Introduction (13) Part I: Langu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Contents Acknowledgements (5) About the Editors (6) The Contributors (7) Editor’s Preface (11) Introduction (13) Part I: Language, Politics and Policy (15) 1. Bihar’s Language Policies: Recognition of Maithili as a Medium of Primary Education (16) M. K Jha 2. Hindi in Colonial Bihar: Politics of Language and the Colonial Project (26) Sabiha Hashmi Part II: Linguistic History and Linguistic Landscaping (43) 3. Magahi Through the Ages (44) C. L. Khatri 4. Transliteration and Code-Mixing: Prevailing Phenomena in Linguistic Ecology of Bihar (48) Nusrat Begum & Sweta Sinha 5. Linguistic Landscape of Bihar (52) Priyanka Shukla & Shailendra Kumar Singh 6. Variations in Bhojpuri: A Sociolinguistic Study (63) Tariq Khan & Manish Kumar Singh Part III: Socio-pragmatism, Gender and Communication Strategy (75) 7. Gendered Bihar: An Investigative Study at the Interface of Language-Gender-Power (76) Sandeep Kumar Sharma & Sweta Sinha 8. Sex-related Taboo Words and Euphemistic strategies used by Bajjika Speakers: A Sociolinguistic Study (82) Muskaan 9. A Semasiological Sociopragmatic Investigation of Magahi Idioms: Towards Interfacing Language-Culture (93) Sweta Sinha 10. Bhojpuri Cinema: Issues of Small Cinema, Regionalism and Sub-nationalism (101) Nirmal Kumar 3 Part IV: Language, Contact and Grammar (107) 11. Non-Canonical Cases in Bihari Languages (108) Bornini Lahiri 12. A Corpus-based Study of Semantics of Bare Nominals in Magahi and Bhojpuri: The Case of Article-less Languages (116) Deepak Alok, Atul Kr. Ojha & Sriniket Mishra 13. Commonness of Verb Root in MBM Languages (128) Shailendra Kumar Singh 14. Language Contact and Syntactic Convergence: A Case Study of Aspects in Maithili (135) Abhinav Kumar Mishra & Amit Kr. Chandr ana 15. Mixed Transitivity in Bhojpuri Complex Predicates (139) Manish Kumar Singh Part V: Undivided Bihar, Mixed Language and Greater Region (149) 16. Kurmali: A Language of Undivided Bihar (150) Bornini Lahiri 17. Descriptive Study of Eastern Hindi: A Mixed Language (156) Ritesh Kumar, Bornini Lahiri & Deepak Alok 18. Indo- Aryan Tribal Languages: A Critical Sociolinguistic Study of Greater Eastern Region (167) S. S. Bhattacharya 19. Vanishing Identity of Migrants in Bihar: An Ethno- linguistic Sketch of Lathor Community (173) Ravina Toppo, Ratul Mahela, Nusrat Begum, Sandeep Kumar Sharma & Sweta Sinha 4.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Introduction
INTRODUCTION Hindi, an Indo-European language, is the official language of India, spoken by about 40% of the more than one billion citizens of India. It is also the official language in certain of the territories where a sizeable diaspora settled such as the Republic of Mauritius1. But the label ‘Hindi’ covers considerably distinct speeches, as evidenced by the number of regional varieties covered by the category Hindi in the various Censuses of India: 91 mother tongues in the 1961 Census, up to 331 languages or speeches according to Srivastava 1994, totalizing to six hundred millions speakers (Bhatia 1987: 9). On the other end, the notion that Standard Hindi, more or less corresponding to the variety used in written literature and media, does not exist as a mother tongue, has gained currency during the seventies and eighties: according to Gumperz & Naim (1960), modern standard Hindi is a second or third speech for most of its speakers, being a native language for a small section of the urban population, which until recently was itself a small minority of the global Indian population. However, due to the rapid increase in this urban population, Hindi native speakers can no longer be considered as a non-significant minority, as noticed by Ohala (1983) and Singh & Agnihotri (1997). Many scholars still consider that the modern colloquial language, used for instance in popular movies, does not differ from modern colloquial Urdu. Similarly, many consider that the higher registers of both languages are still only two styles of one and the same language. According to Abdul Haq (1961), “the language we speak and write and call by the name Urdu today is derived from Hindi and constituted of Hindi”.
