Horsemanship and Horse Care
KIP:^á^^ »"«""RECEíVEO
NOV 3C 19«
us. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE • AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE AGRICULTURE irir"PM*Tl^H Pill I fTIH NQia^ 369258
CONTENTS
Page Breeds of horses 1 Selecting a horse 6 Colors and markings 12 Riding equipment 16 Riding a horse 21 Showing a horse 21 Buildings and fences 26 Breeding a horse 28 The foal 29 Feeding a horse 33 Grooming a horse 39 Care of the feet .- 39 Diseases and parasites 41 Breed registry associations 48
Credit : The author adapted some of the narrative and illustrations used in this bulletin from the book, HORSES AND HORSEMANSHIP, with permission of the pubisher, The Inter- state Printers and Publishers, Inc., Danville, Illinois.
COVER : Courtesy of Mr. Al Mavis, Mavis Connemara Farm, Rochester, 111.
This bulletin supersedes Farmers' Bulletin No. 2127, "Light Horses." For more complete information on horses, see Agriculture Handbook No. 394, "Breeding and Raising Horses/*
Washington, D.C. Issued September 1972 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. - Price 35 cents Stock Number 0100-1475 Horsemanship and Horse Care
By M. E, ENSMiNGERj^ebllaborator, Animal Science Research DivisioUt Á'gricultural Research Service
Horses may be classified as distinctive, uniformly transmit- light horses, ponies, or draft ted characteristics that are not horses, according to size, build, common to other horses» and use. The U. S. Department of Agri- Light horses are 14-2 to 17 culture has no authority to ap- hands high measured at the with- prove a breed. The only legal ba- ers, and they weigh 900 to 1,400 sis for recognizing a breed is in pounds. A hand is 4 inches ; thus the Tariff Act of 1930. It provides 14-2 hands is 58 inches, or 14 for the duty-free admission of hands, 2 inches. purebred breeding horses provid- Ponies are under 14-2 hands ed they are disease free and re- high and weigh up to 900 pounds. gistered in the country of origin, Draft horses are 14-2 to 17-2 but this applies only to imported hands high, weigh 1,400 pounds animals. or more, and are used primarily For detailed information about for pulling loads and other heavy any of the breeds, write to the ap- work. propriate breed registry associa- Light horses are discussed in tion. The names and addresses of this bulletin. They are used pri- the associations are given on marily for riding, driving, rac- pages 48 and 49. ing, or light farm work and in The list of associations is not addition to being smaller they are complete, and no discrimination generally more rangy and more is intended against associations active than draft horses, that are not included. Only the associations that register the most BREEDS OF HORSES common breeds of horses are list- ed. But the inclusion of an associ- A breed of horses is a group of ation in the list does not consti- horses having a common origin tute any official recognition of the and possessing certain well-fixed, horses it registers as a breed.
1 BN-3266S BN-328M Breed: American Albino Horse. Breed : American Paint Horse. Color: White. Color: White and any other color.
BN-32B76 BN 32164 Breed: American Buckskin. Breed: American Saddle Horse. Color: Buckskin, red dun, or grulla Color: Bay, hrown, gray, cheiinul, or (mouse dun). black.
: s 2568 BN-32659 Breed: Appaloosa. Breed: American Gotland Horse. Color: White over the loin and hips «i«'» Color: Bay, brown, black, dun, chestnut, dark spots on the white areas; other roan, or palomino. coloring is variable. BN-326B7 Breed: Arabian. BN-32667 Color: Bay, gray, chestnut, white, or black. Breed: Galiceno. Color: Bay, black, chestnut, dun, gray, brown, or palomino.
BN-Í2B76 Breed: Cleveland Bay. Color: Bay body and black legs. BN-nnt Breed: Hackney. Color: Che.tnut, bay. brown, roan, or black.
- BN-32669 BN-32472 "feed: Connemara Pony, ^olor: Gray, black, bay, dun, brown, Breed: Hnngarian Horse. fream, roan, or chestnut. Color: Any color. BN-32679 Breed: Missouri Fox Trotting Horse Color: Any rolor but usually sorrel. BN-32566 Breed: I'aso Fino. Color: Any color.
BN-Í2678 Breed: Morgan. BN iW\i Color: Bay. brown, black, or chestnut. Breed: Peruvian Paso. Color: Any color.
BN-32577 Breed : Palomino. BN-42U> Color: Golden with light colored mane and Breed: Pinto Horse. tail. Color: White and any other color. BN-MM4 BN-nst« Breed: Spanitb Muttang. Br«ed: Pony of the Americas. Color: Any color except lobUno. Color: White over the loin and hip« with dark tpoti on the while areaa; other coloring it variable.
Breed: Standardbred. UN tMTl Color: Bar. brown, fk**la«t. bWb, gray, Itfrcd (Juarirr llor»». roan, or dun. < olor Chriinui, «nrrel, bay, dun, black, l-alomlno, roan, brown, or repp*f.
BN-ttSM Breed: T. ^«d: a>etland Pony. Color: SofTeL C«lor: Any color. bay, brawv. P*7- BN-32660 BN-32663 Breed : Thoroughbred. Breed: Welsh Pony. Color: Bay, brown, black, chesnnt, roai Color: Any color except piebald or skew- or gray. bald. SELECTING A HORSE in the three natural gaits—walk, trot, and gallop—before he at- Relatively few horses are in- tempts to ride a horse executing spected and evaluated by experi- more complicated gaits. enced horsemen. Most horses are After deciding what kind of bought by persons who lack ex- horse you need, you are ready to perience in judging but who have select a particular horse. The best a practical need for the animal method is to select your horse on and take pride in selecting and the basis of body characteristics owning a good horse. If you are and performance, and on show an amateur, you should get the ring winnings if he is a show help of a competent horseman be- horse. If you intend to use your fore you buy a horse. horse for breeding, you also When you select a horse, con- should consider his pedigree and sider the following points. the records of his near relatives • The horse should be the right and offspring. size and weight for the rider. A Before you go out to buy a small child should have a small horse, you should be able to iden- horse or pony and a heavy adult tify the parts of a horse, detect should have a large horse. Also, blemishes and unsoundnesses and a tall person should have a tall determine age. horse. • A quiet, gentle horse that is not too spirited is best for an in- Parts of a Horse experienced adult or a child. You should have a thorough • A three-gaited horse usually knowledge of the parts of a horse is best for a beginner. A beginner and be able to understand the needs experience riding a horse language commonly used in de- scribing them. The diagram on proper value to each part. An all- tWs page shows the parts of a breed score card is shown on pages horse. 8 and 9. The use of a score card is a good way to make sure that you have inspected all parts of a horse Blemishes and Unsoundnesses before you buy him. A score card An integral part of selecting lists all the parts and assigns a a horse lies in your ability to rec- BN-15178 Paris of a horse. I, Muzzle 12. Neck 23. Quarter 34. Fetlock 2, Nostril 13, Throatlatct 24. Stifle 35. Cannon 3. Jaw 14. Withers 25. Rear flank 36. Knee 4. Cheek 15. Back 26. Sheath 37. Forearm 5, Face 16. Loin 27. Underline 38. Point of elbow 6. Eye 17. Croup 28. Gaskin 39. Arm 7. Forehead 18. Hip 29. Point of hock 40. Point of ehoulder B. Poll 19. Coupling 30. Hock 41. Rihs 9. Ear 20. Tau 31. Foot 42. Heart girth 10. Mane 21. Point of buttocks 32. Coronet 43. Shoulder 11, Crcßi 22. Thigh 33. Pastern All-Breed Horse Score Card eu ^ä I Characteristics eg ta u Si w Î2Î Q ¡l-g Breed type i ~ - 15 Animals should possess the distinctive characteristics of the breed represented, including— Color: Height at maturity: Weight at maturity: Form - 35 Style and beauty : Attractive, good car- riage, alert, refined, symmetrical, and all parts nicely blended together. Body: Nicely turned; long, well-sprung ribs; heavily muscled. Back and loin: Short and strong, wide, well muscled, and short coupled. Croup : Long, level, wide, muscular, with a high-set tail. Rear quarters: Deep and muscular. Gaskin : Heavily muscled. Withers: Prominent, and of the same height as the high point of the croup. Shoulders: Deep, well laid in, and slop- ing about a 45-degree angle, Chest: Fairly wide, deep, and full. Arm and forearm: Well muscled. Feet and legs.... 15 Legs: Correct position and set when viewed from front, side, and rear. Pasterns r Long, and sloping at about a 45-degree angle. Feet: In proportion to size of horse, good shape, wide and deep at heels, dense texture of hoof. Hocks: Deep, clean-cut, and well sup- ported. Knees: Broad, tapered gradually into cannon. Cannons: Clean, flat, with tendons well defined. All-Breed Horse Score Card—(Continued) n ja Characteristics—Continued II Si I? Head and neck-- -.. -- 10 Alertly carried, showing style and char- acter. Head: Well proportioned to rest of body, refined, clean-cut, with chiseled appear- ance; broad, full forehead with great width between the eyes; ears medium sized, well carried, and attractive; eyes large and prominent. Neck: Long, nicely arched, clean-cut about the throatlatch, with head well set-on, gracefully carried. Quality - - -- 10 Clean, fiat bone; well-defined and clean joints and tendons, and fine skin and hair. Action — 15 Walk: Easy, springy, prompt, balanced, a long step, with each foot carried for- ward in a straight line; feet lifted clear of the ground. Trot: Prompt, straight, elastic, bal- anced, with hocks carried closely, and high flexion of knees and hocks. Discrimination: Any abnormality that af- fects the serviceability of the horse. Disqualification: In keeping with breed registry or show regulations Total points or percent 100 ognize common blemishes and un- structure or function of a horse soundnesses and your ability to constitutes an unsoundness. From rate the importance of each, a practical standpoint, however, A thorough knowledge of sound you should distinguish between body and limb structure makes it abnormalities that do and those easy to recognize imperfections. that do not aflfect serviceability. Any abnormal deviation in the Blemishes include abnormali- ties that do not affect service- 1. UNDERSHOT JAW.—Lower ability, such as scars from wire jaw is longer than the upper cuts or rope burns. jaw, causing malocclusion of Unsoundnesses include more the teeth. serious abnormalities that affect 2. PARROT MOUTH.—Lower jaw serviceability, such as splints, is shorter than upper jaw ringbone, or founder. (overshot jaw). Consider the use to which you 3. BLINDNESS.—Partial or com- intend to put the animal before plete loss of vision. you buy a blemished or unsound 4. MOON BLINDNESS.