ing T he Arm y Institute fo r Profe ssional T he Engi nee r A rmy Corresp onde nce o ut the older dredg es in the Dev el opm en t ma intai ns a 24 hour Co urse Program has mov ed to Newpo rt Co rps fl e e t a s indu stry ' s Co de -A -Pho ne se r vice o n A UT O· New s, VA . Inqu iries an d applicatio ns d redg i ng ca pa bi l i ty in ­ VON 9 27 -30 85 . T h is lin e may be conc e rn ing no n-re sr den t in stru ct io n creases. u s e d b y an y i n d iv i d ua l h a v in g sho uld be add re ssed to the Institute for q ues t io n s ab o ut the Arm y Corre ­ Professi on al Dev e lopme nt , US Army spo ndence Co urse Program or se rv­ T rai n i ng S upp ort Ce n t e r , New po rt ices per for med by the In sti tut e for News , VA 2362 8 . Professio nal Dev elopmen t , the Arm y m an a g er of th e A rm y C orre ­ spon de nce Co urse Pro gram . FIGHTING VEHICLES

The M2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) and the M3 hicle from zero to 30 mph in about 19 seconds. The Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (CFV) will replace the M 113 hydro-mechanical transmission allows the driver of ea ch Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) in mechanized infantry vehicle to operate in a variety of terrain . With a stabilized and armored cavalry/scout units beginning next year. Offi­ 25mm cannon. 7.62mm coaxial M240 machine gun. and cials say the fighting vehicles are perfect companions for TOW antitank guided missile system , the fighting vehicles the new XM I "Abrams" Tank. The IFY will be the first have more firepower than the APC. Also, the fFY has six US combat vehicle that provides infantrymen with the ball -mounted XM231 5. 56mm firing port weapons. Other ability for a mounted attack. The IFV and CFV have improvements include the fighting vehicles's .. swimming" numerous advantages over the APC. A combination of en ­ ability, increased armor protection for the crews, and the gine performance, power train efficiency , and improved advanced automatic Halon fire extinguisher system located suspension increases their battlefield mobility . They have a in the engine and crew compartments. About 7 ,000 fight­ top road speed of 41 mph, a cruising range of 300 miles ing vehicles have been programmed for production over the while loaded for combat at 48,000 pounds, and the Cum­ next few years. mins four-cycle turbo-charge engine can power each vc­

UNIT CONSOLIDATION

Two battalions of the Engineer Training Brigade (ETB) for assigned and attached personnel, the Ist Battalion at Fort Belvoir, VA , were consolidated into one battal­ also provides Advanced Individual Training and skill ion in August for the purpose of more effectively level instruction in MOS 35E, 52C , 520, and Mainte­ utilizing assigned personnel and equipment. The 1st and nance Management. The Engineer Training Brigade at 4th Battalions were consolidated under the command of Fort Belvoir is now composed of the Ist and 3rd Bat­ LTC John A. Knutzen on August 8. The reorganized 1st talions , a Noncommissioned Officer Engineer School Battalion now consists of a headquarters company and Detachment, and an Allied Student Support Detach­ three student companies. In addition to providing corn­ merit. mand and control , admini stration , and logistical support t THUMBS UP ,

J.R.L.D . JAMES R.L.DUFF

J

Jame s R . Du ff, a reti red Army engineer officer currently employed at Fort Belv oir, VA , wrote " Thumbs Up! We 're the Fightin' Engineers" more than six years ago. Ever since then he has been campaigning to have it ado pted as the official marching song of the Corps of Engineers . with­ out success. But Duffs campaign to gain official acceptance appears to be ga ining mom entum. The march was used for the first time during an official milit ary ce remony in August at Fort Belvoir. Duff will prov ide co pies of the tune to anyo ne who se nds him a stamped, self-addressed envelope . Hi s mailing address is: Training Literature Divi sion, Director ­ ate of T rai ning Devel op ments, Bu ilding 201 , Fort Belv oir, V A 22060. FORUM Should Ethics Be Taught in Army Service Schools?

Chaplain (MAJ) Stanley J. O'Loughlin

EDI TO R'S NOTE: FORU M is a new section or " department" d esign ed to provide additional spac e f or the exp ression of professional views by Army engi neers worldw ide . It is hoped that engine er officers. enlis ted personne l, and DA civilians employed in A rmy engi neer related jobs will take advantag e of the opportunity to exp ress their views on doctrine. organizatio n, tactics , equipm ent. managem ent, tra ining , leadership. or any other subj ect with potential interest for soldiers in general. or en­ gineers in pa rticular. What you have to say is the most imp ortant co nsid­ eration. not ho w you say it or how much you say.

Sho uld ethics be tau ght as part of the Course of a tremend ou s va riance bet ween the percepti ons of Instructi on in Army service schoo ls ? This is an junio r officer s as o pposed to the perceptions of issue of co nsiderable discussion within most Army se nior o fficers . service schoo ls tod ay . Pre ssur e comes fro m above So , the issue of ethi cs is with the Army and to ' ' do so me thing . " T he str ugg le rages in terms of there is ce rta in ly enough ev idence of serio us , if how many hours to tea ch and from what academic not critical, concern s that mu st be co ns idered more di vi sion o r branch they they sho uld be taugh t. Th e co mplete ly . The question is . who should tack le the op inio ns of stud ents are so d iverse as to be probl em . and ho w') incon clusive. I suggest that the Army serv ice sc hool is the The issue of ethics is ce rt ainly a Jive one within ideal age ncy to carry a sig nificant amoun t of th e the mi litary profession. jus t as it is among most respon sibilit y. Th e reason s are obvious : profes sion s in our society . The cause may be - Over a three to four year per iod , usin g the fa llo ut from th e Watergate, M y Lai, and mod el of the US Arm y Engineer Sc hool, two co rporatio n sca nda ls. o r it may be merel y an issue who le generations of junior office rs and on e whose tim e has co me . Neve rt heless, ethics is an ge neration of seni or non commission ed officers e xtremely co ntrovers ial iss ue th rou gh out our attend The Enginee r Schoo l for one class or soc iety today . another . In recent years, several signi ficant surveys and - T he student is aJready in an aca de mi c studi es hav e been do ne within the Army and eac h atm osphere in which he/she i" expo sed to new and gives indication that disturbi ng factor s ex ist. The signic icant develo pments . mo st rece nt study . cond ucted at Fo rt Ca rso n in - Generally . time and expertise are more 1971L seems to sugge st co ns ide ra ble co nfusio n a vai la ble within a se rvice sc hool enviro nme nt then about what co nstit utes a rea lis tic military ethic and in fie ld units. Yet , a numb er of problem s exist whe n ethics is Sure ly, one requirem en t of an ethics class is to taught as part of a service schoo l Co urse of sho w how the study of ethics is rooted in the Instructi on : fram ework of ethical philosophy. The stude nt must -How much time is availab le for teaching be aware that he/she has no more or less ethical ethics? Service schoo ls see m to have the unique options open to him/her than the phil osoph er did ability to say things like, "Teach all that is 300, 500 , or eve n 2 ,500 years ago . It is from the sig nificant abo ut __ and do i 1 in one hou r. ' · A same optio ns that current military lead ers must subject lik e ethics in the military requ ires at least make their decisions . four hou rs to minima lly ex pos e a student to the A second requ irem ent for an ethics class is to salie nt iss ues . sens itize stude nts to the major ethical issues in the - A school atmosphe re is extremely sens iti ve to Army today. Our findi ngs at The Engi nee r Sc hoo l pressure from " stove piping." Ethics may be a indicate th at most students are not eve n aware tha t " hot" issu e now, but a "cold" issue tom or row. lying publicly to suppo rt a comma nder is a n Ethic s needs to be taught on the merits of its ow n e thical co nsideration. We ca nnot tell students that validity , and not becau se it is the newest nov elt y. the re is only one corre ct decision for each - The danger exists that wha t is taugh t as ethics situatio n , but we can hel p them be' aware of the will relate only to the trivial. Every school possibl e co nseq ue nces of thei r deci sion s. remembe rs the ethics clas ses tha t never got bey ond A third requ irem ent for teachi ng ethics is to the issue s of taking go vern men t pens hom e and educate stude nts on resources av ailable to hel p drinking coffee in the unit dining faci lity without the m make ethical decision s. Bibli ogr aph ies, paying for a mea l. handouts, and references are j ust som e of the - Perhaps the greates t issue is the subject possibl e sources . matter. There is so muc h confusi on on the issue of Finally, students ca n be taugh t basic skills in ethics . How can something of relevance be taught') arr iving at an approp riate ethical decision . These Having looked at the se difficul ties, the problem include the means of isolating a problem, of wheth er, when , and how to teach ethics weigh ing the effec ts of a give n decision , and rem ain s. At the US Army Enginee r Sch ool we sepa rati ng rat ionalizatio n from fact. req uire each Adv anced Class officer and In summary, it can be sa id that the US Army , noncommissi oned office r to write a short paper on refl ec ting society as a whole, is experienc ing a an e thical issue they ha ve ex perienced. Their grea t deal of ethical co nf usion and co nce rn . The papers viv idly dem on strate the number and young military lead er indi cates in man y ways a serio us ness of ethical dilemm as co nfron ting Army need for ass istance in faci ng ethical dilemmas. leaders today. as well as the confusion Despite numerous probl ems , Arm y service schools surrounding an approp riate response. But mo st of seem to be the ideal prop onent for instruction in all, we see the frus tratio n and anger of the ethics. respo ndents who feel they have littl e guidance or Ethics instru ct ion sho uld: under standing in these matt ers. -clarify exi sti ng co nfusio n C lea rly , the problems are rea l and urge nt. The - sen sitize students to the major ethical se rvice schoo l, des pit e these problems , still consideratio ns at eac h grade level re pres e nts the best sourc e of military ed ucation in -provide guidance fo r findi ng refere nce ethics. Yet, we need to define the lim its of our material abilities to teach in an aca demic environment, and - provide the basic sk ills and tec hni ques for our goals in teaching . ma ki ng ethica l decisions. My suggestion is that the service schools can Should ethics be ta ught in US Army se rvic e eliminate, or at least , minimize the confus ion. Too schools? G ive n ade quate time and instructor s wi th ofte n, what one reads in milita ry publ ication s gen uine ex pertise, the answer is YES ! ... seems to indicate that our generation di scovered ethics . In addition , there is no cla rification of ter ms. Do suc h word s as values, morals, and ethics mean the same thing ? If an ethical act is a Cha plain Stan ley J . 0 ' Loughlin is pr esent ly assigned to moral act, who de termines the mo rality of it? Mo st the lst Brigade. 2nd Inf antry Division, Camp Casey , Korea . When he wrote this article. he was assigned as misconception s stem fro m the basic resistance Chief, Co mmand and Organizational Effect ivene ss toward the study of ethics. Branch, US Army Engi neer School , Fort Belvoir, VA . ,.JA:' "'Di ggi ng ~~. , More Effective ~Tank & TOW Defensive Positions

by CPT Eric T. Mogren

The concept ofpositioning antitank weapons to take advantage offlank shots and provide greater protection for antitank weapon crews is described and supported

10 FALL 1980 o me time ago , the brigade commander (whose unit my ~ S Engineer Company sup­ ~------~e ported), his plans officer. and my­ self were making a reconnaissance -- of a stream valley in Germany . The objective was to select potential 7 battle positions and obstacle loca­ tions to support a defense along that valley . In the course of our discus­ sions , the commander came up with an idea that would greatly increase the killing effectiveness of his tanks and TOWs and would provide much greater protection from enemy ob­ servation and fire than the standard hull defilade position . His concept was similar to that of the two-man fighting position; in­ stead of facing to the front, antitank weapons would alternate facing left and right. Instead of shooting across the valley, each weapon wou ld shoot FIGURE 1 up the length of the valley, (Figure maximum protection from the direct Criticism of this concept centers I) . By integrating well-sited mine­ fire of assaulting forces . Similarly, around three points: a weapons sys­ fields and antitank ditches, the antitank guided missiles (ATGM) tem so entrenched cannot engage crews would be able to engage can be dug in, placing both weapon frontal targets at maximum range; targets with deadly flanking shots, and operator below ground level crews cannot observe enemy activity often at maximum range. (Figure 3) . By camouflaging the po­ to their immediate front, and there­ The idea of positioning antitank sition and its entry/exit routes , fore are vulnerable to direct frontal weapons to take advantage of flank crews are both covered and con­ assault; and this position, being shots is certainly not new . In fact. cealed from frontal observation. deeper, will take longer to construct , FM 71-1 (The Tank and Mech­ This allows them to fire numerous thereby aggravating what is already anized Company Team) discusses rounds before having to move to an a critical shortage of engineer con­ the concept in detail. What is not alternate position , if indeed they struction equipment. discussed adequately is the method have to move at all. The only real First, many positions (especially of digging vehicular defensive posi­ threat is from a direct artillery hit. 10 Germany) cannot engage targets tions to accomplish this. The stand­ ard tank and APC fighting position continued is a hull defilade trench scooped out of the ground by a bulldozer, dozer tank, or similar piece of equipment. Oriented to fire to the front (i.e. di­ rectly at oncoming forces), these po­ sitions are susceptable to enemy ob­ servation and fire from both as­ saulting and supporting weapons systems (Figure 2) . The result is that a tank or TOW can fire only a lim­ ited number of rounds before having to move to an alternate position. By facing weapons to the left or right, it is possible to dig the fight­ ing positions far deeper. Since the weapon is not firing to the front, the position is dug to put tanks in turret defilade, thereby providing FIGURE 2

ENGINEER 11 sta ndard hull down posrnon for a tank , a rate that will increase with adv er se soil or we ather conditions. I estimate it would take an add i­ tion al 15-20 minutes to provide a turret defilade posit ion as described abov e. This additional time is more th an o ff se t, ho wever, by th e in ­ creased killing effect iveness of the weapon and greater protection pro­ vid ed for the crew . In some cases, o vera ll engineer work may be re­ duced by the need for fewer alter­ nate positions. Due to in cre ased co ns t ruc tion tim e and weapon s orient ati on , thi s concept ha s limited ap pl ication within the co ntex t of the active de­ FIGURE 3 fense . But it is made to orde r for strong points , defense of key terrain , and defense s alon g riv er or strea m va lley s . Critica l to winning the first at maximum ra nge anyway. Weather mi ne f ie.ld s , and integ rating di s­ battle will be our ability to inflict conditions, hills, forest s , bu ilt up mounted infantry machine gun and maximum destru ct ion on the ene my areas , and (in the case of ATGM) DRAGON po sitions would ov er­ while pr oviding maximum prot ec­ pow er Jines inhibit taking full ad­ co me the lack of frontal observation tion to our o wn so ldie rs . Carefu l vantage of a we apon ' s range capa­ (Figure 4). siting of tank kill er s, the integration bilit ie s. In such cases, preparing po­ It is an unfortunate fact of life that of obs tacles, and the preparation of sit ions as described would be very much of our defensive capability is deep , well camo uflaged fighting po­ eff ec tive. Obviously. if engageme nt based not on what would do the best s itions is o ne way th e manuev er at maximum range is possible, thi s j ob , but o n the limited resources commander ca n achieve this. ... will govern the siting of weapon s av ailable with whi ch to do the job . and the type of defensive position This is particularly true with en­ employed. gineer operation s . The shortage of Capta in Rick Mo gren is presently as ­ Immediate security to the crew is engineer digging ca pability will be signed as a lesson author in the Sergeant s Major Academy . Fort Bliss, TX . He pre­ pro vided in several ways. Careful somewhat allevia ted by the fielding viously served jo ur and a half years with interlocking of fir e s from adj acent of the new M-9 Tractor. It tak es a the 12th Engineer Battalion, 8th lnfantr...... position s , the use of hasty protective bulldozer 20-30 minutes to dig out a Division .

