Abkhazian Abk Achinese Ace Acoli Ach Adangme Ada Adyghe; Adygei
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Portuguese Language in Angola: Luso-Creoles' Missing Link? John M
Portuguese language in Angola: luso-creoles' missing link? John M. Lipski {presented at annual meeting of the AATSP, San Diego, August 9, 1995} 0. Introduction Portuguese explorers first reached the Congo Basin in the late 15th century, beginning a linguistic and cultural presence that in some regions was to last for 500 years. In other areas of Africa, Portuguese-based creoles rapidly developed, while for several centuries pidginized Portuguese was a major lingua franca for the Atlantic slave trade, and has been implicated in the formation of many Afro- American creoles. The original Portuguese presence in southwestern Africa was confined to limited missionary activity, and to slave trading in coastal depots, but in the late 19th century, Portugal reentered the Congo-Angola region as a colonial power, committed to establishing permanent European settlements in Africa, and to Europeanizing the native African population. In the intervening centuries, Angola and the Portuguese Congo were the source of thousands of slaves sent to the Americas, whose language and culture profoundly influenced Latin American varieties of Portuguese and Spanish. Despite the key position of the Congo-Angola region for Ibero-American linguistic development, little is known of the continuing use of the Portuguese language by Africans in Congo-Angola during most of the five centuries in question. Only in recent years has some attention been directed to the Portuguese language spoken non-natively but extensively in Angola and Mozambique (Gonçalves 1983). In Angola, the urban second-language varieties of Portuguese, especially as spoken in the squatter communities of Luanda, have been referred to as Musseque Portuguese, a name derived from the KiMbundu term used to designate the shantytowns themselves. -
O Quimbundo Em Cinco Testemunhos Gramaticais Kimbundu Language According to Five Grammars
O quimbundo em cinco testemunhos gramaticais Kimbundu language according to five grammars Maria Carlota Rosa Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [email protected] Resumo: O presente artigo tem por objetivo servir de introdução ao estudo de uma linguística africana em português, pré-saussureana, que começou a ser escrita no século XVII. Focalizou-se aqui o quimbundo, na medida em que essa língua foi objeto de descrições entre os séculos XVII e XIX, o que permite acompanhar as mudanças introduzidas na descrição linguística ao longo do período. Palavras-chave: tradição gramatical - línguas africanas - quimbundo - séculos XVII-XIX Abstract: This paper aims at introducing the study of a pre-saussurean African linguistics written in Portuguese. Kimbundu was focused here, as this language was the subject of des- criptions between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, which allows us to follow the changes introduced in the linguistic description throughout the period. Keywords: grammatical tradition – African languages – Kimbundu -17th to 19th centuries 1. O surgimento de uma linguística africana O interesse europeu no estudo das línguas africanas subsaarianas começa a crescer a partir do século XVII em decorrência dos esforços de evangeliza- ção e de interesses econômicos. São do século XVII gramáticas sobre o congo N.o 56 – 1.º semestre de 2019 – Rio de Janeiro 56 Maria Carlota Rosa (1659)1, sobre o gueês — ou gueze ou ge’ez — (1661)2, sobre o amárico (1698)3, mas também sobre o quimbundo (1697)4. Entre os trabalhos pioneiros desse campo específico de estudos que então tinha início e viria a ser conhecido como Linguística Africana estão gramáticas escritas em português. -
Introduction
INTRODUCTION Hindi, an Indo-European language, is the official language of India, spoken by about 40% of the more than one billion citizens of India. It is also the official language in certain of the territories where a sizeable diaspora settled such as the Republic of Mauritius1. But the label ‘Hindi’ covers considerably distinct speeches, as evidenced by the number of regional varieties covered by the category Hindi in the various Censuses of India: 91 mother tongues in the 1961 Census, up to 331 languages or speeches according to Srivastava 1994, totalizing to six hundred millions speakers (Bhatia 1987: 9). On the other end, the notion that Standard Hindi, more or less corresponding to the variety used in written literature and media, does not exist as a mother tongue, has gained currency during the seventies and eighties: according to Gumperz & Naim (1960), modern standard Hindi is a second or third speech for most of its speakers, being a native language for a small section of the urban population, which until recently was itself a small minority of the global Indian population. However, due to the rapid increase in this urban population, Hindi native speakers can no longer be considered as a non-significant minority, as noticed by Ohala (1983) and Singh & Agnihotri (1997). Many scholars still consider that the modern colloquial language, used for instance in popular movies, does not differ from modern colloquial Urdu. Similarly, many consider that the higher registers of both languages are still only two styles of one and the same language. According to Abdul Haq (1961), “the language we speak and write and call by the name Urdu today is derived from Hindi and constituted of Hindi”. -