[Show full text]
Interference of Bhojpuri Language in Learning English As a Second Language
ELT VOICES – INDIA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TEACHERS OF ENGLISH FEBRUARY 2014 | VOLUME 4, ISSUE 1 | ISSN 2230-9136 (PRINT) 2321-7170 (ONLINE) Interference of Bhojpuri Language in Learning English as a Second Language V. RADHIKA1 ABSTRACT Studying the special features of any language is interesting for exploring many unrevealed facts about that language. The purpose of this paper is to create interest in the mind of readers to identify the special features of Bhojpuri language, which is gaining importance in India in the recent years among the spoken languages and make the readers to get rid of the problem of interference of this language in learning English as a second language. 1. Assistant Professor in English, AVIT, VMU, Paiyanoor, India. ELT VOICES – INDIA February 2014 | Volume 4, Issue 1 1. Introduction The paper proposes to make an in-depth study of Bhojpuri language to enable learners to compare and contrast between two languages, Bhojpuri and English by which communicative skill in English can be properly perceived. Bhojpuri language has its own phonological and morphological pattern. The present study is concerned with tracing the difference between two languages (i.e.) English and Bhojpuri, with reference to their grammatical structure and its relevant information. Aim of the Paper Create interest in the mind of scholars to make the detailed study about the Bhojpuri language with reference to their grammar pattern and to find out possible solution to eliminate the problem of mother tongue interference. 2. Origin of Bhojpuri Language Bhojpuri language gets its name from a place called ‘Bhojpur’ in Bihar. It is believed that Ujjain Rajputs claimed their descent from Raja Bhoj of Malwa in the sixteenth century.
[Show full text]
The Indo-Aryan Languages: a Tour of the Hindi Belt: Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili
1.2 East of the Hindi Belt The following languages are quite closely related: 24.956 ¯ Assamese (Assam) Topics in the Syntax of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages February 7, 2003 ¯ Bengali (West Bengal, Tripura, Bangladesh) ¯ Or.iya (Orissa) ¯ Bishnupriya Manipuri This group of languages is also quite closely related to the ‘Bihari’ languages that are part 1 The Indo-Aryan Languages: a tour of the Hindi belt: Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili. ¯ sub-branch of the Indo-European family, spoken mainly in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the Maldive Islands by at least 640 million people (according to the 1.3 Central Indo-Aryan 1981 census). (Masica (1991)). ¯ Eastern Punjabi ¯ Together with the Iranian languages to the west (Persian, Kurdish, Dari, Pashto, Baluchi, Ormuri etc.) , the Indo-Aryan languages form the Indo-Iranian subgroup of the Indo- ¯ ‘Rajasthani’: Marwar.i, Mewar.i, Har.auti, Malvi etc. European family. ¯ ¯ Most of the subcontinent can be looked at as a dialect continuum. There seem to be no Bhil Languages: Bhili, Garasia, Rathawi, Wagdi etc. major geographical barriers to the movement of people in the subcontinent. ¯ Gujarati, Saurashtra 1.1 The Hindi Belt The Bhil languages occupy an area that abuts ‘Rajasthani’, Gujarati, and Marathi. They have several properties in common with the surrounding languages. According to the Ethnologue, in 1999, there were 491 million people who reported Hindi Central Indo-Aryan is also where Modern Standard Hindi fits in. as their first language, and 58 million people who reported Urdu as their first language. Some central Indo-Aryan languages are spoken far from the subcontinent.
[Show full text]
Grammaticalization of Spatial Terms and Directional
www.ijcrt.org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 10 October 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882 GRAMMATICALIZATION OF SPATIAL TERMS AND DIRECTIONAL LEXEMES IN MAGAHI 1Saloni Priya 1PhD Scholar, 1Centre For Linguistics, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Abstract: The following Paper investigates the Grammaticalization process in the Spatial term and Directional lexemes in Magahi Language. Magahi is an Indo-Aryan language and mainly spoken in Patna, Gaya, Nalanda, Nawada and Jahanabad, Aurangabad and some other districts of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The term Grammaticalization refers to the process where the lexical terms or any lexeme and become the part of grammar or change in Grammatical functions. The findings of this work shows that the lexemes like ʈʰor> ʈʰɔre (Lips> In Front of), bʰɪt̪ ərɑ> bʰɪt̪ ər (Room> Inside), muhʋɑ> muhʋɑ(Mouth> Front) etc. are productive in the language. Keywords: Grammaticalization, Semantic Extention, Phonetic Erosion, Lexemes, Magahi, Grammatical categories 1. INTRODUCTION Grammaticalization refers to that part of the study of language change which is concerned with such questions as how lexical items and constructions come in certain linguistic contexts to serve grammatical function or how grammatical items develop a new grammatical function. In simple words we can say that Grammaticalization is defined as the development from lexical to grammatical forms and from grammatical to even more grammatical forms. Since the development of grammatical forms is not independent of the constructions to which they belong, the study of grammaticalization is also concerned with constructions and with even larger discourse segments. According to Heine and Kuteva (2007), Grammaticalization theory is concerned with the genesis and development of grammatical forms.