FIGURE 4

~: ~ ,

12 FALL 1980 PROJECT KRYPTONITE

by CPT Norman G. Comstock

roject Kryptonite has been called the largest explosive demolition project conducted by P US Army Combat Engineers in Western Europe since World War U. The expenditure of 5,000 pounds of C4 , 2, 100 pounds of TNT, 3lh miles of detonating cord, 3,740 feet of time fuse, 720 non-electric caps, fifteen IS-pound and fifty 40-pound shape charges, two bangalore torpedoes for good measure, and over 45 project days lends credence to that assertion. For those involved, it was nothing less than the chance of a lifetime in peacetime for " a real blast. " The mission for Company D, 78th Engineer Battalion (C) , 7th Engineer Brigade, was to de­ molish and remove an iron ore storage and proc­ essing facility called Barbara Mines. The facility was located in southwestern Germany , about 75 kilometers south of Karl sruhe. It was a German­ American project for the city of Herbolzhcim. Six concrete and brick buildings required explo­ sive dem olition to one meter below ground level. Two oth er. uildings demol ished very easily with bulldoz T he six buildings requiring demoli­ tions ,v . size from a basement to two six story ne structure, an airshaft and tun­ nel , wa -l· · stories in size, but completely underRf nts of the area said the build­ ings were , ed in the 1930s. The design

continued criteri a of the buildings far exceeded strength and especially when working on a 75 -80 percent slope durability requirements of the period . That became 20 feet above ground. painfully cl ear early o n. Thereafter, our first • When drilling concrete with a 250 cfm air question wa s " W hen was it built?" compressor, ear, eye , and lung protection are re­ Project Kryptonite was accomplished in two quired. DUSl created by drilling cau sed breathing phases . Phase I, work ab ov eground, took pl ace in and vision problems. Breathing protection devices lat e October through November 1979. Phase II oc­ need to be added to the components of the 250 cfrn curred from Feb. 10-25, 1980 with the below compressor. Drilling noise was deafening. Fatigue ground demolition and destructi on of the tunnel from constant drilling also was a problem . and air shaft. • Know the number of explosions that are sched­ Buildings were a ssigned to line platoons and uled and keep count of them as the y oc cur. V ary ­ Direct Support (OS ) elements for de stru cti on . De­ ing the length of time-fuse facilitated counting ce ntralized execution was the order of the day . detonations. This is an old lesson worth e m ­ D/78 is a Corps Combat Engineer co mpany aug­ phasizing . mented with doz ers , cranes (one with clams hell). • On lengthy demolition jobs, a full-time safety and 250 cfrn air co m presso rs fr om sister line officer or NCO is required. Laxity , overconfi­ co mpa nies. Since the project site wa s so close to dence, and fatigue were constant problems. Co n­ the railroad linking northern and southe rn Europe , tinual vigilance is required. spec ial co ns traints were imp osed during the fir st • Have subordinate leaders wear distinctive ap ­ 10 days . Th e most sig nificant early co ns tra int was parel, such as helmets. When positive co ntro l is that blasting was permitted only on week ends after required, it was necessary to get to subordinate midnight wh en tr ain traffic wa s lightest. Later, leaders quickly. blasting was permitted eve ry da y of the week . The lessons learned from Project Kryptonite fall MAINTENANCE into four categories: General, Safety, Maintenance • Preventive maintenance must increase as time and Technical on-site increases. During the last tw o weeks of GENERAL November , one-third o f the comp an y ' s dump tru cks (4) went " down" for preventive mainte­ • Our soldiers can do anything and endure any­ nanc e (PM) e very third da y . thing as long as what they do ha s purpos e. mean­ • Since the concrete- was heavily reinforced with ing, and challenge. Company personnel spe nt stee l, rebar created a big problem with tru ck tir es. many lonely hours guarding the explosives and A spec ial tire-ch anging, tub e-repairing squad had performing KP, CQ, and runner dutie s . T hey to be employed . never complained because the project was a great • A DS U contact team was very helpful in re­ source of satisfaction and pride. pairing brake s and hydraulic lines. Given the haul • The Germans were unprepared for our work distance and uphill drive. a team with brakes. ethic. They were amazed at our tenacity and for­ transmission s, and transfers is a good idea. titude as we worked long hours and holidays in all kinds of weather. TECHNICAL • Be on the lookout for abandoned mine s. The • A detailed SOP for Project Kryptonite was one used for our ASP provided a great storag e necessary . It governed the job as both a project fa cility . It would have been a go od CP, too . and a ran ge . Requirements for transport, storage, SAFETY sec urity , and safety o f the explosives were iden­ tified and incorporated into the SOP. Every officer • During the haul operation, driver control was a and NCO wa s issu ed a copy . real problem . Our drivers wanted to speed goin g • For the one-mile haul (two miles round trip) up the hill s of the haul route. To prevent speeding five 5-ton dump trucks were optimum. More than on a two-lane road with a blind curve, stern con­ five trucks caused underutil ization as they waited trol wa s required . for loads ; less than five meant underutilization of • The local populace was extremely curious . the lifting and loading equipme nt. Generally, the Crowd s co uld be controlled , but individuals came scoop loader loaded three trucks to the clamshell 's out of nowhere at the most critical times. Th ey al­ two . ways co operated, however, when ask ed to leave. • At the height of the project, three large rubble • Safe handling of unprimed explosives, as em­ pil es were worked at a tim e . Dozers built the piles, phasized in training , is exaggerated, ex cept for segregating very large pieces into piles for the nonelectric caps. After about two weeks , D Com­ clamshell to load and sm aller pie ce s and gravel for pany personnel reali zed that unprimed C4 or TNT the scoop load ers. Thi s insured that all equipment is safe to handle. But much time was lost due to wa s working and equ ipment idle tim e wa s kept initial reticence. Safe handling of nonelectric caps minimal. Almost 6 ,700 five-ton dump tru ck load s and pr im ed cha rge s in not at all exaggerated and of rubble were hauled during the project. requires co nsta nt supervision. We had to prime • Do not forget the shoc k wave created by explo­ shape ch arg es nonelectically , requiring extra care , sive s, parti cul arl y whe n using ex tern al c harge s .

14 FALL 1980 M ore th an 400 pounds of externally pl aced C4 were deton ated on a ve ry clear night and bl ew out se veral w indows 750 met ers away . Wh en t he cha rges were pl aced and until 30 minutes be fore the bl as r, th e weath er wa s ove rc ast wi th a lo w level o f fog . At d et on ation , the we a the r was "clear as a bell ." • For an y charge , tamped, or untamped , th e minimum sa fe distan ce is 300 meters. Straw and hay bales worked very well to minimize the mis­ sile effec t of eac h blast. • Dual pr iming was wasteful on thi s proj ec t. Du al initiation , ho wever, is an absolute require­ ment in orde r to minimize mi sfires and eliminate delays if the fir st fuse lighter does not light the tim e fuse . • If a building is to be dropped on one side, overload the firs t story suppo rt on th e side you wan t it to fall on . Prim e half of the nex t support and charge the rear suppo rt only to in sure it cracks The Bunkerkeller: note the different results from the same amou nt of or breaks. The idea is to use the building ' s weight explos ives placed in the same location aga in st itse lf so it will break up on hitting th e ground . Wh en we cut one buildin g on the same • Internal charges are nearly always successful. pl an e , all we d id was reduce the hei ght of the Ex te rn a l, relativel y untamped ch ar ge s yie ld a building by one story, myri ad of result s , • Sh ape charges ge nerally bored textbook size • Hav e an operational cutting torch available to holes . However, whe n shooting straight down or cut the reb ar . Once the buildings were rubbled , it at an angle , the hol es were fill ed in by loose rock was not practica l or efficie nt to keep bl astin g on after the bl ast. When the sha pe cha rge was in­ the m to cut the m into sma ll pieces for loading .- So , verte d and fired up ward at a slight ang le, the result a cutting torch ins tead of ex plosives was used . was a textbook size hol e , but with some une x­ • There was compatibility of German time fuse, pect ed cracking of the concrete . Eve n th ou gh de t cord. and none lec tric caps with US fu se light­ ta mpi ng wa s a little mo re difficult, th is tec hnique ers, de t co rd, tim e fu se and ca ps, Th e powde r train saved two to four hours in pr im ing . in the German det cord wa s mor e easily bro ken • With exactly the same poundage and place­ co mpa red to the US det cord , St atic elec tr ici ty re­ ment , we go t four different resul ts whe n we deto­ sis ta nt ca ps were used very effect ivel y on thi s nated the cha rges in the bu ttr esse s of the Bunker­ proj ect as well , For contingency pl anning pur­ kell er. We drill ed several 1.5 inch diame ter holes poses, it wo uld be very helpful to know where three fee t deep in each buttress . Holes we re spac ed German civilian stoc ks of ex plosives are located , five fee t apart, starting 2 .5 feet from the wa ll and along with othe r e ng inee r re source s , 2.5 feet fro m the gro und . O ne block of C4 (1. 25 Project Krypt on ite clea rly pointed up the need pounds) was put in eac h hol e , pri med wi th det for more reali sti c tra ining of Combat Engineers . cord, and left untampcd . Th e res ults varied co n­ Th e lesson s we learned are far mo re meaningful siderably . One buttress was nearl y d em oli sh ed, and exte ns ive than those learn ed on a normal dem ­ The results were attributed to two factors-hand olition ran ge . Keeping in mind the tim idity of so l­ tamping was probably differe nt for each buttress; d ier s in handling explosives, the hol es that fi lled and placement of Ul e knot varied from the end to in when shooting shape charges stra ight down , the middle of the charge . The e xplosives seemed du al priming that is time consuming and wasteful, mo re effec tive whe n the knot was pl aced on the and the un expected heavy reinfor cement, some ex terna l end of the cha rge , rethi nking and red esigning of tar get fo lders needs • TNT was inadequate for cutting through steel to be accomplis hed . Perhap s a review al' doct rinal unl ess the cha rge was tamped. An ex te rna l, un­ pu bli cation s is also in order , ta mpe d cha rge on a co ncre te wa ll re inforced with Pr oject Krypt onite was a truly outstandi ng ex ­ steel mesh mer el y blew the co ncre te away from pe ri en ce . Those who took part in it pr obabl y aro und the stee l mesh . Howev er , T NT was effec ­ wo uld endure the foul wea the r, guard d uty, KP , tive when the cha rge was ex terna l and backfilled and all th e othe r burden som e distrac tions to be with abo ut thr ee feet of dirt , H alf- inch reb ar in an ab le to accomplish suc h a mi ssion again, ... e ight -inc h thi ck wall was cut along with the co n­ crete when th is tec hni que was used. Captain Norman G, Comstock was the Officer-i n­ • Test shots are required . They reveal how mu ch Charge of Projec t Krypt onite while serving as com ­ and wha t type of reinfor cing material is in the co n­ mander of Company D, 78th Engineer Battalion , He crete . has held several command. staff. and advisor positions,

