·, . • .. .., "iI y.i ".c,. __.. ll:iii~ .... -~ Horsemanship and Care r I

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE • AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE AGRICULTURE INFORMATION BULLETIN NO :353 CONTENTS

Pae-e Breeds of ...... 1 Selecting a horse ...... 6 Colors and markings ______.. __ __ ..... __...... ___..... ____ _ 12 Riding equipment ...... 16 Riding a horse ...... 21 Showing a horse ...... 21 Buildings and fences ...... 26 Breeding a horse ...... 28 The foal ...... 29 Feeding a horse ...... 33 Grooming a horse _____ .... ______.. . __ ...... ____ .... ______.. ___ 39 Care of the feet ...... 39 Diseases and parasites ...... ___ __. ... . ___ .... ______... 41 associations __...... ___...... __ _. .. ___ ... 48

Credit: The author adapted some of the narrative and illustrations used in this bulletin from the book, HORSES AND HORSEMANSHIP, with permission of the pubisher, The Inter­ state Printers and Publishers, Inc., Danville, Illinois.

COVER: Courtesy of Mr. Al Mavis, Mavis Connemara Farm, Rochester, Ill.

This bulletin supersedes Farmers' Bulletin No. 2127, "Light Horses." For more complete information on horses, see Agriculture Handbook No. 394, "Breeding and Raising Horses."

Wash ington, D.C. Issued September 1972

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gove rnment Printing Office Washington, D. C. - Price 75 cents Stock N umber 001-000-01475- 7 T he re is a minimum charg·e of $1.00 for each mail order Horsemanship and Horse Care

By M. E. ENS:o.UNGER, collaborator, Animal Science Reseu1'ch Division, A !Jricultural Research Service

Horses may be classified as di stinctive, uniformly transmit­ light horses, , or draft ted characteri stics that are not horses, according to size, build, common to other horses. and use. The U. S. Department of Agri­ Light horses are 14-2 to 17 culture has no authority to ap­ hands high measured at the with­ prove a breed. The only legal ba­ ers, and they weigh 900 to 1,400 sis for recognizing a breed is in pounds. A hand is 4 inches; thus the Tariff Act of 1930. It provides 14-2 hands is 58 inches, or 14 for the duty-free admission of hands, 2 inches. purebred breeding horses provi d ~ Ponies are under 14-2 hands ed they are di sease free and re ~ high and weigh up to 900 pounds. gistered in the country of origin. Draft horses are 14-2 to 17-2 but this applies only to imported hands high, weigh 1,400 pounds animals. or more, and are used primarily For detailed information about for pulling loads and other heavy any of the breeds, write to the ap­ work. propriate breed registry associa­ Light horses are discussed in tion. The names and addresses of this bulletin. They are used pri­ the associations are given on marily for riding, , rac­ pages 48 and 49. ing, Or light farm work and in The list of associations is not addition to being smaller they are complete, and no di scrimination generally more rangy and more is in tended against associations active than draft horses. that are not included. Only the associations that register the most BREEDS OF HORSES common breeds of horses are list­ ed. But the inclusion of an associ­ A breed of horses is a group of ation in the list does not consti­ horses having a common origin tute any official recognition of the and possessing certain well-fixed, horses it registers as a breed.

1 BN-32565 BN- 32892 Breed: American Albino Horse. Breed: America n Paint Horse. Color: White. Color: White and any other color.

BN- 32575 BN- 32564 Breed: American Buckskin. Breed: American Horse. Color: Buckskin, red dun, or grulla Color: , brown, gray, , or (mouse dun). black.

BN- 32568 BN- 32569 Breed: Appaloosa. Breed: American Gotland Horse. Color: White over the loin and hips with Color: Bay, brown, black, dnn, chestnnt, dark spots on the white areas; other roan, or palomino. coloring is variable.

2 BN- 82657 Breed: Arabian. BN- 32667 Color: Bay, gray, chestnut, white, or black. Breed : Galiceno. Co lor : Bay, black, che!tnut, dun, ! ray, brown, or palomino.

BN- 1I 2576 Breed : Cleveland Bay. Color : Bay body and b1ack legs. BN-82826 Breed: Hackney. Color: Chestnut, bay, brown, roan, or hinck.

BN- 82669 Breed: Co nnemara . BN- 32572 'Color: Gray, black, bay, dun, brown, Breed : Hungarian Horse. cream, roan, or ('hestnut. Color: Any color.

3 BN- 32.5 79 Breed: Missouri Fox Trotting Horse Color: Any coloI' but usually sorrel.

BN-326 66 Breed : Paso Fino. Co lor: Any color.

Breed : Morgan. Color: Bay, brown. black. or chestnut. BN-326U Breed: Peruvian Paso. Color: Any color.

. Breed : Palomino. - BN- 32665 Color: Golden with light colored mane and Breed : . tail. Color: White and any other <' 0101'.

4 BN-3289{ Breed: Pony of the Americlls. Breed : Spanish . Color: White over the loin and hips with Color : Any color except tobiano. dark spots on the white areas; other coloring is variable.

BN-! 2671 Breed : Standardbred. BN-S2673 Color : Ba!". brown, chestnut, black, gray, Breed : Quarter Horse. roan, or dun. Color : Chestnut, sorrel, bay, dun, black, palomino, roan, brown, or copper.

. .. " .- .•.

BN-a289! BN- 32826 Breed : Tennessee Walking Hone. Breed : Shetland Pony. Color : Sorrel. chestnut, black, roan, white, Color : Any color. bay, brown, gray, or golden.

5 DN- S2(;60 BN- 82668 Breeu: Thoroughbred. Breed: Wehb Pony. Color: Bay, brown, black, chesnut, roan, Color: Any color except piebald or skew. or gray. hald.

SELECTING A HORSE in the three natural gaits--walk, trot, and gallop-before he at­ Relatively few horses are in­ tempts to ride a horse executing spected and evaluated by experi­ more complicated gaits. enced horsemen. Most horses are After deciding what kind of bought .by persons who lack ex­ horse you need, you are ready to perience in judging but who have select a particular horse. The best a practical need for the animal method is to select your horse on and take pride in selecting and the basis of body characteristics owning a good horse. If you are and performance, and on show an amateur, you should get the ring winnings if he is a show help of a competent horseman be­ horse. If you intend to use your fore you buy a horse. horse for breeding, you also When you select a horse, con­ should consider his pedigree and sider the following points. the records of his near relatives • The horse should be the right and offspring. size and weight for the rider. A Before you go out to buy a small child should have a small horse, you should be able to iden­ horse or pony and a heavy adult tify the parts of a horse, detect should have a large horse. Also, blemishes and unsoundnesses and a tall person should have a tall determine age. horse. • A quiet, gentle horse that is not too spirited is best for an in­ Parts of a Horse experienced adult or a child. You should have a thorough • A three-gaited horse usually knowledge of the parts of a horse is best for a beginner. A beginner and be able to understand the needs experience riding a horse language commonly used in de-

6 scribing them. The diagram on proper value to each part. An alI­ this page shows the parts of a breed score card is shown on pages horse. 8 and 9. The use of a score card is a good way to make sure that you have inspected all parts of a horse Blemishes and Unsoundnesses before you buy him. A score card An integral part of selecting lists all the parts and assigns a a horse lies in your ability to rec-

\ \ 36---\ d _ 35--+\ \ i~ 33 -J &

BN- 16178 Parts of a horse. 1. MU1.1Jle 12. Neck 23. Quarter 34. Fetlock 2. Nostril 13. Throatlatch 24. Stifle 35. Cannon 3. Jaw 14. Wither8 25. Rear flank 36. Knee 4. Cheek 15. Back 26. Sheath 37. Forearm 5. Face 16. Loin 27. Underline 38. Point of elbow 6. Eye 17. Croup 28. Gaskin 39. Arm 7. Forehead 18. Hip 29. Point of hock 40. Point or shoulder 8. Poll 19. Coupling 30. Hock 41. Ribs 9. Ear 20. Tail 31. Foot 42. Heart 10. Mane 21. Point or buttocks 32. Coronet 43 . Shoulder n. Crest 22. Thir;h 33. Pastern

7 All-Breed Horse Score Card

~ • 11" 11" 11" 11 " " e e e ~" • • • ~ Characteristics 0 " " .. " .. " .. " "o~ " o~ o· o· ~• .eO" .e .e e~ e~ E~ '0" ." .".~ .~ .~ '" z1; Zo Zo Z. Breed type .... ______.___ .__ __ _.______...... ______15 Animals should possess the distinctive characteristics of the breed represented, including- Color: Height at maturity: Weight at maturity: Form . _...... _.. _. __ . ______.______3 5 Style and beauty: Attractive, good car­ riage, alert, refined, symmetrical, and all parts nicely blended together. Body: Nicely turned; long, well-sprung ribs; heavily muscled. Back and loin: Short and strong, wide, well muscled, and short coupled. Croup : Long, level, wide, muscular, with a high-set tail. Rea" quarters,' Deep and muscular. Gaskin: Heavily muscled. Withe'l's: Prominent, and of the same height as the high point of the croup. Shoulders: Deep, well laid in, and slop­ ing about a 45-degree angle. Chest: Fairly wide, deep, and full. Arm and forearm: Well muscled. Feet and legs ..._ . .... _.. ______15 Legs: Correct position and set when viewed from front, side, and r ear. Pasterns: Long, and sloping at about a 45-degree angle. Feet: In proportion to size of horse, good shape, wide and deep at heels, dense texture of hoof. Hocks : Deep, clean-cut, and well sup­ ported. Knees: Broad, tapered gradually into cannon. Cannons: Clean, fiat, with tendons well defined.

