Representasi Politik Opini Publik Terhadap Pemilukada Sumatra Barat 2010 Pada Koran Singgalang Dan Program Sumbar Satu

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Representasi Politik Opini Publik Terhadap Pemilukada Sumatra Barat 2010 Pada Koran Singgalang Dan Program Sumbar Satu Jurnal komunikasi, ISSN 1907-898X Volume 9, Nomor 1, Oktober 2014 Representasi Politik Opini Publik terhadap Pemilukada Sumatra Barat 2010 pada Koran Singgalang dan Program Sumbar Satu Muhammad Thaufan A Prodi Komunikasi, Universitas Andalas, Padang (Mahasiswa doctoral GSID-Nagoya University Japan) Abstract This paper aims to discover political representation of the lokal media namely Harian Singgalang regarding public opinion during the election in West Sumatra Indonesia. Furthermore, the complexity of media power will be discussed through such television program and the newspaper`s headline and special report. By using case study approach and critical discourse analysis of Norman Fairclough in analyzing text, discoursive practice, and socio-cultural practice, it can be noted that political public opinion had been fully articulated in such lokal media representing collaboration actors and institution among media, politicians and lokal people. Political opinion could be sensed in the program “Menuju Sumbar Satu Padang TV” and located in the headlines and special report of Harian Singgalang during April-August 2010. Representation of political opinion in both Padang TV and Singgalang indicated media logic and also vested interested among such media and elites in order to maintain lokal democracy by spreading politically strategic information, persuading the audience, making the myth of good impression in order to win the election. Menuju Sumbar Satu Padang TV has depicted campaign strategy of some governors candidates while headlines and special report of Singgalang have extremely covered all candidates and transformed those dynamic public sphere for political consensus among media, politicians and the audience in promoting lokal democracy in West Sumatra 2010. Key Words : Mass Media, Media Power, Public Opinion, Representation, Democracy Abstrak Tulisan ini menyingkap tabir representasi politis media lokal yaitu Padang TV dan Harian Singgalang terkait opini public dalam proses Pemilukada Sumatera Barat 2010. Lebih jauh, kuasa media dipaparkan melalui program televisi, headline dan laporan khusus media tersebut. Dengan pendekatan studi kasus dan analisis wacana kritis pada level teks, wacana dan sosiokultural ditemukan opini public politis telah diartikualsikan secara maksimal oleh media, elit dan masyarakat pemilih. Opini public politis dapat disaksikan dalam program Menuju Sumbar Satu Padang TV dan terbaca dalam Headline serta laporan khusus Singgalang selama periode April hingga Agustus 2010. Representasi opini politis ini menandakan kedigdayaan logika media dan juga kepentingan terselubung dari media dan elit untuk menjaga demokrasi lokal dengan penyebaran informasi strategis, meyakinkan pemilih, dan membuat kesan baik demi memenangkan pemilihan. Menuju Sumbar satu memotret kampanye para kandidat Gubernur sedang Headline dan Liputan Khusus Singgalang mengkover semua kandidat dengan baik dan menjadi ruang public dinamis bagi media, politisi dan pemilih dalam mendukung demokrasi lokal di Sumatra Barat Kata Kunci : media massa, kuasa media, opini public, representasi, demokrasi 33 Jurnal komunikasi, Volume 9, Nomor 1, Oktober 2014 Pendahuluan masa depan demokrasi di Sumatra Barat. Media massa mainstream Pemilihan tersebut menjadi penentu terutama surat kabar dan televisi sebelum transisi demokrasi lokal yang masih massifnya media sosial berperan penting sangat krusial untuk tak terjadinya dalam hajatan politik di Indonesia. Media penyimpangan dan kemunduran dalam massa menyajikan informasi kepada gaya politik otoriter masa lalu (Zakaria, publik luas pelbagai isu politik hangat 2004) dan munculnya elit status quo di aktual, menciptakan ruang debat seperti level lokal (Hadis, 2005). polemik pilkada langsung atau tak Di samping pemilihan di level langsung seperti saat ini, dan juga provinsi, kabupaten dan kota yang mengartikulasikan ragam aspirasi. menggelar Pilkada serentak di Provinsi Strategi komunikasi dan aksi politik Sumbar 2010 meliputi Agam, Padang membentuk opini publik dalam pemilihan Pariaman, Solok, Solok Selatan, Pesisir Gubernur, Kepala Daerah dan event Selatan, Tanah Datar, Sijunjung, politik lainnya sungguh tak dapat lagi Limapuluh Kota, Pasaman Barat, dipisahkan dari peran strategis media Pasaman, Dharmasraya dan Kota Solok yang menjadi makin penting. Strategi serta Bukittinggi. Momentum politik ini politik meniscayakan media massa tak memunculkan kandidat-kandidat hanya menciptakan realitas baru yang Gubernur, Walikota dan Bupati yang politis, mengintensifkan agenda publik berkompetisi merebut hati masyarakat tetapi juga dipicu menguatnya nalar (http://www.padangtoday.com). media saat ini di