—A cloudy horse. or inflamed condition of the The locations of common blem- eye that recurs at periodic in- ishes and unsoundnesses are tervals (periodic opthalmia). shown in the diagram on this 5, POLL EVIL,—An inflamed or page. Deñnitions of the names infected condition in the re- of the blemishes and unsound- gion of the poll, usually nesses follow. caused by bruising. The number preceding each ß FiSTULOUS WITHERS.—An in- blemish or unsoundness defined in flamed or infected condition the following list corresponds to in the region of the withers the same number shown in the caused by a bruise or ill fit- diagram. ting harness. BN-15I77 Location of points of common unsoundnesses in ho 10 7. STIFLED.—The patella (cap) above the pastern on the fore of the stifle joint has been dis- and rear legs. placed. 21. SPLINTS.—Bony growths on 8. THOROUGHPIN.—A puffy con- the cannon bone, usually on dition in the web (tissue) of the inside of the front legs. the hock. 22. KNEE-SPRUNG.—The knees 9. CAPPED HOCK.—An enlarge- are bent forward, also called ment at the point of the hock. buck kneed. 10. STRINGHâLT,—An excessive 23. CALF-KNEED.—Knees tend to flexing upward of the hind bend backward, opposite of legs when moving forward or buck kneed. backward. 24. CAPPED ELBOW or SHOE BOIL. 11. CURB,—Swelling at the rear —Swelling at the point of the of the leg and just below the elbow. point of the hock. 25. SWEENEY.—A depression in 12. BONE SPAVIN or JACK.—A the shoulder because of an at- bony enlargement on the in- rophied muscle. side of the hock at a point 26. FOOT AILMENTS where the hock tapers into the Contracted heel—A drawing cannon bone. in or contracting of the heel. 13. BOG SPAVIN.—A filling of the Corns,—A bruise in the soft natural depression on the in- tissue underlying the horny side and front of the hock. sole of the foot. 14. BLOOD SPAVIN.—A varicose Founder.—A serious inflam- vein that appears on the in- mation of the fleshy laminae side of the hock just above the under the horny wall of the location of a bog spavin. hoof. 15. BOWED TENDONS.—Swollen Thrush,—A disease of the tendons behind the cannon frog (bottom middle) of the bones in both the front and hoof. hind legs. Splayfoot,—Front toes turned 16. SïDEBONES.—Hardened later- out, heels turned in. al cartilage immediately Pigeon toed,—Front toes turned in, heels turned out. above and toward the rear Quarter or sand crack,— A quarter of the coronet. vertical split in the horny 17. COCKED ANKLES.—Fetlocks wall of the hoof. bent forward in a cocked posi- Scratches or grease heel,—A tion, usually the hind ones. scabby inflammation of the 18. QuiTTOR,—A deep-seated run- posteria surface of the fet- ning sore at the coronet. locks. 19. RINGBONE.—A bony growth on the pastern bone, generally Some general ailments that ef- on the front foot. fect horses are defined as follows : 20. WIND PUFF.—An enlargement Heaves,—V>\^QM\tY in forcing of the fluid sac, or bursa, just air out of the lungs. n Hernia.—T h e protrusion of old horse raised elsewhere. Crib- any internal organ through the bing (gnawing wood) also will wall that contains it. make the teeth show more than Roaring.—Whistling or wheez- normal wear. It is hard to deter- ing when breathing is speeded up. mine the age of cribbers or horses Thick win d.—Difficulty in with undershot jaw or parrot breathing. mouth. A mature male horse has 40 Determining Age teeth, a mature female has 36, and a foal of either sex has 24, Horses can live about 20 to 25 Quite commonly, a small point- years. They generally are at their ed tooth, known as a "wolf tooth " best between 3 and 12 years of may appear in front of each first age. This may vary because of in- molar in the upper jaw, thus in- dividual differences in animals or creasing the total number of teeth because of differences in the kind to 42 in the male and 38 in the fe- of work they do. male. Less frequently, two more The age of horses is, therefore, wolf teeth in the lower jaw in- important to breeder, seller, and crease the total number of teeth in buyer. the male and female to 44 and 40, You can determine the approxi- respectively. mate age of a horse by noting the time of appearance, shape, and de- gree of wear of temporary and COLORS AND MARKINGS permanent teeth. Temporary, or Within some of the breeds, cer- milk, teeth are smaller and whiter tain colors are preferred and in than permanent teeth. some cases certain colors are re- The best way to learn to deter- quired for registration ; other col- mine age in horses is by examin- ors are undesirable or even dis- ing the teeth of individual horses qualify animals for registration. of known ages. You can use the You need a working knowledge of diagrams on pages 13 and 14 as body colors and head and leg guides to determine the age of markings to know what colors are horses by their teeth. required of the different breeds After a horse reaches 12 years and to identify individual horses. of age, the teeth change from oval to triangular and they project or Body Colors slant forward more as the horse The five basic body colors of gets older, as shown on page 15. horses are described as follows: A horse's environment can af- Bay.—Bay is a mixture of red fect wear on the teeth. The teeth and yellow. It includes many of horses raised in dry, sandy shades from yellowish tan (light areas, for example, will show more bay) to a dark shade that is al- than normal wear; a 5-year-old most brown (dark bay). Bay western horse may have teeth that horses usually have a black mane would be normal in a 6- to 8-year- and tail and black legs. 12 Temporary incisors to 10 days of age : First Temporary incisors at 4 to 6 weeks of age: or central upper and lower temporary Second or intermediate upper and lower incisors appear. temporary incisors appear. Temporary incisors at 6 to 10 months: Temporary incisors at 1 year; Crowns of Third or corner upper and lower tem- central temporary incisors show wear. porary incisors appear. Temporary incisors at lYz years: Interme- Temporary incisors at 2 years: Ail show diate temporary incisors show wear. wear. Incisors at 4 years: Permanent incisors re- Incisors at 5 years: All permanent; cups in place temporary centrals and intermedi- all incisors. ates; temporary corner incisors remain. BN-37S07 13 Incisors at 7 years: Cups worn out of low- er intermediate incisorB. Incisors at 6 years: Cups worn out of lower central incisors. Incisors at 9 years: Cups worn out of upper Incisors at 8 years; Cups worn out of all central incisors; dental star on upper lower incisors, and dental star (dark line central and intermediate pairs, in front of cup) appears on lower central and intermediate pairs. Incisors at 10 years: Cups worn out of Incisors at 11 or 12 years: Cups worn in all upper intermediate incisors, and dental incisors (smooth momhed), and dental star is present in all incisors, star approaches center of cups. Characteristic e of lower incisors at 18 years. BN-37808 14 BN-5969 Side view of 5-, 7-, and 20-year-ol(l mouih. Note that as the horse advances in age, the teeth change from nearly perpendicular to slanting sharply toward the front. Black,—A black horse is com- Besides the five basic horse col- pleteiy black. If you are in doubt ors, there are five major color var- between dark brown and black, in- iations. These are described as fol- spect the color of the fine hairs lows: on the muzzle and flanks ; tan or Dun (buckskin).—Dun is a yel- brown hairs at these points mean lowish color of variable shading the horse is not a true black, but from pale yellow to a dirty canvas a seal brown, color. A dun horse has a dark Brown.—A brown horse is al- stripe down the back. most black but he can be distin- Gray,—Gray is a mixture of guished by the fine tan or brown white and black hairs. Sometimes hairs on the muzzle or flanks. gray is hard to distinguish from Chestnut (sorrel).—A chestnut black at birth, but gray horses get horse is basically red. The shades lighter as they grow older. range from light yellow (light Palomino.—Palomino horses chestnut) to a dark liver color are a golden color. They have a (dark chestnut). Between these light colored mane and tail that extremes are the brilliant red gold may be white, silver, or ivory. and copper shades. Normally, the Pinto (calico or paint).—Pinto mane and tail of a chestnut horse is a Spanish word that means are the same shade as the body; painted. Pinto horses have irre- if they are a lighter color, they gular colored and white areas on are known as a flaxen mane and the body known as piebald or tail. Chestnut horses never have a skewbald. Piebald is black and black mane and tail white, and skewbald is white and White,—A true-white horse is any other color except black. born white and remains white Roan.—Roan is a mixture of throughout life. White horses have white hairs and hairs of some snow-white hair, pink skin, and other color. White mixed with bay usually brown eyes—rarely blue. is red roan; white with chestnut 15 is strawberry roan; and white leg markings are shown in the dia- with black is blue roan. gram on page 17. To identify the parts of the leg, see the diagram Head Markings on page 7, which shows the parts of a horse. Normally, head markings are used with body colors to identify RIDING EQUIPMENT horses. For example, a horse might be described as the dark Each horse should have his own sorrel with the blaze face. The bridle, halter, and saddle that are head markings of horses are adjusted to fit. These and other shown in the diagram on this page. items of equipment for horses are called "tack." You should buy good Leg Markings quality tack because it fits and looks better and lasts longer than Leg markings are often used cheaper equipment. along with head markings to de- When properly cared for, rid- scribe horses. The most common ing equipment will last for years. Star Stripe Blaze Star, stripe, Snip Bald Star and stnpe and snip BN-37794 The head marks of horses: Star is any white mark on the forehead located above a line running from eye to eye; stripe is a narrow white marking that extends from about the line of the eyes to the nostrils; blaze is a broad, white marking covering almost all the forehead but not including the eyes or nostrils; star, stripe, and snip includes all three of these marks; snip is a white mark between the nostrils or on the lips; bald is a white, or bald, face including the eyes and nostrils or a partially white face; star and stripe includes both a star and stripe. 