8 All-Breed Horse Score Card-(Continued)

~ 0 0 0 • 0 " " " "0 .0 Jl •0 "'S § "'E S 0. , , , Characteristics-Continued • • " 0 " .. " .. " . .. " o~ o~ o~.. o~ ~• 0" o · 0 " ~EO" S,g SO S,g '0" ." .~ .~ 0. Z~ Z o Z~.'" Z o Head and neck .... ______. ____ .. _____ . __ . ___ ..... ______. 10 Alertly carried, showing style and char­ acter. Head: Well proportioned to rest of body, refined, clean-cut, with chiseled appear­ an<;e; broad, full forehead with great width between the eyes; ears medium sized, well carried, and attractive; eyes large and prominent. Neck: Long, nicely arched, clean-cut about the throatlatch. with head well set-on, gracefully carried. Quality . __ ___ ._._. __. ___. __ .' ______._ ... _.. _. __ .______1 0 Clean, flat bone; well-defined and clean joints and tendons, and fine skin and hair. Action . ______.____ .. _____ .. _____ 15 W alk : E asy, springy, prompt, balanced, a long step, with each foot carried for~ ward in a straight line; feet lifted clear of the ground. Trot : Prompt, straight, elastic, bal~ a nced, with hocks carried closely, and high flexion of knees and hocks. Discrimination: Any abnormality that af- fects the serviceability of the horse______Disqualification: In keeping with breed r egistry or show regulations ______Total points or percenL_____ 100 ognize common blemishes and un­ structure or function of a horse soundnesses and your ability to constitutes an unsoundness. F rom rate the importance of each. a practical standpoint, however, A thorough knowledge of sound you should distinguish between body and limb structure makes it abnormalities that do and those easy to recognize imperfections. that do not affect serviceability. Any abnormal deviation in the Blemishes include abnormali-

9 ties that do not affect service­ 1. UNDERSHOT JAw.-Lower ability, such as scars from wire jaw' is longer than the upper cuts or rope burns. jaw. causing malocclusion of Unsoundnesses include more the teeth. serious abnormalities that affect Z. PARROT MOUTH.-Lower jaw serviceability, such as splints, is shorter than upper jaw ringbone, or founder. (overshot jaw) . Consider the use to wh ich you 3. BLINDNESS .-Partial or com­ intend to put the animal before plete loss of vision. you buy a b1emished or unsound 4. MOON BLINDNESS.-A cloudy horse. or inflamed condition of the The locations of common blem­ eye that recurs at periodic in­ ishes and unsoundnesses are tervals (periodic opthalmia). shown in the diagram on this 5. POLL EYIL.-An inflamed or page. Definitions of the names infected condition in the re­ of the blemishes and unsound­ gion of the poll, usually nesses foHow. caused by bruising. The number preceding each 6. FISTULOUS WITHERS.-An in­ blemish or unsoundness defined in flamed or infected condition the following list corresponds to in the region of the withers the same number shown in the caused by a bruise Or ill fit­ diagram. ting harness.

j 24--~-Z~______~ f+--7

13 ~IO 23 12 II ~~ 15 20 16 17 19 26 18

BN-16177 Location of points of common unsoundneues in hones.

10 7. STIFLED.-The patella (cap) above the pastern on the fore of the stifle joint has been dis­ and rear legs. placed. 21. SPLINTs.-Bony growths on 8. THOROUGHPIN.-A puffy con­ the cannon bone, usually on dition in the web (tissue) of the inside of the front legs. the hock. 22. KNEE-SPRUNG.-The knees 9. CAPPED HOCK.-An enlarge­ are bent forward, also called ment at the point of the hock. buck kneed. 10. STRINGHALT.-An excessive 23. CALF-K NEED.-Knees tend to flexing upward of the hind bend backward. opposite of legs when moving forward or buck kneed. backward. 24. CAPPED ELBOW or SHOE BOIL. 11. CURB.-Swelling at the rear -Swelling at the point of the of the leg and just below the elbow. point of the hock. 25. SWEENEY.-A depression in 12. BONE SPAVIN or JACK.-A the shoulder because of an at­ bony enlargement on the in­ rophied muscle. side of the hock at a point 26. FooT AILMENTS where the hock tapers into the Contracted heel.-A drawing cannon bone. in or contracting of the heel. 13. BOG SPAVIN.-A filling of the Corns.-A bruise in the soft natural depression on the in­ tissue underlying the horny side and front of the hock. sole of the foot. 14. BLOOD SPAVIN.-A varicose Founder.-A serious inflam­ vein that appears on the in­ mation of the fleshy laminae side of the hock just above the under the horny wall of the' location of a bog spavin. hoof. 15. BOWED TENDONS .-Swollen Thrush.-A disease of the tendons behind the cannon frog (bottom middle) of the bones in both the front and hoof. hind legs. Splayfoot.-Front toes turned 16. SIDEBoNES.-Hardened later­ out, heels turned in. al cartilage immediately Pigeon toed.-Front toe s above and toward the rear turned in, heels turned out. quarter of the coronet. Quarter oi' sand c1·ack.- A 17. COCKED ANKLES.-Fetlocks vertical split in the horny bent forward in a cocked posi­ wall of the hoof. tion, u3ually the hind ones. Scratches or grease heel.-A 18. QUITTOR.-A deep-seated run­ scabby inflammation of the ning sore at the coronet. posteria surface of the fet­ locks. 19. RINGBONE.-A bony growth on the pastern bone, generally Some general ailments that ef­ on the front foot. fect. horses are defined as follows: 20. WIND PUFF.-An enlargement Heaves.-Difliculty in forcing of the fluid sac, or bursa, just air out of the lungs.

11 Hernia.-T h e protrusion of old horse raised elsewhere. Crib­ any internal organ through the bing (gnawing wood) also will wall that contains it. make the teeth show more than Roaring.-Whistling or wheez­ normal wear. It is hard to deter­ ing when breathing is speeded up. mine the age of cribbers or horses T hie k win d.-Difficulty in with undershot jaw or parrot breathing. mouth. A mature male horse has 40 Determining Age teeth, a mature female has 36, and a foal of either sex has 24. Horses can live about 20 to 25 Quite commonly, a small point­ years. They generally are at their ed tooth, known as a Hwolf tooth/' best between 3 and 12 years of may appear in front of each first age. This may vary because of in­ molar in the upper jaw, thus in­ dividual differences in animals or creasing the total number of teeth because of differences in the kind to 42 in the male and 38 in the fe­ of work they do. male. Less frequently, two more The age of horses is, therefore, wolf teeth in the lower jaw in­ important to breeder, seller, and crease the total number of teeth in buyer. the male and female to 44 and 40, You can determine the approxi­ respectively. mate age of a horse by noting the time of appearance, shape, and de­ gree of wear of temporary and COLORS AND MARKINGS permanent teeth. Temporary, or Within some of the breeds, cer­ milk, teeth are smaller and whiter tain colors are preferred and in than permanent teeth. some cases certain colors are re­ The best way to learn to deter­ quired for registration; other col­ mine age in horses is by examin­ ors are undesirable or even dis­ ing the teeth of individual horses qualify animals for registration. of known ages. You can use the You need a working knowledge of diagrams on pages 13 and 14 as body colors and head and leg guides to determine the age of markings to know what colors are horses by their teeth. required of the different breeds After a horse reaches 12 years and to identify individual horses. of age, the teeth change from oval to triangular and they project or Body Colors slant forward more as the horse The five basic body colors of gets older, as shown on page 15. horses are described as follows: A horse's environment can af­ Bay.-Bay is a mixture of red fect wear on the teeth. The teeth and yellow. It includes many of horses raised in dry, sandy shades from yellowish tan (light areas, for example. will show more bay) to a dark shade that is al­ than normal wear; a 5-year-old most brown (dark bay). Bay western horse may have teeth that horses usually have a black mane would be normal in a 6- to 8-year- and tail and black legs.

12 Temporary incisors to 10 days of age: First Temporary incisors at 4. to 6 weeks of age: or central upper and lower temporary Second or intermediate upper and lower incisors appear. temporary incisors appear.

Temporary incisors at 6 to 10 months: Temporary incisors at 1 year: CroWDS of Third or corner upper and lower tem­ central temporary incisors show wear. porary incisors appear.

Temporary incisors at 1¥2 years: Interme· Tempornry incisors at 2 years: All show dinte temporary incisors &how wear. wear.

Incisors at .f. years: Permanent incisors. reo Incisors at 5 years : All permanent; cups in place temporary centrals and intermedi­ ' all incisors. ates; temporary corner incisors remain. BN-37807

13 Incisors at 7 years: Cups worn out of low· er intermediate incisors. Incisors at 6 years: Cups worn out of lower central inchon.

Incisors at 9 years: Cupe worn out of upper Incisors at 8 years: Cups worn out of all central incisors; dental star on upper lower incisors. and dental star (dark line central and intermediate pairs. in front of cup) appeare on lower central and intermediate pairs.

Incisors at 10 years: Cups worn out of Incisors at 11 or 12 years -: Cups worn in aU upper intermediate incisors, and dental incisors (smooth mouthed), and dental star is present in aU incisors. star approaches center of CUP!.

Characteristic shape of lower incisors at 18 years. BN-37BOB

14 BN-6969 Side view of 5·, 7., and 20·year·o ld mouth. Note thot 0 8 the horse advances in oge, the teeth change from nenrly perpendicular to slanting sharply toward th e frollt.

Black.-A is com­ Besides the five basic horse col­ pletely black. If you a re in doubt ors, there are five major color var­ between dark brown and black, in­ iations. These are described as fol­ spect the color of the fine hairs lows : on the muzzle and flanks ; tan or Dun (buckskin) .-Dim is a yel­ brown hairs at these points mean lowish color of variable shading the horse is not a true black, but from pale yellow to a dirty carivas a seal brown. color. A dun horse has a dark Brow-n.-A brown horse is al­ stripe down the back. most black but he can be distin­ Gmy.- Gray is a mixture of guished by the fine tan or brown white and black hairs. Sometimes hairs on the muzzle or flanks. gray is hard to distinguish from Chestnut (so rrel) .-A chestnut black at birth, but gray horses get horse is basically red. The shades lighter as they grow older. range from light yell ow (light Palomino.-Palomino horses chestnut) to a ' dark liver color are a golden color. They have a (dark chestnut). Between t hese light colored mane and tail that extremes are the brilliant red gold may be white, silver, or ivory. and co pper shades. Normally, the Pinto (cali co or paint) .-Pinto mane and tail of a chestnut horse is a Spanish word that means are the same shade as the body; painted. Pinto horses have irre­ if they are a lighter color, they gular colored and white areas on are known as a flaxen mane and the body known as piebald or tail. Chestnut horses never have a skewbald. Piebald is black and black mane and tail. white, and skew bald is white and White.- A true-white horse is any other color except black. born white and remains white Roan.-Roan is a mixture of throughout life. White horses have white hairs and hairs of some snow-white hair, pink skin, and other color. White mixed with bay usually brown eyes-rarely blue. is red roan; white with chestnut

15 is strawberry roan; and white leg markings are shown in the dia­ with black is blue roan. gram on page 17. To identify the parts of the leg, see the diagram Head Markings on page 7, which shows the parts of a horse. Normally, head markings are used with body colors to identify RIDING EQUIPMENT horses. For example, a horse might be described as the dark Each horse should have his own sorrel with the blaze face. The , , and saddle that are head markings of horses are adjusted to fit. These and other shown in the diagram on this page. items of equipment for horses are called "tack." You should buy good quality tack because it fits and Leg Markings looks better and lasts longer than Leg markings are often us~d cheaper equipment. along with head markings to de­ When properly cared for, rid­ scribe horses. The most common ing equipment will last for years.