era teater debat dan Penelitian kualitatif empiris ini praksis demokrasi di Indonesia. meneliti kasus Koran lokal Harian Media massa menjelang momen- Singgalang dan program Sumbar satu tum politik besar seringkali menampilkan didasarkan pada metode studi kasus dan program acara dan rubrik berita kepada wacana kritis dengan perspektif bahwa masyarakat yang menghadirkan kandidat media massa lokal tersebut memiliki dan pengamat politik berupa diskusi peran demokratis dalam memotret dan politik, pidato, iklan politik, debat mengatur irama politik lokal serta kandidat, poling opini publik, dan bahkan memediasi kedigdayaan elit politik dalam persoalan pencitraan politik hingga merekonstruksi strategi komunikasi wilayah privasi kontestan politik (Brants politik. Representasi media massa ini and Voltmer, 2011). Media massa dengan pada taraf tertentu telah membawa segenap sumber daya dan kepentingannya perubahan cara pandang publik dalam mencoba meragamkan dan mengarahkan memahami politik dengan bantuan media, opini publik untuk memengaruhi khalayak memotret dinamika partisipasi politik dalam proses politik (Pawito, 2008; publik dan mendorong menguatnya Gurevitch, et al, 2005 ). konsolidasi demokrasi lokal di Sumatra Tulisan mengenai proses Barat. Tetapi, elit politik lokal harus pemilihan Gubernur, Walikota dan Bupati diwaspadai sebagai salah satu pemicu 2010 yang telah berlangsung secara mundurnya demokrasi di Indonesia serentak di Sumatara Barat ini penting (Hadis, 2005; Kimura, 2011). dan relevan untuk memahami rekam jejak dan karakter hajatan politik di level lokal Konseptualisasi Opini Public di dalam relasinya dengan media massa lokal Media Massa Lokal untuk membangun argumentasi Setiap masyarakat memiliki pentingnya partisipasi politik lokal demi sejumlah insitusi baik tradisional maupun 34 Muhammad Thaufan A , Representasi Politik Opini Publik terhadap Pemilukada Sumatra Barat 2010 pada Koran Singgalang dan Program Sumbar Satu modern yang menyajikan informasi dan Dalam pandangan liberal, media penafsiran atas berbagai peristiwa. bekerja demokratis menyajikan informasi , Institusi ini memantau kondisi ling- analisis, penafsiran dan pemberian makna kungan, mendeteksi berbagai ancaman, terhadap peristiwa, pewarisan nilai dari masalah, peluang dan dukungan, serta generasi ke generasi, memengaruhi memberitahukannya kepada para warga pendapat dan sikap khalayak aktif, masyarakat agar dapat menyesuaikan diri. memengaruhi khalayak dalam menen- Media dalam pandangan liberal adalah tukan apa yang harus ditentukan dan salah satu contoh institusi sosial tersebut, pendefinisian persoalan-persoalan (agen- yang menyatu dengan lingkungan da setting) , serta mendorong lahirnya kebudayaan, otonom dan meragamkan partisipasi politik (Pawito, 2007). Dalam pandangan serta mengembangkan kaitan dengan demokrasi, seperti kesadaran demokrasi warga (Gurevitch et dikatakan oleh Curran (2002), media al, 2005). massa dapat berperan dalam penye- Media massa dapat dimaknai barluasan informasi yang beragam bukan hanya alat-alat teknologis yang perspektif, mewakili khalayak , membe- membawa pesan (McLuhan, 1964), rikan tempat dinyatakannya pendapat dari memperluas cakrawala kebangsaan dan berbagai kelompok masyarakat yang mempercepat kehidupan manusia berbeda sehingga ada debat publik yang modern/rasional (Anderson, 2006), dinamis, mendorong pemecahan masalah melainkan juga sebagai pranata sosial yang ada di dalam masyarakat, dan (Gurevitch, et al, 2005) . Sebagai pranata membantu harmonisasi di antara sosial, media massa menjalankan tugas kelompok-kelompok yang berseteru yang oleh McQuail (1997) disebut silent pandangan. characteristic, yakni meliputi penggunaan Secara sosiologis, setiap masya- teknologi pembuatan dan penyebarluasan rakat dari yang paling primitive hingga pesan-pesan secara massif, organisasi dan yang terkompleks, sistem media komu- regulasi yang bersifat sistematis, arah nikasi mereka menjalankan fungsi seperti pesan bagi khalayak yang besar dan luas, dinyatakan Harold Lasswell yaitu pen- tak diketahui secara personal, dan bebas jagaan lingkungan yang mendukung, dalam mengakses atau mengelak. pengaitan berbagai komponen masyarakat Media massa secara politis agar dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan diyakini sangat powerful, persuasif dan perubahan lingkungan, serta pengalihan berpengaruh sejak perang dunia I. Tentu warisan sosial. Wilbur Schramm meng- pandangan ini dikritik lebih jauh oleh gunakan istilah penjaga, forum, guru dan pemikir pandangan baru seperti Jay wahana hiburan. Fungsi positif media ini Blumler yang mengafirmasi efek terbatas senada dengan fungsi rumah, gereja, dan media atau pendukung agenda setting sekolah-sekolah dalam mewariskan nilai seperti McCombs maupun kaum tradisi kebudayaan (Rivers, William L., et. al., Marxist yang percaya media hanya 2008). melegitimasi kelompok dominan. Pada level social politik, dinamika
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