2013 Faseb Science Research Conferences Advisory Committee Meeting
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Spindle Assembly in Xenopus Egg Extracts
Spindle Assembly in Xenopus Egg Extracts: Respective Roles of Centrosomes and Microtubule Self-Organization Rebecca Heald, Régis Tournebize, Anja Habermann, Eric Karsenti, and Anthony Hyman Cell Biology Program, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany Abstract. In Xenopus egg extracts, spindles assembled end–directed translocation of microtubules by cytoplas- around sperm nuclei contain a centrosome at each pole, mic dynein, which tethers centrosomes to spindle poles. while those assembled around chromatin beads do not. However, in the absence of pole formation, microtu- Poles can also form in the absence of chromatin, after bules are still sorted into an antiparallel array around addition of a microtubule stabilizing agent to extracts. mitotic chromatin. Therefore, other activities in addi- Using this system, we have asked (a) how are spindle tion to dynein must contribute to the polarized orienta- poles formed, and (b) how does the nucleation and or- tion of microtubules in spindles. When centrosomes are ganization of microtubules by centrosomes influence present, they provide dominant sites for pole forma- spindle assembly? We have found that poles are mor- tion. Thus, in Xenopus egg extracts, centrosomes are not phologically similar regardless of their origin. In all cases, necessarily required for spindle assembly but can regu- microtubule organization into poles requires minus late the organization of microtubules into a bipolar array. uring cell division, the correct organization of mi- and Lloyd, 1994). In the absence of centrosomes, bipolar crotubules in bipolar spindles is necessary to dis- spindle assembly seems to occur through the self-organiza- D tribute chromosomes to the daughter cells. The tion of microtubules around mitotic chromatin (McKim slow growing or minus ends of the microtubules are fo- and Hawley, 1995; Heald et al., 1996; Waters and Salmon, cused at each pole, while the plus ends interact with the 1997). -
Mechanistic Mathematical Modeling of Spatiotemporal Microtubule Dynamics and Regulation in Vivo
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Mechanistic mathematical modeling of spatiotemporal microtubule dynamics and regulation in vivo Author(s): Widmer, Lukas A. Publication Date: 2018 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000328562 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library diss. eth no. 25588 MECHANISTICMATHEMATICAL MODELINGOFSPATIOTEMPORAL MICROTUBULEDYNAMICSAND REGULATION INVIVO A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (dr. sc. eth zurich) presented by LUKASANDREASWIDMER msc. eth cbb born on 11. 03. 1987 citizen of luzern and ruswil lu, switzerland accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Jörg Stelling, examiner Prof. Dr. Yves Barral, co-examiner Prof. Dr. François Nédélec, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Linda Petzold, co-examiner 2018 Lukas Andreas Widmer Mechanistic mathematical modeling of spatiotemporal microtubule dynamics and regulation in vivo © 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are all much more than the sum of our work, and there is a great many whom I would like to thank for their support and encouragement, without which this thesis would not exist. I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Jörg Stelling, for giving me the opportunity to conduct my PhD research in his group. Jörg, you have been a great scientific mentor, and the scientific freedom you give your students is something I enjoyed a lot – you made it possible for me to develop my own theories, and put them to the test. I thank you for the trust you put into me, giving me a challenge to rise up to, and for always having an open door, whether in times of excitement or despair. -
Intracellular Scaling Mechanisms
Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on September 29, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Intracellular Scaling Mechanisms Simone Reber1,2 and Nathan W. Goehring3 1Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, 01307 Dresden, Germany 2Integrative Research Institute (IRI) for the Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universita¨t zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany 3MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom Correspondence: [email protected] Organelle function is often directly related to organelle size. However, it is not necessarily absolute size but the organelle-to-cell-size ratio that is critical. Larger cells generally have increased metabolic demands, must segregate DNA over larger distances, and require larger cytokinetic rings to divide. Thus, organelles often must scale to the size of the cell. The need for scaling is particularly acute during early development during which cell size can change rapidly. Here, we highlight scaling mechanisms for cellular