Star Stripe Blaze

Star, stripe, Snip Bald Star and stripe and snip BN-3'7'794. The head marks of horses: Star is' any white mark on the forehead located above a line running from -eye to eye, stripe is a narrow white marking that extends from about the line of the ey'es to the nostrils; blaze is a broad, white marking covering almost all the forehead but not including the eyes or nostrils; star. stripe. and snip includes all three of these marks; snip is a white mark between the nostrils or on the lips; bald is a white, or bald, face including the eyes and nostrils or a partially white face; star and stripe includes both a star and stripe.

16 You should clean it every time you After each use, clean the under­ use it if you have time. If not, you side of the saddle. the inside of the should clean certain parts after bridle. the . and the pad or each use and all of it once a week. blanket if you use one,

A B c o

I ~ I~ I I~ \ .J..ii.' :::.' : , .,,- --.'. '\,. E F G H BN- 87811 The leg marks of horses : (A) Coronet, a white strip covering the coronet band; (B) Pastern, white extends from the coronet to and including the pastern ; (C) Ankle, white extends from the co ronet 10 and including the retlock; (D ) Half stocking, while ex tends from the coronet to the middle or the cannon ; (E) Stocking, white extends from the coronet to the knee and when the white includes the knee the mark is called a £ull stocking; (F) While heels, both heels are whit e; (G) White outside beel. out· side heel only is white; (II) White inside heel, inside heel only is while.

17 Proper cleaning will- headstalls, and two pairs of . • Extend the life of the leather Only· one is used on western and metal. . A is a halter, • Keep the leather soft and pli­ similar to a bridle, but it has no able. bit. Commonly used bridles, bits, • Lessen the likelihood of sad­ and are shown in the dl e and harness sores and other diagrams on pages 18 to 21. infections. • Assure that defects in equip­ ment are noticed so they can be English and western saddles are repaired before they ca use injury the two most common types, with to the rider or the horse. many different styles of each. The two types of saddles are shown Bridles, Bits, and Hackamores in the diagrams on pages 21 and Bridles are either s ingl ~ or 22. double. A single bridle has one bit, The is light but a double bridle ordinarily has weight and has a flat seat. It can both a snaffle and a , two be modified for use in pleasure

BRIDLES

Head&I4l1 Cro_ piece 01' heaclstali

c ne~ ~ piece - C h H ~

C~rb bil l"ill~n• Curb SI .a p~ \ ;:;;,""

A B c BN-37'191 Three types of bridles. (A) Weymouth bridle: a double-bined, double·reined bridle used in showing three· and fiv e-gaited horses ; (8 ) Pelham bridle : a sin gle-bitted. double· reined bridle used on hunters, porjes, and p1 easure horses ; (C) One ear, or split ear, bridle : a bridle often used on workin J!; stock horses.

18 HACKAMORES

A BN-3778i Two types of hackamorcil. (A) hackamore : It popular hackamore for breaking horses; (B ) Hackamore bit bridle: a hackamore with a removable mouthpiece that is used on western cow ponies Ilnd on young horses when they are being broken because it eliminates the possibility of injuring the mouth. riding, training, racing, jumping, RIdIng Clothes or polo. A usually In general, riding clothes sel­ is not necessary with an English dom change in style and are made saddle. The is the one for comfort and long wear. Peg­ commonly used by cowboys and top breeches, for example, are de­ western stockmen. It is very pop­ signed to give plenty of seat room. ular among amateur horsemen. A Close fitting legs prevent wrinkles western saddle provides comfort that might cause chafing. The for all-day riding and enough chamois leather lining inside the strength to stand up unoer the knees and calves prevents the stir­ strain of calf roping. The average rup leathers from pinching the western saddle weighs 35 to 40 legs and increases the firmness of pounds. the leg grip on the horse.

19 ENGUSH RIDING BITS

D E

BN-37193 Five common types of En!lish ridiD! bite. (A) Weymouth eurb bit: • bit uaed alons wilh a Iname bit in a Weymouth bridle for three- and five.gaited horses; (B) Pelham curb hit: a bit used in a Pelham bridle (or hunter.. polo ponies. and plea lUre horsel; (e) Walkins horse bit: a bit oCten used on Walkins Horsel; (D) : the moat widely used of all bit. ; (E) Dee raee bit: • hit often used on Thoroughbred race· horaea.

WESTERN RIDING BITS A c

striP

BN-a'J7i O Three common types of western ridinl!l bits. (A) Hackamore bit: a bit used on mon cow ponies ; ( B ) Roper curved cheek hit: a hit used on many rOpiD! bOlUS; (e ) Spade mouth bit: a bit used on many atock horses.

Boots or jodhpurs protect the and protect the legs from rain and ankles from the irons. And cold. high boots keep the breeches from Different kinds of activities, snaring on objects along the trail, such as showing, hunting, or polo, shield the trouser legs from the call for different kinds of riding saddle straps and the horse's sides, clothes. Before you enter an or-

20 DRIVING BITS

A B c BN-37788 Three common types of drivin~ bin. (A) Liverpool hit: a curb hit used on heavy harnen hone, ; (B) Bar bit: a bit used on trottinA harness horses tbat earry check reint. and are driven with a strong hand; (C) Half-cheek. enalRe hit: a hit used OD harDflas race horses, roadsters. and fine harnen hones.

Stirrup iron r;~~

Tread stirrup iron Billets

BN-J7801 An English saddle: Left. upri,ht polition. and right. the underside. ganized activity, you should find The correct riding seat, or pos­ out if special clothes are required. ture, for you to use for various An experienced participant in the kinds of riding is shown in the dia­ activity can advise you on proper gram on pages 24 and 25. The gaits clothing for the occasion. of horses are shown on page 26.

RIDING A HORSE SHOWING A HORSE Before mounting always check To he successful in showing the cinch or saddle girth for tight­ horses, you must learn the rules ness and the stirrup straps or of the class and the correct show­ leathers for length. Mount from ing techniques. The two major the left, or "near," side. The prop~ kinds of classes are performance er way to mount English style and and halter, or breeding, classes. western style is shown in the dia­ / In performance classes, the grams on page 23. horses demonstrate one or more

21 A~r'~kirt Wool lining~ housing Rope back jockey Lace strino"", Front jockey -L',"" strings seat jockey, ring one piece

Leather flank girth billet

Front tie strap or cinc~ stn'p-HII leather keeper i I!:~~ leather

BN-37802 A western saddle. skills, such as executing the var­ ted with a clean leather or rope ious gaits. There are too many . kinds of performance classes to Some of the principles you can be discussed here. For details on use to guide you when showing a how to show your horse in a per­ horse in the halter classes are dis­ formance class, see the rule book cussed as follows: of the American Horse Shows As­ • Groom your horse thoroughly sociation and the rules printed in before the show. the programs of local horse • Enter the show-ring promptly shows. and in tandem when your class is In halter classes, the horses called. Line up at the proper loca­ are judged on their conformation tion or continue to move around and breed characteristics. the ring in tandem, as directed by Halter classes are shown "in the judge. hand," which means the horse • When you line up, stand your wears a halter or bridle and is led horse squarely on all four feet before the judge by an exhibitor, with the front feet on higher usually the owner or trainer. ground than the hind feet if pos­ The halter or bridle should be sible. Stand your horse in the pose clean, properly adjusted, and fit- approved for the breed. For ex-

22 A B

BN- S7795 How to mount a hOJ:8e. (A) In , take the reins in the left hand and place the left hand on the withers. Grasp the stirrup leather with the right hand and insert the left foot in the stirrup, Swing around to face the horse, hop off the right foot, grasp the cantle with the right hand, and spring upward and over. Settle into the saddle and slip Ihe right foot into the off stirrup without looking down. (B) In western rid· ing, take the reins in the left hand and place the left hand on the horse's neck in front of the withers. Keep the or end of the reins on the near side. Grasp the stirrup with the right hand, place the left foot in the stirrup with the 1;lall of the foot resting securely on the tread. Brace the left knee against the horse, grasp the saddle horn with the right hand, and spring upward and over. Settle into the saddle and slip the right foot into the off stirrup.

ample, Arabians do ~ot stand in in a straight line as he moves for­ a stretched pose, but American ward. But keep the lead taut so Saddlebreds stand with their you have continuous contact with front legs straight under them your horse. Do not look back. and their hind legs stretched out • Walk your horse forward back of them. Other breeds usual­ briskly in a straight line for 50 to ly stand in a slightly stretched 100 feet, as directed by the judge. position somewhat between these When you turn around, always two extremes . turn your horse to the right and • When your turn comes to move away from you and walk around your horse, show him at the walk him as he turns. 'If you turn him first and then at the trot. To move toward you, he is more likely to your h9rse, hold the upper part of step on you. Make the turn as the lead strap or rope in your small and as effortless as possible. right hand and the folded or coiled • Lift your knees a little higher end in your left hand and lead him when you are exhibiting your from his left side. horse than you do ordinarily. • If your horse is well-mannered, • After you walk your horse the give him 2 to 3 feet of lead so he r~quired distance and return, you can keep his hea4, neck, and body then trot hini the required dis-

23 o

BN- 37797 The correct show seat and riding attire for (A), a lpree-gaited horse; (B), a five-gaited horse; and (C). a running walk. IQ. (0), the correct seat and r~din! attire are shown for . tance and return, usually about • When the judge signals you to 100 feet. To ~ave time, the judge move to another position, back may have you walk your horse your horse out of line or if 'you going and trot him coming back. have room, turn him to the rear of Follow the same procedure at the the line and approach the new trot that you did at the walk, position from behind. except bring your horse to a walk • Try to keep your horse from and move him slightly toward you kicking when he is close to other before making the turn. horses . • After the trot, stand your horse • Keep calm at all times. If you in the proper pose in front of the get nervous, you will create an judge. When the judge has fin­ unfavorable impression on the ished his inspection, move your judge. horse to the location in the line • Work in close partnership with indicated by the judge. your horse. Train him so he will • Keep your horse posed at 'Ill understand you. times and watch the judge closely • Be courteous and respect the for instructions. rights of other exhibitors.

