HORSE BOWL MANUAL For Senior 4-H Members Prepared By: Craig H. Wood 1988 TABLE OF CONTENTS Anatomy . 2 Breeds and Breed Associations . 10 Diseases and Unsoundnesses . 13 Genetics . 23 History and Evolution . 26 Nutrition . 27 Parasite . 31 Physiology and Endocrinology . 32 Psychology . 40 Reproduction . 42 Show and Show Procedures . 50 Trivia . 62 1 ANATOMY Q.: How much does the hoof wall grow per month? A.: 1/8 to 1/2 inch Q.: What sense in the horse functions with the following components: an auricle, tympanic cavity, anvil, hammer and stirrup? A.: Hearing Q.: Do the front legs or hind legs have the most joints in it? A.: Hind (7) Q.: Which is a more serious condition, toed-in or toed-out? A.: Toed-out Q.: What is the junction of the wall and the sole called? A.: White line Q.: What term describes a horse that has a complete set of permanent incisors? A.: Full mouth Q.: What describes the point of the frog towards to the toe? A.: Apex Q.: The horse has how many cervical vertebrae? A.: Seven Q.: What is the largest tissue mass in the horse's body? A.: Muscles Q.: What is the external part of the ear called? A.: Auricle Q.: The first upper premolars are also called what? A.: Wolf teeth Q.: What part of the horse's skeleton consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs and breastbone? A.: Trunk Q.: Name the rear teeth or grinding teeth of the horse. 2 A.: Molars Q.: How many bones does the horse have? A.: 205 Q.: How many teeth does a mature male horse have? A.: 40 Q.: What is the name of the first cervical vertebrae? A.: Atlas Q.: Name the cone-shaped muscular organ located between the lungs which propels blood by alternate muscular contraction and relaxation. A.: Heart Q.: What is the function of the short bones? A.: To absorb concussion Q.: What and where is the ergot? A.: Small round, horny growth at the back of a horse's fetlock. Q.: What are ossified lateral cartilages immediately above and toward the rear quarter of the hoof head? A.: Sidebones Q.: How many chambers in a horse's heart? A.: Four Q.: The increased height of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th thoracic vertebrae make up the what? A.: Withers Q.: What should be the widest part of the hindquarters? A.: Stifle Q.: What is made possible by the action of bone levers, joint hinges, and tendon cables, and the contraction of muscles? A.: Motion Q.: Which jaw is wider in the horse, upper or lower? A.: Upper 3 Q.: Where do splints usually occur and why? A.: On the inside of the front legs because they receive the most weight Q.: The horny growth on the back of the fetlock is called? A.: Ergot Q.: Where are the uterine horns located? A.: The abdominal cavity Q.: Where on the horse would there be no sweat glands? A.: Legs Q.: Name the largest bone in the horse's face. A.: Mandible (lower jaw bone) Q.: In what area of the horse would you find the pectoral muscles? A.: Chest Q.: What is the horse's counterpart to the human knee? A.: Stifle Q.: How many muscles control the movement of the horse's eyeball? A.: Seven Q.: Name the bone of the foot enclosed within the hoof. A.: Coffin bone Q.: How many bones compose the sternum? A.: One Q.: The V shaped pad in the middle of the sole. A.: Frog (horny) Q.: This term refers to the smooth biting surface of the upper and lower incisors after the cups have disappeared at 12 years of age. A.: Smooth mouth Q.: What joint is commonly referred to as the yes-no joint? A.: The atlas-axis joint (joint between the 1st and 2nd vertebrae) 4 Q.: How are the muscles in the horse classified? A.: Smooth, cardiac and skeletal Q.: What is the triangular sesamoid bone situated at the front of the stifle? A.: Patella or knee cap Q.: What term is used to describe a foot axis of 60 degrees or more? A.: Club foot Q.: T/F The frog is relatively soft because it contains approximately 50 percent water. A.: True Q.: The navicular bone and bursa are associated with which tendon? A.: Deep flexor tendon Q.: What are the three weight bearing structures of the foot? A.: Wall, bars, and frog Q.: What percent of a horse's weight is carried on its forequarters? A.: 60-65% Q.: Besides the star, name four other markings on the face. A.: Stripe, blaze, snip, bald face, star and stripe, race Q.: What is the common name of the scapula? A.: Shoulder blade Q.: What three items make up the central nervous system? A.: Brain, brain stem, spinal cord Q.: Where would one find the coccygeal vertebrae part of the spinal column? A.: Tail, caudal Q.: What is another name of the distal sesamoid bone? A.: Navicular bone Q.: What is the structure that surrounds and protects the eye? A.: Orbital cavity Q.: What is the name of the tract that is a musculo-membranous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus? 5 A.: Gastrointestinal tract Q.: What are the two functions of the body of the horse? A.: Contains vital organs, supports the rider's weight; transmits the propulsion of the rear quarters Q.: What structure begins the healing process when a bone fracture occurs? A.: Periosteum Q.: Dark spots on a white coronet band are called what? A.: Distal spots Q.: What is the lining of the abdominal wall called? A.: Peritoneum Q.: The walls of the heart are composed of three layers. What are they? A.: Pericardium Endocardium Myocardium Q.: What are the small extensions of bone on each side of the coffin bone called? A.: Wings of the coffin bone Q.: Which artery carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs? A.: Pulmonary Q.: The blood supply to the foot is furnished by what two digital arteries? A.: Medial and lateral Q.: What is osteomalacia? A.: Soft bones Q.: What is the primary function of the sole of the horse's foot? A.: To protect the sensitive inner foot parts from injury by hard objects on the ground Q.: What is the pharynx? A.: The opening between the nasal passages Q.: What acts as a splint to prevent displacement of the fibula? A.: Tibia Q.: What is the main bone in the Gaskin? 6 A.: Tibia Q.: What is a common name for the distal sesamoid bone? A.: Shuttle or Navicular bone Q.: Equus appeared in what epoch? A.: Pleistocene Epoch Q.: What is a common name for torticollis? A.: Dropped neck or bent back Q.: How is the scapula attached to the vertebral column? A.: Muscular sling - by muscle; no bone connection Q.: What does the term "roached back" mean when describing a horse? A.: That the horse has a thin, sharp, arched back Q.: The inflammation affecting the fine membrane that lines the chest and covers the lungs is known as what? A.: Pleurisy, Pleuritis Q.: What is the largest ligament found in the leg? A.: Suspensory ligament Q.: If something was said to be intercostal, where would it be located? A.: Between the ribs Q.: What is the proper name for the horse's shoulder blade? A.: Scapula Q.: What is the horse's auricle? A.: External ear, or heart chamber Q.: Muscles are attached to bones by what? A.: Tendons Q.: The ossa coxarum of a horse is also known as what? A.: The pelvis or hipbones Q.: Name the four major parts of the hoof. A.: Bones, elastic structure, sensitive area, horny wall 7 Q.: What is olecranon bursitis? A.: Capped elbow or shoe boil Q.: Where is the hypothalamus located? A.: At the base of the brain Q.: What is the difference between the 8 pairs of true ribs and the remaining 10 pairs of floating ribs? A.: The true ribs join segments of the sternum (Breast bone) the floating ribs overlap and attach to each other Q.: How many carpal bones are there in the knee and how are they arranged? A.: 8 carpal bones, arranged in two rows consisting of 3 articulating surfaces Q.: What is the fluid-filled space between the iris and cornea called? A.: Anterior chamber Q.: How many turbinates are in each nostril? A.: Three Q.: In what part of the body would one find the nictitating membrane? A.: In the eye (the haw or third eyelid) Q.: Why is the lower leg of the horse used to estimate bone quality? A.: No muscle there Q.: If a horse is sickle-hocked, excessive strain will be placed on what ligament? A.: The plantar ligament at the rear of the hock Q.: Name three cranial nerves. A.: Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Accessory, Hypoglossal, Vagus Q.: Which teeth have a dental star? A.: (Permanent) Incisors Q.: What are the five divisions of the vertebral column and how many bones does each area contain? A.: Cervical or neck - 7 Coccygeal or tail - 18 Dorsal or back - 18 Lumbar or loin - 6 8 Sacrum or croup - 5 Q.: The frontal, inferior maxillary and superior maxillary all refer to what in the horse? A.: The three sinuses Q.: Name the seven joints in the hind quarter. A.: Sacro-iliac, Hip, Stifle, Hock, Fetlock, Pastern, Coffin Q.: These two joints in the rear leg have reciprocal action. Name them. A.: Hock and stifle Q.: What is the white line in the hoof? A.: Junction between the sensitive and insensitive laminae Q.: What is the purpose of the nictitating membrane in the horse? A.: To wipe foreign objects from the eye Q.: As you know, the muscles of the horse's body are classified as smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.