16 You should clean it every time you After each use, clean the under- use it if you have time. If not, you side of the saddle, the inside of the should clean certain parts after bridle, the bit, and the pad or each use and all of it once a vi^eek. blanket if you use one. A B D H BN-37811 The leg mark, of horses: (A) Coronet, a white strip covering the coronet band; (B) I'astcrn, white extends from the coronet to and including the pastern; (U Ankle, «hit,. ..x.ends from the coronet to and including the fetlock; (D) Half stocking, white «tends from the coronet to the middle of the cannon; (E) Stocking, wh.te extends from the coronet to the knee and when the white includes the knee the mark is called " full stocking; 17 Proper cleaning will— headstalls, and two pairs of reins. • Extend the life of the leather Only one rein is used on western and metal. bridles. A hackamore is a halter, • Keep the leather soft and pli- similar to a bridle, but it has no able. bit. Commonly used bridles, bits, • Lessen the likelihood of sad- and hackamores are shown in the dle and harness sores and other diagrams on pages 18 to 21, infections. • Assure that defects in equip- Saddles ment are noticed so they can be repaired before they cause injury English and western saddles are to the rider or the horse. the two most common types, with many different styles of each. The Bridles, Bits, and Hackamores two types of saddles are shown in the diagrams on pages 21 and Bridles are either single or 22. double. A single bridle has one bit, The English saddle is light but a double bridle ordinarily has weight and has a flat seat» It can both a snaffle and a curb bit, two be modified for use in pleasure BRIDLES Crown pisce of Crown piece or headstall headsiati Cheek piece Cavesson or noseband' Curb bit- Pelham curb Curb strap- Curb chain Lip strap A B C BN-37791 Three types of bridles, (A) Weymouth bridle: a double-bilted, double-reined bridle used in showing ihree- and fivegaited horses; (B) Pelham bridle; a sitigle-bitted, double- reined bridle used on hunters, polo ponies, and pleasure horses; (C) One ear, or split ear, bridle: a bridle often used on working stock horses. 18 HACKAMORES Headstall Browband Throatlatch- Noseband A BN-37789 Two types of hackamores. (A) Bosal hackamore: a popular hackamore for breaking horses; (B) Hackamore bil bridle: a hackamore with a removable mouthpiece that is used on western cow ponies and on young horses when they are being broken because it eliminates the possibility of injuring the mouth. riding, training, racing, jumping, Riding Clothes or polo. A saddle blanket usually In general, riding clothes sel- is not necessary with an English dom change in style and are made saddle. for comfort and long wear. Peg- The western saddle is the one commonly used by cowboys and top breeches, for example, are de- western stockmen. It is very pop- signed to give plenty of seat room. ular among amateur horsemen. A Close fitting legs prevent wrinkles western saddle provides comfort that might cause chafing. The for all-day riding and enough chamois leather lining inside the strength to stand up under the knees and calves prevents the stir- strain of calf roping. The average rup leathers from pinching the western saddle weighs 35 to 40 legs and increases the firmness of pounds. the leg grip on the horse. 19 ENGLISH RIDING BITS Points ot attachment for curb chain BN-a7793 Five common types of English riding bits. (A) Weymouth curb bit: a bit used along with a snaille bit in a Weymouth bridle for three- and five*gaited horses; (B) Pelham curb bit: a bit used in a Pelham bridle for hunters, polo ponies, and pleasure horses; (C) Walking horse bit: a bit often used on Walking Horses; (D) Snaffle hit: the most widely used of all bits; (E) Dee race bit; a bit often used on Thoroughbred race- horses. WESTERN RIDING BITS Spade . C /Ä^°"51i ¡Curb strap Mouthpiece -Rein loop BN-37790 Three common types of western riding bits. (A) Hackamore bit: a bit used on most cow ponies; (B) Roper curved cheek bit: a bit used on many roping horses; (C) Spade mouth bit: a hit used on many stock horses. Boots or jodhpurs protect the and protect the legs from rain and ankles from the stirrup irons, And cold. high boots keep the breeches from Different kinds of activities, snaring on objects along the trail, such as showing, hunting, or polo, shield the trouser legs from the call for different kinds of riding saddle straps and the horse's sides, clothes. Before you enter an or- 20 DRIVING BITS Curb chain hook ^Rein ring . Mouthpiece AB C BN-377aa Three common types of driving bits, (A) Liverpool bit: a curb bit used on heavy harness horses; (B) Bar bit; a bit used on trotting harness horses that carry check reins and are driven with a strong hand; (C) Half-cheek snaffle bit: a bit used on harness race horseSf roadsters, and fine harness horses. Gantte Pommel Skirt Stirrup bar Stirrup iron Tread of stirrup iron Biîlets :irrup leather BN-37801 An English saddle: Left, upright position, and right, the underside. ganized activity, you should find The correct riding seat, or pos- out if special clothes are required. ture, for you to use for various An experienced participant in the kinds of riding is shown in the dia- activity can advise you on proper gram on pages 24 and 25. The gaits clothing for the occasion, of horses are shown on page 26. RIDING A HORSE SHOWING A HORSE Before mounting always check To be successful in showing the cinch or saddle girth for tight- horses, you must learn the rules ness and the stirrup straps or of the class and the correct show- leathers for length. Mount from ing techniques. The two major the left, or "near/' side. The prop- kinds of classes are performance er way to mount English style and and halter, or breeding, classes. western style is shov^n in the dia- In performance classes, the grams on page 23. horses demonstrate one or more 21 /Horn Pomme ^Skirt Wool Back housing Rope strap- /J or back jockey Lace siring Front jockey ■Lace strings seat jockey, Dee ring one piece Leather flank girth billet Front tie strap or cinch strap Stirrup BN-37802 A western saddle. skills, such as executing the var- ted with a clean leather or rope ious gaits. There are too many- lead. kinds of performance classes to Some of the principles you can be discussed here. For details on use to guide you when showing a how to show your horse in a per- horse in the halter classes are dis- formance class, see the rule book cussed as follows: of the American Horse Shows As- • Groom your horse thoroughly sociation and the rules printed in before the show. the programs of local horse • Enter the show-ring promptly shows. and in tandem when your class is In halter classes, the horses called. Line up at the proper loca- are judged on their conformation tion or continue to move around and breed characteristics. the ring in tandem, as directed by Halter classes are shown **in the judge. hand," which means the horse • When you line up, stand your wears a halter or bridle and is led horse squarely on all four feet before the judge by an exhibitor, with the front feet on higher usually the owner or trainer. ground than the hind feet if pos- The halter or bridle should be sible. Stand your horse in the pose clean, properly adjusted, and fit- approved for the breed. For ex- 22 A B BN-87795 How to mount a horse, (A) In English riding, take the reins in the left hand and place the left hand on the withers. Grasp the stirrup leather with the right hand and insert the ¡left foot in the stirrup. Swing around to face the horse, hop off the right foot, grasp the cantle with the right hand, and spring upward and over. Settle into the saddle and slip the right foot into the off stirrup without looking down. (B) In western rid- ing, take the reins in the left hand and place the left hand on the horse's neck in front of the withers. Keep the romai or end of the reins on the near side, (irasp the stirrup with the right hand, place the left foot in the stirrup with the ball of the foot resting securely on the tread. Brace the left knee against the horse, grasp the saddle horn with the right hand, and spring upward and over. Settle into the saddle and slip the right fool into the off stirrup. ample, Arabians do not stand in in a straight line as he moves for- a stretched pose, but American ward. But keep the lead taut so Saddlebreds stand with their you have continuous contact with front legs straight under them your horse. Do not look back. and their hind legs stretched out • Walk your horse forward back of them. Other breeds usual- briskly in a straight line for 50 to ly stand in a slightly stretched 100 feet, as directed by the judge. position somewhat between these When you turn around, always two extremes. turn your horse to the right and • When your turn comes to move away from you and walk around your horse, show him at the walk him as he turns. If you turn him first and then at the trot, To move toward you, he is more likely to your horse, hold the upper part of step on you. Make the turn as the lead strap or rope in your small and as effortless as possible, right hand and the folded or coiled • Lift your knees a little higher end in your left hand and lead him when you are exhibiting your from his left side. horse than you do ordinarily. • If your hqrse is well-mannered, • After you walk your horse the give him 2 to 3 feet of lead so he required distance and return, you can keep his head, neck, and body then trot him the required dis- 23 _, , BN-37797 Ihe correct show seat and riding attire for (A), a three-gaited horse; (B), a five-gaiteá horse; and (C), a running walk. In (D), the correct seat and riding attire are shown for western riding. tance and return, usually about • When the judge signals you to 100 feet. To save time, the judge move to another position, back, may have you walk your horse your horse out of line or if you going and trot him coming back. have room, turn him to the rear of Follow the same procedure at the the line and approach the new trot that you did at the walk, position from behind. except bring your horse to a walk • Try to keep your horse from and move him slightly toward you kicking when he is close to other before making the turn, horses. • After the trot, stand your horse • Keep calm at all times. If you in the proper pose in front of the get nervous, you will create an judge. When the judge has fin- unfavorable impression on the ished his inspection, move your judge. horse to the location in the line • Work in close partnership with indicated by the judge. your horse. Train him so he will • Keep your horse posed at all understand you, times and watch the judge closely • Be courteous and respect the for instructions. rights of other exhibitors. 