structures as diverse as centro- somes, nuclei, and the mitotic spindle, and distinguish them from more general mechanisms of size control. In some cases, scaling is a consequence of the underlying mechanism of organelle size control. In others, size-control mechanisms are not obviously related to cell size, implying that scaling results indirectly from cell-size-dependent regulation of size- control mechanisms. cell is a highly organized unit in which We also know that cell size can vary dra- Afunctions are compartmentalized into spe- matically even within one organism. Xenopus cific organelles. Each cellular organelle carries laevis is an extreme example. The smallest so- out a distinct function, which is not only related matic cells are only a few micrometers in diam- to its molecular composition but, in many cas- eter, whereas the oocyte and one-cell embryo es, also to its size. -
Findings Magazine
FindingsFALL 2017 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health National Institute of General Medical Sciences features 1 Protein Paradox: Enrique De La Cruz Aims to Understand Actin 18 The Science of Size: Rebecca Heald Explores Size Control in Amphibians articles 5 A World Without Pain 6 Demystifying General Anesthetics 10 There’s an “Ome” for That —TORSTEN WITTMANN, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO ON THE COVER This human skin cell was bathed 17 Lighting Up the Promise of Gene Therapy in a liquid containing a growth factor. The procedure for Glaucoma triggered the formation of specialized protein structures that enable the cell to move. We depend on our cells 24 NIGMS Is on Instagram! being able to move for basic functions such as the healing of wounds and the launch of immune responses. departments 3 Cool Tools: High-Resolution Microscopy— Editor In Living Color Chris Palmer 9 Spotlight on Videos: Scientists in Action Contributing Writers Carolyn Beans 14 S potlight on the Cell: The Extracellular Matrix, Kathryn Calkins Emily Carlson a Multitasking Marvel Alisa Zapp Machalek Chris Palmer Erin Ross Ruchi Shah activities Production Manager 22 Superstars of Science Quiz Susan Athey Online Editor The Last Word (inside back cover) Susan Athey Find Us At Image credits: Unless otherwise credited, images are royalty-free stock images. https://twitter.com/nigms https://www.facebook.com/nigms.nih.gov Produced by the Offce of Communications and Public Liaison https://www.instagram.com/nigms_nih National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institutes of Health https://www.youtube.com/user/NIGMS U.S. -
Human CPAP and CP110 in Centriole Elongation and Ciliogenesis
Human CPAP and CP110 in Centriole Elongation and Ciliogenesis Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften der Fakultät für Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München Vorgelegt von Thorsten I. Schmidt München, 2010 Dissertation eingereicht am: 11.05.2010 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 25.10.2010 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Erich A. Nigg Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Angelika Böttger Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation selbständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfe angefertigt habe. Sämtliche Experimente wurden von mir selbst durchgeführt, soweit nicht explizit auf Dritte verwiesen wird. Ich habe weder an anderer Stelle versucht, eine Dissertation oder Teile einer solchen einzureichen bzw. einer Prüfungskommission vorzulegen, noch eine Doktorprüfung zu absolvieren. München, den 11.05.2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY............................................................................................................................1 2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................2 2.1 Function and Structure of the Centrosome.....................................................................2 2.1.1 The Centrosome as MTOC in Proliferating Cells .................................................2 2.1.2 The Centriole as Template for Cilia and Flagella .................................................3 2.1.3 Molecular Composition and Structure of the Centrosome....................................3 2.2 -
A Lab Co-Op Helps Young Faculty Members to Thrive