24 WALK TROT

BODY LINE BODY

HANDS NO WEIGHT STEADY """ ..· ·'.. ~ · l~ .. ----. BUTTOCK v J

BODY ARMS FORWARD AND ARMS BODYINCUNED EXTENDED

CANTER GALLOP

BN~87809 The correct riding seat for hunting and jumping. Note the different positions for the walk, trot, canter, and gallop; the proper seat for all gaits requires the bead to be erect, the h eels down, the weight uniformily balanced, the back concave, and the knees and thighs gripping the saddle.

25 WALK TROT PACE ~(J{'~' ::. >------. " .' .. .. ' Lllterslllr>el r sU~~ O'1 C~ ~f ?10i\ h( » ~ J ., » ") ", ) ~: :' - .» . ~~ . , » GALLOP ~ ~~Yf'(~r , -, -, » -, :) , -:-} -:1 0- -' • . • BN-87799 The gaits of horses.

• Never stand between the judge • Have storage space for feed, and your horse. bedding, and tack. • Be a good sport. Win without • Be located so "rain water will bragging and lose without com­ drain away from the barn. plaining, • Have a dry floor and plenty of clean bedding in each stalL Select bedding material by BUILDINGS AND FENCES availability and price, absorptive Buildings and fences for horses capacity. and potential value as a should be adequate but need not fertilizer, Bedding should not be be elaborate, Feeding and water­ dusty, too coarse, or too easily ing equipment should be provided kicked aside, in each horse stalL Cereal grain straw or wood A horse barn should- shavings generally make the best • Protect the horse from rain, bedding, A minimum daily allow­ snow. sun, and wind. ance is 10 to 15 pounds per animaL • Be weI! ventilated, One or two riding horses can • Be warm in winter and cool in be stabled in a barn with other summer. animals if a separate horse barn

26 14',0· ·'-0· 12 ',,·

,OLIO ..... "TITION fO I ~ TO" 0' I"STALL LININ :: ':.--- OIAGO .. AL e/tAC[ OVEII C[IU"G OV!lt all SLOTTED I ~.t.T' EACH COII .. E/t ..... /tTlTIO.. ~ """-"""- AeOVE 5' . 1 --, , f!l!O "DON BOX STALL BOX STALL COIitC. ~LOO/t CL"'Y ~LOOII 'LIOIIlt' CLAY ~o.p,ll , S"'IN o 9 \ , ' ~ , , , , , , / N"'Y /tACit ") I G/t ... IN' O/t ..J I ,-,'- '0, C\ W.t.T[II lUCK!' I ..... , : , " , I , \ '.• W---..~ -~-~-~- ~- ~"'j,..... ' ... i'ii' ",-: : =: : :: I ~ <. C[ILI .. e 'ovu

OlllC" OOOIiS --' '0

BN- 6964. BN-ti966 Horse barn above and floor plan below. The barn has two box stalla, a feed room, and a tack room.

is not practicaL Prefabricated on this page, For working draw­ horse barns are available or you ings of this horse barn, ask your can buy materials and build your county agricultural agent or the own. extension agricultural engineer at A horse barn design is shown your State agricultural college,

27 There is usually a small charge. teasing of other mares, restless­ Order Plan No. 5838, Riding ness, and an apparent desire for Horse Barn. company. There also may be a If working drawings of this discharge from the vagina. plan are not available in your If you have a young, shy mare, State, write to the U.S. Depart­ present her to the teaser stallion ment of Agriculture, Agricultural fairly often as the breeding season Engineering Research Division, approaches. This will acquaint Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, her with the breeding procedure. Md. 20785. The U.s. Department Since actual ovulation probably of Agriculture does not distribute takes place toward the end of the drawings but will direct you to a heat period, you should mate the State that does distribute them. mare every day or every other A corral, paddock, or pasture day beginning with the third day should be provided near the horse after she first comes into heat. barn. A large pasture may be Fillies usually start coming into fenced with woven wire. If woven heat when they are 12 to 15 wire is used, the mesh should be months old. However, most horse­ small enough so the horse cannot men do not breed fillies until they get his foot through it. A corral, are 3 years old so they will not paddock, or small pasture sbould foal until they are 4. Broodmares be fenced with heavy lumber or that are properly cared for may heavy metal fencing. Some metal produce regularly until .they are fences in common use are made 25 years old or older. of steel pipe, aluminum, iron, When you select a mare for chain link, or cable. breeding, get one that is 3 or 4 years old if possible. If you select BREEDING A HORSE an older mare, make certain her breeding habits are regular and The best time to breed a mare normal. is in the spring. This is the time The gestation period of horses of year she is most fertile. In the is about 336 days, or 11 months. spring, heat cycles are more regu­ This period may vary as much as lar and more evident and the mare 20 to 30 days with individual is more likely to conceive. mares. Reat cycles usually recur at The first sign of approaching 21-day intervals. However, these parturition may be a distended intervals may be as short as 10 udder 2 to 6 weeks before foaling days or as long as 37 days. The time. About a week before foal­ actual heat period usually is from ing, the muscular area around the 4 to 6 days, but it may range from base of the tail usually shrinks 1 to 37 days. and the vulva becomes full and Signs that a mare is in heat are loose. relaxation of the external geni­ The teats usually fill out to the tals, more frequent urination, ends about 4 to 6 days before

28 foaling. As parturition draws THE FOAL near, milk may drop from the teats. Do not milk the mare at After the newborn foal starts this time. breathing and has been rubbed If the weather is warm and dry, put it in one corner of the dry, the ideal place for foaling stall on clean, fresh straw. The is in a clean pasture away from mare usually will be less restless other Ii vestock. if this corner is in the direction If a stall is used, it should be of her head. at least 12 feet square; have a Protect the eyes of a newborn smooth, well-packed clay floor; foal from bright light. be free of feed containers and other obstructions; and be away Treatment of the Navel Cord from occupied stalls if possible. If left alone, the navel cord of As soon as the foal is born, the newborn foal usually breaks treat its navel cord with tincture within 2 to 4 inches of the belly. of iodine to reduce the danger of If it does not break, cut it about navel infection. A ~trong. healthy 2 inches from the belly with clean foal will be on its feet and ready dull shears or scrape it in two to nurse in one-half to 2 hours. with a knife. A torn or broken Make sure the foal gets the blood vessel will bleed very little, colostrum, or first milk. This milk but one cut directly across may contains antibodies that protect bleed excessi vely. Treat the sev­ the foal temporarily against cer­ ered cord immediately with tinc­ tain infections, and it also serves ture of iodine, or other reliable as a mild laxative. antiseptic; then leave the mare Always watch the mare closely and foal alone so they can rest for any sign of trouble before, and gain strength. during, and after foaling. If you suspect trouble, call a veterinar­ Value of Colostrum ian at once. Mares usually come back into Colostrum is milk secreted by heat 7 to 11 days after foaling the dam for the first few days after parturition. It differs from (foal heat), but the time can ordinary milk in that it is more range from 3 to 13 days. Some concentrated; is higher in protein horsemen rebreed mares during content, especially in globulin; is this first heat after foaling, richer in vitamin A; contains an­ usually on the eighth or ninth tibodies that protect the foal tem­ day, providing the birth was nor­ porarily against certain infec­ mal and the mare suffered no tions; and is a natural purgative injury or infection. However, that removes fecal matter accum­ other horsemen prefer to rebreed ulated in the digestive tract. mares during the heat period that Do not dissipate the benefits of follows the foal heat, which is colostrum by IImilking out" a from 25 to 30 days after foaling. mare shortly before foaling time.