[Show full text]
Magahi and Magadh: Language and People
G.J.I.S.S.,Vol.3(2):52-59 (March-April, 2014) ISSN: 2319-8834 MAGAHI AND MAGADH: LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE Lata Atreya1 , Smriti Singh2, & Rajesh Kumar3 1Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India 2Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India 3Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract Magahi is an Indo-Aryan language, spoken in Eastern part of India. It is genealogically related to Magadhi Apbhransha, once having the status of rajbhasha, during the reign of Emperor Ashoka. The paper outlines the Magahi language in historical context along with its present status. The paper is also a small endeavor to capture the history of Magadh. The paper discusses that once a history of Magadh constituted the history of India. The paper also attempts to discuss the people and culture of present Magadh. Keywords: Magahi, Magadhi Apbhransha, Emperor Ashoka. 1 Introduction The history of ancient India is predominated by the history of Magadh. Magadh was once an empire which expanded almost till present day Indian peninsula excluding Southern India. Presently the name ‘Magadh’ is confined to Magadh pramandal of Bihar state of India. The prominent language spoken in Magadh pramandal and its neighboring areas is Magahi. This paper talks about Magahi as a language, its history, geography, script and its classification. The paper is also a small endeavor towards the study of the history of ancient Magadh. The association of history of Magadh with the history and culture of ancient India is outlined.
[Show full text]
In Most but Not All BIA Languages Personal As
Pronominals: A Comparative Study of the Languages of Bihar and West Bengal Sweta Sinha, Ph.D. =============================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 13:5 May 2013 =============================================================== 1 Focus of This Paper Pronominals as we know are of various types being classified as: personal pronouns, inclusive/exclusive pronominals, honorifics, deictics, interrogative pronouns, indefinite pronouns and enclitic pronominals or pronominal suffixes. Some languages have pronominals in all the above categories while some lack such a distribution. The present paper is a study in this area. Focusing on the regions of Bihar and West Bengal this paper is an attempt to highlight the occurrence of pronominals in seven prominent dialects of Bangla as well as three of the major Bihari languages. This paper is an investigation into these ten languages bringing out the similarities and dissimilarities with respect to the occurrence and use of the pronominals. 1.1 Sources for the Study The various types of classifications that have been discussed in this paper have been derived from three major sources on the Indo- Aryan languages: Grierson (1903- 27), Masica (1991) and Cardona (2003). Dialectology of modern Indo- Aryan/ New Indo- Aryan (NIA) provides evidence for an early division between the Inner and the Outer groupsi (Grierson 1917- 20 a, b, 1927), the former including what is now the Punjabi, western Hindi and Rajasthani areas of North India, the latter including most of the remainder – i.e., eastern Indo-Aryan (Bihar, Bengal, Assam and Orissa), south-western India, and perhaps Sindh and Kashmir. Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 13:5 May 2013 Sweta Sinha, Ph.D.
[Show full text]
Chittagonian Variety: Dialect, Language, Or Semi-Language?
IIUC STUDIES ISSN 1813-7733 Vol.-12 December 2015 (P. 41-62) Chittagonian Variety: Dialect, Language, or Semi-Language? Muhammad Azizul Hoque1 Abstract: The main concern of this paper is to explore the status of Chittagonian variety- a language spoken by the people of Chittagong in Bangladesh-with a view to considering whether it is a dialect of Bangla or a language or a semi-language. Though it is closely related to Bangla, its distinctive features like a different sound system, mutual unintelligibility with Bangla, etc. give it a separate entity and encourage the researcher of this paper to rethink about the existing idea of its being a dialect of Bangla and to try to present some supportive argumants in favor of its separate entity as a language. In the article the researcher has provided an introduction to the Chittagonian variety; language and dialect; previous literature, and used methodology consisting of random sampling based on the collection of newspaper articles, books, and internet sources, and the like. And some findings from that research and recommendations have been discussed. 1.0. Introduction The history of sociolinguistics reveals that some languages like Sanskrit and Latin are dead for the lack of proper maintenance and some others like English, French, and Italian have got the status of standard languages. Likewise, the spoken language of Chittagong Chittagonian has also got such characteristics as to be a distinct language. So it is not difficult for Chatgaya to be developed into a full-fledged language. But the Chittagonian variety, as the researcher observes, is losing its speakers day by day.
