Studio Preliminare

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Studio Preliminare Dipartimento di Scienze della Comunicazione, Studi Umanistici e Internazionali: Storia, Culture, Lingue, Letterature, Arti, Media (DISCUI) CORSO DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN STUDI UMANISTICI – CURRICULUM SCIENZE DEL TESTO XXX ciclo PER UNA NUOVA EDIZIONE DI CORINNA DI TANAGRA: STUDIO PRELIMINARE Settore Scientifico Disciplinare L-FIL-LET/02 Relatore Dottoranda Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Liana Lomiento Dott. Tullia Spinedi Anno Accademico 2016-2017 Premessa Diverse sono state le edizioni di Corinna, ma in due casi soltanto sono opere monografiche: l’edizione di Page del 1953 (D. L. Page, Corinna, The Society for the promotion of the Hellenic Studies, Londra 1953) e quella, recente, di Torres del 2005 (R. Torres, M. Capellà, J. Portulas, Testimonis i fragments / Corinna de Tànagra, introducció i edició de Ricard Torres i Ribé; traducció de Margalida Capellà i Soler; pròleg, supervisió i notes de Jaume Pòrtulas, Barcelona 2005). Le altre sono edizioni che comprendono diversi poeti lirici, tra le quali la più celebre è l’edizione di Page dei Poetae Melici Graeci del 1962, che è a tutt’oggi l’edizione di riferimento per quanto riguarda i carmi della poetessa beotica. Nessuna delle monografie è specificamente un’edizione commentata, seppur vi siano introduzioni e discussione di diversi argomenti; nessuna, inoltre, comprende tutta l’opera di Corinna, per diverse ragioni: l’edizione di Page del 1953 è anteriore alla pubblicazione dei Papiri di Ossirinco editi nel 1956; l’edizione di Torres esclude i papiri più frammentari. Questo studio si presenta come preparatorio per una edizione italiana commentata dei componimenti di Corinna e delle testimonianze sulla sua vita e sulla sua opera. Esso comprende un’introduzione mirata a esporre 1) i problemi relativi alla datazione e al genere letterario, 2) la lingua, 3) il metro, 4) la tradizione manoscritta e 5) il commento dei testimonia; nella sezione introduttiva si trova, in via provvisoria, il commento delle testimonianze indirette, che saranno poi edite a parte e con commento specifico (per questa ragione, nel presente lavoro, le testimonianze indirette sono indicate secondo la numerazione dell’edizione di Page 1962). Segue l’edizione con commento di tutti i papiri di lirica beotica, prodotta in seguito all’analisi autoptica di tutti gli originali, ad esclusione del Papiro di Berlino 13284 che, in questi anni, è stato in restauro. Si è scelto, per ora, di mantenere la numerazione dell’edizione di Page 1962, a cui si accosta una proposta di rinumerazione immaginando un’edizione monografica. I testi sono seguiti dall’apparato critico e dalla traduzione, che è stata fornita solo ove fosse possibile ricostruire il significato del contesto. L’apparato è di tipo negativo; comprende al suo interno la registrazione degli scolî marginali o interlineari (sempre per primi) e dei segni di lettura dei papiri (sempre per ultimi); i segni di lettura sono registrati in apparato nei casi in cui sia stato comprensibile il testo e si sia proceduto alla divisio verborum e all’edizione del testo secondo i criteri editoriali moderni. La struttura del volume si fonda sui criteri adottati nella collana Lyricorum Graecorum quae exstant, Edizioni dell’Ateneo. i 1. Introduzione 1.1 La datazione e il genere Fino ai primi del ‘900 ben poco si conosceva della produzione di Corinna, poetessa nota solo grazie a fonti indirette che la celebravano come una delle nove donne dalla voce divina e soprattutto come maestra e rivale di Pindaro, che con lei condivideva la provenienza beotica. Le scoperte papiracee (1907, 1931 e 1956) hanno portato alla luce diversi frammenti, alcuni anche piuttosto ampi, che hanno permesso di confermare, o confutare, il giudizio degli antichi sulla poesia e la personalità di Corinna. Tra i diversi contributi che gli studiosi hanno offerto, di notevole importanza fu quello di Lobel1: egli, infatti, propose di disconoscere la testimonianza degli antichi, che voleva Corinna contemporanea del suo conterraneo Pindaro, suggerendo una cronologia ben più tarda, coincidente con quella che si riteneva fosse, in base a dati linguistici, la data di redazione dell’archetipo dei papiri, ossia la seconda metà del III sec. a.C. Contestata immediatamente da Bowra2, la cronologia di Corinna è ancora oggi dibattuta tra chi corrobora la tesi di Lobel e tra chi prosegue a dare credito alle testimonianze degli antichi3. Oggetto di dibattito è anche il genere a cui appartengano i componimenti della poetessa: Wilamowitz, considerata la profonda differenza che intercorre tra Corinna e Pindaro, ha ritenuto che fossero componimenti monodici, dato anche l’uso del dialetto locale4; altri studiosi hanno proposto invece di riconoscere odi di tipo corale con contenuto spiccatamente narrativo5. Ciò che emerge dallo studio dei testi di Corinna e dalla lettura delle fonti induce a propendere per una cronologia non più bassa del IV secolo a.C. e per un tipo di componimenti destinati a occasioni cultuali cittadine, probabilmente eseguiti da cori di fanciulle. Difatti, seppur spiccatamente narrativi, i poemi di Corinna contengono, per quanto è possibile leggere, incipit che definiscono l’ambito performativo, con invocazioni alla divinità e determinazione del luogo e del tempo della festa, oltre a indicazioni di carattere tecnico-musicale6; si articolano poi in lunghe sezioni narrative relative a vicende mitiche declinate nel contesto locale beotico. I suoi componimenti, dunque, che sembra superassero i 150 versi, ma probabilmente non di molto, poiché nei rotoli che possediamo erano raccolti due o più poemi (e un volume, in genere, poteva contenere circa 1000 versi)7, possono quindi 1 Lobel 1930. 