WORLD VIEW A personal take on events A lab co-op helps young MARK JOSEPH HANSON faculty members to thrive Linking a lab with others fosters crucial camaraderie, collaboration and productivity, writes Rebecca Heald. hen I started my lab at the University of California, Berkeley, form the group. Proximity is key. I advise postdocs who want to follow two decades ago, what terrified me most was the thought that conventional paths in academia to prioritize jobs in departments that I alone was responsible for everything — from formulating are hiring lots of junior faculty members, and to avoid institutions — Wsuccessful PhD-thesis projects to picking the right freezer. Fortunately, even prestigious ones — that force assistant professors to compete with my stress was mitigated because, within a year, two new assistant profes- each other. That makes everyone in the lab miserable. sors, Matt Welch and Karsten Weis, were hired and given lab space next Matt, Karsten and I had each previously experienced collaborative to mine. Although we all focused on different areas of cell biology, we environments — Matt at the University of California, San Francisco; me shared common interests and values and quickly saw benefits in joining at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany; forces. We called our joint groups the Trilab. and Karsten at both — which helped us conceive of the Trilab. We were Matt, Karsten and I saved space by sharing chemical and microscopy exceedingly fortunate to be at the same career stage at the same place and rooms, and saved money by pooling equipment. We even tore down a time. -
Microtubules: 50 Years on from the Discovery of Tubulin
PERSPECTIVES microtubule dynamics and organization VIEWPOINT emerge from a defined set of proteins Microtubules: 50 years on from through reconstitution experiments. Jonathon Howard. One of the big questions back when I got into the microtubule the discovery of tubulin business, around 1990, was how motor proteins such as kinesin and dynein use Gary Borisy, Rebecca Heald, Jonathon Howard, Carsten Janke, ATP hydrolysis to generate force for Andrea Musacchio and Eva Nogales transport along microtubules (such as axonal transport) or for cell motility (such as Abstract | Next year will be the 50th anniversary of the discovery of tubulin. ciliary or flagellar motion). The interaction To celebrate this discovery, six leaders in the field of microtubule research reflect of kinesin with microtubules was a model on key findings and technological breakthroughs over the past five decades, system, because it was clear that only a discuss implications for therapeutic applications and provide their thoughts on relatively small number of kinesins must what questions need to be addressed in the near future. be capable of moving small vesicles along microtubules. A related question was how microtubule growth and shrinkage could Identifying the main component of Rebecca Heald. In the mid-1990s, one generate force to move chromosomes microtubules was obviously the pressing question was why microtubules during mitosis. Polymerization and pressing task in the field around 50 years ago. in cells were so much more dynamic than depolymerization forces were very What key questions were being pursued microtubules assembled from purified mysterious: how could you hold on to the when you entered the arena of tubulin. -
Program Book
The Genetics Society of America Conferences 15th International Xenopus Conference August 24-28, 2014 • Pacific Grove, CA PROGRAM GUIDE LEGEND Information/Guest Check-In Disabled Parking E EV Charging Station V Beverage Vending Machine N S Ice Machine Julia Morgan Historic Building W Roadway Pedestrian Pathway Outdoor Group Activity Area Program and Abstracts Meeting Organizers Carole LaBonne, Northwestern University John Wallingford, University of Texas at Austin Organizing Committee: Julie Baker, Stanford Univ Chris Field, Harvard Medical School Carmen Domingo, San Francisco State Univ Anna Philpott, Univ of Cambridge 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3998 Telephone: (301) 634-7300 • Fax: (301) 634-7079 E-mail: [email protected] • Web site: genetics-gsa.org Thank You to the Following Companies for their Generous Support Platinum Sponsor Gold Sponsors Additional Support Provided by: Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC Monterey Convention & Gene Tools, LLC Visitors Bureau Leica Microsystems Xenopus Express 2 Table of Contents General Information ........................................................................................................................... 5 Schedule of Events ............................................................................................................................. 6 Exhibitors ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Opening Session and Plenary/Platform Sessions ............................................................................ -
Mechanisms of Centriole Duplication and Their Deregulation in Disease