29 The FiBt Nursing charge by this time, and the foal seems sluggish and fails to nurse, A strong, healthy foal usually give it an enema. Use 1 to 2 will be on its feet and ready to quarts of water at body heat nurse within one-half to 2 hours (101 0 F.) mixed with a little gly­ after birth. Before allowing the cerin, or use 1 to 2 quarts of foal to nurse for the first time, warm, soapy water. Inject the wash the mare's udder with a solution with a baby syringe that mild disinfectant and rinse thor­ has about a 3-inch nipple, or use oughly with clean, warm water. a tube and can. Repeat the treat­ A big, awkward foal occas­ ment until normal yellow feces ionally needs assistance when it appear. nurses the first time. If the foal If the foal is scouring, reduce is stubborn, forced feeding will the mare's feed and take away be useless. Back the mare onto part of her milk from the foal additional bedding in one corner at intervals by milking her out. of the stall and coax the foal to Diarrhea or scours in foals may the teats with a bottle and nipple. result from infectious diseases or An attendant may hold the bottle dirty surroundings. It is caused while standing on the opposite by an irritant in the digestive side of the mare from the foal. tract that should be removed. A very weak foal should be Give an astringent only in excep­ given the mare's first milk even if tional cases and on the advice of it is necessary to draw this milk a veterinarian. into a bottle and feed the foal one Conditions that may cause diar­ or two times by nipple. An attend­ rhea are contaminated udder or ant sometimes'must steady a foal teats, nonremoval of fecal matter before it will nurse. from the digestive tract, fretful­ ness or temperature above normal in the mare, too much feed affect­ Bowel Movement ing the quality of the mare's milk, Regulation of the bowel move­ a cold damp bed, or continued ex­ ment of the foal is very import­ posure to cold rains. ant. Constipation and diarrhea (scours) are common ailments. Care of the Suckling Foal Excrement impacted in the bowels during prenatal develop­ Weather conditions permitting, ment-material called meconium there is no better place for a mare -may kill the foal if it is not and foal than on pasture. When eliminated promptly. A good feed the foal is from 10 days to 3 weeks of colostrum usually will cause old, it will begin to nibble on a natural elimination. little grain and hay. To promote Observe the foal's bowel move­ thrift and early development, and ment 4 to 12 hours after birth. to avoid any setback at weaning If there has been no fecal dis- time, encourage the foal to eat

30 supplementary feed as early as Training the Foal possible. The foal should be pro­ If the foal is trained early, it vided with a low-built grain box especially for this purpose, or if will be a better disciplined, more on pasture, the foal may be creep serviceable horse. Give the foal its fed. lessons one at a time and in Rolled oats and wheat bran to proper sequence; that is, be sure which a little brown sugar has the pupil masters one lesson be­ been added is especially palatable fore it is given the next one. as a starting ration. Crushed or Put a well-fitted halter on the ground oats, cracked or ground foal when it is 10 to 14 days old. corn, wheat bran, and a little lin­ When the foal has become ac­ seed meal may be provided later customed to the halter, in a day with good results. Or a good com­ or so, tie the animal securely in mercial ration may be fed if de­ the stall beside the mare. Try to sired. keep the foal from freeing itself Give the foal good hay, prefer­ from the rope or from becoming ably a legume, or pasture in addi­ tangled up in it. tion to its grain ration. A normal, Leave the foal tied 30 to 60 healthy foal should be eating one­ minutes each day for 2 or 3 days. half pound of grain daily per 100 Groom the animal carefully while pounds of body weight at 4 to 5 weeks of age. This ration should it is tied. Rub each leg and handle be increased by weaning time to each foot so that the foal becomes about three-fourths of a pound or accustomed to having its feet more per 100 pounds of body picked up. After the foal has been weight. The exact amount of the groomed; lead it around with the ration varies with the individual, mare for a few days and then lead the type of feed, and the develop­ it by itself. Lead it at both the ment desired. walk and the trot. Many breeders Foals normally reach one-half of Thoroughbreds teach a foal to of their mature weight during the lead simply by leading it with the first year under such a system. mare from the stall to the paddock Most breeders of Thoroughbreds and back again. and Standardbreds plan to have At this stage of the training, their 2-year-old animals at full be sure the foal executes your height. Such results require lib­ commands to stop and go as soon eral feeding from the beginning. as you gi ve them. When halted, A foal stunted in the first year by make the foal stand in show posi­ insufficient feeding cannot be de­ tion-squarely on all four legs veloped properly later in life. It with its head up. is well recognized that forced Use all your patience, gentle­ development must be done ex­ ness, and firmness in training the pertly if the animals are to re­ foal. Never let your temper get main durable and sound. the best of you.

31 Weaning running and frolicking in the pasture. Guard against this by Foals usually are weaned at 4 first turning out two or three less to 6 months of age. Thorough pre­ valuable individuals and letting paration facilitates weaning. them tire themselves; then turn It may be advisable to wean the out the rest. foal at a comparatively early age At this stage, if numerous if either the foal or mare is not weanlings are involved, separate doing well, if the mare is being them by sexes. Put the more timid given heavy wo·rk, or jf the mare ones by themselves. Do not run was reb red on the ninth day after weanlings with older horses. foaling. If by using a creep or a sep­ arate grain box the foal has be­ Castration come accustomed to eating a con­ siderable amount of hay and about Geldings, or castrated males, three-fourths of a pound of grain are safer and easier to handle daily per 100 pounds of body than stallions. Therefore, a colt weight, weanipg will cause only should be castrated unless it is to a slight disturbance or setback. be saved for breeding purposes. If the ration of the dam is cut in Have a veterinarian perform this half a few days before the separa­ operation. A colt may be castrated tion, her milk production usually when only a few days old, but will dry up without difficulty. most horsemen prefer to delay the Move the mare to new quarters operation until the animal is from the stall she shares with about a year old. While there is the foal. Remove anything in the less real danger to the animal and stall on which the foal.might hurt much less setback with early al­ itself during the first unhappy tering, it r~sults in imperfect days that it lives alone. Make the development of the foreparts. separation of the foal from the Delaying castration for a time mare complete and final. If the results in more muscular, bolder foal sees, hears, or smells its dam features and better of again, the separation process must the foreparts. be started all over again. A colt should be altered when Decrease the mare's ration be­ the weather is fair and cool. fore and during weaning. Rub Otherwise, the time of altering camphorated oil or a mixture of should be determined by the lard and spirits of camphor on development of the · colt. Under­ the udder, but do not milk out the developed colts may be left un­ udder until 5 to 7 days later when castrated 6 months or even a it is soft and fiabby. year longer than overdeveloped Turn the foal out on pasture ones. afteT a day or two. If there are Breeders of Thoroughbred several weanlings together, some horses usually prefer to race them of tl em might get hurt while first as uncastrated animals.

32 There is less danger of infec­ 4 ounces of lime water tion if colts are castrated in the 1 teaspoon of sugar spring soon after they are turned Two teaspoons of lactose or out on clean pasture and before corn syrup may be used to replace hot weather and "fly time" arrive. the sugar and one large can of This is extremely important in evaporated cow's milk may be the Southern States because of llsed with one can of water to the danger of screwworm infesta­ replace the fresh milk. The foal tion. should be fed about one-half pint every hour; large foals may be Breaking fed slightly more than a pint. After 4 or 5 days increase the A foal will not need breaking interval to 2 hours. After a week, if it has been trained properly. feed every 4 hours and increase When a young horse can be the quantity accordingly. saddled or harnessed with satis­ It is important, however, that factory ease, it is because the the orphan foal receive colostrum, suggested training program has preferably for about the first 4 been followed. Saddling and har­ days of life. For this purpose, nessing are just additional steps. colostrum from a mare that pro­ A good time to harness and work duces excess milk or one that has the horae for the first time is lost her foal should be collected during the winter as a coming and frozen from time to time; 2-year-old. then, as needed, it may be thawed and warmed to 100' to 105' F. Raising the Orphan Foal and fed. For the first few days, the Occasionally, a mare dies dur­ orphan foal should be fed with a ing Or immediately after parturi­ bottle and rubber nipple. Within tion, leaving an orphan foal to be about 2 weeks, it may be taught raised. At other times, a mare to drink from a pail. All recep­ may fail to give sufficient milk, tacles must be kept sanitary or she may have twins. In such (clean and scald each time they cases, the foal may be (1) shifted are used) and feeding must be at to another mare, known as a regular intervals. Dry feeding foster mother or nurse mare, (2) should be started at the earliest placed on mare's milk replacer, possible time with the orphan or synthetic milk, that is mixed foal. and fed according to the manu­ facturer's directions, or (3) placed on a cow's milk formula. FEEDING A HORSE The following cow's milk for­ Feeding practices vary from mula may be used for feeding the one locality to another and among orphan foal when a substitute horsemen. But the nature of milk must be used. horses remains the same. For this 1 pint of low-fat cow's milk reason, successful feeding in one

33 is not much different from During winter months, add a successful feeding in another few sneed carrqts to the ration, stable. an occasional bran mash, or a small amount of linseed meal. Also, use bran mash or linseed Home-Mixed Feeds meal to regulate the bowels. The proportion of concentrates When home-mixed feeds are must be increased and the rough­ used, feeds of similar nutritive ages decreased as energy needs value can be interchanged in the rise with the greater amount of ration as prices go up or down. work. A horse that works at a This makes it possible to get a trot needs considerably more balanced ration at lowest cost. feed than one that works at a Some of these feeds are grains walk. For this reason, riding such as oats, corn, or barley; pro­ horses in medium to light use re­ tein supplements such as linseed quire somewhat less grain and meal, soybean meal, or cottonseed more hay in proportion to body meal; and hay of many kinds. weight than horses that are rac­ More than one kind of hay pro­ ing. Several suggested rations are vides variety and appetite appeal. given in the chart on pages 35 In season, any good pasture can to 37. replace part or all of the hay The quantities of feeds recom­ unless work or training condi­ mended in the chart are intended tions make substitution imprac­ as guides only. Increase the feed, tical. especially the concentrates, when In selecting feeds, compare the horse is too thin and decrease home-mixed feeds with commer­ the reed if he gets too fat. cial feeds. If you use small quan­ Avoid sudden changes in diet, tities or have little room for especially when changing from a storage, you may find it more less concentrated ration to a more satisfactory to buy ready-mixed concentrated one. When this rule feeds. of feeding is ignored, digestive Nutritional deficiencies, espec­ disturbances result and the horse ially deficiencies of certain vita­ goes !lofffeed." In either adding or mins and minerals, may not be omitting one or more ingredients, of sufficient proportions to cause the change should be made grad­ clear-cut deficiency symptoms. ually. Likewise, caution should be Yet, such deficiencies without out­ exercised in turning horses to ward signs may cause great eco­ pasture or in transferring them nomic losses because they go to more lush grazing. unnoticed and uncorrected. Ac­ In general, horses may be given cordingly, sufficient additives as much nonlegume roughage as should always be present, but care they will eat. But they must be should be taken to avoid imbal­ accustomed gradually to legumes ances. because legumes may be laxative.