ENGINEER 15 engineer reports are worked on, connections are kept, et c. The head of the e ngineer cell is the division e n­ THE: gi neer. He works for the chief of staff and is, in case of abse nce, represented by the division engineer staff offi­ cer (0 -4 or 0-5) . These dual respon sibilities as adv iser to the di vision DI V)ION com mande r and as head of the en gineer ce ll in the sup ­ port sectio n must be separated in order to fully und er­ stand the tasks of the divis ion engineer. The refo re, the position seems to be more co mplex at first. It is my im­ E:NGINE:E: R pression , however , tha t it will become easier if the di vi ­ sio n engin eer co nce ntrates on his role as advise r, and provid es only guida nce for other activi ties in the en ­ IN gineer cell and watch es over the e xec ution. The divisio n engineer is not tied to one place. Wh ere he locates depends on the needs of the di vis ion com­ mander and hi s own decision. Surely the personalities of THE: the division co mmander and the chief of staff, and the worki ng mann er of the staff are significant. Contact and comm unication wit h the G3 , G2, and the division artil­ ler ist can be helpfu l. There is no procedure fo r the posi­ GE: RM ~N tion of the divi sion engineer, which makes the task so difficult. It requires a cert ain sense of tou ch and sensi­ bility , an d sometimes luck . But surely there are eve nts ~RM Y which requ ire him to be at a certain place. Norma ll y he will be need ed at the division main co mmand pos t: • for a situa tion es ti mate; by LTC Juergen M. Erbe • wh ile awaiting a corps operation order; • during cha nge of the type of operation (de lay , de­ fense , offense); • during change of a main effort; - in ca se of a substantial change in the task or ga niza­ ardly any task in the Army is more difficult or tion ; mo re co nt roversial than that of the di vision en­ - during change of the operational control for the divi­ H gi neer . The same diffi culty appli es to th e stan. brig ade e ng inee r. It is po ssible to be tr ained and He would be at his battalion co mmand post: sel ected as a command er , but the addition al responsib il­ - for prep aration and distributio n of engi neer ope ra­ ity of adv ising the di vision command er an d his staff tion orders ; prov es to be much more difficult . • for a joint sco uting of the co mma nde rs; It cannot be the purpose of thi s art icle to solve future • during a main engineer effort like a river crossing probl ems. If it were that easy, there would not be any operation in a critical situation ; more probl ems. 1 can not and do no t wa nt to gi ve the -during each fir st employment of his battal ion . imp ression of being a sch oolmaster. It is my interest to Thi s wa y he can ofte n recognize difficulties in the stimulate thought and discu ssion in orde r to come to a exec ution of the order in the beginning , handle crises, solutio n. or at lea st a reduction of the diff iculties. A and provide leadership . Here ag ain, it depe nds on se n­ fin al so lution is possible only when our armies are able sitivity , know ledge of his un it , a nd luck in being at the to appoi nt an engi nee r co lo nel (0 -6) with experience right place at the right time . The division eng ineer must (i .e , co mmande r of a divi sion engin eer battalion, G3/S3 nev er be enroute betw een the divi sion comma nd post of a brigade or di vi sion ) as division e ngi neer in ma in and his battali on when he is needed at one or the othe r utili zation . That is how it is done in the British Army . place . Even during his absen ce fro m the command post, At this time, ho wever, I do not see any pos sibility of he mu st alway s be avai la ble for th e division com­ rea lization for the US and German Armies . ma nder. Hc also must always be oriented to the situatio n The commande r of the engineer batt alion is the divi ­ in hi s e ngineer units in ord er to becom e e ngaged in sion engi neer. He works directly for, and is the adviser tim e. Which mean s th at he mus t have good lines of to, the division commande r, hi s staff, and other com­ co mrnunication at his dis posal. manders (Artillery). In e merge ncies, he can be rep re­ Aga in and aga in there are discuss ion s abo ut co ntro l of sented by the S3, but no t by the engi nee r staff office r of the obstacle plan . Who shall accomplish it? Where shall the div ision , who lacks insight into the engi neer battal­ it be acco mplished? Who has to app rov e it? The only ion and , as a rul e, lacks the required experience. certa inty , howe ver , is that it has not functioned satis­ In the suppo rt sec tion is an engi nee r cell, where en ­ factorily in the past. It has not been up-to-date or accu­ gi neer informa tion is gat hered and summarized , propo s­ rate . Ofte n, approval for ob stacles is received too late or als and orders are prepared , obstac le pi ans are handled , execution is begun witho ut permissio n. It is adv isable to

16 FALL 1980 keep a ge neral obstac le map at the division co mmand also for the purpose of co mma nd and co ntrol in battle post , wh ich includes blocked areas, obs tac le-free areas, and in peace time . obstacle gaps, and gap routes . It is preferable to keep The mission of engineers is to give suppo rt . They the obstacle pl an , with all details, at the di vision en­ sha ll e ase the battle, co mple te fire , and infl uence ginee r battalion . mob ilities. Mobility and co unterrnobi lity are the dec i­ At present, the Germa n Arm y is study ing the co ncept sive engineer co ntributions on the battlefield because of retaining obs tac le co ntrol at brigade le vel becau se of mob ilities determine success or failure . Therefore , the the ind ep endent and fas t operations of brigades. Ex­ division engineer must ask him self: How ca n I be of periments have been succe ssful and a cha nge is quite help to my troops, and how can I hurt the enemy by likely. One problem yet to be resolved is the personnel impeding his movements? That's what counts in the (staff) outfit of the bri gade enginee r. framework of the division, not the number of tanks lo st While pl ann ing the firs t acti on , and whe n develop­ from mines. The disturbance of enemy mobilities results ment of the situa tio n outdates the elaborated operation in addit io nal time for reco nnaissance , prep aration of the plan, the division en gineer must be avail abl e. He must battl efield for combat, and destru ct ion of enemy for ces.

MAIN COMMAND POST (DIVISION)

Hel ic opter Pad A lterl1at e Command Po st

get invol ved as soo n as possible and should not wait to Th e division engineer has to think jo intly . He must not be called . it will be clever and valuable to be in co ntac t confine his thoughts to engineer matt ers, but should con­ with the G3, G2 , G4 , and di vi sion artille ry commander sider all factors influencing the battl e. in order to work as a team . Th e div ision mi ssion sho uld The jo b of divi sion engineer rem ain s one of the most be ana lyze d as soo n as possibl e fo r impac t on e ng inee r difficult in the Army. it is diffi cult because of his triple mi ssions . To think and act jointly in accordance with the role as battal ion commander of the div ision engi nee r divi sion order is of great imp ortance. All possibilities battali on , as advise r to the division co mma nder and his must be considered , and manpower and means mus t be staff, and as a member of the division staff. Besides coordi nated . If the divi sion engi neer simply recites the experience and knowled ge of engineer techniques, he engi nee r act io n in suppo rt of division operatio ns, he will need s a se nse of feeling fo r hum an being s and for situa ­ only get arguments when questioned. All too often, he tions in order to be at the right pl ace at the right tim e must ex plai n, prov e and apolog ize for his prop osals . and to provid e the right advi ce or to take the right ac­ The eng ineer co ntri butio n to the division operatio n tion . This surely can be learn ed only to a certain degree . plan must be formulated and rec ited and/o r presented in We enginee rs should sta rt to educate and train our writing to the G3 . If tim e permits, the div ision e ngi nee r lieutenant s to work two level s higher at ma neuv er bat­ sho uld communica te co nside ratio ns , thu s elimi nati ng tali on for th e co mbined arms team. To be an engi neer co nfusion in his battal ion, in the brig ad es, with the G4 , co mmander is a challe nge. Let us stand up to it. ... and the Artillery. With thorough co mrnunca tion , the classic demand s of staff duti es-eoop erati on , ana lys is, coordi na tio n, and Lie utenant Colo nel Juergen M . Erbe is curre ntly assigned to inform at ion-are fulf illed . These dem and s must be met the Office of Research, D evelopm ent and Acqui sition of En­ not only du rin g the planning phase of an operation, but ginee r Equipment, Minister of Def ense, FRG .

ENGINEER 17 ,,H ow fast can my vehicles cross this terrain?" . .. "Will the lines of communications be adequate?" The . . . " Where are likely drop zones?" ... "What areas will afford us adequate cover and conceal­ ment?" .. . These are some of the "terrain" questions that commanders and staff officers often ask when planning tactical operations. They will Terrain turn to their engineer for the answers . But, where does the combat or topographic en­ gineer turn for quick, accurate information? One place is the Terrain Analysis Center (TAC) at the US Army Engineer Topographic Labora­ Analysis tories (ETL), Fort Belvoir, VA . TAC, established by the Chief of Engineers in 1975, is a small or­ ganization comprising 39 military and civilian terrain experts, cartographers, and information specialists. Its primary mission is to produce ter­ Center rain analyses in support of tactical-level opera­ tions . TAC supports requirements generated from the by CPT David R. Gallay field . Field commanders and their planning staffs identify potential areas of interest. The initial de­ mand and size of the area typically exceed the capacity of supporting field terrain detachments. TAe's products can provide timely, Thus, requests for analysis support are submitted accurate advice to maneuver through command channels to the Department of the Army level. If the Assistant Chief of Staff, commanders and enable them to use Intelligence, validates the requirements, TAC may terrain as an effective combat be tasked through the Office of the Chief of En­ multiplier gineers to do the work. Upon receipt of a tasking, source materials are identified and acquired for use in the analysis. The materials range from various kinds of maps and studies to aerial photographs , satellite imagery, and computer tapes of digital terrain models. After the material is assembled, analysis teams go to work. The team approach is " interdisciplin­ ary ." The team leader integrates the interpreta- . tions and analyses of his team members-civilian engineers, geographers, geologists, foresters, soil scientists, military image interpreters, and terrain analysts. The team concentrates on the essential elements of terrain analysis (Figure I). They first interpret and classify "basic" data. Then, they synthesize a number of basic elements to arrive at the "evaluative" data . For example, a cross­ country movement prediction is a function of all the basic data. The final product format, as well as the number of essential elements in each study , depends on what the requestor wants. However, TAe's typical output is graphic, either an overprinted map (Fig ­ ure 2) or a facror overlay. Regardless of the type , each graphic item displays an essential 'element keyed to a base map. Some studies contain only

18 FALL 1980 FIGURE 1

1.,( UtlAI N AHALYSIS CLNH R

US UM\' 1""0'''''((1: JO' OGl AI'I1IC l .... OU.IO ll U

fOil IHVOII . Vill OlH 1A 1106 0

FIGURE 2 ten or twelve elements, while others may have accurate advice to maneuver commanders and en­ many more. able them to use terrain as an effective combat T AC 's products are not ends in themselves. multiplier. This will help win the first, and sub­ They arc designed as operational planning tools sequent battles. ... that often need to be supplemented by ground or aerial reconnaissance for site-specific operation. Yet , on the modern battlefield, where terrain is a Captain David R. Gallay is pr esently assigned as a Re­ search and Development Coordinator in the Terrain decisive factor and planning time is limited, these Analysis Center. US Army Engin eer Topographic Lab­ products can be of great value. The engineer who oratories, Fort Belvoir, VA . He has commanded en­ uses these products will be able to provide timely , gineer companies in Korea and USAREUR.

ENGINEER 19 he 20th Engineer Brigade (Combat) (Airborne Corps) is located at Fort Bragg , T NC. It exercises command and control over all non -divisional eng ineer units assigned to XVIII Airbone Corps. During peacetime, the brigade is assigned one airborne co mbat engineer battalion, one combat heavy engineer battalion , and one composite battalion. When deployed as part of the newly formed Rapid Depl oyment Force , the brigade' s span of cont rol extends to several addition al battalions. In most contingency operations, a brigade command and control element would prec ede most non-divisional engineers into the area of operations to coordinate the arrival and employment of those force s. In cases where the comm and and control element arrives in the area of operations prior to completion of airfi eld construction by the airborne engineer battalion, the brigade element is capable of parachuting into the airhead. The lineage of the 20th Engineer Brigade dates back to the Civil War. It was designated as the T~ Battalion of Engineers on August 3, 1861. Unit designations have changed many times since then as predecessors of the 20th served in the War With Spain, the Philippine Insurrection , the Mexican 1 Expedition, and World Wars I and II. On August 16, 1950, the brigade was first de signated as the 20th Engineer Brigade and activated at Fort Leonard Wood, MO. It deployed 20 to France in November 1952 , and established headquarters at Croix Chapeau. The brigade redepl oyed to Fort Bragg in March 1956 and wa s E GI E E ~ ina ctivated on November 12, 1958. Brigade headquarters was reactivated in May 1967 at Fort Bragg and departed for the Republic of Vietnam in August 1967 . During the Vietnam conflict, the brigade numbered over 13,000 Third in a series of articles describi office rs and enlisted men, organ ized into three and activities of majt engineer groups, with 14 battalions and 31 separate companies and detachments. The brigade

20 FALL 1980 provided all non -division al engineer support in Military Regions III and IV during II campai gns . Units c leared more than one-half million acres of j ungle , paved 500 kilometers of highway , and constructed brid ge s totalling more than six mil es in length. As US for ces were withdrawing from Vietn am , the brigade wa s inactivated in September 1971 . Reactivated in June 1974 at Fort Bragg, it is the only engineer brigade in CONUS, and the only airborne en gin eer brigade in the entire US Army . The bri gad e's airborn e engine er battal ion , the 27th Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Airborne), is designed to provide direct e nginee r suppo rt to a committed airbo rne divi sion as required , to construct airfield s , to perform expedient repa irs to existing airfields , and to complete gen eral co mba t engineer mi ssion s. Battalion equipment ca n be introduced into an area of operations by eithe r heavy drop or by Low -Altitude Parachute Extrac tion (L APE S) . The battalion has the capability to provide the Corps with two ~ E medium-lift forward landing strips within 72 hours . Th e 27th Engi nee r Battalion was activated in January 191 8 and saw action in World War I in both the Saint Mi ch iel and Meu se-Argonn e campaigns . After cessation of hostiliti es, the battali on was inactivated. In 1941 , prior to US e ntry int o World War II , the batt alion was reactivated as the 37th Engineer Battali on at Camp Bowie , TX . In 1943, redesignated as the 209th Combat Engineer BRIGADE Batt alion , it depl oyed to Bombay , India. It served throughout the war in the Indi a-Burma Theater , building port ion s of the stra teg ic Led o Road in Burma as well as joining " Merrill's Ma rauders" for the surp rise attack that captured the vit al ling the history , mission, organization, Myitkyina Airfield in Burma. The battalion was ior Army engineer units inactivated in November 1945 at Camp Kilm er , NJ, and reactivated in September 1950 at Fort Lewi s, WA , as the 27th Enginee r Battalion .