24 WALK TROT BODY LINE NO WEIGHT ON BUTTOCK BODY ARMS FORWARD AND ARMS BODY INCUNED EXTENDED s^ FORWARD l\j CANTER GALLOP BN-37809 The correct riding seat for hunting and jumping. Note the different positions for the walk, trot, canter, and gallop; the proper seat for all gaits requires the head to be erect, the heels down, the weight uniformily balanced, the back concave, and the knees and thighs gripping the saddle. 25 WALK TROT PACE >- 7.' Diagonal Triangular support linear support Lateral linear support CANTER ri^n^^r BN-377S& The gaits of horses. • Never stand between the judge • Have storage space for feed, and your horse. bedding, and tack, • Be a good sport. Win without • Be located so rain water will bragging and lose without com- drain away from the barn, plaining. • Have a dry floor and plenty of clean bedding in each stall. BUILDINGS AND FENCES Select bedding material by availability and price, absorptive Buildings and fences for horses capacity, and potential value as a should be adequate but need not fertilizer. Bedding should not be be elaborate. Feeding and water- dusty, too coarse, or too easily ing equipment should be provided kicked aside. in each horse stall Cereal grain straw or wood A horse barn should— shavings generally make the best • Protect the horse from rain, bedding. A minimum daily allow- snow, sun, and wind. ance is 10 to 15 pounds per animal. • Be well ventilated. One or two riding horses can • Be warm in winter and cool in be stabled in a barn with other summer, animals if a separate horse barn 26 r lp::z=i::.-izi-.f:=i-;-IH|r.:=v+ -^-,CONC. FOOTING OVER-s T-i CONG. FOOTING BN-B964, BN-S066 Horse barn above and floor plan below. The barn has two box stalls, a feed room, and lack room. is not practical. Prefabricated on this page. For working draw- horse barns are available or you ings of this horse barn, ask your can buy materials and build your county agricultural agent or the own. extension agricultural engineer at A horse barn design is shown your State agricultural college. 27 There is usually a small charge. teasing of other mares, restless- Order Plan No. 5838, Riding ness, and an apparent desire for Horse Barn. company. There also may be a If working drawings of this discharge from the vagina. plan are not available in your If you have a young, shy mare, State, write to the U.S. Depart- present her to the teaser stallion ment of Agriculture, Agricultural fairly often as the breeding season Engineering Research Division, approaches. This will acquaint Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, her with the breeding procedure. Md. 20785. The U.S. Department Since actual ovulation probably of Agriculture does not distribute takes place toward the end of the drawings but will direct you to a heat period, you should mate the State that does distribute them. mare every day or every other A corral, paddock, or pasture day beginning with the third day should be provided near the horse after she first comes into heat barn. A large pasture may be Fillies usually start coming into fenced with woven wire. If woven heat when they are 12 to 15 wire is used, the mesh should be months old. However, most horse- small enough so the horse cannot men do not breed fillies until they get his foot through it. A corral, are 3 years old so they will not paddock, or small pasture should foal until they are 4. Broodmares be fenced with heavy lumber or that are properly cared for may heavy metal fencing. Some metal produce regularly until they are fences in common use are made 25 years old or older. of steel pipe, aluminum, iron, When you select a mare for chain link, or cable. breeding, get one that is 3 or 4 years old if possible. If you select BREEDING A HORSE an older mare, make certain her breeding habits are regular and The best time to breed a mare normal. is in the spring. This is the time The gestation period of horses of year she is most fertile. In the is about 336 days, or 11 months. spring, heat cycles are more regu- This period may vary as much as lar and more evident and the mare 20 to 30 days with individual is more likely to conceive. mares. Heat cycles usually recur at The first sign of approaching 21-day intervals. However, these parturition may be a distended intervals may be as short as 10 udder 2 to 6 weeks before foaling days or as long as 37 days. The time. About a week before foal- actual heat period usually is from ing, the muscular area around the 4 to 6 days, but it may range from base of the tail usually shrinks 1 to 37 days. and the vulva becomes full and Signs that a mare is in heat are loose. relaxation of the external geni- The teats usually fill out to the tals, more frequent urination, ends about 4 to 6 days before 28 foaling. As parturition draws THE FOAL near, milk may drop from the teats. Do not milk the mare at After the newborn foal starts this time. breathing and has been rubbed If the weather is warm and dry, put it in one corner of the dry, the ideal place for foaling stall on clean, fresh straw. The is in a clean pasture away from mare usually will be less restless other livestock. if this corner is in the direction If a stall is used, it should be of her head. at least 12 feet square; have a Protect the eyes of a newborn smooth, well-packed clay floor; foal from bright light. be free of feed containers and other obstructions ; and be away Treatment of the Navel Cord from occupied stalls if possible. If left alone, the navel cord of As soon as the foal is born, the newborn foal usually breaks treat its navel cord with tincture within 2 to 4 inches of the belly. of iodine to reduce the danger of If it does not break, cut it about navel infection. A strong, healthy 2 inches from the belly with clean foal will be on its feet and ready dull shears or scrape it in two to nurse in one-half to 2 hours. with a knife. A torn or broken Make sure the foal gets the blood vessel will bleed very little, colostrum, or ñrst milk. This milk but one cut directly across may contains antibodies that protect bleed excessively. Treat the sev- the foal temporarily against cer- ered cord immediately with tinc- tain infections, and it also serves ture of iodine, or other reliable as a mild laxative. antiseptic; then leave the mare Always watch the mare closely and foal alone so they can rest for any sign of trouble before, and gain strength. during, and after foaling. If you suspect trouble, call a veterinar- ian at once. Value of Colo$trum Mares usually come back into Colostrum is milk secreted by heat 7 to 11 days after foaling the dam for the first few days (foal heat), but the time can after parturition. It differs from range from 3 to 13 days. Some ordinary milk in that it is more horsemen rebreed mares during concentrated ; is higher in protein this first heat after foaling, content, especially in globulin ; is richer in vitamin A ; contains an- usually on the eighth or ninth tibodies that protect the foal tem- <3ay, providing the birth was nor- porarily against certain infec- lïial and the mare suffered no tions ; and is a natural purgative injury or infection. However, that removes fecal matter accum- other horsemen prefer to rebreed ulated in the digestive tract. ïïiares during the heat period that Do not dissipate the benefits of follows the foal heat, which is colostrum by "milking out*' a from 25 to 30 days after foaling. mare shortly before foaling time. 29 The First Nursíng charge by this time, and the foal seems sluggish and fails to nurse, A strong, healthy foal usually give it an enema. Use 1 to 2 wiil be on its feet and ready to quarts of water at body heat nurse within one-half to 2 hours (101** F.) mixed with a little gly- after birth. Before allowing the cerin, or use 1 to 2 quarts of foal to nurse for the first time, warm, soapy water. Inject the wash the mareas udder with a solution with a baby syringe that mild disinfectant and rinse thor- has about a 3-inch nipple, or use oughly with clean, warm water. a tube and can. Repeat the treat- A big, awkward foal occas- ment until normal yellow feces ionally needs assistance when it appear. nurses the first time. If the foal If the foal is scouring, reduce is stubborn, forced feeding will the mare's feed and take away be useless. Back the mare onto part of her milk from the foal additional bedding in one corner at intervals by milking her out. of the stall and coax the foal to Diarrhea or scours in foals may the teats with a bottle and nipple. result from infectious diseases or An attendant may hold the bottle dirty surroundings. It is caused while standing on the opposite by an irritant in the digestive side of the mare from the foal, tract that should be removed. A very weak foal should be Give an astringent only in excep- given the mare's first milk even if tional cases and on the advice of it is necessary to draw this milk a veterinarian. into a bottle and feed the foal one Conditions that may cause diar- or two times by nipple. An attend- rhea are contaminated udder or ant sometimes must steady a foal teats, nonremoval of fecal matter before it will nurse. from the digestive tract, fretful- ness or temperature above normal in the mare, too much feed affect- Bowel Movement ing the quality of the mare's milk, Regulation of the bowel move- a cold damp bed, or continued ex- ment of the foal is very import- posure to cold rains. ant. Constipation and diarrhea (scours) are common ailments. Care of the Suckling Foal Excrement impacted in the bowels during prenatal develop- Weather conditions permitting, ment—material called meconium there is no better place for a mare —may kill the foal if it is not and foal than on pasture. When eliminated promptly. A good feed the foal is from 10 days to 3 weeks of colostrum usually will cause old, it will begin to nibble on a natural elimination. little grain and hay. To promote Observe the foal's bowel move- thrift and early development, and ment 4 to 12 hours after birth, to avoid any setback at weaning If there has been no fecal dis- time, encourage the foal to eat 30 supplementary feed as early as Training the Foal possible, The foal should be pro- vided with a low-built grain box If the foal is trained early, it especially for this purpose, or if will be a better disciplined, more on pasture, the foal may be creep serviceable horse. Give the foal its fed. lessons one at a time and in Rolled oats and wheat bran to proper sequence; that is, be sure which a little brown sugar has the pupil masters one lesson be- been added is especially palatable fore it is given the next one. as a starting ration. Crushed or Put a well-fitted halter on the ground oats, cracked or ground foal when it is 10 to 14 days old. corn, wheat bran, and a little lin- When the foal has become ac- seed meal may be provided later customed to the halter, in