34 Light-horse feeding guide

Suggested grain ratiens Age, sex, and use Daily allowance Kind of hay

Rations No.1 Rations No.2 Rations No.3

Pounds Pounds Pounds COrn ______35 Stallions in breeding % to 1!~ lb. grain per Grass-legume mixed; or Oats ______55 Oats ______Ie season (weighing 900 100 lb. body weight, ~ to ~ legume hay, VVheat __~ __ __ _20 Oats ______35 to 1,400 lb.). together with a quan- with remainder grass Wheat brao ___ _2O 'Vheat ______15 tity of hay within hay. Linseed meaL _ 5 Wheat bran ____ 15 same range. - Pregnant mares (weigh- Y2 to 1% lb. grain per Grass-legume mixed; or Oats ______SO Barley ______A5 Oats ______{'5 iog 900 to 1,400 lh.). 100 lb. body weight, % to % legume hay, Wheat bran ____ 2O Oats ______AS Linseed meal __ together with a quan- with remainder grass Wheat bran ____ IO -- tity of hay within hay (straight .,ass same range. hay may be used first half of pregnancy).

Foals before weaning Yz to 7i lb. grain per 100 IJtlgume Lay. OauL ______50 Oal-s ______30 80 (weighing 100 to 350 lb. body weight, to- Wheat bran __ _AO Barley ______30 o lb. with projected ma- gethcr ·with a quan- Linseed meal __ IO Wheat bran ____ 30 ture weights of 900 to tity of hay within Linseed meal __ lO 1,400 1b_). same range. Rations balanced on basis of following as f mature weights of 600, 800, I,O:X>, and I,: e 36.42, 44, and 49 lb. of milk daily . .. li! Light-horse feeding guide-Continued

Suggeswd grain rations Age, sex, and use Daily allowance Kind of hay Ration.s No. 1 Rltioo!) No.2 I R:l.tions No, 3 Weanlings (weighing 1 to 1% lb. grain and Grass-legume mixed; or Oats ______30 Oats ______70 Oats ______80 350 to 450 lb.). 1% to 2 lb. hay per Y2 legume hay, with Barley ______30 Wheat bran ____ 15 Linseed mcal _ _ 20 100 lb. body weight. remainder grass hay. Wheat hran ____30 Linseed mcal __ 15 Linseed meaL_1O

Yearlings, 2nd summer Good, luxuriant pas- (weighing 450 to 700 tures (if in training lb.). or for other reasons without access to pas- tures, the ration should be intermedi- ate between the ad- jacent upper and lower groups).

Yearlings, or rising 2- Y2 to 1 lb. grain and l}Ai Grass-legume mixed; or Oats ______SO Barley ______35 Oats ______loo year-olds, 2nd winter lb. hay per 100 lb. % to Y2 legume hay, Wheat bran ____20 Oats ______35 (weighing 700 to 1,000 body weight. with remainder grass Bran ______15 lb.). hay. Linseed meaL _15 Light horses at work; Hard usc-l Y.i' to 1 % Grass hay. Oats ______lOO Oats ______70 Oats ______70 riding, driving, and lb. grain and 1 to Corn ______30 Barley ______30 racing (weighing 900 I U lb. hay per 100 to 1,400 lb.). lb. body weight. Medium use-~ to lIb. grain and 1 to 17:{ lb. hay per 100 lb. body weight. Light use-2/5 to 31 lb. grain and l}i to 131 lb. hay per 100 lb. body weight.

Mature idle horses; stal- 131 to 1~ lb. hay per Pasture in season; or (With grass hay, add ~ lb. of a high protein supplement daily). lions, mares, and geld- 100 lb. body weight. grass-legume mixed ings (weighing 900 to hay. 1,400 lb.).

Note: With all rations and for all classes and ages of horses, provide free access to separate containers of (1) iodized salt and (2) a mixture of 1 part salt and 2 parts steamed bone meal or other suitable calcium-phosphorous supplement .

...... · The grain ration usually is feed allowance with the severity divided into three equal feedings of the work. at morning, noon, and night. Be­ As with any change in feed, cause hay distends the digestive switch to an all-pelleted feed tract, feed most of the hay at gradually. Otherwise, the horse night. A common practice is to may develop such vices as wood feed one-fourth of the hay at each chewing or bolting (eating too of the morning and noon feedings rapidly). At first, continue to and the remaining one-half at offer all the long hay the horse night when the horse has plenty wants, and slowly replace the of time to eat leisurely. grain portion of the conventional feed with the complete pelleted feed. Increase the pelleted feed Pelle ted Feeds about 1 to 2 pounds a day and gradually lessen the hay. After a Pelleted horse feeds may be few days, the horse usually will made from concentrates alone, stop eating the hay and eat only forage alone, or concentrates and the pelleted feed. forage combined in a complete ration. All-pelleted feeds with the hay and grain combined in each Minerals and Vitamins pellet have several advantages: The classical horse ration of (1) They take less storage space grass, grass hay, and farm grains than hay and are easier to store usually is deficient in calcium but and handle; (2) each pellet is a adequate in phosphorus. Also, salt balanced feed; (3) horses waste is almost always deficient; and practically no feed when they eat many horse rations do not contain pellets; and (4) pellet-fed horses sufficient iodine. Thus, horses are trimmer in the middle because usually need special mineral sup­ they eat less bulk. plements. One-half-inch pellets are better On the average, a horse needs for mature horses, and one­ about 3 ounces of salt daily or fourth-inch pellets for weanlings 1 % pounds per week, although and yearlings. Very hard pellets salt requirements vary with work should be avoided because horses and temperature. Use iodized salt will not eat them if they cannot chew them. in iodine-deficient areas. Because there is little waste, The salt requirements, and any you can give horses less all-pel­ calcium or phosphorus require­ leted feed than conventional feed. ments not met by feeds, can best For a horse at light work, feed be supplied by allowing free ac­ 1.4 to 1.8 pounds of pelleted feed cess to a two-compartment box daily per 100 pounds of body containing minerals. One com­ weight. Use a feed that contains partment should have iodized salt 53 to 56 percent total digestible and the other should contain a nutrient (TDN). Increase the suitable mineral mixture.

38 Certain vitamins are necessary Pasture to the growth, health, lind repro­ Good pastures are hard to duction of horses. Sometimes, vit­ provide for horses. especially in amins A and D are deficient in suburban areas. A temporary pas­ feeds . Indications are that horses ture grown in a regular also need vitamin E and two of rotation usually is better than a the B vitamins, riboflavin and permanent pasture because a thiamine. permanent pasture may become High-quality, leafy, green for­ parasite infested. age and plenty of sunlight gen­ The specific grass or grass­ erally give horses most of the legume mixture used in pastures vitamins they need. Horses get will vary from area to area ac­ vitamin A and riboflavin from cording to differences in soil, green pasture and green hay not temperature, and rainfall. Ask over a year old; they get vitamin your county agricultural agent or D from sunlight and sun-cured a specialist at your State agricul­ hay. If plenty of sunlight and tural coUege to recommend pas­ green forage are not available, get ture grasses for the area in which the advice of a veterinarian or you live. nutritionist on the use of vitamin , additives in the feed. GROOMING A HORSE Proper grooming cleans the Water hair, keeps the skin in good co~­ dition, and helps prevent skm Horses should have plenty of diseases and parasites. Routine clean, fresh, cool water. They will grooming usually consists Of drink 10 to 12 gallons daily; the cleaning and brushing the hair amount depends on weather, with a brush, comb, and grooming amount of work done, rations fed, cloth. and the size of the horse. Grooming should be rapid and Free access to water is best. vigorous but not so rough that it When this is not possible, horses hurts the horse or upsets him. should he watered at approxi­ Horses that are kept in stab­ mately the same times each day. les or small corrals should he Water may he given before, dur­ groomed thoroughly at least once ing, or after feeding. daily. Those that are worked or Frequent. small waterings be­ exercised should he groomed im­ tween feedings are best during mediately before and after the warm weather, or when the work or exercise. animal is working hard. Do not allow a horse to drink heavily CARE OF THE FEET when he is hot. because he may founder. Do not allow a horse to The value of a horse lies chiefly drink large quantities of water in his ability to move; therefore, just before he is put to work. good feet and legs are necessary.

39 The important points in the care caused by hoofs that have grown of a horse's feet are to keep them too long either at the toe or heel. clean, prevent them from drying The slope is considered normal out, trim them so they retain when the toe of the hoof and the proper shape and length, and shoe pastern have the same direction. them correctly when shoes are Keep this angle in mind and needed. change it only as a corrective Each day, clean the feet of measure. If you should need to horses that are shod, stabled, or correct uneven wear of the hoof, worked. Use a hoof pick for clean­ correct it gradually over a period ing. Work from the heel toward of several trimmings. the toe. Be sure to clean out the Trim the hoofs every month or depressions in the underside of 6 weeks whether the animal is the feet. While you are cleaning shod or not. Before trimming the the feet, inspect for loose shoes feet, inspect them while the horse and thrush. is standing squarely on a level, Thrush is a disease of the foot hard surface and again while he characterized by a pungent odor. is at the walk and the trot. If It causes a deterioration of tissues shoes are left on too long, the in the cleft of the frog Or in the hoofs grow out of proportion. junction between the frog and This may throw the horse off bars. This disease produces lame­ balance and put extra stress on ness and, if not treated, can be the tendons. serious. Always keep the hoofs at the Before trimming or shoeing a proper length and in the correct horse's feet, you should be able to posture. Trim them near the level recognize proper and faulty con­ of the sole; otherwise, they will formation. The diagram on this split oft' if the horse remains un­ page shows the proper posture of shod. Trim the frog carefully and the hoof and incorrect postures remove only ragged edges that

z-I-.'

BN- 5966 Proper and faulty hoof posture. Left. properly trimmed hoof with normal foot axi~: 0, coffin bone; X. short pastern bone; Y, long pastern bone; Z, cannon bone. Center, toe too long, which breaks the foot axis backward; horizontal dotted line shows how hoof should be trimmed to restore normal posture. Right, heel too long, which breaks the foot axis forward; hori7.ontal dotted line shows how trimming will restore the cor· rect posture.