Prioritizing African Languages: Challenges to Macro-Level Planning for Resourcing and Capacity Building
Prioritizing African Languages: Challenges to macro-level planning for resourcing and capacity building Tristan M. Purvis Christopher R. Green Gregory K. Iverson University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language Abstract This paper addresses key considerations and challenges involved in the process of prioritizing languages in an area of high linguistic di- versity like Africa alongside other world regions. The paper identifies general considerations that must be taken into account in this process and reviews the placement of African languages on priority lists over the years and across different agencies and organizations. An outline of factors is presented that is used when organizing resources and planning research on African languages that categorizes major or crit- ical languages within a framework that allows for broad coverage of the full linguistic diversity of the continent. Keywords: language prioritization, African languages, capacity building, language diversity, language documentation When building language capacity on an individual or localized level, the question of which languages matter most is relatively less complicated than it is for those planning and providing for language capabilities at the macro level. An American anthropology student working with Sierra Leonean refugees in Forecariah, Guinea, for ex- ample, will likely know how to address and balance needs for lan- guage skills in French, Susu, Krio, and a set of other languages such as Temne and Mandinka. An education official or activist in Mwanza, Tanzania, will be concerned primarily with English, Swahili, and Su- kuma. An administrator of a grant program for Less Commonly Taught Languages, or LCTLs, or a newly appointed language authori- ty for the United States Department of Education, Department of Commerce, or U.S. -
African Dialects
African Dialects • Adangme (Ghana ) • Afrikaans (Southern Africa ) • Akan: Asante (Ashanti) dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Fante dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Twi (Akwapem) dialect (Ghana ) • Amharic (Amarigna; Amarinya) (Ethiopia ) • Awing (Cameroon ) • Bakuba (Busoong, Kuba, Bushong) (Congo ) • Bambara (Mali; Senegal; Burkina ) • Bamoun (Cameroons ) • Bargu (Bariba) (Benin; Nigeria; Togo ) • Bassa (Gbasa) (Liberia ) • ici-Bemba (Wemba) (Congo; Zambia ) • Berba (Benin ) • Bihari: Mauritian Bhojpuri dialect - Latin Script (Mauritius ) • Bobo (Bwamou) (Burkina ) • Bulu (Boulou) (Cameroons ) • Chirpon-Lete-Anum (Cherepong; Guan) (Ghana ) • Ciokwe (Chokwe) (Angola; Congo ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Mauritian dialect (Mauritius ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Seychelles dialect (Kreol) (Seychelles ) • Dagbani (Dagbane; Dagomba) (Ghana; Togo ) • Diola (Jola) (Upper West Africa ) • Diola (Jola): Fogny (Jóola Fóoñi) dialect (The Gambia; Guinea; Senegal ) • Duala (Douala) (Cameroons ) • Dyula (Jula) (Burkina ) • Efik (Nigeria ) • Ekoi: Ejagham dialect (Cameroons; Nigeria ) • Ewe (Benin; Ghana; Togo ) • Ewe: Ge (Mina) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewe: Watyi (Ouatchi, Waci) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewondo (Cameroons ) • Fang (Equitorial Guinea ) • Fõ (Fon; Dahoméen) (Benin ) • Frafra (Ghana ) • Ful (Fula; Fulani; Fulfulde; Peul; Toucouleur) (West Africa ) • Ful: Torado dialect (Senegal ) • Gã: Accra dialect (Ghana; Togo ) • Gambai (Ngambai; Ngambaye) (Chad ) • olu-Ganda (Luganda) (Uganda ) • Gbaya (Baya) (Central African Republic; Cameroons; Congo ) • Gben (Ben) (Togo -
Access to Blissymbolics In
Access to Blissymbolics in ICT state-of-the-art and visions Mats Lundälv, DART, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, and BCI, Göteborg, Sweden Presented by Stephen van Tetzchner, ISAAC Research Symposium, Pittsburgh, USA, 2012 Introduction: Blissymbolics is, unlike most other graphical AAC systems, well suited for use on all technology levels, from no-tech, over low-tech, to current hi-tech ICT platforms. Blisymbols may be drawn by hand, in the sand, with paper and pen, or on a blackboard or whiteboard. In current practice we are however, as we are for all other symbol resources, heavily dependent on ICT support for practically managing and using Blissymbolics. It may be for setting up and printing symbol charts for low-tech use, or for writing documents or communicating remotely via email etc on computers and mobile devices. This presentation is an attempt to give an overview of the availability of Blissymbolics on current ICT platforms 2012, and some hints about what we can expect for the near future. Background: Blissymbolics was probably the first graphical AAC system to be supported on the emerging computer platforms in the early 1980:s; Talking BlissApple was one of the first pieces of AAC software developed for Apple II computers by Gregg Vanderheiden et al at Trace R&D Center, Madison Wisconsin USA. It was a break-through and was followed by a large number of Blissymbol AAC programs for the different computing platforms over the next decades. However, when the real expansion of the AAC technology came, with a number of commercially promoted pictorial systems such as PCS etc, Blissymbolics was largely dropping out of support on the dominating AAC software and hardware platforms. -