a day with good results. Or a good com- or so, tie the animal securely in mercial ration may be fed if de- the stall beside the mare. Try to sired. keep the foal from freeing itself Give the foal good hay, prefer- from the rope or from becoming ably a legume, or pasture in addi- tangled up in it» tion to its grain ration. A normal, Leave the foal tied 30 to 60 healthy foal should be eating one- minutes each day for 2 or 3 days. half pound of grain daily per 100 Groom the animal carefully while pounds of body weight at 4 to 5 it is tied. Rub each leg and handle weeks of age. This ration should be increased by weaning time to each foot so that the foal becomes about three-fourths of a pound or accustomed to having its feet more per 100 pounds of body picked up. After the foal has been weight. The exact amount of the groomed, lead it around with the ration varies with the individual, mare for a few days and then lead the type of feed, and the develop- it by itself. Lead it at both the ment desired. walk and the trot. Many breeders Foals normally reach one-half of Thoroughbreds teach a foal to of their mature weight during the lead simply by leading it with the first year under such a system. mare from the stall to the paddock Most breeders of Thoroughbreds and back again. and Standardbreds plan to have At this stage of the training, their 2-year-oId animals at full be sure the foal executes your height. Such results require lib- commands to stop and go as soon eral feeding from the beginning. as you give them. When halted, A foal stunted in the first year by make the foal stand in show posi- insufficient feeding cannot be de- tion—squarely on all four legs veloped properly later in life. It with its head up. is well recognized that forced Use all your patience, gentle- development must be done ex- ness, and firmness in training the pertly if the animals are to re- foal. Never let your temper get main durable and sound. the best of you. 31 Weaning running and frolicking in the pasture. Guard against this by Foals usually are weaned at 4 first turning out two or three less to 6 months of age. Thorough pre- valuable individuals and letting paration facilitates weaning. them tire themselves; then turn It may be advisable to wean the out the rest. foal at a comparatively early age At this stage, if numerous if either the foai or mare is not weanlings are involved, separate doing well, if the mare is being them by sexes. Put the more timid given heavy work, or if the mare ones by themselves. Do not run was rebred on the ninth day after weanlings with older horses. foaling. If by using a creep or a sep- arate grain box the foal has be- Castration come accustomed to eating a con- siderable amount of hay and about Geldings, or castrated males, three-fourths of a pound of grain are safer and easier to handle daily per 100 pounds of body than stallions. Therefore, a colt weight, weaning will cause only should be castrated unless it is to a slight disturbance or setback. be saved for breeding purposes. If the ration of the dam is cut in Have a veterinarian perform this half a few days before the separa- operation. A colt may be castrated tion, her miik production usually when only a few days old, but will dry up without difficulty. most horsemen prefer to delay the Move the mare to new quarters operation until the animal is from the stall she shares with about a year old. While there is the foal. Remove anything in the less real danger to the animal and stall on which the foal might hurt much less setback with early al- itself during the first unhappy tering, it results in imperfect days that it lives alone. Make the development of the foreparts. separation of the foal from the Delaying castration for a time mare complete and final. If the results in more muscular, bolder foal sees, hears, or smells its dam features and better carriage of again, the separation process must the foreparts. be started all over again. A colt should be altered when Decrease the mare's ration be- the weather is fair and cool. fore and during weaning. Rub Otherwise, the time of altering camphorated oil or a mixture of should be determined by the lard and spirits of camphor on development of the colt. Under- the udder, but do not milk out the developed colts may be left un- udder until 5 to 7 days later when castrated 6 months or even a it is soft and flabby. year longer than overdeveloped Turn the foal out on pasture ones. after a day or two. If there are Breeders of Thoroughbred several weanlings together, some horses usually prefer to race them of them might get hurt while first as uncastrated animals. 32 There is less danger of infec- 4 ounces of lime water tion if colts are castrated in the 1 teaspoon of sugar spring soon after they are turned Two teaspoons of lactose or out on clean pasture and before corn syrup may be used to replace hot weather and "fly time" arrive. the sugar and one large can of This is extremely important in evaporated cow's milk may be the Southern States because of used with one can of water to the danger of screwworm infesta- replace the fresh milk. The foal tion. should be fed about one-half pint every hour; large foals may be Breaking fed slightly more than a pint. After 4 or 5 days increase the A foal will not need breaking interval to 2 hours. After a week, if it has been trained properly. feed every 4 hours and increase When a young horse can be the quantity accordingly. saddled or harnessed with satis- It is important, however, that factory ease, it is because the the orphan foal receive colostrum, suggested training program has preferably for about the first 4 been followed. Saddling and har- days of life. For this purpose, nessing are just additional steps. colostrum from a mare that pro- A good time to harness and work duces excess milk or one that has the horse for the first time is lost her foal should be collected during the winter as a coming and frozen from time to time; 2-year-old. then, as needed, it may be thawed and warmed to 100° to 105** F. Roising the Orphan Foal and fed. For the first few days, the Occasionally, a mare dies dur- orphan foal should be fed with a ing or immediately after parturi- bottle and rubber nipple. Within tion, leaving an orphan foal to be about 2 weeks, it may be taught raised. At other times, a mare to drink from a pail. All recep- may fail to give sufficient milk, tacles must be kept sanitary or she may have twins. In such (clean and scald each time they cases, the foal may be (1) shifted are used) and feeding must be at to another mare, known as a regular intervals. Dry feeding foster mother or nurse mare, (2) should be started at the earliest placed on mare's milk replacer, possible time with the orphan or synthetic milk, that is mixed foal. and fed according to the manu- facturer's directions, or (3) FEEDING A HORSE placed on a cow's milk formula. The following cow's milk for- Feeding practices vary from mula may be used for feeding the one locality to another and among orphan foal when a substitute horsemen. But the nature of milk must be used. horses remains the same. For this 1 pint of low-fat cow's milk reason, successful feeding in one 33 stable is not much different from During winter months, add a successful feeding in another few sliced carrots to the ration, stable. an occasional bran mash, or a small amount of linseed meal. Also, use bran mash or linseed Home-Mixed Feeds meal to regulate the bowels. The proportion of concentrates When home-mixed feeds are must be increased and the rough- used, feeds of similar nutritive ages decreased as energy needs value can be interchanged in the rise with the greater amount of ration as prices go up or down. work. A horse that works at a This makes it possible to get a trot needs considerably more balanced ration at lowest cost. feed than one that works at a Some of these feeds are grains walk. For this reason, riding such as oats, corn, or barley ; pro- horses in medium to light use re- tein supplements such as linseed quire somewhat less grain and meal, soybean meal, or cottonseed more hay in proportion to body meal; and hay of many kinds. weight than horses that are rac- More than one kind of hay pro- ing. Several suggested rations are vides variety and appetite appeal. given in the chart on pages 35 In season, any good pasture can to 37. replace part or all of the hay The quantities of feeds recom- unless work or training condi- mended in the chart are intended tions make substitution imprac- as guides only. Increase the feed, tical. especially the concentrates, when In selecting feeds, compare the horse is too thin and decrease home-mixed feeds with commer- the feed if he gets too fat. cial feeds. If you use small quan- Avoid sudden changes in diet, tities or have little room for especially when changing from a storage, you may find it more less concentrated ration to a more satisfactory to buy ready-mixed concentrated one. When this rule feeds. of feeding is ignored, digestive Nutritional deficiencies, espec- disturbances result and the horse ially deficiencies of certain vita- goes '*off feed." In either adding or mins and minerals, may not be omitting one or more ingredients, of sufficient proportions to cause the change should be made grad- clear-cut deficiency symptoms. ually. Likewise, caution should be Yet, such deficiencies without out- exercised in turning horses to ward signs may cause great eco- pasture or in transferring them nomic losses because they go to more lush grazing. unnoticed and uiicorrected. Ac- In general, horses may be given cordingly, sufficient additives as much nonlegume roughage as should always be present, but care they will eat. But they must be should be taken to avoid imbal- accustomed gradually to legumes ances. because legumes may be laxative. 34 Light-horse feeding guide Suggested grain rations Age, sex, and use Daily allowance Kind of hay Rations No. 1 Rations No. 2 Rations No. 3 Poundfy Pounds Poundfi Stallions in breeding % io VA lb. grain per Grass-legume mixed; or Oats 55 Corn 35 Oats 100 season (weighing 900 100 lb. body weight, Yz to y¿ legume hay, Wheat 20 Oat.s 35 to 1,400 lb.). together with a quan- with remainder grass Wheat bran_„.20 Wheat 15 tity of hay within hay. Linseed meal__ 5 Wheat bran 15 same range. Pregnant mares (weigh- 34 to 1H Ih. grain per Grass-legume mixed; or Oats 80 Barley 45 Oats 95 ing 900 to 1,400 lb.). 