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Soeharto's New Order and Its Legacy: Essays in Honour of Harold Crouch

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Soeharto's New Order and Its Legacy: Essays in Honour of Harold Crouch Soeharto’s New Order and its Legacy Essays in honour of Harold Crouch Edited by Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy Soeharto’s New Order and its Legacy Essays in honour of Harold Crouch Edited by Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy ASIAN STUDIES SERIES MONOGRAPH 2 THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E P R E S S E P R E S S Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/soeharto_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Soeharto’s new order and its legacy : essays in honour of Harold Crouch / edited by Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy. ISBN: 9781921666469 (pbk.) 9781921666476 (pdf) Notes: Includes bibliographical refeßrences. Subjects: Soeharto, 1921-2008 Festschriften--Australia. Indonesia--Politics and government--1966-1998. Indonesia--Economic conditions--1945-1966. Other Authors/Contributors: Aspinall, Edward. Fealy, Greg, 1957- Crouch, Harold, 1940- Dewey Number: 959.8037 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Cover image: Photo taken by Edward Aspinall at the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) Congress, Bali, April 2010. Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2010 ANU E Press Contents Acknowledgments. .vii Preface:.Honouring.Harold.Crouch.. ix Jamie Mackie, Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy Glossary.. xiii Contributors. xix Introduction:.Soeharto’s.New.Order.and.its.Legacy. 1 Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy The.New.Order.and.its.Antecedents 1..One.Reasonably.Capable.Man:.Soeharto’s.Early.Fundraising. 17 David Jenkins 2..Soeharto’s.Javanese.Pancasila. 27 Ken Ward 3..New.Order.Repression.and.the.Birth.of.Jemaah.Islamiyah. 39 Sidney Jones 4..Managing.Industrialisation.in.a.Globalising.Economy:.Lessons. from.the.Soeharto.Era. 49 Hal Hill and Dionisius Narjoko 5..The.Historical.Roots.of.Indonesia’s.New.Order:.Beyond.the. Colonial.Comparison . 67 Robert Cribb 6..Patrimonialism:.The.New.Order.and.Beyond. 81 Jamie Mackie The.Legacy 7..The.Habibie.Presidency:.Catapulting.Towards.Reform . 99 Dewi Fortuna Anwar 8..Semi-Opponents.in.Power:.The.Abdurrahman.Wahid.and. Megawati.Soekarnoputri.Presidencies . 119 Edward Aspinall v 9..The.Legacy.of.the.New.Order.Military.in.Local.Politics:. West,.Central.and.East.Java.. 135 Jun Honna 10..The.Political.Economy.of.Reform:.Labour.after.Soeharto.. 151 Chris Manning 11..Indonesia’s.Direct.Elections:.Empowering.the.Electorate.or. Entrenching.the.New.Order.Oligarchy?.. 173 Marcus Mietzner 12..Exemplar.or.Anomaly?.Exiting.the.New.Order.in.Comparative. Perspective. 191 William Case References. 209 Acknowledgments Many people contributed to this book and to the conference in honour of Harold Crouch that preceded it. In expressing our thanks to all those who helped to make both book and conference a success, we are thus also acknowledging the esteem and affection with which Harold Crouch is regarded by a wide circle of Indonesia specialists. In organising the conference, which was held at The Australian National University in November 2005, we received invaluable assistance from the University’s Department of Political and Social Change and particularly its head, Professor Ben Kerkvliet, as well as the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Beverley Fraser at the Department of Political and Social Change, as well as many other individuals, helped to organise the conference. We especially thank those colleagues and friends of Harold Crouch who presented papers at the conference, many of whom travelled long distances at their own expense to attend, and most of whom subsequently revised their papers for inclusion in this book. We thank them for their responsiveness and patience during a lengthy editorial and publication process. Several individuals who presented papers at the conference, notably, Andrew MacIntyre, David Bourchier, Simon Philpott and Richard Robison, were not able to contribute book chapters, but we appreciate their participation. Our greatest thanks are reserved for Allison Ley, a member of staff of the Department of Political and Social Change, and herself a long-time colleague of Harold Crouch. She has done an outstanding job copy-editing the book and coordinating its preparation. We have relied heavily on Allison during the publication process and her good judgement, sense of humour and patience have made working with her a pleasure. Most importantly, without her professionalism and persistence we would not have been able to produce this book and we are very grateful to her for all her hard work. Finally, we would like to express our sincere appreciation to Craig Reynolds and editorial staff at the ANU E-Press for their invaluable support and assistance, and also to the two anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments on the draft manuscript. Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy vii Preface: Honouring Harold Crouch JAMIE.MACKIE,.EDWARD.ASPINALL.AND. GREG.FEALY. It is fitting that a book on the New Order regime and its legacy be dedicated to Harold Crouch. Professor Crouch has been one of the pre-eminent scholars of Indonesian politics during the New Order period, and he wrote the definitive book on that regime’s rise to power. His work did a great deal—perhaps more than that of any other scholar—to allow generations of students and scholars of Indonesian politics to understand the origins of the New Order, and the structures and patterns of political behaviour which sustained it. In the post- Soeharto period, Crouch has continued to be a leading analyst of Indonesian politics, and has recently published a masterful book on the successes and failures of political reform. Born in Melbourne in 1940, Crouch took an undergraduate degree in political science at the University of Melbourne beginning in 1958 when it was headed by Professor MacMahon Ball, the foremost pioneer of Australia’s relations with the newly independent countries of Asia. In the early 1960s, he went to India to study at the University of Bombay for a Masters degree on Indian trade unions, at a time when few if any other Australians had gone to an Asian university for a higher degree. (This research was subsequently published in 1966.) Crouch then switched his geographical focus to Indonesia, enrolling for his PhD under Australia’s then pre-eminent scholar of Indonesian politics, Herbert Feith at Monash University. In 1968, he took a teaching job in the political science department at the University of Indonesia (which Feith had previously held for a year), and he taught there from 1968 to 1971. During this period he began amassing the vast amount of material on the Indonesian army, and on Indonesian politics more generally, which would later form the basis of his PhD dissertation. His dissertation was completed in 1975 and a revised version was published by Cornell University in 1978 as The Army and Politics in Indonesia. At around the same time he also wrote a highly influential article on patrimonialism published in 1979 in World Politics. These works became milestones in the study of the New Order, and were widely admired as much for ix Soeharto’s.New.Order.and.its.Legacy the evident care and judiciousness which had gone into crafting them, as for the insights they afforded into the foundation, inner workings and bases of the New Order regime. Over subsequent years, although Crouch never abandoned his interest in and writing on Indonesia, he also broadened his focus to incorporate other countries of Southeast Asia. Following his marriage to the Malaysian historian, Khasnor Johan in 1973, in 1976 he took up a position as Senior Lecturer at the National University of Malaysia, a position which he held, with some side-trips, until 1991, when he took up a Senior Research Fellowship at the Australian National University in Canberra. In the intervening years he wrote Domestic Political Structures and Regional Economic Cooperation in Southeast Asia (1984) which though brief still stands out as one of the most successful attempts to write comparatively about the politics of the region. His period in Malaysia also formed the basis of his highly regarded overview of Malaysian politics, Government and Society in Malaysia (1996). During the 1990s his interest in Indonesian politics was reignited by the gathering political storms of the late Soeharto period (see for example Crouch 1992 and 1994). After Soeharto resigned, Crouch became the founding director of the International Crisis Group office in Jakarta in 2000–2001, when he started its fine tradition of producing first-class papers on important, topical subjects (see ICG 2000 for an example of such writing). It was in this period that he began to develop a line of inquiry and accumulate material for his recently published book, Political Reform in Indonesia after Soeharto (2010). The preceding sketch illustrates that Harold Crouch’s career has included long periods living and working in the countries he writes about. His deep immersion in the societies of the region has contributed to two trademark features of his own scholarship: first, his painstaking care for factual accuracy, based on the accumulation and careful checking of great amounts of material drawn from written sources, interviews and fieldwork, and, secondly, the great circumspection, even-handedness and fairness with which he presents this material. His deep knowledge of historical context, his often personal intimacy with the political actors who form the main subjects of his work, and his first- hand knowledge of the ideas, interests and calculations which govern their behaviour—as well as an abiding sense of fairness—all provide his work with a rare understanding of and sensitivity to the motivations of Indonesian and other political actors.
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