[Show full text]
Some Salient Features of Bhojpuri English
© 2020 JETIR October 2020, Volume 7, Issue 10 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Some Salient Features of Bhojpuri English Dr. Pooja Roy T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur. Abstract This paper aims to discuss the Phonology of Bhojpuri English including vowels, consonants and diphthongs. This also tries to find out the reasons behind the interference of Bhojpuri in the speech of Bhojpuri speakers of English. The hypothesis is that it will help the Indian speakers of English improve their pronunciation and try to overcome the errors made because of mother tongue (L1) interference. Keywords Bhojpuri, dialects, interference, pronunciation, problem etc. Introduction 1. Bhojpuri English The preference given to the term Bhojpuri English is simply because the speakers of this dialect have their very distinct color of the English they speak. So, Bhojpuri English here is used in very restricted sense refers to that sub (non-standard) dialect of Bihari English. Since there is one to one relationship in the alphabets and the sounds in Bhojpuri, Bhojpuri English is clearly marked in comparison to Maithili, Magahi or Angika English. 1.1 Bhojpuri Language Bhojpuri, one of the four most important and widely spoken dialects in Bihar is also a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. Bhojpuri language is a part of Eastern Hindi or Bengali continuum of languages which once extended from Assam and Bengal to Banaras. Though the rest of Bihar and UP slowly adopted the new Hindi standard, the language remained strong in the areas between Patna and Banaras. But the government of India is not ready to grant it the statutory status of a national scheduled language.
[Show full text]
The Development of a Comprehensive Data Set for Systematic Studies of Machine Translation
The Development of a Comprehensive Data Set for Systematic Studies of Machine Translation JörgTiedemann1[0000−0003−3065−7989] University of Helsinki, Department of Digital Humanities P.O. Box 24, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland [email protected] Abstract. This paper presents our on-going efforts to develop a com- prehensive data set and benchmark for machine translation beyond high- resource languages. The current release includes 500GB of compressed parallel data for almost 3,000 language pairs covering over 500 languages and language variants. We present the structure of the data set and demonstrate its use for systematic studies based on baseline experiments with multilingual neural machine translation between Uralic languages and other language groups. Our initial results show the capabilities of training effective multilingual translation models with skewed training data but also stress the shortcomings with low-resource settings and the difficulties to obtain sufficient information through straightforward transfer from related languages. Keywords: machine translation · low-resource languages · multilingual NLP 1 Introduction Massively parallel data sets are valuable resources for various research fields ranging from cross-linguistic research, language typology and translation studies to neural representation learning and cross-lingual transfer of NLP tools and applications. The most obvious application is certainly machine translation (MT) that typically relies on data-driven approaches and heavily draws on aligned parallel corpora as their essential training material. Even though parallel data sets can easily be collected from human transla- tions that naturally appear, their availability is still a huge problem for most languages and domains in the world. This leads to a skewed focus in cross- linguistic research and MT development in particular where sufficient amounts of real-world examples of reasonable quality are only available for a few well- resourced languages.