100 lb. body weight, }i to y¿ legume hay, Wheat bran__ „20 Oats 45 Linseed meal__ 5 together with a quan- with remainder grass Wheat bran 10 tity of hay within hay (straight grass same range. hay may be used first half of pregnancy). Foals before weaning 14 to % lb. grain per 100 i-.egumc hay. Oats 50 Oats 30 Oats 80 (weighing 100 to 360 lb. body weight, to- Wheat bran_„_40 Barley 30 Wheat bran___ 20 lb. with projected ma- gether with a quan- Linseed meal __ 10 Wheat bran 30 ture weights of 900 to tity of hay within Linseed meal _ _ 10 1,400 lb.). same range. Rations balanced on basis of following assumption: Marcs of mature weights of 600, 800, 1,000, and 1,200 lb. may produce 36. 42, 44, and 49 lb. of milk daily. in Light-horse feeding guide—Continued Cd o» Suggested grain rations Age, sex, and use Daily allowance Kind of hay Rations No. 1 Ritions No. 2 Rations No. 3 Weanlings (weighing 1 to 1>4 lb. grain and Grass-legume mixed; or Oats 30 Oats 70 Oats 80 Linseed meal__ 20 350 to 450 lb,)- VA to 2 lb- hay per 3^ legume hay, with Barley 30 Wheat bran__..15 100 lb. body weight. remainder grass hay. Wheat bran.„_30 Linseed mcal__15 Linseed meal __ 10 Yearlings, 2nd summer Good, luxuriant pas- (weighing 450 to 700 tures (if in training Ib-)- or for other reasons without access to pas- tures, the ration should be intermedi- ate between the ad- jacent upper and lower groups). Yearlings, or rising 2- H to 1 lb. grain and 1H Grass-legume mixed; or Oats 80 Barley 35 Oats 100 year-olds, 2nd winter lb. hay per 100 lb. yi to 14 legume hay, Wheat bran-..„20 Oats 35 (weighing 700 to 1,000 body weight. with remainder gmss Bran 15 T^insccd meal _ _ 15 lb.)- hay. Light horses at work; Hard use—IM to 1^ Grass hay. Oats 100 Oats 70 Oats 70 riding, driving, and lb. grain and 1 to Corn 30 Barley 30 racing (weighing 900 134 lb. hay per 100 to 1,400 lb.). lb. body weight. Medium use—M to lib. grain and 1 to IJ^ lb. hay per 100 lb. body weight. Light use—2/5 to H lb. grain and l}i to IH lb. hay per 100 lb. body weight. Mature idle horses; stal- 1M to 1M lb. hay per Pasture in season; or (With grass hay, add M lb. of a high protein supplement daily). lions, mares, and geld- 100 lb. body weight. grass-legume mixed ings (weighing 900 to hay. 1,4001b.)- Note- With all rations and for all classes and ages of horses, provide free access to separate containers of (1) iodized salt and (2) a mixture of 1 part salt and 2 parts steamed bone meal or other suitable calcium-phosphorous supplement. bd w The grain ration usually is feed allowance with the severity divided into three equal feedings of the work. at morning, noon, and night. Be- As with any change in feed, cause hay distends the digestive switch to an all-pelleted feed tract, feed most of the hay at gradually. Otherwise, the horse night. A common practice is to may develop such vices as wood feed one-fourth of the hay at each chewing or bolting (eating too of the morning and noon feedings rapidly). At first, continue to and the remaining one-half at offer al! the long hay the horse night v^hen the horse has plenty wants, and slowly replace the of time to eat leisurely. grain portion of the conventional feed with the complete pelleted feed. Increase the pelleted feed Pelleted Feeds about 1 to 2 pounds a day and gradually lessen the hay. After a Pelleted horse feeds may be few days, the horse usually will made from concentrates alone, stop eating the hay and eat only forage alone, or concentrates and the pelleted feed. forage combined in a complete ration. All-pelleted feeds vi^ith the Minerals and Vitamins hay and grain combined in each pellet have several advantages: The classical horse ration of (1) They take less storage space grass, grass hay, and farm grains than hay and are easier to store usually is deficient in calcium but and handle; (2) each pellet is a adequate in phosphorus. Also, salt balanced feed; (3) horses waste is almost always deficient; and practically no feed when they eat many horse rations do not contain pellets; and (4) pellet-fed horses sufficient iodine. Thus, horses are trimmer in the middle because usually need special mineral sup- they eat less bulk. plements. One-half-inch pellets are better On the average, a horse needs for mature horses, and one- about 3 ounces of salt daily or fourth-inch pellets for weanlings IMi pounds per week, although and yearlings. Very hard pellets salt requirements vary with work should be avoided because horses and temperature. Use iodized salt will not eat them if they cannot in iodine-deficient areas. chew them. The salt requirements, and any Because there is little waste, you can give horses less all-pel- calcium or phosphorus require- leted feed than conventional feed. ments not met by feeds, can best For a horse at light work, feed be supplied by allowing free ac- 1.4 to 1.8 pounds of pelleted feed cess to a two-compartment box daily per 100 pounds of body containing minerals. One com- weight. Use a feed that contains partment should have iodized salt 53 to 56 percent total digestible and the other should contain a nutrient (TDN). Increase the suitable mineral mixture. 38 Certain vitamins are necessary Pasture to the growth, health, and repro- duction of horses. Sonaetimes, vit- Good pastures are hard to amins A and D are deficient in provide for horses, especially in feeds. Indications are that horses suburban areas. A temporary pas- also need vitamin E and two of ture grown in a regular crop the B vitamins, riboflavin and rotation usually is better than a permanent pasture because a thiamine. High-quality, leafy, green for- permanent pasture may become parasite infested. age and plenty of sunlight gen- The specific grass or grass- erally give horses most of the legume mixture used in pastures vitamins they need. Horses get will vary from area to area ac- vitamin A and riboflavin from cording to differences in soil, green pasture and green hay not temperature, and rainfall. Ask over a year old; they get vitamin your county agricultural agent or D from sunlight and sun-cured a specialist at your State agricul- hay. If plenty of sunlight and tural college to recommend pas- green forage are not available, get ture grasses for the area in which the advice of a veterinarian or you live. nutritionist on the use. of vitamin additives in the feed. GROOMING A HORSE Proper grooming cleans the Water hair, keeps the skin in good con- dition, and helps prevent skin Horses should have plenty of diseases and parasites. Routine clean, fresh, cool water. They will grooming usually consists of drink 10 to 12 gallons daily; the cleaning and brushing the hair amount depends on weather, with a brush, comb, and grooming amount of work done, rations fed, cloth. and the size of the horse. Grooming should be rapid and Free access to water is best. vigorous but not so rough that it When this is not possible, horses hurts the horse or upsets him, should be watered at approxi- Horses that are kept in stab- mately the same times each day. les or small corrals should be Water may be given before, dur- groomed thoroughly at least once ing, or after feeding. daily. Those that are worked or Frequent, small waterings be- exercised should be groomed im- tween feedings are best during mediately before and after the warm weather, or when the work or exercise. animal is working hard. Do not allow a horse to drink heavily CARE OF THE FEET when he is hot, because he may founder. Do not allow a horse to The value of a horse lies chiefly drink large quantities of water in his ability to move; therefore, just before he is put to work. good feet and legs are necessary. 39 The important points in the care caused by hoofs that have grown of a horse's feet are to keep them too long either at the toe or heel. clean, prevent them from drying The slope is considered normal out, trim them so they retain when the toe of the hoof and the proper shape and length, and shoe pastern have the same direction. them correctly when shoes are Keep this angle in mind and needed. change it only as a corrective Each day, clean the feet of measure. If you should need to horses that are shod, stabled, or correct uneven wear of the hoof, worked. Use a hoof pick for clean- correct it gradually over a period ing. Work from the heel toward of several trimmings. the toe. Be sure to clean out the Trim the hoofs every month or depressions in the underside of 6 weeks whether the animal is the feet. While you are cleaning shod or not. Before trimming the the feet, inspect for loose shoes feet, inspect them while the horse and thrush. is standing squarely on a level, Thrush is a disease of the foot hard surface and again while he characterized by a pungent odor. is at the walk and the trot. If It causes a deterioration of tissues shoes are left on too long, the in the cleft of the frog or in the hoofs grow out of proportion. junction between the frog and This may throw the horse off bars. This disease produces lame- balance and put extra stress on ness and, if not treated, can be the tendons, serious. Always keep the hoofs at the Before trimming or shoeing a proper length and in the correct horse's feet, you should be able to posture. Trim them near the level recognize proper and faulty con- of the sole; otherwise, they will formation. The diagram on this split off if the horse remains un- page shows the proper posture of shod. Trim the frog carefully and the hoof and incorrect postures remove only ragged edges that BN-e9é6 Proper and faulty hoof posture. Left, properly trimmed hoof with normal foot axis: O, coffin bone; X» short pastern bone; Y, long pastern bone; Z, cannon bone. Center, toe too long, which breaks the foot axis backward; horizontal dotted line shows how hoof should be trimmed to restore normal posture. Right, heel too long, which breaks the foot axis forward; horizontal dotted line shows how trimming will restore the cor- rect posture. 40 allow filth to accumulate in the dryness is prolonged, the frog crevices. Trim the sole sparingly, shrinks and the heel contracts. if at all, and never rasp the wall Dry hoofs usually can be pre- of the hoof. vented by applying a hoof dress- The following list gives some ing, attaching wet burlap sacks faults that are commonly found around the hoofs, or keeping the in a horse's hoofs and how to ground wet around the watering correct them with proper trim- tank. ming. Horses develop sound feet and legs from outdoor exercise. Let Splayfoot—Trim the outer them exercise on pastures when half of the foot. possible, If no pasture is avail- Pigeon toed.