REVIEWS Once and only once: mechanisms of centriole duplication and their deregulation in disease Erich A. Nigg1 and Andrew J. Holland2 Abstract | Centrioles are conserved microtubule-based organelles that form the core of the centrosome and act as templates for the formation of cilia and flagella. Centrioles have important roles in most microtubule-related processes, including motility, cell division and cell signalling. To coordinate these diverse cellular processes, centriole number must be tightly controlled. In cycling cells, one new centriole is formed next to each pre-existing centriole in every cell cycle. Advances in imaging, proteomics, structural biology and genome editing have revealed new insights into centriole biogenesis, how centriole numbers are controlled and how alterations in these processes contribute to diseases such as cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, recent work has uncovered the existence of surveillance pathways that limit the proliferation of cells with numerical centriole aberrations. Owing to this progress, we now have a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing centriole biogenesis, opening up new possibilities for targeting these pathways in the context of human disease. Procentriole Centrosomes function in animal cells as microtubule Centrosome structure and assembly A newly constructed centriole organizing centres and thus have key roles in regulat Centriole duplication and centrosome assembly are that is unable to duplicate. ing cell shape, polarity and motility, as well as spindle complex processes that need to be tightly regulated dur formation, chromosome segregation and cyto kinesis1–4. ing proliferation and development. Key components A typical animal cell begins the cell cycle with a single involved in these processes have recently been identified, centrosome, comprising a pair of centrioles. -
OCTOBER 2006 ASCB NEWSLETTER 3 Life and Place Work and Parenting in Greater Will Take a Toll, There Is Also a Relatively Harmony
ASCB OCTOBER 2006 NEWSLETTER VOLUME 29, NUMBER 10 Women in Science: A ASCB Launches Disappearing Image & Video Library Act? A New Electronic Resource Page 2 Frustrated in their search for images or videos to (IVL). As part of its mission to teach cell illustrate cell organelles and functions, many cell biology to a broad range of science students Pope Questions biology educators, researchers, around the world, the ASCB has and students have given up. The created a new educational tool Role of Science process has often been extremely that illustrates the cell in a variety Page 15 difficult, if not impossible, for of multimedia formats. The IVL’s both historical micrographs and easy-to-use digital library format cutting-edge discoveries. And offers a growing collection of Take the Time when such visual representations items, all freely accessible on the cannot be obtained from credible Internet at http://cellimages.ascb. to Smell the sources, science education org. suffers. After all, cell biology is a Farquhar MG, Palade GE. The IVL is governed by two Roses? Epithelial cells from the proxi- foundation science, a cornerstone mal tubule of rat kidney dem- boards. A Scientific Advisory Page 24 for students and researchers in all onstrating tight junction seal Board (SAB), composed of biological professions. prominent academic scientists, Now ASCB offers an antidote for frustration, works closely with Curator David Ennist and Inside and a source for peer-reviewed, high-quality Assistant Curator Cindy Boeke, to develop the visual and written -
Engineering Spatiotemporal Organization and Dynamics in Synthetic Cells
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Meeting Report
MEETING REPORT Exploring the pole: an EMBO conference on centrosomes and spindle pole bodies Sue L. Jaspersen and Tim Stearns The centrosome and spindle pole body community gathered for its triennial meeting from 12–16 September, 2008 at EMBL in Heidelberg (Germany). Sponsored by the EMBO, the conference on Centrioles are short, cylindrical structures in constituent proteins, and the identification centrosomes and spindle pole bodies was which the walls of the cylinder are made up of of those that are key functional components, organized by Trisha Davis, Susan Dutcher, nine specialized triplet microtubules. This elegant as opposed to hangers-on that use the centro- Michael Knop, Robert Palazzo, Elmar Schiebel nine-fold symmetry is absolutely conserved and some as a cellular assembly point. At the first and Kip Sluder. This was the fourth meeting gives centrioles their characteristic ‘pinwheel’ meeting twelve years ago, John Kilmartin’s in a series that started in 1996 and, as with the appearance in cross-section. Separate from their mass-spectrometry analysis of the SPB4 was previous meetings1–3, was an occasion to cel- role as a focus of PCM, centrioles also nucleate the a prescient first glimpse of the cornucopia of ebrate present accomplishments and contem- ciliary axoneme, imparting their nine-fold sym- centrosome proteins that would soon emerge plate the future. Below we summarize some of metry to this structure as well. A centriole at the from similar work on centrosomes, centrioles the major themes that emerged. base of a cilium is referred to as a basal body. and cilia. Whereas we once had the sense of The centrosome, with its pair of centrioles, having hold of only the trunk, leg or tail of the Centrosome 101 duplicates once per cell cycle at the G1/S tran- proverbial centrosomal elephant, new results Microtubules and their constellation of asso- sition so that a cell will have exactly two cen- are revealing a much more complete picture of ciated proteins and structures are strongly trosomes during mitosis.