[Show full text]
Abkhazian Abk Achinese Ace Acoli Ach Adangme Ada Adyghe; Adygei
Language Code Abkhazian abk Achinese ace Acoli ach Adangme ada Adyghe; Adygei ady Afar aar Afrihili afh Afrikaans afr Afro‐Asiatic languages afa Ainu ain Akan aka Akkadian akk Albanian alb Albanian sqi Alemannic; Alsatian; Swiss German gsw Aleut ale Algonquian languages alg Altaic languages tut Amharic amh Angika anp Apache languages apa Arabic ara Aragonese arg Arapaho arp Arawak arw Armenian arm Armenian hye Aromanian; Arumanian; Macedo‐Romanian rup Artificial languages art Assamese asm Asturian; Bable; Leonese; Asturleonese ast Athapascan languages ath Australian languages aus Austronesian languages map Avaric ava Avestan ave Awadhi awa Aymara aym Azerbaijani aze Balinese ban Baltic languages bat Baluchi bal Bambara bam Bamileke languages bai Banda languages bad Bantu languages bnt Basa bas Bashkir bak Basque baq Basque eus Batak languages btk Bedawiyet; Beja bej Belarusian bel Bemba bem Bengali ben Berber languages ber Bhojpuri bho Bihari languages bih Bikol bik Bilin; Blin byn Bini; Edo bin Bislama bis Blackfoot blf Bliss; Blissymbols; Blissymbolics zbl Bokmål, Norwegian nob Bosnian bos Braj bra Breton bre Buginese bug Bulgarian bul Buriat bua Burmese bur Burmese mya Caddo cad Catalan; Valencian cat Caucasian languages cau Cebuano ceb Celtic languages cel Central American Indian languages cai Central Khmer khm Chagatai chg Chamic languages cmc Chamorro cha Chechen che Cherokee chr Chewa; Chichewa; Nyanja nya Cheyenne chy Chibcha chb Chinese chi Chinese zho Chinook jargon chn Chipewyan; Dene Suline chp Choctaw cho Chuang; Zhuang zha
[Show full text]
Allocutivity in Indo-Aryan Languages: on the Relationship Between Addressee-Oriented Agreement Marking and Politeness
Allocutivity in Indo-Aryan languages: On the relationship between addressee-oriented agreement marking and politeness ABHISHEK K KASHYAP1 & FOONG HA YAP2 1 Sun Yat-Sen University, China; 2 Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Acknowledgments • This study is supported by a research grant from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University for the project entitled “Addressee-oriented agreement marking and politeness in East Indo-Aryan languages” (HKPU G-YBGG; 2015-2017). 2 Examples of politeness strategies • She is afraid of spiders. • I’m afraid (= I think probably) she’s not coming back. • She’s not coming back, I’m afraid (=probably). 3 Indo-Aryan language: verbal morphology more fine- grained and highly- calibrated politeness marker mh 4 Hierarchy in the 2nd person : 2HH > 2MH > 2H > 2NH 5 Single, double, triple agreement regions 6 Verb-agreement paradigm in Odia No gender distinction Source: Ray, 2003: 461 7 Copula forms of Odia 8 Copula forms of Hindi 9 Paradigm of Maithili verb-agreement (Source: Bickel et al. 1999:486) 10 Different types of agreement paradigms 1. Hindi: (NPNOM/ERG) (NPNNOM) V-TNS-AGR1NOM/ERG 2. Bajjika: (NPNOM) (NPNNOM) V-TNS-AGR1NOM (-AGR2NNOM) 3. Maithili: (NPNOM) (NPNNOM) V-TNS-AGR1NOM (-AGR2NNOM) (-AGR3NNOM) 11 Objectives • to analyse the paradigm of verb-agreement in in a selection of Indo-Aryan languages; • to show that the verbal paradigm of a few Bihari languages (within the Indo-Aryan family) have allocative agreement markers; • to show the verbal agreements suffixes of the Bihari languages are deployed to serve politeness as well as other discourse-pragmatic functions.
[Show full text]
Magadhi / Magahi
MAGADHI / MAGAHI BALARAM PRASAD& SIBASIS MUKHERJEE* 1.INTRODUCTION The Magahi Language is an Indo Aryan Language spoken in India. The ancestor of Magadhi, from which its name derives, Magadhi Prakrit, is believed to be the Language spoken by the Buddha and the Language of the ancient kingdom of Magadha. Magadhi Prakrit, according to George Grierson belonged to the “Outer branch” of the Old Indo-Aryan; and in its format structure it differed considerably from other Prakrits. Prof. Suniti kumar Chatterji’s Magadhi Prakrit was the eastern most Prakrit to which he has named ‘Pratchya’, distinct from other speech forms, despised by the Vedic speakers as ‘achanalas’ (impure), specimen of which has been prescribed in Buddhist literature. Pratchya speakers were a distinct ethnic group, though divided into subgroups as Magadhas, Mauryas, Angus and Videhas. Magadhi is closely related to Bhojpuri and Maithili and these Languages are sometimes referred to as a single Language, Bihari. These three Languages, together with several other related Languages, are known as the Bihari Languages, which form a sub-group of the Eastern Zone group of Indo-Aryan Languages. Magadhi has approximately 13 million speakers. Magahi was legally absorbed under the subordinate label of Hindi in the 1961 Census. Magadhi Prakrit was spoken in the eastern Indian subcontinent, in a region spanning what is now eastern India, Bangladesh and Nepal. These regions were part of the ancient kingdom of Magadha, the core of which was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges. It is believed to be the Language spoken by Gautama Buddha. It was the official Language of the Mauryan court and the edicts of Ashoka were composed in it.
[Show full text]