continued

ENGINEER 21 n 195 1 the 27th was rel ocated to Fort Campbe ll, KY , and remain ed there unt il 1966 . I wh en it deployed to the Republ ic of Vietnam . During the next six years, it particip ated in 12 campaig ns . In January 1972 , the batt ali on was deployed back to Fort Bragg and redesignated as an air bo rne combat eng ineer battal ion . Th e 584th Eng ineer Battali on (Comba t) (Heavy) prov ides the 20th Brigade wi th a heavy co nstruc tio n capa bility. Th e unit is equippe d with military and co mmercial co nstruc tion equipme nt, such as the D-R bulldozer , the fiv e-cubic yard front load er, and the 20- ton dump tru ck. De ployme nt by sealift is nor mal , but it can al so depl oy by air, utilizing a co mbinatio n of C - 14 1 and C-SA aircraft . Th e line age of the S48 th Enginee r Batt alion I:, " (Co mba t) (He avy) beg an with activation of the I 548 th Engi neer Light Pontoon Co mpany in March 194 3 at Ca mp Bl anding , F L. After four ca mpaig ns ; / in the Eu ropean Th eater, the uni t was inacti vate d i in Nove mbe r 194 5 , only to be reacti vated a year 1/ " lata in Germany and redesi gnated as the 54 8th Service Battalion. Th e 548 th sa w exte nsive se rvice ,I/! if during the Korean War , ea rni ng nine campa ign I ' !J streame rs before inacti vation in Korea in Ma rch II 1953. It was reactiva ted for less th an a year in rI' Italy in 1957 and again in 1961-62 at Fort Rich ardson , AK , for J8 mon ths . On March I , 1968, the 54 8th Engi nee r Batt ali on was again activated at Fort Bragg . Th e Co mpos ite Batt al ion co nsists of the Brigade Headquart ers Co mpa ny, the 264th Med ium Girder Bridge Compan y , the 63 rd To pographic Co mpa ny, the 283rd Terrain Ana lysis Det achment, and the 285th Utilitie s Det achm ent. The 264th Eng ineer Co mpa ny (Medium G irder Bridge) provides the Corps with tactical fixed bridging. The unit ca n supply and cons truc t four medium Girder Bridge s. each 104 feet alon g . Th e uni t also has a seconda ry mi ssion as a dump truck co mpa ny, with 30 five- ton dump tru ck s. The 264th has als o ret ained the Bail ey Bridge for train ing.

Ab ove, equipment of the 27th Engin eer Battalion (Combat) (A BN) is air dropp ed onto a DZ at Fort Brag g dur ing ARTEP. Right , members of the 264th Engin eer Company (MG B) , Composite Battalion , emplace pan els of the Medium Girder Bridge durin g recent training exercise

22 ENGINEER - I x I I

I 20 11..J.-.1 I

I I I I

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The 63 rd Engineer Co mpany (To pographic) Overa ll, the 20th Engineer Brigade has the (Co rps) rep resents a sig nificant resou rce for the ca pa bili ty to provide XVIII Airborn e Corps with a di sseminati on of topog raphic informa tion in wide spectru m of engineer suppo rt. With both graphic form to the tactical com ma nde r. The light and hea vy units , the br igade has the company co ntains sur vey , cartogra phy, and flexibility to meet the variety of co ntinge nc ies reproducti on pla toons, and run s the Post Map faci ng the Rapid Depl oyment Fo rce. It ca n provide Depot. Th e unit is best suited for con stru cti ng conventional combat en gin eer support, as well as non -standard graphics, overprinting standard top ographic, terrain anal ysi s, and utili ties support. maps, and producing photom ap s. The 20th Eng ineer Brigade is proud of its long The 283rd Engineer De tachment (Terrain service to both the nat ion and the Army . Having Anal ysis) also provi des val uable topographi c part icipated in 30 campaigns-more than any analys is to the tacti cal commander. The unit othe r majo r unit in XVITl Airborn e Corp s-the co llects and evaluates military terrain data and briga de is confident of a future of co ntinued provid es terrain studies in both graphic and textual servi ce to XVIII Airborn e Co rps, the Army , and form to the Corps and othe r major headqu arters. our co unt ry . III The 285th Engi neer Detachm ent (Utilitie s) has pri mary respo nsibility for establishing and maintaining fac ilities for the Corps headquarters in APOLOGY an area of operations. At Fo rt Br agg, the 285t h also provides a valuable rep air and co nstruc tio n We apolog ize to current and forme r membe rs of the resource for the post. The 89th, 90 th. and 153rd 7th Engineer Brigade for publishinq the wrong unit Det achments (Fire Fighting ) provid e crest with an article on the 7th Brigade in the fire-fighting support to the military installa tion. Summer 1980 issue of ENGINEER. We Their war tim e mission is to support forward inadvertantly selected the 7th Engineer Battalion to landin g strips in an area of operations. illustrate the article.

I FALL 1980 23 ROAD CRATERS

Technical and Tactical Considerations

by CPT Robert D. Volz

he coordinated use of obsta­ cles to delay or cannalize op­ 00000 0 0 00 0 posing forces is an essential ~ ~ T 5 ~T f15 2M )OC 5 F ( 1 #) 2 !I-1){J ( r task for enginee rs of the combined arms te am . The e nginee r must be proficient not only in coo rdinating ~ F l ' . " J Fe the siting of obstacles with the rna­ ns M j 'fIT " :·" /;1 i? M J nuever commander, but he must also construct the obstacles so that they 50 L B m b'O I S optimize the use of manpower and a HA STY ROAD CRATE 11 i> DEL IBERA TE ROA D CRAH R material . Studies of obstacle plans have shown that road craters are perhaps th e most frequentl y preplanned demolition target . However , few en gineers have an appreciation for 0 0 0 the envi ronmental factors which in­ I ' I· "'1 m fluenc e crater ef fectiveness and con­ ; ': T I1 :,?MJ O '­ o 1214 M ) struction time. The obj ectives of this article are to familiarize the read er 0 0 0 1 o o 0 I with so me of the se fact ors and to I. l . I 1f------. I~. -----Irl 10 er I?05 ~./ } 0 C compare some altern atives for con­ struc tion of road craters . S f.'r (2 4 4 M ) Road cra ters are point obstacles crea ted by explos ive excavation of a ::nf-u ": i,s rr HT roadway . Whil e it is possible to use :-,Q' i '5Mj I; 13 M I I ea rthmoving equipment for this ex­ JO LB 110L.B cavation . it is gener ally not co nsid ­ ' ;;0 LB c RELI EV ED FACE CRA TER nd THRE E HOL E DELI BERA TE CRAT ER ,I ered practi cal since some pavements are diffi cult to bre ak and also since I such op eration s divert equi pme nt I Fi?, u re 1. Road Cr a t er De s i gns from the imp ort ant task of di gging II II 24 FALL 1980 " hull def il ad e po s i n ons a nd tank the e nti re test progr am , o nly fi ve he will detonate a cra te r which IS di tch es. Prechambered craters which hasty , fo ur del iber ate , and two re­ similar in size and effectiveness to req uire a preconstruct ed emplace­ li ev ed face crate rs were executed the " hy po the tical crate r" shown in ment cav ity, and em ployme nt o f with stand ard Arm y crater de signs. Tab le I. Unfortuna tely thi s is not A tom ic Demolition M u n itions Th e results have molded Army er a­ a lways true. Tabl e 2 pre sents a (ADM) are spec ia l crate ri ng appli­ tering doctrine fo r the past 17 years . co m parison of deliberate road crater catio ns lim ited by pol it ical as well Subsequent cratering test s have dimensions from FM 5-25 with the as strate gic co ns ide ratio ns . shown th at crate ring doctrine pub­ test results of craters det onated near C urrent doctrine recogn ize s three lished in our field manuals is both F ort P e ck , MT , a nd A be r dee n road crate r designs: the hasty. delib­ inaccu rate and inco m plete. Provin g Ground, MD . Th e effects of erate, a nd relieved face cra te rs, Two important f ac to rs are ign ored soil and moisture con ditions are li sted in increasing order of effec ­ in pr esent publicati on s: the effec ts immed ia te ly apparent . The Fort tivness . The charge co nfigurations of so il co nditions on crater size and Peck cra ter is approximat el y one­ of these d esigns are ill us tra te d in effective ness, and the dependence of half as deep and th ree fou rths as F igure l A , IB , and I C , and are dis­ prep arati on time on shaped ch arge wide as the Aberdeen crater. Com­ cussed in FM 5-25 and FM 5-35 . performan ce in different road mat e­ parison of both sets of dimensions The expected s ize and rel ative ef­ rials . with those predicted by FM 5-25 fect iveness of each de si gn is in­ Te rmi no logy is impo rtant in co m­ dem on strates th e wide var iati on in c luded in Chapter 3 of FM 5- 25 and paring the res ults of cratering te sts. crate r size which ca n res ult in dif­ the estimated emplace ment ti m es Co nsi der the crate r pr ofile of Figure fe re nt envi ro nme nts . can be ob tained from ART EP 5- 145 2. Wh en a bu ried ex p los ive cha rge The se v ariati ons in di m ensi on s and FM 90- 7. Th ese characte ris tics is det onated , it creates a crater and dr am at icall y affect a crate r's va lue are summa rized in T abl e 1. fo rms an up turned lip aro und the as an obstacle. A d elib erat e road W h ile these desi gn s and informa ­ crater ri m . Th e appa re nt wid th an d cra te r detonated in a wet cl ay so il tion hav e been util ized extensively depth are the d imension s me asu red may co m plete ly im m ob ili ze a tank fo r pl anning purpo ses, j us t how re li­ in rel ati on to th e original undis­ w hi le th e same quantity of explo­ able are they? What factors sho uld turbe d gro und surface. C ra te r si te sives used in the dry sand or cl ay of the e ngi neer leader co ns ider before elevations mu st be me as ure d both an arid regio n will not sig nificantly se lecting a part icular cr ate r design before and after det on ati on with a del ay a track ed vehicl e . It appe ars or system? A look at the results of level or transit to de termi ne the ap­ tha t none of our sta ndar d crate ri ng crateri ng experiments and a co m­ parent di men sion s. T he obs tacle di­ proced ures will produce an effecti ve pariso n of e xisting and p roposed men sions are measured in rel ation to crate r in all so ils . cratering sys tems may we ll answer the crate r lips and ca n be obtai ned so me of the se qu esti on s. by simple tape measurements . Wh ile The crater d ata published in FM obs tacle dimensions are easily and 5-25 was derived from a sing le test quic kly measured , the appa re nt di­ hile it may be po ssible to program co nduc te d at Camp A .P. mension s p rovide a more accurate re late crater dimension s to H ill during 1963. M any craters we re picture of cratering effe ctiveness . W moi sture content and the d et on at ed as part of the test , but Co mparisons of cratering d ata must unified so ils c lass ificatio n syste m , most of th em did not utilize th e utili ze con si stent dim en sion s. such a sys tem wo uld be impractical standard crater de signs or explosive s On e is led to bel iev e th at if he for field use , Perhaps a suitable currently in the inventory. Durin g foll ows the instructi on s of FM 5-25 co mpromise is to grou p cra te ring continued TABLE 1

Standard U. S. Road Crater Characteristics (FM 5-25, Feb 71)

Average Crater Dimensions Passes Installation Per Time Depth Width Side Slope Tank (Squad Type ft m ft m Degrees Traverse Hours) •

Hasty 6-7 1.83-2.13 20-25 6.10-7.62 25-35 4 2 Deliberate 7 2.13 25 7.62 30-37 8 2 Relieved Face 7 2.13 25-30 7.62-9,14 30-40 2

• Installation time from draft FM 90-7, Dec 77; ARTEP 5-145, Jun 78 lists 1 hour, 15 minutes, plus time required to clear emplacement holes. Time does not include travel to or from site.

ENGINEER 25 Da = A PPAR ENT DE PT H

Dab = OBST ACLE DEPTH; Da + LIP H EI GHT \Iv" = A PPAR ENT WI DTH FIGURE 2 Typical Crater Profile

Wab - O BSTAC LE WI DT H

effects as a function of rel ati ve and clay CL-ML) . Table 3 pro vides co uld not locate any test result s for moi stu re co ntent. In general, large a me an s of relating app roximate the performance of these design s in effective crate rs ca n be blasted in crater dim en sion s to re la tive so il dr y soils . wet, fine grained soi ls such as those moi sture co ntent. Th e dividing line Whi le crater effec tiveness is re­ at Aberdeen Proving Ground (sandy bet ween wet and dr y soi ls for this lated to crater size , the true measure si lt-ML), the Pana ma Can al Zone table is a 10 percent wate r co ntent of a cra ter 's effectiveness is its abi l­ (clayey si lt - M H) and Camp A .P . and/or 50 per cent sa turatio n . As ity to delay a vehicle. The te st report Hill (clay ey sand - SP). Poor crate r­ noted in the tabl e, one can expect a published in 1963 , mentioned ear­ ing results are obtained in dry soi ls co nsiderab le variation in dimensions lier , pro vides wha t appears to be the su ch as th o se a t Yuma Pro vin g even for shots fired in the sam e lo ­ only comprehensive study of tank Gro und, AZ (g ra vel ly sand -SP) , catio n. mobili ty in standard Arm y cra ters . Fort Peck, (highly weathered shale) The data for hasty and reli eved­ So me of the conclusions of that test and Tooel e Army Depot , UT (silt face craters is incomplete because I progr am were: TABLE 2

Results of Deliberate Road Crater Tests

Apparent ' Obs tacle" Apparentt Obsta clett Apparentt Depth Depth Width Width Leng th Locat ion Soil Type ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) ft (m)

Para 3-17 ? 7 (2.13) 25 (7.62) 36 (1 1.0) FM 5-25 Ft. Peck, MT Highly weath ered 3.9 (1.2) 5.4 (1.7) 18.4 (5.6) 26 (7.9) 33 (10. 1) sha le Aberd een Proving Wet sandy silt 8.1 (2.47) 10.8 (3.2) 24.5 (7.5 ) 35 (10 .7) 40 (12.2) Ground, MD

• Depth from original ground surface to bottom of apparent crat er. •• Max imum depth from lip crest to bottom . t Width and Length of apparent crat er measu red at original ground level. tt Width as measu red from lip crest to lip cres t.