40 allow filth to' accumulate in the dryness is prolonged, the frog ' crevices. Trim the sole sparingly, shrinks and the heel contracts. if at all, and never rasp the wall Dry hoofs usually can be pre­ of the hoof. vented by applying a hoof dress­ The following list gives some ing, attaching wet burlap sacks faults that are commonly found around the hoofs, or keeping the in a horse's hoofs and how to ground wet around the watering correct them with proper trim­ tank. ming. Horses develop sound feet and legs from outdoor exercise. Let Splayfoot.-Trim the outer them exercise on pastures when half of the foot. possible. If no pasture is avail­ Pigeon toed.-Trim the inner able, ride or drive them for an half of the foot more heavily than hour or so a day. the outer half. Horses with bad feet frequently Qua,.ter cmclc.-Keep the hoof cannot exercise on roads. Those moist. Shorten the toe and use a with faulty tendons may not be corrective shoe. able to exercise under saddle. Cocked ankles.-Lower the Allow such animals to exercise by heels. longeing on a line 30 to 40 feet Contmcted heels.-Lower the long, by leading, or by going loose heels and allow the frog to carry in a large paddock or pasture. more of the weight; this spreads the heels apart. DISEASES AND PARASITES Horses should be shod when they are to be used on hard sur­ The information given here is faces for any length of time. Also, presented merely to acquaint the shoes may be used to change reader with the more common gaits, aid in gripping the ground, diseases and parasites of the correct faulty hoof structure or horse and is not intended to be growth, and protect the hoof used in lieu of the services of a from such conditioll:S as corns, veterinarian. Always call your contraction, or cracks. veterinarian if your horse should Make sure the shoes are made to become sick or lame. fit the horses foot, not the reverse. You can help protect the health Reshoe or reset the shoes every of your animals with strict sanita­ 4 to 6 weeks. Do not attempt to tion and disease prevention pro­ shoe a horse without first getting grams. Although exact programs sufficient instruction from a far­ will differ, basic principles re­ rier. main the same. Hoofs may become dry and When you see symptoms of in­ brittle; sometimes they split and fectious disease, promptly isolate cause lameness. The frog loses its all affected animals and provide elasticity and no longer is effec­ them with separate water and tive as a shock absorber. If the feed containers. Always avoid

41 public feeding and watering facil­ Symptoms and measures for pre­ ities if possible. vention. and control are shown for You can help prevent or control each ailment. parasites by adhering to the fol­ lowing practices. Diseases • Provide good sanitation and proper nutrition. Anthrax (splenic fever).­ • Use temporary seeded pasture Caused by bacteria. Animals are rather than permanent pasture, feverish and excitable and later and practice rotation grazing. become depressed. The head hangs • Pasture young stock on clean low and respiration is rapid. pastures. Never allow young Swellings appear over the body, horses to graze on an infested especially around the neck region. area unless the area has either There may be a bloody discharge been plowed or left idle for a from all body openings. year. Isolate all sick animals. All • Do not spread fresh horse ma­ carcasses and contaminated ma­ nure on pastures grazed by horses. terial should be burned or buried Store the manure in a suitahle pit deeply and covered with quick­ for at least 2 weeks or spread it lime. Have all exposed, but heal­ on fields that are to be plowed thy, animals vaccinated; rotate and cropped. pastures and initiate a rigid sani­ • When small fields or paddocks tation program. must be used, pick up the drop­ In infected areas, vaccination pings at frequent intervals. under the supervision of a veteri­ • Keep pastures mowed and har­ narian should be repeated each rowed ; use a chain harrow. year, usually in the spring. Ask • Prevent fecal contamination of a veterinarian to recommend feed and water. measu res for the control of flies. • Have a veterinarian treat ani­ Distemper (strangles) .- Caused mals that have internal or external by bacteria. Animals lose appetite, 'Parasites. After animals are have a high fever, and discharge treated for internal parasites, pus from the nose. By the third or fourth day of the disease, the move them to a clean area. glands under the jaw enlarge, be­ • If cattle are on the premises, come sore, and eventually break alternate the use of pastures be­ open and discharge pus. A cough tween cattle a nd horses because usually is present. most parasites are not transferra­ Isolate sick animals. Clean and ble between species. disinfect contaminated areas. Do • Avoid overgrazing; there are not allow healthy animals to come more parasites on the bottom inch in contact with infected animals of the grass. or with contaminated feeds, prem­ Some of the diseases and para­ ises, or equipment. sites that attack horses are dis­ Have animals vaccinated to cussed in the following sections. help prevent the disease.

42 Encephalomyelitis (sleeping VEE sickness) .-Caused by four differ­ ent viruses that are transmitted An outbreak of Venezuelan by mosquitoes. Two types are Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE) common in the United States­ was reported in Texas in 1971. eastern type and western type. In early stages, a sick animal This was the first time the disease walks around aimlessly. crashing had occured in the United States. into objects. Later he may appear VEE is an infectious virus dis­ sleepy, grind his teeth, be unable ease of the central nervous system to swallow, have paralyzed lips, of horses, causing mortality as and be blind. Paralysis may cause high as 80 to 90 percent. The dis­ the animal to fall. ease also may attack humans. The Burn or bury all infected car­ symptoms of VEE in horses are casses; destroy, if possible, insect similar to those in the common breeding grounds; and do not eastern and western types of en­ move animals from an infected cephalomyelitis. In humans the in­ area to a clean one. Have animals fection usually produces a mild to vaccinated each year before May severe respiratory illness with se­ or as soon as the disease makes vere frontal headache and high its appearance in a community. fever. Children usually are affect­ Equine abo1'tion.-Causes of ed more severely than adults. abortion may be grouped as (1) VEE is generally not fatal in hu­ SalmoneUa abortivoequina; (2) mans but some deaths have been streptococcic abortion; (3) virus, or epizootic abortion (rhinopneu-. reported. monitis) ; (4) viral arteritis, VEE was first diagnosed in caused by a virus; and (5) miscel­ Venezuela in 1936 and was report­ laneous, with causes such as acci­ ed in several South and Central dents, faulty feeds, or twins. American countries before the Salmonella abortivoequina abor­ outbreak occured in the United tions occur most frequently in last States. half of pregnancy. VEE is transmitted by mosqui­ Streptococcic abortion usually toes and other insects. There is occurs early in pregnancy, prior also a possibility of contact trans­ to the fifth month. mission between horses. Rodents Virus, or epizootic, abortion are susceptible to VEE and they generally occurs late in preg­ may be reservoirs of the virus in nancy, after the fifth month. Some the natural spread of the disease. foals are born alive and die at The program to control the 2 to 3 days of age. 1971 outbreak of VEE included Viral arteritis causes fever, spraying to control mosquitoes infiamation of the respiratory and the vaccination of horses. tract, and swelling of the eyelids and legs. One-half or more of

43 pregnant mares that are infected carriers for years and transmit may abort. the disease to other horses. Quarantine animals that have Equine in/luenza.-Caused by a aborted. Burn or bury the bedding virus. Symptoms develop 2 to 10 and fetus. Disinfect contaminated days after exposure. premises. Isolate animals newly The disease is marked by rap­ introduced to the premises. idly rising temperature, which Prevent abortion caused by may reach 106" F. and persist for Salmonella abortivoequina by vac­ 2 to 10 days. Other symptoms in­ cinating all pregnant mares every clude loss of appetite, extreme year where premises are infected weakness, rapid breathing, a dry with the organism. cough, and a watery discharge Prevent streptococcic abortion from the eyes and nostrils fol­ by making sure you mate only lowed by a white to yellow nasal healthy animals and observe discharge. Young animals are par­ scrupulous cleanliness at mating. ticularly susceptible to this dis­ Prevent virus, or epizootic, ease. abortion by vaccinating all horses Do not allow sick animals to of both sexes and all ages twice exercise when the temperature is annually, in July and October. high. Isolate sick animals to avoid Prevent viral arteritis by iso­ transmission of the virus. lating new horses on the premises Have animals vaccinated to les­ and quarantining infected horses. sen the possibility of infection. Eq"uine infectious enemia Tetanus (lockjaw) .-Caused by (swamp fever) .-Caused by a bacteria that usually gain en­ virus that may be transmitted by trance to the body through a stableflies. wound. Symptoms vary but they usually The first sign of tetanus is a include some of the following: stiffness about the head. The ani­ High and intermittent fever, stiff­ mal often chews slowly and weak­ ness and weakness, anemia, jaun­ ly and swallows awkwardly. The dice, swelling of the lower body third, or inner, eyelid protrudes and legs, and loss of weight even over the forward surface of the though the appetite remains eyeball. When the animal sees the good. Most infected animals die slightest movement or hears the within 2 to 4 weeks. slightest noise, he has violent Isolate infected animals. Burn spasms. He usually remains stand­ Or bury all carcasses. Separate ing until near death. Death oc­ feeding and watering equipment curs in over half of the cases. from that used by healthy ani­ Place a sick animal in the care mals. Practice good sanitation and of a veterinarian and keep the reduce the number of biting in­ animal quiet. Make the animal as sects as much as possible. There is comfortable as possible and pro­ no known preventive vaccination. vide it with plenty of water and Infected horses may be virus soft feed.