—Trim the inner able, ride or drive them for an half of the foot more heavily than hour or so a day. the outer half < Horses with bad feet frequently Qimrter crack,—Keep the hoof cannot exercise on roads. Those moist. Shorten the toe and use a with faulty tendons may not be corrective shoe. able to exercise under saddle. Cocked ankles,—Lower the Allow such animals to exercise by heels. longeing on a line 30 to 40 feet Contracted heels,—Lower the long, by leading, or by going loose heels and allow the frog to carry in a large paddock or pasture. more of the weight ; this spreads the heels apart. DISEASES AND PARASITES Horses should be shod when they are to be used on hard sur- The information given here is faces for any length of time. Also, presented merely to acquaint the shoes may be used to change reader with the more common gaits, aid in gripping the ground, diseases and parasites of the correct faulty hoof structure or horse and is not intended to be growth, and protect the hoof used in lieu of the services of a from such conditions as corns, veterinarian. Always call your contraction, or cracks. veterinarian if your horse should Make sure the shoes are made to become sick or lame. fit the horses foot, not the reverse. You can help protect the health Reshoe or reset the shoes every of your animals with strict sanita- 4 to 6 weeks. Do not attempt to tion and disease prevention pro- shoe a horse without first getting grams. Although exact programs sufficient instruction from a far- will differ, basic principles re- rier. main the same. Hoofs may become dry and When you see symptoms of in- brittle; sometimes they split and fectious disease, promptly isolate cause lameness. The frog loses its all affected animals and provide elasticity and no longer is effec- them with separate water and tive as a shock absorber. If the feed containers. Always avoid 41 public feeding and watering facil- Symptoms and measures for pre- ities if possible. vention and control are shown for You can help prevent or control each ailment. parasites by adhering to the fol- lowing practices. Diseases • Provide good sanitation and proper nutrition. Anthrax (splenic fever).— •Use temporary seeded pasture Caused by bacteria. Animals are rather than permanent pasture, feverish and excitable and later and practice rotation grazing. become depressed. The head hangs • Pasture young stock on clean low and respiration is rapid. pastures. Never allow young Swellings appear over the body, horses to graze on an infested especially around the neck region. area unless the area has either There may be a bloody discharge been plowed or left idle for a from all body openings. year. Isolate all sick animals. All • Do not spread fresh horse ma- carcasses and contaminated ma- nure on pastures grazed by horses. terial should be burned or buried Store the manure in a suitable pit deeply and covered with quick- for at least 2 weeks or spread it lime. Have all exposed, but heal- on fields that are to be plowed thy, animals vaccinated; rotate and cropped. pastures and initiate a rigid sani- • When small fields or paddocks tation program. must be used, pick up the drop- In infected areas, vaccination pings at frequent intervals. under the supervision of a veteri- • Keep pastures mowed and har- narian should be repeated each rowed; use a chain harrow. year, usually in the spring. Ask • Prevent fecal contamination of a veterinarian to recommend feed and water. measures for the control of flies. • Have a veterinarian treat ani- Distemper (strsingles).—Caused mals that have internal or external by bacteria. Animals lose appetite, parasites. After animals are have a high fever, and discharge treated for internal parasites, pus from the nose. By the third or move them to a clean area. fourth day of the disease, the • If cattle are on the premises, glands under the jaw enlarge, be- alternate the use of pastures be- come sore, and eventually break tween cattle and horses because open and discharge pus. A cough usually is present. most parasites are not transferra- Isolate sick animals. Clean and ble between species. disinfect contaminated areas. Do •Avoid overgrazing; there are not allow healthy animals to come more parasites on the bottom inch in contact with infected animals of the grass. or with contaminated feeds, prem- Some of the diseases and para- ises, or equipment. sites that attack horses are dis- Have animals vaccinated to cussed in the following sections. help prevent the disease. 42 Encephalomyelitis (sleeping VEE sickness).—Caused by four differ- ent viruses that are transmitted An outbreak of Venezuelan by mosquitoes. Two types are Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE) common in the United States— was reported in Texas in 1971. eastern type and western type. This was the first time the disease In early stages, a sick animal had occured in the United States. walks around aimlessly, crashing VEE is an infectious virus dis- into objects. Later he may appear sleepy, grind his teeth, be unable ease of the central nervous system to swallow, have paralyzed lips, of horses, causing mortality as and be blind. Paralysis may cause high as 80 to 90 percent. The dis- the animal to fall. ease also may attack humans. The Burn or bury all infected car- symptoms of VEE in horses are casses ; destroy, if possible, insect similar to those in the common breeding grounds; and do not eastern and western types of en- move animals from an infected cephalomyelitis. In humans the in- area to a clean one. Have animals fection usually produces a mild to vaccinated each year before May severe respiratory illness with se- or as soon as the disease makes vere frontal headache and high its appearance in a community. fever. Children usually are affect- Equine abortion,—Causes of ed more severely than adults. abortion may be grouped as (1) VEE is generally not fatal in hu- Salmonella ahortivoequina; (2) mans but some deaths have been streptococcic abortion ; (3) virus, reported. or epizootic abortion (rhinopneu- VEE was first diagnosed in monitis) ; (4) viral arteritis, caused by a virus; and (5) miscel- Venezuela in 1936 and was report- laneous, with causes such as acci- ed in several South and Central dents, faulty feeds, or twins. American countries before the Salmonella abortivoequina abor- outbreak occured in the United tions occur most frequently in last States. half of pregnancy. VEE is transmitted by mosqui- Streptococcic abortion usually toes and other insects. There is occurs early in pregnancy, prior also a possibility of contact trans- to the fifth month. mission between horses. Rodents Virus, or epizootic, abortion are susceptible to VEE and they generally occurs late in preg- may be reservoirs of the virus in nancy, after the fifth month. Some the natural spread of the disease. foals are born alive and die at The program to control the 2 to 3 days of age. 1971 outbreak of VEE included Viral arteritis causes fever, spraying to control mosquitoes inflamation of the respiratory and the vaccination of horses. tract, and swelling of the eyelids and legs. One-half or more of 43 pregnant mares that are infected carriers for years and transmit may abort. the disease to other horses. Quarantine animals that have Equine influenza.—Caused by a aborted. Burn or bury the bedding virus. Symptoms develop 2 to 10 and fetus. Disinfect contaminated days after exposure. premises. Isolate animals newly The disease is marked by rap- introduced to the premises. idly rising temperature, which Prevent abortion caused by may reach 106° F. and persist for Salmonella abortivoequiTia by vac- 2 to 10 days. Other symptoms in- cinating all pregnant mares every clude loss of appetite, extreme year where premises are infected weakness, rapid breathing, a dry with the organism. cough, and a watery discharge Prevent streptococcic abortion from the eyes and nostrils fol- by making sure you mate only lowed by a white to yellow nasal healthy animals and observe discharge. Young animals are par- scrupulous cleanliness at mating. ticularly susceptible to this dis- Prevent virus, or epizootic, ease. abortion by vaccinating all horses Do not allow sick animals to of both sexes and all ages twice exercise when the temperature is annually, in July and October. high. Isolate sick animals to avoid Prevent viral arteritis by iso- transmission of the virus. lating new horses on the premises Have animals vaccinated to les- and quarantining infected horses. sen the possibility of infection. Equine infectious enemia Tetanus (lockjaw).—Caused by (swamp fever)-^—Caused by a bacteria that usually gain en- virus that may be transmitted by trance to the body through a stableflies. wound. Symptoms vary but they usually The first sign of tetanus is a include some of the following: stiffness about the head. The ani- High and intermittent fever, stiff- mal often chews slowly and weak- ness and weakness, anemia, jaun- ly and swallows awkwardly. The dice, swelling of the lower body third, or inner, eyelid protrudes and legs, and loss of weight even over the forward surface of the though the appetite remains eyeball. When the animal sees the good. Most infected animals die slightest movement or hears the within 2 to 4 weeks. slightest noise, he has violent Isolate infected animals. Burn spasms, He usually remains stand- or bury all carcasses. Separate ing until near death. Death oc- feeding and watering equipment curs in over half of the cases. from that used by healthy ani- Place a sick animal in the care mals. Practice good sanitation and of a veterinarian and keep the reduce the number of biting in- animal quiet. Make the animal as sects as much as possible, There is comfortable as possible and pro- no known preventive vaccination. vide it with plenty of water and Infected horses may be virus soft feed. 44 Have animals vaccinated as a and reduced work output. Bots preventive measure. may cause death. Vesicular stomatitis,—Caused Botflies lay their eggs in the by a virus, Blisters and raw spots hair of horses, usually on the appear on the tongue, the inner front legs and shoulders. The flies surfaces of the lips, the angles of cause animals to toss their heads the mouth, and the gums. There is in the air, strike the ground with considerable salivation. their front feet, and rub their Make the animal as comfortable noses on their legs or any other as possible and provide plenty of convenient object. water and soft feed. Frequent grooming, washing, There is no vaccination. and clipping will help prevent in- festations of bots. Fly nets and Internol Parasites nose covers offer some relief from the attacks of botflies. Ascarids (white worm, large In late fall, at least 1 month roundworm).—The female is from after the first killing frost, have 6 to 22 inches long and the male infected animals treated with a from 5 to 13 inches, When full vermifuge, Thirty days before the grown, both are about the diam- vermifuge is given, destroy any eter of a lead pencil. botfly eggs clinging to the body by The injury caused by ascarids washing animals in water heated varies from little damage to to 120'' F. or by clipping the hair. heavy infections that may cause Prevention is best assured by death. Death usually is due to a community campaigns in which ruptured intestine. Serious lung all horses in the area are treated. damage caused by migrating as- Equine piroplasmosis (babe- carid larvae may result in pneu- siases).