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Sistem Presidensial Dan Dinamika Hubungan Eksekutif-Legislatif

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Sistem Presidensial Dan Dinamika Hubungan Eksekutif-Legislatif SISTEM PRESIDENSIAL DAN DINAMIKA HUBUNGAN EKSEKUTIF-LEGISLATIF Studi Perbandingan Sistem Pemerintahan di Indonesia di Era Reformasi dan Turki Pasca Referendum 2017 Skripsi Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) Disusun oleh: Mohammad Naufal Eprillian Salsabil NIM: 11151120000063 PROGRAM STUDI ILMU POLITIK FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2019 SISTEM PRESIDENSIAL DAN DINAMIKA HUBUNGAN EKSEKUTIF-LEGISLATIF Studi Perbandingan Sistem Pemerintahan di Indonesia di Era Reformasi dan Turki Pasca Referendum 2017 Skripsi Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) Oleh: Mohammad Naufal Eprillian Salsabil 11151120000063 Pembimbing, Dr. Ali Munhanif, M.A NIP : 196512121992031004 PROGRAM STUDI ILMU POLITIK FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2019 i PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME Skripsi yang berjudul : SISTEM PRESIDENSIAL DAN DINAMIKA HUBUNGAN EKSEKUTIF-LEGISLATIF Studi Perbandingan Sistem Pemerintahan di Indonesia di Era Reformasi dan Turki Pasca Referendum 2017 1. Merupakan karya asli saya yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar strata 1 di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Semua sumber yang saya gunakan dalam penelitian ini sudah saya cantumkan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Jika di kemudian hari terbukti bahwa karya saya ini bukan hasil karya asli saya atau merupakan hasil jiplakan dari karya orang lain, maka saya kemudian menerima sanksi yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Jakarta, 23 September 2019 Mohammad Naufal Eprillian Salsabil ii PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING SRIPSI Dengan ini, pembimbing skripsi menyatakan bahwa mahasiswa: Nama : Mohammad Naufal Eprillian Salsabil NIM : 11151120000063 Program Studi : Ilmu Politik Telah menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi dengan judul: SISTEM PRESIDENSIAL DAN DINAMIKA HUBUNGAN EKSEKUTIF- LEGISLATIF STUDI PERBANDINGAN SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN DI ERA REFORMASI DAN TURKI PASCA REFERENDUM 2017 dan telah diujikan dalam sidang skripsi Jakarta, 14 Oktober 2019 Mengetahui Mengetahui Ketua Program Studi Pembimbing Dr. Iding Rasyidin, M.Si Dr. Ali Munhanif, M.A NIP. 197010132005011003 NIP. 196512121992031004 iii LEMBAR PENGESAHAN TIM PENGUJI SKRIPSI SKRIPSI SISTEM PRESIDENSIAL DAN DINAMIKA HUBUNGAN EKSEKUTIF-LEGISLATIF Studi Perbandingan Sistem Pemerintahan di Indonesia di Era Reformasi dan Turki Pasca Referendum 2017 Oleh Mohammad Naufal Eprillian Salsabil 11151120000063 Telah dipertahankan dalam sidang ujian skripsi di Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta pada tanggal 14 Oktober 2019 Skripsi ini telah diterima sebagai salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) pada Program Studi Ilmu Politik. Ketua, Sekretaris, Dr. Iding Rasyidin, M.Si Suryani, M.Si NIP. 197010132005011003 NIP. 197704242007102003 Penguji I Penguji II Dr. Sirojuddin Aly, M.A. Dr. Shobahussurur, M.Ag NIP: 195406052001121001 NIP. 196411301998031001 Diterima dan dinyatakan memenuhi syarat kelulusan pada tanggal 14 Oktober 2019. Ketua Program Studi FISIP UIN Jakarta Dr. Iding Rasyidin, M.Si NIP. 197010132005011003 iv ABSTRAK MOHAMMAD NAUFAL EPRILLIAN SALSABIL SISTEM PRESIDENSIAL DAN DINAMIKA HUBUNGAN EKSEKUTIF- LEGISLATIF Studi Perbandingan Sistem Pemerintahan Indonesia di Era Reformasi dan Turki Pasca Referendum 2017 Skripsi ini membahas mengenai perbandingan politik: sistem presidensial antara Indonesia dengan Turki. Indonesia dan Turki memiliki sejarah yang panjang mengenai bentuk pemerintahan. Indonesia yang pada masa lalu berada di bawah pemerintahan kolonial beberapa negara Eropa mulai dari Portugal, Belanda, Inggris dan yang terakhir adalah Jepang. Setelah Indonesia merdeka pada 17 Agustus 1945, Indonesia menerapkan pemerintahan sistem presidensial hingga pada 17 Agustus 1950 Indonesia merubah sistem pemerintahan menjadi parlementer dan kembali lagi menjadi sistem presidensial setelah Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959 hingga saat ini. Turki juga memiliki sejarah panjang mengenai bentuk pemerintahan mulai dari berdiri pada 1923 yang menggunakan sistem pemerintahan parlementer lalu berganti menjadi sistem parlementer pada 2017. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses sistem presidensial di Indonesia pada era Reformasi dan Turki pasca Referendum Konstitusi 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori sistem presidensial, perbandingan politik, kekuasaan dan hubungan eksekutif dengan legislatif, dan partai politik dalam sistem presidensial. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif untuk dapat meneliti lebih dalam dan lebih terarah mengenai perbandingan sistem presidensial di Indonesia dan Turki. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa praktik sistem presidensial di Indonesia dan Turki berbeda. Praktik sistem presidensial di Indonesia masih dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan partai politik dalam dua kasus. Sedangkan di Turki, praktik sistem presidensial dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan eksekutif dan kesolidan partai koalisi. Kata Kunci: Indonesia, Turki, Sistem Presidensial, Perbandingan. v KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillah puji dan syukur atas kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan rahmat dan karunia-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul: “Sistem Presidensial Dan Dinamika Hubungan Eksekutif- Legislatif Studi Perbandingan Sistem Pemerintahan Indonesia di Era Reformasi dan Turki Pasca Referendum 2017”. Selama penyusunan skripsi ini, penulis mengalami berbagai kesulitan dan hambatan, namun berkat dukungan dan doa dari mereka yang terlibat dalam penulisan skripsi ini. Alhamdulillah skripsi ini dapat diselesaikan. Dan karenanya, pada kesempatan kali ini penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada beberapa orang yang telah berjasa dalam penyusunan skripsi ini, yakni: 1. Ibu Prof. Dr. Hj. Amany Burhanuddin Umar Lubis, M.A selaku Rektor Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Bapak Dr. Ali Munhanif, M.A selaku Dekan dan Dosen Pembimbing Skripsi saya yang telah membimbing, mengarahkan dan meluangkan waktunya selama proses penyusunan skripsi. 3. Bapak Dr. Ahmad Bakir Ihsan, M.Si selaku Wakil Dekan Bidang Akademik dan dosen seminar proposal skripsi Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 4. Bapak Dr. Agus Nugraha, M.A selaku dosen Pembimbing Akademik yang telah membantu dan mengarahkan saya dalam pengerjaan skripsi. vi 5. Bapak dan Ibu seluruh dosen Jurusan Ilmu Politik Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 6. Kedua orang tua saya Bapak Dede Apih Hurni dan Ibu Yunita Permata Ikawati dan adik-adik saya Siti Nadhifah Eprillia Salsabila dan Mohammad Haudialwan Zakiya. 7. Kedua nenek saya Mbah Ika Mudrikah dan Nien Tjitjih Sukaesih yang sudah mendukung pembuatan skripsi. 8. Bapak Rudy Alfonso yang sudah bersedia meluangkan waktunya untuk diwawancara sebagai narasumber. 9. Seluruh teman-teman kelas Polbe yang sudah belajar bersama selama empat tahun. 10. Bapak Acang, Bapak Nursiwan, Bapak Ridwan, Bapak Wakit, Ibu Farida dan Ibu Sariyati. Akhir kata, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua orang yang terlibat membantu dalam proses pengerjaan skripsi. Tanpa bantuan mereka yang terlibat, tentu tidak akan mudah mengerjakan skripsi ini. Jakarta, 2019 Mohammad Naufal Eprillian Salsabil Nim : 11151120000063 vii DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR JUDUL .......................................................................................... i LEMBAR PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME ............................... ii LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING SKRIPSI ............................. iii PENGESAHAN TIM PENGUJI SKRIPSI ................................................. iv ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... v KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... viii BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Pernyataan Masalah................................................................. 1 B. Pertanyaan Penelitian ...................................................... 10 C. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ........................................ 10 1. Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................... 10 2. Manfaat Penelitian..................................................... 11 D. Tinjauan Pustaka ........................................................... 11 E. Metode Penelitian ........................................................... 16 1. Pendekatan Penelitian ................................................ 16 2. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ......................................... 17 3. Teknik Analisis Data ................................................. 17 F. Sistematika Penulisan .................................................... 18 viii BAB II KERANGKA TEORETIS A. Teori Sistem Presidensial ............................................... 20 B. Perbandingan Politik dan Pemerintahan.......................... 26 C. Hubungan Eksekutif dan Legislatif ................................. 30 D. Partai Politik Dalam Presidensialisme ............................ 33 BAB III PERJALANAN SISTEM PRESIDENSIAL DI INDONESIA DAN TURKI A. Sistem Presidensial di Indonesia ..................................... 39 1. Era Orde
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