26 ENGINEER TABLE 3

Expected Crater Dimensions For Ammonium Nitrate Explosives

Crater Average Apparent Range of Depths Average Apparent Range of Widths Type Depth ft/(m) ft/(m) Width ft/(m) ft/(m)

Wet Soils * Hasty 6.5 5.5-7.0 19.5 15-23 (clay , silt , clay ey sand) (2.0) (1.7-2.1) ( 5.9) (4.6-7.0) Deliberate 7 6.1-8.1 23 18-25 (2.1) (1.9- 2.5) ( 7.0) (5.5-7.6) Relieved Face 6 23 (1.8) ( 7.0) Dry Soi ls ' Deliberate 4.2 3.5-5.5 17 13.5-18.5 (Sand, shal e, clay) (1.3) (1.1-1 .7) ( 5.2) (4.1-5.6)

* Soil Moisture: We t soil Saturation ;;;,: 50 % Dry soil Saturation < 50 % Water content ;;;,: 10 % Water content< 10 %

• that hasty craters are only mar­ The deliberate crate r has proven its fir e s. From a stati stical point of ginally effect iv e ag ainst modern effectiveness in wet soils , but is view, additional testing of hast y and tanks; prob abl y margin al to inef fective in relieved-face c ra ters would seem • deliber ate craters are effective desert soils . The two subsequent warra nted . obstacles ; te st s of relieved-face c rate rs hav e The current doctrinal definition of • that relieved-face craters ar e rai sed serious doubts about the re­ an effective crater is at be st cumbe r­ more e ff ective than either of the liability of this design . A test pro­ so me . FM 5-25 sta te s that road other des igns. gram conduct ed by the 54th En­ c ra te rs are effec tive if a tank re ­ During the 17 years whi ch have gineer Battalion in 1969 concl uded qu ir es three or more passes to passed since the first test report was that the cratering meth od described traver se it. I believe that crater ef­ publi shed, the deliberate cra ter has in F M 5-25 will not produc e a fectiveness s ho uld be defined in been te sted in at least six te st pro­ satis fac to ry relieved fa ce crater . terms of how long a vehi cle will be grams . and the reli eved face crater Another test program foun d that the delayed in the crater, not how many in two programs . I have been unable detonation of the first row of passes it will take to traverse it. A to find any evidence of further sci­ charge s disrupted the ring main of reasonable criteria would be the time e ntific te stin g of the hasty crater. the second row , resulting in mi s- required to acquire a target , to laun ch an antitank missile, and to track it to the maximum effec tive range of the we ap on. For pre sent sys tems , 30 seconds is a reasonable minimum required time del ay for a road crater. Longer delay times are necessary for craters spanning multi-lane highways or for tank ditches where several vehicles can enter the crater (or ditch) at the same time. An upp er bound is mo st likel y that of a crater blasted in a four-lane high­ way. Assuming that four vehicles co uld ente r the crater simultaneously and that only one AT weapon system would cover the ditch , a minimum delay time of two minutes would be required . On the ba sis of this simple analy sis , it appears that road crater designs should provide time delays on the order of 30 sec onds to two minutes. A table relating del ay tim e to soil condi tions and crater type would provide a valuable planning FIGURE 3 Optimum l S-lb shaped charge blast hole tool for defensive ope rations. continued

FALL 1980 27 The most significant time and influence the overall time required charges blast deep, large-diameter labor factor in road cratering is the to produce a usable hole. Since holes which can be loaded with era­ preparation of emplacement hol es. shaped charges require large stand­ tering charges with minimal clean­ While current doctrine (FM 5-35, off distances to produce empl ace­ ing (Figure 3) . In other tests, the ARTEP 5-145) recommends the use ment holes, valuable time is lost shaped charge detonation cau sed of 15-pound (M2 A3) or 40-pound trying to jury-rig tripods or other surface craters which filled the holes (M3 AI) shaped charge s to blast devi ces to hold them at the proper with loose base course materi al. Ex­ emplacement hol es , many factors height. In some cases, s ha pe d cavation of such holes is slow and ted ious. The posthole digger is use­ ful in removing rocky soil but it cannot dig or clean holes more than five feet deep. Th e hand auger can clean down to seven feet but is dif­ ficult to use where rocks in the hole exceed two t o three in che s in diameter. In a series of cratering tests con­ ducted at Raystown, PA , more than 85 40-pound shaped charges were used to blast emplacement holes. While the shaped charge jet pene­ trated at lea st six feet , virtuall y all of the holes required cle aning and it was found that a well prepared base course makes excavation parti cularly difficult. All of the holes bla sted in a light duty road could be clea ned to five feet , but only 55 percent of the holes with a planned depth of seven feet could be cleaned to that depth. Te sts were als o co nduc ted on a medium dut y ro ad whi ch had a four-inch asphalt pavem ent over a four-inch crushed lim estone base. Only 30 perc ent of the hole s in this road could be excavated to design depth. The problem of excavating shaped charge holes is compounded by a lack of hole diggers and augers . Road cratering is a squad task , but organic equipment includes only one post hole digger per squad and one auger per platoon . During a squad cratering mission, borehol es must be cleaned one at a time (unless rein­ forced with addition al equipment) and the platoon's auger mu st be shared by three squ ads .

iven real world problems of fabricating shaped charge G s t a nd s and c l e a n i n g emplacement holes with limited re­ sourc e s , road crater e mpaceme nt time may well excee d the two hour planning figure found in most refer­ ences. Th e Raystown test results in­ dicate that crater emplacement time FIGURE 4 Pouring slurry into shaped charge blast hole may vary significantly for different

28 FALL 1980 sites. While it is possible for a squad diameter hole which was blasted These proposed designs minimize to blast a hasty crater in an unpaved with a IS-pound shaped charge. the number of blast holes that re­ demolition range within two hours, Results of testing the shaped charge quire cleaning. Balancing shaped it is unlikely that the same squad and the blasting agent suggest two charge size to pavement thickness could blast a deliberate road crater design configurations-one for thick insures that the maj ority of shots in a well constructed paved road in pavements and the other for thin produce open holes. The blasting the same length of time. pavements and unpaved roads. The agent's fluid state is used to allow The performance of standard thick pavement design uses 40­ its pi aceme nt in ope n hal es too shaped charges presents a dilemma pound shaped charges to blast J:,oles small for standard cratering charges. for the use of ammonium nitrate spaced 10 feet on centers as shown Note that these designs offer advan­ crate ring charges. Forty-pound in Figure 1D. One hundred and tages even if the holes require shaped charges reliably blast clean twenty pounds of blasting agent is cleaning. Since the thick pavement holes in thick (lO -inch) reinforced poured into each hole. Testing of design utilizes a lO-foot hole spac­ concrete pavements which are deep this three hole deliberate crater de­ ing, there are fewer holes to clean. and wide enough to load cratering sign has shown that it performs at The thin pavement design uses just charges. However, when these least as well as the standard deliber­ as many holes as conventional de­ charges are used on thin (three-inch) ate road crater. signs, but they are never deeper than concrete pavements, extensive con­ The thin pavement design is a five, feet. Certain logistical and cost crete breakup and base course era­ modification of the hasty road crater benefits are quantified later. tering fills much of the hole with design of Figure IA. Fifteen-pound The M 180 cratering kit (Figure S) debris. The l5-pound shaped charge shaped charges are used to blast offers a substantial improvement in blasts holes in most thin pavements holes five feet on centers. Each hole preparation time over other systems . and soi I, but the hole diameters are contains between 50-80 pounds of Unlike conventional cratering pro­ normally too small for a cratering XM268 blasting agent. The exact cedures, the M180 does not require charge. quantity would depend on actual site preparation. Tests indicate that One product which offers a possi­ hole size since blasting agent would this system will reduce the time re­ ble solution to the dilemma is the be poured until either the hole is al­ quired to execute a crater from over XM268 blasting agent. Testing of most filled, or 80 pounds had been two hours to less than 30 minutes commercial slurry explosives has led used. under good conditions. During tests to its limited procurement. The continued blasting agent is packaged as two inert components, a liquid oxidizer FIGURE 5 M180 cratering kit solution and a powdered fuel. They are mixed to form an explosive. It has been proven to be about 1.5 times more effective than an equal weight of TNT in producing crater volume . In tests conducted at Yuma Prov­ ing Ground and in the Panama Canal Zone, del iberate road craters pro­ duced with XM268 had apparent dimensions approximately 20 per­ cent deeper and 28 percent wider than those obtained with ammonium nitrate charges. XM268 is denser than ammonium nitrate and has the consistency of a syrup which allows it to be poured or pumped directly into emplace­ ment holes. This combination of superior density and fluid consis­ tency allows XM268 to fill all voids within the emplacement hole and to form a more compact charge than ammonium nitrate cannisters. When shaped charges blast open holes , they can be loaded with slurry even if they are too small to load with ammonium nitrate charges. Figure 4 shows the XM268 blasting agent being poured through a 31/2-inch

ENGINEER FIGURE 6 Single M 180 crater in 7.S-inch concrete pavement at Aberdeen Prov ing Groun d , three men ts for the M 180 are less than machi ne w ith a 50 -cap or lar ger kit co nfigurations pro duced craters those for standard cratering proce­ c apacity . Th e electric caps in the whic h averaged 7 .9 fee t deep (ap­ dures. sys tem are subjec t to prem ature de t­ parent) , 24.6 fee t wide, and 29 . I While the M 180 sys tem will allow onation by a ny stro ng rad io fre ­ feet long. The ave rage crater for a rapid crateri ng , ce rtain fact ors limit quency (RF) source . Thus , the use five -kit co nfiguration was 8.5 fee t its tac tical use . Due to system re­ of tactical radios and rada r must be deep (ap parent) . 34 .0 fee t wide , and quirements, no more than five kits controlled where the set is used. 37.5 feet long. ca n be fired simultaneously. Thus. F u rt hermo re, th e ki t ' s ro cke t Co mparison of cratering data from the longest cra ter which ca n be exe­ motor ca nnot be fired if it becomes di fferent test ar eas i ndicate that cute d at one time is appro xima tely hotter than 130°F . Due to thi s lim­ thes e dim en sion s are probabl y op­ 36 feet ( I I me ters) . T h is co rre­ itation and cratering perform ance in timum and will be smaller for man y sponds to a five- ho le deliberate cra­ dry soi ls th e ki t is probably not so il conditions. M 180 kits have been ter. This limitation , coupled with the suitcd to d esert 0 perati ons . The successfully fir ed throu gh concrete M 180 ' s poo r relia bility in thi ck M1 80 rocket motor and , to a lesser and as phalt pavem ents up to 71/2­ (12- inch) concrete pavements, indi­ degre e, its warhead are li ke ly to inche s thick (Figure 6) . Th e M1 80 cates that the M180 will not reliably bu rn o r de to na te whe n struck by cre ates effective obs tac les in wet crater an autobahn . small arms fire . These limitation s soils but is apparently ineffective in In add ition , the sys tem requires must be co nsid ered in plann ing its dry desert soils. Train in g re quire- electric ini tiation by a bl a sting tactical lise .

TABLE 4

Road Crater Explos ives Requ irements (20 ft Roadway)

Shaped Charges 40- lb Crater TNT BA Packaged We ight Packaged Volume Type 15-lb 40-lb Charge (lb) (Ib) Ib (kg) ft3 (m 3)

Standard Systems: Hasty 5 5 50 657 (298) 18.3 (0.52) Deliberate 5 8 8 756 (343) 21 .1 (0.60) Relieved Face 7 4 94 798 (362) 22.2 (0.63) M180 5 Kits 825 (374) 36.0 (1.02) Proposed Systems: 3-Hole Deliberate 3 6 360 643 (292) 16.3 (0.4 6) (Thick Pavement) Modified Hasty (Thin Pavement) 5 10 400 609 (276) 15.3 (0.43)