—Caused by protozoan monia. More common are retarded parasites that invade the red growth, a potbelly, rough hair blood cells. coat, and digestive disturbances. The symptoms are similar to in- Ascarids especially affect young fectious anemia, or swamp fever, animals but rarely attack horses A positive diagnosis can be made more than 5 years old. if protozoa are present in the red Keep the barn and paddocks clean, store manure in a pit 2 to blood cells. 3 weeks before spreading it, pro- Sick animals have a fever of vide clean feed and water, and 103° to lOe"" F., anemia, jaundice, place young foals on clean pasture. thirst, swelling of the eyelids, con- Ask a veterinarian to prescribe stipation, and colic. The urine is a worming medicine and treat- yellow to a reddish color. ment schedule. See a veterinarian immediately ; Bots.—These are the larvae of many States have laws that re- botflies. Infected animals have fre- quire you to report this infection. quent digestive upsets and even Between 10 to 15 percent of colic, lowered vitality, emaciation. sick animals die. Recovered ani- 45 mais remain carriers for 10 but most are very small. The large months to 4 years and should be strongyles are variously called isolated. bloodworms, palisade worms, scle- Intestinal threadworms rostomes, and red worms. (strongyloides) .—The symptoms Infected horses have lack of ap- are diarrhea, stunted growth, and petite, anemia, progressive emaci- unthriftiness in foals. The worms ation, a rough hair coat, sunken disappear by the time foals are 6 eyes, digestive disturbances, and months old. sometimes posterior paralysis that Good sanitation and clean, dry results in death. bedding are the best prevention. The harmful effects are great- Ask a veterinarian for advice on est in young animals. One kind of treatment of heavily infected ani- large strongyle may permanently mals, damage the intestinal blood ves- Pinworms (rectal worms).— sels and cause the death of animals Two kinds frequently are found of any age. in horses. Those of one kind are Collect manure daily from pas- whitish with long, slender tails tures and barns and store it in a and those of the other kind are so pit 2 to 3 weeks. Rotate pastures, small they are barely visible. and avoid overstocked and moist Symptoms are irritation of the pastures. anus and tail rubbing. Heavy in- Tapeworms,—Three kinds of fections also may cause digestive tapeworms attack horses. Heavy disturbances and produce anemia. infections may cause digestive dis- Large pinworms cause the most turbances, loss of weight, and ane- damage ; they may be seen in the mia. feces of heavily infected horses. Practice good sanitation by fol- The best preventive measures lowing such practices as rotating are to practice good sanitation and pastures, using clean bedding, col- keep infected animals separated lecting manure regularly, and from the excrement. avoiding overstocking pastures. Stomach worms.—These worms cause inflammation in the stom- ach. External Parasites Infected horses have severe gas- Blowflies.—Blowfly larvae, or tritis. Sometimes the larvae of the maggots, feed on flesh and skin larger kinds of stomach worms and produce severe irritation. In- are responsible in part for the fested animals rapidly become skin disease of horses called "sum- weak and fevered. mer sores." Ask a veterinarian to recom- Maintain good sanitation, prop- mend control measures and pre- er manure disposal, and fly con- scribe treatment. Destroy dead trol. animals by burning or deep burial. Strongyles (bloodworms).—A Houseflies and stableflies.— few kinds grow up to 2 inches long Houseflies do not bite but they are 46 a nuisance. Stableñies bite, princi- produce unthriftiness. Get a vet- pally on the legs, erinarian to prescribe a treat- Houseflies transmit one species ment. of roundworm. Stableflies may Mites.—These very small para- transmit anthrax and infectious sites produce mange. Symptoms anemia. are skin irritation, itching, and Practice good sanitation, collect scratching. The skin becomes and dispose of manure, and use thick, tough, and wrinkled and a screens when practical crust forms over it. The infection Horseflies^ deerftieSf and mos- appears to spread most rapidly quitoes,—These are all biting in- during the winter months and sects. Bites of horseflies and deer- among young and poorly nourish- flies are very painful Mosquitoes ed animals. transmit encephalomeyelitis. Mites retard growth, lower Drainage and landfill are the work efficiency, and produce un- best methods for preventing mos- thriftiness. The best prevention is quitoes. Shelters for horses on pas- to keep horses away from infested ture provide some protection from animals or premises. In case of an horseflies, deerflies, and mosqui- outbreak, call a veterinarian and toes. Get a veterinarian to pre- quarantine affected animals. cribe an insecticide. Ringworm,—Caused by micro- Face flies.—Face flies gather in scopic fungi. Round, scaly areas large numbers on the faces of with almost no hair appear main- horses, especially around the eyes ly in the vicinity of the eyes, ears, and nose. side of the neck, or the root of the Shelters for horses on pasture tail. Usually there is mild itching. will afford some protection from Isolate infected animals. Disin- face flies. Get a veterinarian to fect everything that has been in prescribe an insecticide. contact with the infected animals, Lice.—These small, flattened, including combs and brushes. wingless parasites cause intense Practice strict sanitation. Get a irritation and restlessness. Infest- veterinarian to prescribe a treat- ed animals may itch severely, ment, which causes them to rub and Screwworms,—Screwworm flies gnaw the skin. The hair may be raise their maggots in the flesh of animals, especially in wounds. rough, thin, and dull looking. Symptoms are loss of appetite, un- Scabs may be present. Lice are apt thriftiness, and lowered activity. to be most plentiful around the Keep animals from getting cut root of the tail, on the inside of or scratched and protect wounds the thighs, over the fetlock region, that do appear. In screwworm in- and along the neck and shoulders. fested areas, schedule castrations Lice show up most commonly in during the winter season when winter on ill-nourished and ne- flies are least abundant and active. glected animals. They retard Get a veterinarian to prescribe a growth, lower work eflniciency, and treatment. 47 Ticks.—Several kinds of ticks spread diseases such as piroplas- attack horses. Symptoms are low- mosis and African horse fever. ered vitality and itching in the Control ticks the same way you parts that are attacked. Ticks may control lice. BREED REGISTRY ASSOCIATIONS American Albino Association, Inc. American Paso Fino Pleasure Box 79 Horse Association, Inc. Crabtree, Ore. 97335 Arrott Building- 401 Wood Street American Andalusian Association Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222 P. 0. Box 1290 Silver City, New Mexico 88061 American Quarter Horse Associa- American Association of Owners tion P. 0. Box 200 and Breeders of Peruvian Paso Horses Amarillo, Tex, 79105 P. 0. Box 371 American Remount Association Calabasas, Calif, 91302 (Half-Thoroughbred Registry) American Buckskin Registry As- 20560 Perris Blvd. sociation Perris, Calif, 92370 P, 0. Box 1125 American Saddle Horse Breeders Anderson, Calif. 96007 Association American Connemara Pony So- 929 South Fourth Street ciety Louisville, Ky, 40203 R. R. 2, Featherbed Lane Ballston Spa, New York 12020 American Shetland Pony Club P. 0. Box 2339 American Gotland Horse Associa- West Lafayette, Ind. 47902 tion Route 2, Box 181 Appaloosa Horse Club, Inc. Elkland, Mo, 65644 Box 403 Moscow, Idaho 83843 American Hackney Horse Society 527 Madison Avenue Arabian Horse Club Registry of Room 725 America New York, N, Y. 10022 One Executive Park 7801 Belleview Avenue American Paint Horse Associa- Englewood, Colo. 80110 tion P. 0. Box 12487 Cleveland Bay Society of America Fort Worth, Tex. 76116 White Post, Va. 22663 48 Galicano Horse Breeders Associa- Palomino Horse Association, The tion, Inc. Box 446 708 Peoples Bank Building Chatsworth, Calif. 91311 Tyler, Tex. 75701 Palomino Horse Breeders of Hungarian Horse Association America Bitterroot Stock Farm P. 0. Box 249 Hamilton, Mont. 59840 Mineral Weils, Tex. 76067 International Arabian Horse As- Pinto Horse Association of Amer- sociation ica, Inc. 224 East Olive Avenue Box 3984 Burbank, Calif. 91503 San Diego, Calif. 92103 International Buckskin Horse Pony of the Americas Club, Inc, Registry P. 0. Box 1447 P. 0. Box 2194 Mason City, Iowa 50401 Redding, California 96001 Spanish Mustang Registry, Inc. Jockey Club, The Box 398 (Thoroughbred horses) Thompson Falls, Montana 59873 300 Park Avenue New York, N. Y. 10022 Tennessee Walking Horse Breed- Missouri Fox Trotting Horse ers' Association of America Breed Association, Inc. P. 0, Box 286 P. 0. Box 637 Lewisburg, Tenn. 37091 Ava, Mo. 65608 United States Trotting Associa- Morgan Horse Club Inc., The tion, The P. 0. Box 2157 (Standardbred horses) West Hartford, Conn. 06117 750 Michigan Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43215 Morocco Spotted Horse Coopera- tive Association of America Welsh Pony Society of America Route 1 202 North Chester Street Ridott, Illinois 61067 West Chester, Pennsylvania 19308 49 The breed pictures in this publication were supplied by the following persons and organizations. American Albino Association, Inc. American Buckskin Registry Association Krona Horse Farms American Paint Horse Association American Saddle Horse Breeders Association Appaloosa Horse Club, Inc. Internationa! Arabian Horse Association Mr. A. Mackay-Smith Mavis Connemara Farm Galiceno Horse Breeders Association American Hackney Horse Society and Kennedy Pony Farm Mrs. Margit Sigray Bessenyey Missouri Fox Trotting Horse Breed Association Morgan Horse Club Mr. Sam Roberts Mr. George LaHood, Jr. American Association of Owners and Breeders of Peru- vian Paso Horses Pinto Horse Association of America, Inc. Pony of the Americas Club, Inc. Mr. Lewis J. Moorman, Jr. American Shetland Pony Club Mr. Robert E. Brislawn United States Trotting Association Voice of the Tennessee Walking Horse The Jockey Club Welsh Pony Society of America, Inc. ^US. GOVERNMENT PRINTiNS OFPICE: 1972 O 440-( 50