44 Have animals vaccinated as a and reduced work output. Bots preventive measure. may cause death. Vesicular stomatitis.-Caused Botflies lay their eggs in the by a virus. Blisters and raw spots hair of horses, usually on the appear on the tongue, the inner front legs and shoulders. The flies surfaces of the lips, the angles of cause animals to toss their heads the mouth, and the gums. There is in the air, strike the ground with considerable salivation. their front feet, and rub their Make the animal as comfortable noses on their legs or any other as possible and provide plenty of convenient object. water and soft feed. Frequent grooming, washing, There is no vaccination. and clipping will help prevent in­ festations of bots. Fly nets and Internal Parasites nose covers offer some relief from the attacks of botflies. Ascal'ids (white worm, large In late fall, at least 1 month roundworm) .-The female is from after the first killing frost, have 6 to 22 inches long and the male infected animals treated with a from 5 to 13 inches. When full vermifuge. Thirty days before the grown, both are about the diam­ vermifuge is given, destroy any eter of a lead pencil. botfly eggs clinging to the body by The injury caused by ascarids washing animals in water heated varies from little damage to to 120' F. or by clipping the hair. heavy infections that may cause Prevention is best assured by death. Death usually is due to a community campaigns in which ruptured intestine. Serious lung all horses in the area are treated. damage caused by migrating as­ Equine pi"oplasmosis (babe­ ca rid larvae may result in pneu­ siases) .-Caused by protozoan monia. More, common are retarded parasites that invade the red growth, a potbelly, rough hair blood cells. coat, and digestive disturbances. The symptoms are similar to in­ Ascarids especially affect young fectious anemia, or swamp fever. animals but rarely attack horses A positive diagnosi~ can be made more than 5 years old. if protozoa are present in the red Keep the barn and paddocks blood cells. clean, store manure in a pit 2 to 3 weeks before spreading it, pro­ Sick animals have a fever of 0 0 vide clean feed and water, and 103 to 106 F., anemia, jaundice, place young foals on clean pasture. thirst, swelling of the eyelids, con­ Ask a veterinarian to prescribe stipation, and colic. The urine is a worming medicine and treat­ yellow to a reddish color. ment schedule. See a veterinarian immediately; Bots.-These are the larvae of many States have laws that re­ botflies. Infected animals have fre­ quire you to report this infection. quent digestive upsets and even Between 10 to 15 percent of colic, lowered vitality, emaciation, sick animals die. Recovered ani-

45 mals remain carriers for 10 but most are very small. The large months to 4 years and should be strongyles are variously called isolated. bloodworms, palisade worms, scle­ Intestinal threadworms rostomes, and red worms. (strongyloides) .-The symptoms Infected horses have lack of ap­ are diarrhea, stunted growth, and petite, anemia, progressive emaci­ unthriftiness in foals. The worms ation, a rough hair coat, sunken disappear by the time foals are 6 eyes, digestive disturbances, and months old. sometimes posterior paralysis that Good sanitation and clean, dry results in death. bedding are the best prevention. The harmful effects are great­ Ask a veterinarian for advice on est in young animals. One kind of treatment of heavily infected ani­ large strongyle may permanently mals. damage the intestinal blood ves­ Pinworms (rectal worms) .­ sels and cause the death of animals Two kinds frequently are found of any age. in horses. Those of one kind are Collect manure daily from pas­ whitish with long, slender tails tures and barns and store it in a and those of the other kind are so pit 2 to 3 weeks. Rotate pastures, small they are barely visible. and avoid overstocked and moist Symptoms are irritation of the pastures. anus and tail rubbing. Heavy in­ Tapeworms.-Three kinds of fections also may cause digestive tapeworms attack horses. Heavy disturbances and produce anemia. infections may cause digestive dis­ Large pinworms cause the most turbances, loss of weight, and ane­ damage; they may be seen in the mIa. feces of heavily infected horses. Practice good sanitation by fol­ The best preventive measures lowing such practices as rotating are to practice good sanitation and pastures, using clean bedding, col­ keep infected animals separated lecting manure regularly, and from the excrement. avoiding overstocking pastures. Stomach worms.-These worms cause inflammation in the stom­ ach. External Parasites Infected horses have severe gas­ Blow/iies.-Blowfiy larvae, or tritis. Sometimes the larvae of the maggots, feed on flesh and skin larger kinds of stomach worms and produce severe irritation. In­ are responsible in part for the fested animals rapidly become skin disease of horses called "sum­ weak and fevered. mer sores." Ask a veterinarian to recom­ Maintain good sanitation, prop­ mend control measures and pre­ er manure disposal, and fiy con­ scribe treatment. Destroy dead trol. animals by burning or deep burial. Strongyles (bloodworms) .-A Houseflies and stableflies.­ few kinds grow up to 2 inches long Houseflies do not bite but they are

46 a nuisance. Stablefties bite, princi­ produce unthriftiness. Get a vet­ pally on the legs. erinarian to prescribe a treat­ Houseflies transmit one species ment. of roundworm. Stableflies may Mites.-These very small para­ transmit anthrax and infectious sites produce mange. Symptoms anemia. are skin irritation, itching, and Practice good sanitation, collect scratching. The skin becomes and dispose of manure, and use thick, tough, and wrinkled and a screens when practical. crust forms over it. The infection Horseflies, deerflies, and mos­ appears to spread most rapidly quito.s.-These are all biting in­ during the winter months and sects. Bites of horseflies and deer­ among young and poorly nourish­ flies are very painful. Mosquitoes ed animals. transmit encephalomeyelitis. Mites retard growth, lower Drainage and landfill are the work efficiency, and produce un­ best methods for preventing mos­ thriftiness. The best prevention is quitoes. Shelters for horses on pas­ to keep horses away from infested tUre provide some protection from animals or premises. In case of an horseflies, deerflies, and mosqui­ outbreak, call a veterinarian and toes. Get a veterinarian to pre­ quarantine affected animals. cribe an insecticide. Ringworm.-Caused by micro­ Face /lies.-Face flies gather in scopic fungi. Round, scaly areas large numbers on the faces of with almost no hair appear main­ horses, especially around the eyes ly in the vicinity of the eyes, ears, and nose. side of the neck, or the root of the Shelters for horses on pasture tail. Usually there is mild itching. will afford some protection from Isolate infected animals. Disin­ face flies. Get a veterinarian to fect everything that has been in prescribe an insecticide. contact with the infected animals, Lic •.-Th ese small, fl attened, including combs and brushes. wingless parasites cause intense Practice strict sanitation. Get a irritation and restlessness. Infest­ veterinarian to prescribe a treat­ ed animals may itch severely, ment. which causes them to rub and SCl'ewworms.-Screwworm flies gnaw the skin. The hair may be raise their maggots in the flesh of animals, especially in wounds. rough, thin, and dull looking. Symptoms are loss of appetite, un­ Scabs may be present. Lice are apt thriftiness, and lowered activity. to be most plentiful around the Keep animals from getting cut root of the tail, on the inside of or scratched and protect wounds the thighs, over the fetlock region, that do appear. In screwworm in­ and along the neck and shoulders. fested areas, schedule castrations Lice show up most commonly in during the winter season when winter on ill-nourished 'and ne­ flies are least abundant and active. glected animals. They retard Get a veterinarian to prescribe a growth, lower work effi ciency, and treatment.

47 Ticks.-Several kinds of ticks spread diseases such as piroplas­ attack horses. Symptoms are low­ mosis and African horse fever. ered vitality and itching in the Control ticks the same way you parts that are attacked. Ticks may control lice.

BREED REGISTRY ASSOCIATIONS

American Albino Association, Inc. American . Paso Fino Pleasure Box 79 Horse Association, Inc. Crabtree, Ore. 97335 Arrott Building 401 Wood Street American Andalusian Association Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222 P. O. Box 1290 Silver City, New Mexico 88061 American Quarter Horse Associa­ tion American Association of Owners and Breeders of Peruvian Paso P. O. Box 200 Amarillo, Tex. 79105 Horses P. O. Box 371 American Remount Association Calabasas, Calif. 91302 (Half-Thoroughbred Registry) American Buckskin Registry As­ 20560 Perris Blvd. sociation Perris, Calif. 92370 P. O. Box 1125 American Saddle Horse Breeders Anderson, Calif. 96007 Association American Connemara Pony So­ 929 South Fourth Street ciety Louisville, Ky. 40203 R. R. 2, Featherbed Lane Ballston Spa, New York 12020 American Shetland Pony Club P. O. Box 2339 American Gotland Horse Associa­ West Lafayette, Ind. 47902 tion Route 2, Box 181 Appaloosa Horse Club, Inc. Elkland, Mo. 65644 Box 403 Moscow, Idaho 83843 American Hackney Horse Society 527 Madison Avenue Arabian Horse Club Registry of Room 725 America New York, N. Y. 10022 One Executive Park 7801 Belleview Avenue American Paint Horse Associa­ Englewood, Colo. 80110 tion P. O. Box 12487 Cleveland Bay Society of America Fort Worth, Tex. 76116 White Post, Va. 22663

48 Galiceno Horse Breeders Associa­ Palomino Horse Association, The tion, Inc. Box 446 708 Peoples Bank Building Chatsworth, Calif. 91311 Tyler, Tex. 75701 Palomino Horse Breeders of Hungarian Horse Association America Bitterroot Stock Farm P. O. Box 249 Hamilton, Mont. 59840 Mineral Wells, Tex. 76067

International Arabian Horse As­ Pinto Horse Association of Amer­ sociation ica, Inc. 224 East Olive Avenue Box 3984 Burbank, Calif. 91503 San Diego, Calif. 92103

International Buckskin Horse Club, Inc. Registry P. O. Box 1447 P. O. Box 2194 Mason City, Iowa 50401 Redding, California 96001 Spanish Mustang Registry, Inc. Jockey Club, The Box 398 (Thoroughbred horses) Thompson Falls, Montana 59873 300 Park Avenue New York, N. Y. 10022 Tennessee Walking ­ Missouri Fox Trotting Horse ers' Association of America Breed Association, Inc. P. O. Box 286 P. O. Box 637 Lewisburg, Tenn. 37091 Ava, Mo. 65608 United States Trotting Associa- Morgan Horse Club Inc., The tion, The P. O. Box 2157 (Standardbred horses) West Hartford, Conn. 06117 750 Michigan Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43215 Morocco Spotted Horse Coopera­ tive Association of America Welsh Pony Society of America Route 1 202 North Chester Street Ridott, Illinois 61067 West Chester, Pennsylvania 19308

49 The breed pictures in this publication were supplied by the following persons and organizations. American Albino Association, Inc. American Buckskin Registry Association Krona Horse Farms American Paint Horse Association American Saddle Horse Breeders Association Appaloosa Horse Club, Inc. International Arabian Horse Association Mr. A. Mackay-Smith Mavis Connemara Farm Galiceno Horse Breeders Association American Hackney Horse Society and Kennedy Pony Farm Mrs. Margit Sigray Bessenyey Mi ssouri Fox Trotting Horse Breed Association Morgan Horse Club Mr. Sam Roberts Mr. George LaHood, Jr. American Association of Owners and Breeders of Peru- vian Paso Horses Pinto Horse Association of America, Inc. Pony of the Americas Club, Inc. Mr. Lewis J. Moorman, Jr. American Shetland Pony Club Mr. Robert E. Brislawn United States Trotting Association Voice of the The Jockey Club Welsh Pony Society of America, Inc.

* u.s. GOVERNMENT PA INTING Of fiCE , 1916 0 - 206-3'" 50