Putting Frisian Names on the Map
GEGN.2/2021/68/CRP.68 15 March 2021 English United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Second session New York, 3 – 7 May 2021 Item 12 of the provisional agenda * Geographical names as culture, heritage and identity, including indigenous, minority and regional languages and multilingual issues Putting Frisian names on the map Submitted by the Netherlands** * GEGN.2/2021/1 ** Prepared by Jasper Hogerwerf, Kadaster GEGN.2/2021/68/CRP.68 Introduction Dutch is the national language of the Netherlands. It has official status throughout the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In addition, there are several other recognized languages. Papiamentu (or Papiamento) and English are formally used in the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom, while Low-Saxon and Limburgish are recognized as non-standardized regional languages, and Yiddish and Sinte Romani as non-territorial minority languages in the European part of the Kingdom. The Dutch Sign Language is formally recognized as well. The largest minority language is (West) Frisian or Frysk, an official language in the province of Friesland (Fryslân). Frisian is a West Germanic language closely related to the Saterland Frisian and North Frisian languages spoken in Germany. The Frisian languages as a group are closer related to English than to Dutch or German. Frisian is spoken as a mother tongue by about 55% of the population in the province of Friesland, which translates to some 350,000 native speakers. In many rural areas a large majority speaks Frisian, while most cities have a Dutch-speaking majority. A standardized Frisian orthography was established in 1879 and reformed in 1945, 1980 and 2015. -
Corpus Collection for Under-Resourced Languages with More Than One Million Speakers
Corpus collection for under-resourced languages with more than one million speakers Dirk Goldhahn1, Maciej Sumalvico1, Uwe Quasthoff1,2 Natural Language Processing Group, University of Leipzig, Germany Department of African Languages, University of South Africa, South Africa Email: { dgoldhahn, janicki, quasthoff, }@informatik.uni-leipzig.de Abstract For only 40 of about 350 languages with more than one million speakers, the situation concerning text resources is comfortable. For the remaining languages, the number of speakers indicates a need for both corpora and tools. This paper describes a corpus collection initiative for these languages. While random Web crawling has serious limitations, native speakers with knowledge of web pages in their language are of invaluable help. The aim is to give interested scholars, language enthusiasts the possibility to contribute to corpus creation or extension by simply entering a URL into the Web Interface. Using a Web portal URLs of interest are collected with the help of the respective communities. A standardized corpus processing chain for daily newspaper corpora creation is adapted to append newly added web pages to an increasing corpus. As a result we will be able to collect larger corpora for under-resourced languages by a community effort. These corpora will be made publicly available. Keywords: corpora, under-resourced languages, Web portal, community 1. Introduction links require the execution of JavaScript code by the There are about 350 languages with more than one million crawler which often produces errors. So, if a website speakers1. For about 40 of them, the situation concerning heavily uses JavaScript links and there are no other links text resources is comfortable: there are corpora of pointing to special pages (coming from another website, reasonable size and also tools like POS taggers adapted to for instance), then all but the main page might be these languages. -
'A Limburgian,So Corrupt'
ARECLS, Vol. 16, 2019, p. 28-59 ‘A LIMBURGIAN, SO CORRUPT’. A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS INTO THE REPRESENTATION OF THE DUTCH PROVINCE OF LIMBURG, LIMBURGIANS AND LIMBURGISH IN DUTCH NATIONAL MEDIA SANNE TONNAER NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY Abstract Concerns about the decline of children being raised in the regional language of the Dutch province of Limburg have recently led Limburgish institutions to present a manifesto arguing that the Limburgish language should not be thought of and presented as an inferior language in e.g. education. By combining the “social connotations” hypothesis and social identity theory, linguistic change can however also partly be explained by how regions, speakers, and language varieties are represented