30 FALL 1980 t is ques tiona ble if the M 180 is TABLE 5 suited fo r re served demolition s. I While the kits ca n be qu ic kly Estimated 1980 Procurement Cost assembled, they cannot be placed on to Crater a 20 ft Roadway the roadway un t il all traffic has passed. This may well requ ire final Type Cost Relative Cost kit a ssembl y and armi ng w he n enemy forces are close at ha nd . Standard Systems: Sinc e the Ml 80 i s e lectrically primed. an engineer sq ua d e ither Hasty $ 1,675 1.0 must give its bl asting machi ne and Deliberate 1,860 1.1 firin g wi re to the dem ol ition guard Relieved-Face 2,095 1.3 co mmande r, or the squad must wai t M180 16,000 9.5 at the site and fire the device them ­ Proposed Systems: se lves. Th e assembled kits would be 3 Hole Deliberate 855 0.5 particularly v ulne ra b le to smal l Modified Hasty 1,255 0.8 arms fi re . mortars a nd arti llery which co uld ei the r knock the ki ts ove r or prem aturel y deton ate them . In direct summer sunlig ht, assem­ is cri tical (i .e ., five -ton dump Barrier plans and war gaming based bled kits may require shade to keep truc k), a vehicle ca n ca rry almost on opti mis tic es tima tes will give a their tem per atu re below 130°F when twice as ma ny h ast y ro ad cra te r distorted view of engineer require­ ex posed for lon g per iods of tim e . systems or blas ting age nt systems as ments and capabilitie s . Wh ile th e Co nve ntional cra ter sys tems are in­ it can M1 80 sys tems. M 180 will provide a rapid cratering co nvenient and slow since they re­ At the user level, sys tem cost is system, it is by no mean s an all ­ qu ire closing the road to traffic dur­ seldo m co nside red. But cos t impacts purpose devi ce . in g co ns t r uctio n . But once th e up on proc urement and is also re­ Many aspects of military cratering cha rges are buried and prop erl y flect ed in the amo unt of live fire need addition al researc h . Tables pr ime d with a non- el ectric fi ring train i ng th at c an be cond uc te d. should be developed which co rre late sys tem . the y may well prove to be T abl e 5 co mpa res t he es tim ate d crater size and trafficabil ity to soi l much more re lia ble in closi ng a pas­ 1980 cost of crateri ng a 20 -foo t co nditions . It may prov e necessary sa ge point at c rucial tim e duri ng roadway (and sho ulders) with vari­ to devel op two se ts of crater de­ battle. ous systems. The cos t figures reflect sig ns, one for soi ls which are easy Logistical efficiency is of par­ either actual or estima ted cos ts for to crater and the other for less favor­ ticular imp ort ance to engineer units purch asing a ll requ ir ed ite ms at able soils. Emplacement timetabl es which mu st tran sport their Class V current prices. Th e figures show a sho uld be devel op ed wh ich relate ma terials over long di stances. Table big cos t difference between craters construction tim e to the difficulty of 4 co mpares th e logi stics requ ire­ produ ced by blasting age nt, present producing emplacement hol es . ments for cratering a 20-foo t (6. 1­ arnon imum nitrate ex plos ives, and There is room for devel op ment of meter) roadw ay (and shoulders) with the M18 0 . better hole blasting techniques, or vario us syste ms . This tabl e wa s Co nce ptually , cratering is a sim­ even lightweight drilling equipme nt compi led usin g the weights and vol­ ple process. Once the obstacle loca­ w h ic h could rapidly c r e a te um es of p ackaged cha rges, since tion has been chosen, an enginee r emplacem ent hol es . Elimination of explosi ves are normally issued and squad prepares and fires explosive heavy shaped charges from cra tering tran sported in thi s manner. charges to cre ate an effec tive obsta­ systems would conside rably Iigh ten For planning use , the we ight and cle within a scheduled time peri od. the logistical load. The XM-268 and volume of mine s should be added to Un fortunatel y , not all te st data the MI80 offer di stinct impro ve ­ the se figures. General trends ca n be agr ees with doctrinal estimates of ments over current produc ts . But noted by co mparing the se valu es to effectiveness and prep aration time. further research to full y mea sure the those of the hasty crater. Deliberate Whil e the effect ive ness of the delib­ potential of the se concep ts a nd and rel ie ved face designs require erate cr ater desi gn in wet soils is products seems justified. It is vit al a bo u t 15 a nd 20 p e r cent m ore well d o cu mented , performance that engineers apply the best avail­ we igh t and vo lume, resp ectivel y. testin g of the hasty and relieved face abl e technology to suppo rt the com­ The M 180 sys tem weighs 25 percent designs is virtuall y nonexi stant. bined arm s team. ... more th an the ha sty crater explo­ The few tests of the reli eved face sives and requ ires alm ost double the design indicate it is unreli able. In volu me . The proposed designs aver­ addition, all of our cratering sys tems Cap tain Robert D . Vol: is presently as ­ age about five percent less in weight are prob ably margin al to ineffective signed as a Research and Development Coordinato r at the Waterways Experi­ an d 10 perce nt les s in volume. in desert environme nts . Our time­ ment Station in Vicksburg, MS . Pre­ Wh en weight is the limiting factor, pl anning fig ures are prob abl y too vio us as sig nments include co mpa ny there is at best a 35 percent differ­ optimistic for our curre nt level of com mande r. S-2. and pla toon lead er ence in the number of systems per experience in cratering actu al road­ with the 54th Engi neer Battalion (C BT), veh icle load. When volume capaci ty ways with sq uad-sized e le ments . USAREUR.

ENGINEER 31 e have seen, in recent years, man y instances of peer s and, last but not least , fro m subordinates. Re ­ newl y appointe d non commissioned officers mem ber, good ideas do not always co me fr om th e W (NCOs) not knowing what their job wa s or superviso r. Tod ay' s young soldier will not accept the what was expected of them by thei r subordinates or reasoning " That is the way we have always done it," so superiors. We have also seen newly appointed NCOs we had bett er present a valid reason . who did not know what to expect of their superior NCO. In addition to job knowledge, the NCO must know the Wh en the noncommissioned officer receives his first overall unit mission . He must be able to explain the set of chevrons, he becomes a different individual . He is miss ion, how it is to be accomplis hed, who is going to no longer " one of the guy s. " but the man his subor di­ do what , and the reason beh ind all actions. Th e goo d nates look cof or leadership . He is no longer responsibl e NCO will be able to answe r these questions and employ only for himself but for all those wh o work for him . The his me n properly to insure prompt mi ssion accomplis h­ NCO must know and live up to his duti es and respon­ men t. sibi lities at all times. Th e term , " That is not my respon ­ sibility ," can not be accepted if it co nce rns one of his Too many times we hear com plai nts that indi viduals subordina tes, his unit, or the US Arm y. within a unit are not utilized prop erl y. Before an NCO To earn and maintain the respect and trust of his men , can properly utili ze his per sonnel he has to know more the NCO must prove he know s his job. This doe s not than rank and last nam es. By kno wing eac h ind ividual's mean to merely know what the book says about a spe­ ability, personality, and pattern s of behavior , the non ­ cific assignment, but to hav e the vision to see the com ­ commissioned officer can readily ass ign du ties and ex­ pleted task , and the ability to lead his men to that ob­ pect th em to be accompl ish ed . Oth e r factors wh ich ject ive . Th e noncommissioned office r mu st hav e an should be con sidered are : conditio ns existi ng within hi s open mind and be able to realize and acce pt new ideas family; financial probl ems; com plaints co nce rni ng the and concepts . He must keep hi mself we ll inform ed by unit or other per sonn el wi thin the unit. These fac tors self-study, attending schoo l, learn ing fro m superio rs and ca n influence the actions or attitude of subor dinates .

The Noncommissioned Officer

by CSM (Ret) Johnny W. Greek

32 FALL 1980 j Profession al dev el opment of subordinates is ano the r NCO s had wom en under their direc t supe rvrsion , but respon sibility o f the noncommissi on ed officer. By W orl d W ar II brou ght the realization th at women can kno win g the lim its of their ability and their intere st, he perform most of the same m ilitary tasks as men. On the can provide educational guidance . In selecting an indi­ average , mil itary women ar e more educate d th an their vidual to attend school , the NC O mu st ca refully con­ m al e co unterparts. Ev en tho ugh mo st women do not sider the need s of the Army as well as the individu al. have the varied experience of their male co unterparts, Consid er the man ' s pa st record as well as his dem on­ they ca n just as easily be train ed to perform essential strated pot ential. Training received at unit level is even duties . Once the woman has become accus to med to her more import ant tha n sc ho ol training. Unit lev el training unit, she must receive no special treatment or privileges conduct ed by the NCO must be co nd uc ted properl y if it or she wi ll never feel that she ha s be come a part of her is to produce the desired res ults . organiza tio n. This does not mean there ha s to be a fancy cl assroom, cha rts , slides, and ex pe ns ive training aid s available . It does m ean , how ever , that there has to be a need ed sub­ ject , a compe ten t instructor, and mot ivated personnel. s the NCO progres ses in grad e . so do his duties The in structor must kn ow hi s subject matter, rehearse and re spon sibilities. The firs t step up in re spon ­ the class, and be confident in pre sen tin g m aterial to the A sibility is the as sign ed duty as a squad leader. stude nts . Th e instruction presented mu st be need ed by At squad level the NCO is in more d ire ct contact wi th th e st ude nts or they will hav e little d esire to learn . the work ing body of a unit tha n at any other level. The Spe nd yo ur lim ited training time w ith classes that help squa d leader is the first li nk in the cha in of command the student become more proficient in hi s job. and in th e NCO channel of co mmunication . Through When pr esen ting information , talk 10 the class. Don't thi s ch anne l , the squad leader transm its the pulse of the tal k above or be low their level of und er standing . If stu­ un it to h is superiors . He must supe rvise his subo rdi nates dent s are confused , they ca nno t learn . Whe never possi­ in dail y ac tiv ities and in the pe rformance of spec ial mi s­ bl e , use appropria te training aids. If the subject is ope r­ sions . He is respon sible for the appear an ce , accounta­ atio n of the M-1 6 rifle , hav e sufficent weapon s avail­ bility , and training of hi s squad, and for the maint e­ abl e fo r each studen t. Since all classes canno t be co n­ nance and acco untab ility of all equip me nt issu ed to his du ct ed in th is m ann er, the in structor sho uld provid e sq uad. adequa te tra ini ng aids to maintain student inte rest. Th e sq u ad leader must se t the exam ple . H e must Anothe r typ e of trainin g is disciplinary in nature. ma intain hi s appearance well withi n the limits set by ac­ Most so ldiers rel ate di scipline to pu nishment, but NCOs cepted and prescribed policy . Th e overweight NCO can canno t ad mi nis ter punish men t. By definition. discipline ex pect a negative response wh en he tells a subo rdinate is "a bran ch of kn owl ed ge or lea rn ing; training that de­ he need s a haircut. velops se lf contro l, character or orde rliness or effi­ Th e squad leader must at all tim es be able to account ciency . " for the members of hi s squad . Accountability includes To be co nc ise, d iscipline means training. teaching , the knowledge of whe re his pe ople are, wha t they are and learning. We sho uld not co nfus e di scipline wi th do ing, and when they are expected to return. punishment. Di sciplinar y action to co rrect a discrepancy Th e squad , as the base e leme nt of the pl atoon , mu st is co rrec tive training and mu st be conducted where a be prepared to perform its mission at all times . This re­ discrepancy exists. If an ind ividu al is forced to perform quires unit training , and is a responsibility of the squ ad a menial task in retaliation of a breach of discipline, he leader. Training should include the cross tr ain in g of in­ is being punished and is not receiving corrective train­ dividuals within the squad to enable the squad to func­ ing. No rmally , du e to lack of time during duty hours, tion even during the absence of one or more member s co rrective training is co nduc ted during nonduty hours. and under the most adverse conditions. This period o f instruction mu st be conduc ted in suc h a Normally, tim e is not ava ilable for form al classroom ma nner as to teach the individual and not belittle h im . training , so the sq uad leader mu st be prep ared to present One meth od of admin isterin g discipline is on- the -s po t impro mptu or " too l-box" cl asse s at an y opportunity . co rrection . In making on-the -spo t co rrec tio ns, al ways Cl asse s could be presented during breaks or w hile the use courtesy and tact. squad is waiting to move fro m one lo cation to ano the r. The good NCO will be ava ilable to his subordin ates at Any time the squa d lead er ha s five mi nutes, he should all tim es and will insure the y are aware of it. Wh en a be prep ared to in struct squa d members on subjects suc h ma n co mes to h is supe rior fo r help, day or nigh t, he as safety, person al hygiene , or m ainten ance of eq uip­ ex pects to be helped . Th e NCO mu st be wi lling to gi ve ment. Afte r all, it is the squad leader' s respon sibil ity to up mu ch of his free time to assist the indiv idual who is see the individuals' eq uip ment is properl y maintained. troubled becau se tha t so ldie r may not be aro u nd tom or­ Th ese basi c duties and re spo nsibi lities of the squad row to ask fo r help. Wh en problem s arise that he ca nno t leader will co ns ume most of his duty hours . During solve, he mus t have access to his supe rio rs or personne l off- duty hours , he mu st prep are him sel f to ass ume the train ed to ass is t with thos e problems . T he avail abili ty of duties and respo nsi bilities of platoon se rgeant. all members in the cha in of command mu st be es ta b­ Th e pl atoon se rgeant is the firs t step in the NCO lished and publicized . channel of co mm un ication tha t has an officer as the im­ One area th at co u ld caus e problem s fo r the NCO mediate supervisor. Th erefore , man y of the du ties will today is the supe rvision of wo men. In the pa st , few be pre sc r ib ed by th e pl at o on lead er. The pl at oon continued

ENGINEER 33 sergeant advises and assists the platoon leader in super­ should take every opportunity to be with un it personnel vising the performance of platoon members through the at work , in the field , or at pla y. squad leaders. Most plato on lead ers are young and inex­ The command sergeant major, as ad visor to the bat ­ perienced, and look to the platoon sergeant for guid­ tali on commander, canno t affo rd to be tied to hi s desk . ance, instruction , and encouragement. It is up to the He, like th e unit fir st se rgeant, must know and be platoon sergeant to provide this leadership . He should known, by everyone in the command if he is to advis e not try to confuse or "sno w" his platoon leader. It is the commander on their welfare and morale. One of his only natural for a platoon sergeant to feel possesive to­ duti es , listed in AR 611-20, is to " make note of ob­ ward hi s platoon, especially if he has been in the unit served di screpancies and institute appropriate corrective for a period of time, but possessiveness should not af­ actions in the nam e of (he commander. " On -the-spot fect his relationship with the platoon leader. correcti on s should be made for the sake of discipline. The platoon sergeant further assi sts the platoon lead er The last duties and responsibilities to be examined by relayin g information to squad leaders, coordinating herein are those of NCOs assigned to positions outside the e fforts of squad leaders as si sting in acquiring the normal chain of command, including operations, supplies and equipment needed, counseling personnel intelligence , logistics, maintenance , and personnel ac­ concerning promotions, job performance, reenlistment tivities at battalion level and high er , as well 'as messing , and per sonal problems, accounting for personnel by mot or , and supply activities at company and troop level. utilizing the squad leader's reports, and passing infor­ Commissioned or warrant officers supervise the se ac­ mation up and down the NCO channel of communica­ tivities. Therefore, NCOs assigned to these activities tion . He must also assist squad leaders in the pursuit of must assume responsibility for the duti es of their sup er­ MOS proficiency while, at the same time , preparing visor in their specialty area. Personnel assigned to TD A himsel f fo r advancement to the po sition of first positions and positions c reated for sho rt periods of time sergeant. are in the same category as personnel assi gned to special The first sergeant is the senior nonc ommissioned ad­ skill positions. visor to the company commander. He must ass ist the Thi s was not intended to be a "laundry list " of duties command er in the operati on of the unit, and advi se him and responsibilities, but rath er a description of the most on all matt ers pertaining to the unit mi ssion or person ­ important NCO requirem ents. If the NC O performs nel. Army Regulation 611-20 contains a long list of these duti es to the best of hi s abil ity and training , he first sergeant responsibilities. In addition. he is respon ­ will belon g to a unit he can be proud to call his own. If sibl e for and to every man in his unit and if he should he cannot live up to the se requirement s, then he is in ever becom e so mission-oriented that he forgets thi s, the the wron g profession. III unit will surely suffe r. The first sergeant is usually the most expe rienced man in his unit and should be able to assist in solving man y Com mand Sergean t Major J ohnn y W . Greek reiired f rom at ­ problems that confront hi s men . The first sergeant live du ty in November / 978. He died in November / 979.