2 Bowra 1931. 3 A difesa della cronologia alta Harvey 1955, Latte 1968, Lesky 1957, Gallavotti 1957, Allen-Frel 1972, Davies 1988, Burzacchini 1991, Palumbo 1993, Gentili-Lomiento 2001, Vottero 2012; sostenitori di una datazione più bassa Bolling 1956, Guillon 1958 e 1959, Segal 1975. West 1970 propende per una datazione ‘intermedia’, ossia il IV secolo a.C., e così più di recente anche Schachter 2005. 4 Wilamowitz 1907. 5 Per citarne alcuni, West 1970, Burzacchini 1991, Palumbo 1993. 6 Si vedano i commenti a 1 b, 2, 3, 4, 5 ( = PMG 654b, 655, 690, 692, 693). 7 Due componimenti sono preservati sicuramente nei papiri che riportano rispettivamente 1a e 1b ( = PMG 654 = PBerol. 13284), 3 ( = PMG 690 = PSI X 1174), 6 ( = PMG 694 = POxy. 2374); almeno due sono ii essere accostati, almeno per un confronto, alla poesia di Stesicoro: la sezione narrativa – che sia essa eseguita a solo o da un coro – era preceduta da un’introduzione certamente corale destinata a collocare il racconto nel contesto concreto della festa8. 1.2 La lingua La lingua utilizzata da Corinna è una Kunstsprache fondata sulla lingua poetica comune, densa di termini epici e di forme antiche, che accoglie beotismi fonetici e morfologici percepiti già dagli antichi come fortemente caratterizzanti: è difatti l’unica fonte letteraria citata dai grammatici per esemplificare il dialetto beotico. Le caratteristiche del dialetto che il testo di Corinna presenta, e soprattutto la peculiare grafia ‘fonetica’ di vocali e dittonghi, sono state a lungo ritenute elementi validi per datare l’edizione del testo quale è giunto fino a noi: in poche parole la veste grafica dei poemi di Corinna rappresenterebbe uno stadio preciso dell’evoluzione del dialetto beotico, esattamente il periodo che va dal 225 al 175 a.C., come ha ipotizzato per primo Page9. In realtà, come ha recentemente notato Vottero, se si analizza la grafia delle iscrizioni è impossibile trovare un periodo totalmente coerente con il sistema grafico adottato nell’edizione dei testi di Corinna: essi infatti tendono a presentare assieme e con scarsa coerenza pressoché tutti i tratti caratteristici dell’ortografia beotica, escludendo fenomeni particolarmente recenti, e si incontra anche qualche ipercorrettismo10. Gli esiti consonantici appaiono coerenti con il dialetto beotico dalle origini in poi, e dunque non forniscono alcun dato utile per la datazione del testo11. Anche gli elementi morfologici conservati nel rotolo che riporta 5 ( = PMG 693 = POxy. 2373); forse quello che riporta 4 ( = PMG 692 = POxy. 2372) ne comprende più di due. Anche l’elenco di titoli presente nel fr. 36 del medesimo papiro induce a pensare che un rotolo comprendesse diversi componimenti. Si veda più avanti, nel par. ‘I papiri’. 8 Aloni 1990. I componimenti di Stesicoro erano sensibilmente più lunghi, se solo l’Orestea fu divisa dagli alessandrini, come sembrerebbe, in due libri; è possibile poi che le singole performance riguardassero singoli episodi e non un intero poema, come ipotizzato da Burnett 1988. Sulla questione dell’esecuzione monodica o corale sostengono la prima ad es. West 1971, Rossi 1983, mentre propendono per la seconda Cingano 1993 e D’Alfonso 1994; si veda anche Ercoles 2012. 9 Page 1953, p. 67. 10 Vottero 2012, pp. 147-148; sulla stessa linea anche Vessella 2012, p. 810. 11 Si tratta di: 1) esito della palatalizzazione –kj- > -ττ- (Buck 1955, pp. 69-70; Bechtel 1921, p. 249; Blümel 1982, p. 117); 2) sostituzione, nella desinenza media per la terza persona plurale, di τ con θ (Buck 1955, p. 113; Latte 1968, p. 500. Nell’opinione tradizionale il fenomeno è dovuto allo spostamento dell’aspirazione nella terza persona plurale del verbo essere - *ἑντι > ἐνθι; secondo García Ramón 1975 è una forma analogica su –μεθα/-σθε; Blümel 1982, p. 155 ss. fornisce una diversa spiegazione del fenomeno, ossia che esso sia uno sviluppo fonologico indipendente: sarebbe una palatalizzazione di [t]); 3) ζ > δδ; 4) *kwā > ππᾱ > πᾱ (Buck 1955, p. 127, Thumb-Scherer 1959, p. 31); 5) forme delle preposizioni (ἐν + accusativo, ἐσς = ἐξ, ἐς = ἐκ); 6) *gwel- > βείλ-ομαι (invece di βούλομαι < *gwol-); 7) conservazione del [w] iniziale (Blümel 1982, p. 83-84). iii sono attestati in beotico dall’età arcaica in poi12. Si presenta di seguito un quadro degli esiti vocalici. È da notare che molti fenomeni grafici si manifestano in maniera più uniforme in seguito all’introduzione, in Beozia, dell’alfabeto ionico, che può essere datata alla prima metà del IV secolo (al 395/4 a.C.
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