in public discourse. The aim of this article, then, is to investigate the social and linguistic representation of Limburg, Limburgians and Limburgish in Dutch national media. Holding a critical viewpoint, eleven recently published/aired media texts in which evaluations towards Limburg(ians) and Limburgish are expressed are analysed adopting the Discourse Historical Approach. Results show that Limburg and Limburgians are often represented in terms of othering and negative stereotypes, leading to negative attitudes towards the province and prejudice towards its inhabitants. These beliefs and feelings not only decrease the value of the social identity of Limburgians but also get connoted to the specific language features of Limburgish, something which may lead speakers of Limburgish to reduce their use of the language variety. Key words: Limburgish, language ideologies, critical discourse analysis, media 1. Introduction With language variation being a natural phenomenon, we often infer information about a person or social group based on the specific language features they use (Garrett, 2010). -
Old Frisian, an Introduction To
An Introduction to Old Frisian An Introduction to Old Frisian History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. University of Leiden John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bremmer, Rolf H. (Rolf Hendrik), 1950- An introduction to Old Frisian : history, grammar, reader, glossary / Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Frisian language--To 1500--Grammar. 2. Frisian language--To 1500--History. 3. Frisian language--To 1550--Texts. I. Title. PF1421.B74 2009 439’.2--dc22 2008045390 isbn 978 90 272 3255 7 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 3256 4 (Pb; alk. paper) © 2009 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Preface ix chapter i History: The when, where and what of Old Frisian 1 The Frisians. A short history (§§1–8); Texts and manuscripts (§§9–14); Language (§§15–18); The scope of Old Frisian studies (§§19–21) chapter ii Phonology: The sounds of Old Frisian 21 A. Introductory remarks (§§22–27): Spelling and pronunciation (§§22–23); Axioms and method (§§24–25); West Germanic vowel inventory (§26); A common West Germanic sound-change: gemination (§27) B. -
Application of Blissymbolics to the Non-Vocal Communicatively Handicapped
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1977 Application of Blissymbolics to the non-vocal communicatively handicapped Karen Lynn Jones The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Jones, Karen Lynn, "Application of Blissymbolics to the non-vocal communicatively handicapped" (1977). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1576. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1576 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE APPLICATION OF BLISSYMBOLICS TO THE NON-VOCAL COMMUNICATIVELY HANDICAPPED by Karen L. Jones B.A., University of Montana, 1974 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Communication Sciences and Disorders UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1977 Approved by: Chairman iBo^d of ^miners Deaw^ Gradua t^chool Date UMI Number; EP34649 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT IXMHtitian PUbMIng UMI EP34649 Copyright 2012 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. -
Interference of Bhojpuri Language in Learning English As a Second Language
ELT VOICES – INDIA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TEACHERS OF ENGLISH FEBRUARY 2014 | VOLUME 4, ISSUE 1 | ISSN 2230-9136 (PRINT) 2321-7170 (ONLINE) Interference of Bhojpuri Language in Learning English as a Second Language V. RADHIKA1 ABSTRACT Studying the special features of any language is interesting for exploring many unrevealed facts about that language. The purpose of this paper is to create interest in the mind of readers to identify the special features of Bhojpuri language, which is gaining importance in India in the recent years among the spoken languages and make the readers to get rid of the problem of interference of this language in learning English as a second language. 1. Assistant Professor in English, AVIT, VMU, Paiyanoor, India. ELT VOICES – INDIA February 2014 | Volume 4, Issue 1 1. Introduction The paper proposes to make an in-depth study of Bhojpuri language to enable learners to compare and contrast between two languages, Bhojpuri and English by which communicative skill in English can be properly perceived. Bhojpuri language has its own phonological and morphological pattern. The present study is concerned with tracing the difference between two languages (i.e.) English and Bhojpuri, with reference to their grammatical structure and its relevant information. Aim of the Paper Create interest in the mind of scholars to make the detailed study about the Bhojpuri language with reference to their grammar pattern and to find out possible solution to eliminate the problem of mother tongue interference. 2. Origin of Bhojpuri Language Bhojpuri language gets its name from a place called ‘Bhojpur’ in Bihar. It is believed that Ujjain Rajputs claimed their descent from Raja Bhoj of Malwa in the sixteenth century.