34 FALL 1980

RESERVE C MPONEN1r

SPECIAL WEEKEND COURSES areas. Se lec ted stu de nts should also be d er s to pe r so n ne l se lected to at tend familiar wi th the s ubject matt er , since courses . In continuing to prov ide tra ini ng as ­ instruction is a fa st-pa ced re vie w an d Qua lified Army Na tion al G ua rd pe r­ si st an c e to Ae ti vc Component. Army no t designed for inuial lcarnin g . so n ne l interested in att ending o ne or Na tional G uard , and Army Rese rve en­ Enroll ment in anyone co urse will be mo re course s must apply th rou gh their g ine er un it s. the US A r my Engi neer limite d . A pp l icat io n fur attend a nce c hain of co mmand to the National Guard Sc hool (U SAES) has sc hed uled we ekend sho uld be made in the same ma nner as Burea u , Sc hools Bra nch , uti lizi ng NGB co urses d uring F Y 8 1. Ea ch course w ill fo r o t her Ac t ive Du t y for Train ing Form 64 . be approx imately 12 hours . T he se are (A DT ) o r F ul l Ti me Train i ng Duty Un rts w h ic h h a ve be e n p rovi ded the o nly spec ia l weekend courses o f­ (F TTDl. U ni ts m ay wi sh to co ns ide r course allo catio ns are re sponsible to in­ fe red during FY 8 1 using l OT , with TOY, as a n alternate sure attendance of those personnel. lf Th e purpose of the pr ogram IS to trai n method fo r se nd ing pe rso nnel at reduced c ircu mstances preclude a tte ndance, or ­ officers a nd NCOs w ho w ill he co n­ co sts . de rs issui ng he adqu art e rs must nonf'y ducting train in g courses in the ir re spec­ U nit s must ve rbally confirm avail­ the Un it Training Section of ca nce ll atio n ti ve un its. Th e refore. students attend ing ab ili ty of stude nt allo ca tions to the Un it as soo n as po ssible , bu t not later than 10 the se courses should be personnel who . Trai n ing Section . TM D , U SAES , by working days prior to the start of class. by MOS o r Job assign ment, a re most ca lling AUTOVON 35 4 -3008, co m me r­ Orde rs should read : . 'For ind ividu al likely to be responsible for co nducti ng cial (703) 664 -3008 . o r INW ATS 800­ tr aini ng with USAES Speci al Weekend unit training in these part icul ar subject 33 6-30115, ext. 3008, before is su ing or- Co urs e 80 -SP__" . Ind ividu als mu st repo rt fo r mpro cc ssi ng prior to 8 : 15 a .m. the firs t d ay of class. T hey w ill be released on or before I :30 p. m . the se c­ o nd day of cl ass . St ud en ts mu st s ubmit pay and tra vel vo uc hers a t the ir ho m e station per TRADOC Su p plem ent to AR 5-9. dated Novemb er 2 1. 1978 Inqu ir ies conce rning thi s program and th e c o nfi r mat io n of cl ass a llncations should be d irected to the Unit Training Section , T MD , USAES . by call ing the ph o ne nu m be rs listed abo ve . or wr iting to C om ma ndant. US Army Eng ineer S choo l, ATTN : ATZA - DTR (U TS), Fo rt Belvoir , V A 22060.

CAPSTONE PROGRAM

T he Army Ca ps to ne Program reached new hei ghts (hi s s umme r whe n to p offi­ cials of the Army 's Active and Reserve Compone nts signed a Me morandum of Unders tanding a t H e adq uarte rs . US Army Force s Co mmand (FORSCOM), Fon McP herson, GA . Capsto ne tic s the peacetime trai ning and plann ing of the Army 's ac tiv e a nd Rese rve Co mponents (RC) to states ide and European wartim e needs . Its objec ­ tive s are 10 imp ro ve training , mo bi liza­ tio n , deplo ym e nt , and management of MISSOURI GUARD UNIT CONSTRUCTS BRIDGE the force . It fo rms Act ive and RC un its int o pack age s for wart im e deployment. Sharpening their military skills while performing a public servi ce . members of Th e Memorandum of Unde rstanding Compan y A . I IOlh Engineer Battalion, Missou ri Army Na tional Gua rd (Ka nsas clarifies the ro le each co mpo ne nt play s City) , construct a pedestrian bridge at Porn de Terre recreation area near Wheat ­ in ca rry ing out the Capstone program . It lan d , 11,4 0 . The bridg e was one of sev eral projects comple ted by the 110t h f or the a lso explain s ho w com mand c ha nne ls Corps of Engineers and the Mi sso uri Conservation Co mmi ssio/1 while conducting fun c tion un der the progr am . annual/raining at Camp Cla rk, MO . Depa rt ment of the Ar my ha s d irected

36 FALL 1980 fOR SCOM 10 impl em ent Capstone . All 12 , 13, 19.9 1. and 95B. Thi s method o f co m mands invol ved in the progra m m ust pr o gram expans io n is c o nsid e red th e e stab lish planning and training ass ocia­ mo st con st ruc tive to achiev e strength n ons with th eir Capstone units . goals in the weake r part of the US AR Gen . Robert M . S hoemake r . CO Ill ­ struc tu re . Instruct ions sho uld alre ad y be manding ge neral. FORSCOM ; Lt. Gen. i n t he hands o f fie ld un its for Im­ L a Vern E . W eber . c hief. Na t ro n al plem entat ion on Oc tober J. Guard Bureau; and Maj . Gen. William R . Berkm an , c h ie f . Arm y Re se rv e , signed the ag ree me nt . PREGNAN CY

A change to A R 135- 91 es tablishe s MILITARY DUT Y DEFINED the poli cy and procedures for proce ssin g member s of the Arn]y Nati onal Guard Medical ma nagement of in ca pac ita ­ and Ar my Reserve who beco me pr eg ­ tion pay has presented a pro ble m in th e nant. pa st to RC co m manders . To clar ify . the follo wing curr ent definition is offered co ncer n ing the r eturn 10 " no rm al " NEW TERMS mil itar y d ut ie s: . 'Norm al military du ty refers to th at milit ary d uty fo r which th e T he Ready Re serve is divided in to se rv ice me mbe r is qualified or for wh ich three major ca te go ric s: Se lected Reserve he /she ca n be trained within th e sco pe of Units, Pretrained Indi vidu al Re servist s, his/her func tio na l ab ili tie s a nd lim­ and the Training Pipel ine . itations as set forth in hi s/her physical Se lec ted Reserve Unit s (SRUs) are profile. In this instance , the phrase those org anized to serve as units up on " no rmal military duties" doe s not infer mobilizati on . that th e serv ic e mem be r should be ca pa­ Pre t r ai ned Individual R e s ervi sts ble of performing the sa me duties per­ (PIRs) incl ude tra ined indi vid uals who for med prior to incurring th e pre sent have complet ed initial trainin g and are injury an d/or ill ne ss . In cases whcre not members of Sel ect ed Reser ve Units . medic al eva lua tion alo ne is insufficient T hese augment Ac tive or Re serve units to e stablish the effect of an impai rme nt as fill er s or re plac ements upon mobili­ upon performance of no rmal duties , the zatio n . MTF co m ma nde r should seek evi dence Ready Re ser ve Training Pipel ine (TP ) fro m th e me mber 's unit co mmander to c on sists of all Read y Re servi st s wh o substa ntiate ability or inability to per­ have not ye t co mp le ted initial act ive fo rm nor mal duties . " d uty for trai nin g . Th ere have been nu merous cha nges during the past ye ar in the meaning of MO BEX 80 various terms applied to the Reserve Com po ne nts . The se c hange s a re in­ " Proud Sp irit"/MOB EX 80 is sched­ tended to clarify and si m plify unde r­ u led for Iar e fall. It is designed to stand ing and to im prove the man age ­ evaluate the ca pab ilit y o f CONUS co m­ ment of th e Read y Re serve. m an d a nd contro l headquarte rs , and ENGINEER RESERVES pl aying ins ta lla tio ns to co mmand and suppo rt the mo b ilizatio n of US Ar my PX PRIVILEGES DOUBLE UNDE RGO DIVER TRAINING Reserve and National Guard units. Un it level pla y will be limited to the prep ar a­ In April, Post Exchang e privilege s Specialist Four Lui s Cabrera and Staff lion o f urut data packet s for sub mission doubled for members of Army Reserve Sergeant Paul D . Loeffler inspect a to pla yin g mobilizat ion statio ns . and Nat io nal Gu ar d units . diver bef ore he enters the 33 -fo ot Re se rv e Compone nt members now training tank ope rated by the Fort earn o ne d ay of Po st Excha nge pri v­ Eustis Di ving Detachm ent . Cabrera MORE MOS BONUSES ileges for each four-hour drill weeke nd . and the diver are members of the Arm y For examp le , a two-d ay drill we ekend Reserv e' s 6991h Port Constru ction Du ring f iscal Ye ar 1981 the Sel ected ea r n s th e m ember f our d a ys o f Enginee r Compan y f rom Puerto Ri co Re se rv e In centive Pr ogr am (S R IP) is pri vileges . Re d Re serve Co mpo ne nt 10 that spe nt two weeks of active duty sched uled to inc orporat e se veral cri tica l cards and leave and ea rn ing stateme nts train ing at the Virgin ia installation . M OS in all Troop Pro gr am Units . C ur­ mu st be pr esented whe n usin g the Post Loeffler is a memb er of the Fort Eustis rent plans call for bonu ses for M OS II , Ex change . Diving Deta chm ent .

ENGINEER 37 ENLISTED CAREER INFO - M---­_ _ 1

FULL TIME MANNING zone does no t exceed 20 per cent of th e versio n Subcourscs are still under de ­ PROJECT E-4 strength . The limit is based on the ve lop me nt, but some are already avail­ ac tua l or proj ect ed numbe r of E -4s as­ able , like Eng ineer Su bcourse 5524, the M o re than 1,00 0 soldiers o n active sig ned to the unit and not on the tota l Univer sal Trestl e. duty will be assign ed to Re serve Com­ number all o we d. Group Study Correspo nde nc e Co urses pon ent (RC) units by the e nd of thi s inv ol ve group study und er the directio n month as part of the Army' s full- time o r guidance of an NCO or superv isor. manning (FTM) pr oj ect Additional as­ SHORTER OVERSEAS TOURS Examp le s o f available courses are En ­ si gnments ar e expect ed in FY 81 and g i neer Subcourse 05 0 1, Combat En­ l arer . So m e j u n io r so l die rs will begi n g ineer, and E ng ineer Subcourse 006 3 , s ho rte r tou rs in Euro pe or Japan October FTM is aime d at improvin g rhe readi­ Soils a nd Pavem en ts. ness of se lec te d hi gh priority Army Na ­ 1. Fir st termer s o n a three-yea r e nlist­ Soldier s are , in incr ea sing number s . t io nal Guard and US Arm y Re serve ment w ho are not command spo nsored usin g Co rrespo ndence Co urses to gai n unit s. The added full time so ldiers will will have to stay o nly 18 months . Sol­ expertise in th eir M OS and to help pre­ d iers no w se rve 24 to 32 mo nths in these work in the personnel manage ment, ad­ par e fo r their Skill Q ualificatio n Tests . areas . ministrati on , training , maintenance, and La te st figures com pile d by the Ar my In ­ T his change allows j unior soldie rs to supply areas. Gua rd and Reserve units stitute fo r Professio nal De vel opment re­ serve part of their first e nlistment over­ have the same training standards as ac­ veal tha t e nroll ment in the E ng ineer se as and part at a sta teside post. It also ti ve un its, w hi ch include pe rforming Correspo nde nce Co urse Progr am is near s ho rt e ns tours for th o se first termers level o ne mi ssi on s , bu t th ey hav e only 20 ,00 0 students. who a re already o verseas. Under an ad­ two days ea ch month a nd two we eks of Th e inc reasing popul arity of Corre­ justrnent pl an , these so ldie rs wo n' t have annual training to do it. s po nde nce Co urses m ay be due to the to se rve t he re invo lu nta r ily be yond Th e only full time pe ople in most Na­ fact that all courses are se lf-paced, en ­ March 30, 1982 . tion al Guard an d Army Re se rve uni t s abling the individual to work at hi s own S oldier s in a fou r-ye ar e nlistme nt and a re o ne o r t w o ci vi lian e mp loyees , rate . Self-pace d in structi on is used in­ those w ho take the ir depe nde nts over­ Adm in a nd Supply T echnici an s (A STs) creasing ly A rmy -w ide, so that m an y seas at th e Ar my 's ex pe nse will se rv e in e ach com pa ny-siz e unit , a nd addi­ so ld ie rs are familiar with it. the pre sent tour length . tion al supervisory te chnicians at battal ­ A nyone intere sted sho u ld c heck o ut An Ar my review board reco mmended ion and higher headquart er s . Ei ght per­ the courses listed in the Army Co rre­ the I8-month un accompanied tour early ce nt are performing full time duty i n spo nde nce Course Cata logue s (DA Pam in 1979 . Army officials feel the red uced support of the Guard , while onl y three 35 1-20) at their ed ucati on cente r . A DA tour wi ll impro ve morale a mo ng s ing le perc ent of the autho rized strength of the Form 145 e nroll ment application mu st a nd u naccom panied so ld i er s se rv i ng Army R eserv e is in full time support. be completed and mailed to : T he Army lon g tours aw ay from th e states. Th e e nti re FTM pr oject will pro vide Institute fo r Professio nal Develo pment , more than 3,000 full ti me so ld iers fo r U S Army T ra in ing S u pport C e nter, the R C . In ad d itio n to the 1,07 0 active Newport News, V A 23628. Army so ld iers , I , I 08 Gu ard members CORRESPONDENCE COURSES a nd 1,0 60 Res ervists wi ll be pu t o n spe ­ So ld ie rs, E I -E5 , c an no w earn pr o­ c ial three year ac tive duty tours th is mo ti on poi n t s for com p leting Army year. OFFICER CANDIDATE COURSE correspo nde nce courses, e ve n in th e ir primar y MOS . One pro moti on point is Bran ch Immat eri al Officer ' s C and i­ MORE E-3s TO BE PROMOTED earned fo r every five cre di t hours co m ­ date Co urse (BIOCC). fo rmerly called pl eted. Officer Ca nd idate Sch ool (OCS) , pro­ More E-3s may be promoted to E-4 In addi tio n to the trad iti o nal " ho rne vid es e nlisted sol d ier s an oppo rt unity 10 under a promot ion po licy c hange, DA study " courses, so ld ie rs may also earn become Army officers . officials announc ed thi s s ummer. pro motion point s by co mpleting co urses Ap pli ca nts to BI OC C mu st meet the Unit co mm anders will be abl e to pro­ i n three ne w programs-Supervi sed foll o wi ng require men ts: mot e E-3 s to E-4 as lon g as the number O n-T h e -J o b T raining (SOH) , T E C - Be no more th an 29 years of ag e at of E-4 s in a unit w ith 15 or more months Convers ion Su b course s , a nd Group the ti me of enrollment. se rv ice s tays bel o w 95 percen t. In the Stud y Co rrespo nde nce Courses. - Be an e nlisted me m be r or warr ant past , pr omotions to E-4 stopped whe n SOJT S ubcourse s pro v ide hands -on office r o n ac tive d uty. the E-4 stre ngth re ached 85 per cent of Ira i ning in s pec ific sk ill ar eas. Y o u - Sc or e at lea st 300 points o n th e the E- 3/E-4 total. donr ju st read about the skill or task . Ph ysical Fitness Test. Th e reason for the cha ng e is the de­ but ac tually perfo rm ta sks unde r th e - Be a U .S . ci tiz e n or ha ve lawfull y cline in th e E-4 stre ng th, officia ls said . guidance of a supe rv isor or inst ructo r. e nte red the US for pe rmanent residen ce. Th e c urrent method of computin g the T ra ining E xte nsio n Course Co nver­ Militar y Intelligen ce branch a pp licants nu mber of E-4s a llow ed re m ain s th e sion S ub coursc s in vol ve the use of a mu st be a US citize n . same . Co mmanders m ay prom ot e so l­ TEC cassette a nd the Beseler C ue/Sec -Have a GT sc o re of at least 110 for d ier s in th e wa ive r zo ne ( 15 -23 months proj ector fo r s t ud y , foll owed by a n males and 115 for fe ma les, score at least se rvi ce ), providing the nu mb er in th at exam for poi nt c red it. M an y TEe Co n­ li S o n the O ffic e r Ca ndidat e Test

38 FALL 1980 (OCT) and a minimum co mposite sc ore su bm issio ns for c las s 3-81 , sc he du led authorized the full Joint Travel Regula­ of 200 on the OCT and Officer Qualifi­ for April 19, 1981 to Jul y 22 , is J anuary tion s wei ght al lowances for thei r grades . ca tio n Inventory (OQ1 ) . (Females do n't 16. 19i11 . Junior so ld ie rs assig ned co th ese loca­ need the OCT and OQ1 .) Int crc s ted soldiers should c o nt.ac t tion s and all grades assigned to most - Acce pt a three-ye ar se rvice ob liga­ their local per sonnel off ice for further other are as in German y are still limited tion. details o n eli gibility and application. in wei ght all owance.s authorized. -Meet fitness stand ard s . Sold iers s ho uld con tact th e ir local - Mee t weight standards . transportation office for details . - U S citizens mu st hav e a fav orable WEIGHT ALLOWANCES National Ag e ncy Ch eck and non-citizens must have a favorable background in­ Officers and senior NCOs going o n E-8 BOARD SLATED vestigatio n. ac co m panied tours to certain area s in Graduate s of the 14-week BI OCC at Germany ar e now ab le to ship more An E-8 promotion board is slated to Fort Benning, GA , are com missioned as hou sehold goods . meet at Fort Benj amin Hamson , IN, in sec o nd lieutenants. Some soldiers are provided housin g late Oct ober to selec t more than 3 ,000 Applications for BIOCC class 2-&1, and furn ishings by the Air Force. Due to master se rg eants . Eli gible E- 7s on acti ve scheduled to begin Janu ar y 4 , 1981 and a shortage of furnishings , E-7 s and duty with a dale of rank (DOR) between gr aduate April 14, must be submitte d by abo ve assigned to Kai serslautcrn , Ram­ Novembe r I, 197 5 a nd Jul y 3 I , J977 Oc to ber 17 , 1980. Th e cuto ff d ate for ste in , Landstuhl, and Se rnbach are no w will be co nsidered in the primary zo ne.

THE SCHOOL SOLUTION

EQUIPMENT The MIAI breaching kit contains one 15.24-meter section , Since the battlefield is 200 meters deep, you determine that 14 kits are required for the footpath. You have 20 kits , so there is no problem with the footpath. The M157 breaching kit contains one 90-meter section . Since a one-lane vehicle path requires twice the number of kits as a foot­ path, and since four kits would clear only 180 meters, you deter­ mine that six kits are required to breach at least 200 meters. Again, sufficient equipment is available to accomplish the mission ,

PERSONNEL Since 3,5 to 4.5 man-hours are required to clear 100 meters with each M IA I kit , it follows that 7 to 9 hours are required to clear a 200-meter footpath . Likewise , since 6 to 8 man-hours are required for each M 157 kit , 36 to 48 man-hours are required for six kits. The total time required to clear a footpath and a one-lane vehicle path through the minefield is 43 to 57 man-hours. Since you have only four men and 10 hours in which to accomplish the mission , you should request additional personnel asset s. At least two add i­ tional squad members are required to insure maximum efficiency and mission accomplishment.

ENGINEER 39 OFFICER CAREER INFO

SCHOOLING CH ANGES struction and a six -hour exam. Officers cepting this added responsibili ty. There wil l the n atte nd th e reside nt C AS 3 are , ho we ver . a few rater s who are T he Dep artme nt of the Ar my is course TDY in their 7th, 8th, or 9t h claiming that all of thei r officers are in changi ng the way officers are selected YOS . All office rs must par ticipat e in the the top 1, 2 Of 3 percent of the Arm y. A for Command and Staff College (CSC) program and off ice rs co mpleting the senior rater runs the risk of losing credo level trai ning, accord ing to US Army nonres iden t phase will atten d the resi­ ibility with se lection board s wit h this Mili ta ry Per sonne l Ce nte r (M IL PE R­ d ent CA S3 co urse . Th e non re si dent type of intl ated profil e . In this regard, CEN) officials. course phase will be tested by the first all of fice rs, es pe c ially se nior ra ters , Th e Office r Per son nel Man agement t hree resid ent CAS3 c lasse s before sho uld review th e briefi ng g ive n to Sys tem (OPMS) changes, app rov ed by being put into the field . se le c tion boards o n the ne w OE R . Army Chief of S taff Ge ne ral Edward The first CAS3 co urse is schedule d Co p ies o f thi s briefing we re se nt to C. Me yer last April, also established a d ur ing FY 8 1 at Fo rt Leavenwo rt h , MACOM commanders last April. new Com bined Arms and Se rvices Staff KA .. and about 120 officers will attend. Ano ther meth od the Army use s to Schoo l (CAS 3) for trainin g staff offi ­ Of fic ia ls say tha t when th e re sid ent emphasize the import ance of the senior cers. co urse is fully in gear in FY 85 , about rater's responsibili ties is the publica tio n A new year gro up selection method 1,200 officers will receive that traini ng of the Seni or Rater Profil e Report (DA will be used to select officers to atte nd each year. Form 67-R -2). Beginning this month. CSC level training , according to DA The exact length of the CAS3 resi­ th is repo rt will be pu blished annua lly personnel offic ials . The selection proc­ dent co urse is under study by the US and will show the rat ing history of each ess will begin in academic year 1982-83 Army Training and Doctr ine Command Army officer who ha s se nior rated at wi th office rs co mpe ti ng with in the ir (TR A DO C ) , Fo r I Mo n ro e , VA. least five different office rs . A copy of own yea r groups for selec tion. Officials TRADOC is also studying the possibil ­ this report will be sent to the senior rater add ed that a two to three year transiti on ity of holding resid ent CAS3 courses at and another copy will be placed in the peri od will be needed to implement the other locations. per fo rmance sectio n o f the Official new selection plan . Graduates of CAS3 may be picked to Mi litar y Personn e l F i l e (OM PF) Offic ia ls say c a pt a ins in a no n ­ atrend either CSC level trainin g , Seni or alongs ide all of the senior rater' s other promot able status, officers between their Service Co llege, or bo th, officia ls say . per form ance doc uments. This is bei ng 8th and l l th years of com miss ioned Other parts of the officer education done to highl ight the fact that the evalu­ service (YOS) will be eligi ble for selec­ system are also being studied, according ation of subordi nates is one of (he most tion to attend CSC during their 9th and to off icials . Th ese inc lude expa ndi ng important respo nsib iliti es of sen ior offi­ 14th YOS. officer basic co urs es an d develo ping cers because of its impact on the selec­ Each of the four year gro ups will be milita ry q u a l if icat io n s t a ndar ds . tion of the future Army lead ers. There­ all owed a ce rt ain amount of seats fur TR AD O C is al so preparin g pre ­ fore , the ex tent to which a sen ior rater eac h CSC class . M[LPERCE N officials comma nd cou rses and spec ialty courses fulfills this respon sibility is in itse lf an say allocatio ns will be: 15 percent to the for officers in place of officer adva nced indication of his or her perform ance . year group in the 8th YOS . 15 per cent co urses. for the 9th YOS, and 35 percent each for the 10th and I I th YOS . SERVICE OBLIGATION D A wi ll co ntinue usin g the present SENIOR RATERS A.1",n THE 8- 15 YOS selectio n sys tem until 1983 NEW OER Office rs who have been o ff ic ially whi le th e new CSC sel ecti on plan i s ale rted for an ass ignment invol ving an bei ug phased in . In creasing the role of senior of ficers active ser vice obligation. and don 't wish esc se lections bet ween 1982 and in the eva lua tion process is one of the to acce pt the obligation . must request \983 for off icers with 12-1 5 YOS will maj or o bj ectiv es o f the new Off ice r separation withi n 30 days of the alert. be based on how many of those officers Evalu ation Rep ortin g System (OERS). Failure to follow the 30 day submis­ ha ve already a tte nd ed CSC, official s The new syst em focu ses attention 011 sion criteria will result in the officer say . senior raters and charges them w ith the being required to comply with assign­ The mission of the new CAS3 is to diffic ult duty of balancin g their obliga­ ment orders and the service obhgari on . provide active duty and reserve compo­ tion s to the rated officer with the ir oo li­ Th is pol icy also applies to Office r nent off icers rraming to serve as staff gati ons to the Army. Senior raters must Advan ced Co urse as signments and the officers wi th Ar my fiel d u n its. [h e prepare fair and ho nc st evalua tio ns Officer Adva nced Course Adva nced As­ CAS3 will teach officers what staffs do. which give each rated officer credit for signment progra m. It docs not perta in to what staffs are, and how staffs operate. his achievements and potenti al. At the office rs selected for Command and Gen­ Student offic er s will use thei r kn owl­ same time . th ey mus t p ro vide suf f'i­ eral Staff College-Level and Staff Serv ­ edge and skills in vanous simulated staff ci e ntl y re alis t ic and d i sc ri minat m g ices College-Level schooling, including situations. eva luations to allow Depa rtment of the Warra nt Office r Senior Courses . Offi cials added that the CAS3 pro­ Arm y career man ager s and selection For more informati on o n elg ib ility gr am w ill be br ok e n d own into two boar ds to make in tel lige nt pers on nel and submission req uireme nts, check AR phase s. Presently, off icials plan to in­ managemen t decis ions. 635 · 100 and 635 - 120 or call AUTO · elud e 120 hour s of CAS3 res ide nt in­ Ove rall , senior raters app ear to be ac­ VO N 22 1-7680/7889/8 118.

" v So GO VER NMf:., Ni p ~ltnlN G O F FI CE 19 80-0- UO-- 2.H R2 40 FALL 1980 Subscribe to

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SEND TO: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C.20402, along with check or money order payable to Superintendent of Documents. "tne Army's mission remains constant: to deter aggression through readiness and, should deterrence fail, to fight alongside our sister services and our allies and win. Deterrence, to be credible, requires a balanced military force capable of protecting our national Interests wherever they are threatened .and the unmistakable national resolve to employ that force if necessary." General Edward C. Meyer Chief of Staff of the Army