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The Assessment of Environmental Health Status in the Route Of J Adv Environ Health Res (2020) 8: 140-148 DOI: 10.22102/JAEHR.2020.222976.1163 ArchiveORIGINAL of SIDPAPER The assessment of environmental health status in the route of Arbaeen pilgrims at Shalamcheh border in southwestern Iran Rouhollah Shokri1, Ali Almasi2, Jafar Rabihavi1, Seifollah Ganjali Dashti1, Hashem Hajiveisi3, Ali Asghar Valipour1, Mitra Mohammadi4, Amir Hossein Mahvi5, Majid Hashemi6,7, Shima Rezaei8, , Azimeh Karimyan1, Sharareh Zovedavianpour1 1. Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran 2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 3. Health Network of Sanandaj, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran 4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 5. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 6. Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 7. Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 8. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Date of submission: 03 Dec 2018, Date of acceptance: 08 Jan 2020 ABSTRACT The negligence of health regulations in the preparation of the foods, services, and sanitary and welfare facilities provided in religious borders could increase the risk of waterborne infectious intestinal diseases. Therefore, the continuous monitoring and control of health indicators is essential in mourning borders. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on the Mawkebs of Shalamcheh border (n=267). In total, 186 samples were evaluated in terms of the microbial quality of water, and 66 samples were evaluated in terms of the microbial quality of food. The studied parameters in drinking water included the residual free chlorine, pH, turbidity, total coliform, and fecal coliform, and the studied parameters in foodstuffs included the total count and fecal coliform (Escherichia coli). According to the findings, these indicators were appropriate in terms of accommodation hygiene and preparation and distribution of crew hygiene by 99.9%. On the other hand, there were zero cases where the food sampling results were undesirable for the measurement of the total count and fecal coliform. The number of the contaminated water samples was 46 (24.7%) out of 186 water samples. Therefore, the proper implementation and continuous control of health instructions seem critical for these borders, and it is suggested that special regulations and indicators be enacted for the crew in charge, so that they would attend training courses, obtain medical examination cards, and practice personal hygiene. Keywords: Environmental health, Food hygiene, Drinking water, Water quality, Arbaee Introduction The World Health Organization presence of more than 1,000 people in a defines mass human gatherings as the specific location at a specific period. (WHO) Accordingly, the largest mass gatherings in Shima Rezaei the world are Hajj and Arbaeen rituals, both [email protected] of which are related to Muslims, with the Citation: Shokri R, Almasi A, Rabihavi J, Ganjali latter performed for the martyrdom of Hazrat 1 Dashti S, Hajiveisi H, Valipour A, et al. The assessment of Aba Abdullah Al-Hussein (AS). environmental health status in the route of Arbaeen pilgrims Arbaeen pilgrimage is one of the largest at Shalamcheh border in southwestern Iran. J Adv Environ Health Res 2020; 8(2): 140-148 religious gatherings in the world, which takes place 40 days after the anniversary of the www.SID.ir MUK-JAEHR 141 Shokri et al. Archive of SID martyrdom of Imam Hussein (AS), the third reported to be unacceptable, while indicators Shiite Imam. Every year, a huge crowd of such as the location and duration of storage pilgrims travel to the city of Karbala for were considered favorable.5 pilgrimage to Imam Hossein holy shrine in Another research in this regard aimed to Karbala on Arbaeen day, with the main route assess the bacterial quality of the drinking starting within 80 kilometers from Najaf.2 machines of the intercity buses in Bushehr According to the statistics reported in 2019, port in 2010 within a three-month period, and the number of the Iranian pilgrims attending it was reported that the level of residual Arbaeen pilgrimage was 3,800,000, while chlorine was zero in 97% of the cases. On the more than 3,000 foreign pilgrims from across other hand, the fecal coliform and total the borders of Iran also attended Arbaeen coliform values were above the threshold in pilgrimage.3 Along the route, free service 8.8% and 12.5% of the cases, respectively.9 stations (Mawkebs) are voluntarily set up in The inspection of the food and salad samples order to provide services and medical and of four military restaurants also indicated that welfare facilities to the pilgrims. These five sample cases were infected by stations are highly important from the health Escherichia coli (E. coli), while none of the and economic perspective, and it is essential samples was reported to contain salmonella.10 to properly determine the environment health Given the discussed background indicators based on weather conditions, zone regarding the health of Mawkebs and its climate, location conditions, and saved food importance, the exact investigation, types.4, 5 inspection, and continuous control of the Free service stations are roofed spaces production, distribution, and presentation with terraces or canopies and an elongated centers of edible, drinkable, cosmetic, and yard (with or without fence). These stations health materials conforming the Article 13 could be categorized by factors such as size, amendment regulation are paramount. In the facade, and language. They are located at the current research, we investigated the intersections of battle zones, important environmental health indicators of Mawkebs checkpoints, and entrances/inside of cities. In to determine the health status of drinking war-torn cities, these stations are mainly water11 in terms of the microbial quality, located in the side places of mosques, while in wastewater disposal and collection,12 disposal the suburbs, temporary buildings (mainly methods of solid wastes, sanitation of sanitary single-storey) are built or second-hand facilities (e.g., drinking machines, WCs, containers are used to set up the stations. bathrooms, wash basins),8 the presence of However, the facilities of these stations are vectors in temporary settlements and along not the same everywhere, and the space and the routes, and microbial characteristics of the quality vary.6 food distributed in Mawkebs at Shalamcheh Infectious diseases are a common health border as one of the marching routes of issue in mass gatherings, especially in case of Arbaeen, so that we could take a step toward the lack of preparedness in healthcare maintaining the health of the pilgrim systems. Since Iran is one of the most community by providing a clear scientific and important countries on the walking path of statistical picture of the environmental health Arbaeen and plays a key role in the provision status and presenting the results to the of the health services to pilgrims, the relevant organizations to develop effective experience of health challenges by pilgrims is interventions for the improvement of the of utmost importance.7 Several studies have status and comparison of the results with the been focused on the environmental health of standards. various locations.8 During the inspection of The present study aimed to assess the the environmental health of the food stores environmental health status on the route of and warehouses related to the military units in Arbaeen pilgrims on the Shalamcheh border. Tehran province (Iran), the status was www.SID.ir MUK-JAEHR J Adv Environ Health Res (2020) 8: 140-148 142 Archive of SID Materials and Methods cosmetics, and hygiene). The amendment to This descriptive, cross-sectional the Article 13 of the law on foods, beverages, study was conducted on 267 Mawkebs on the health, and cosmetics was approved by the Shalamcheh boarder. Fig. 1 depicts the Islamic Consultative Assembly in December geographical location of the study area. 2000 and contains five chapters, 95 articles, Shalamcheh border terminal is located 54 notes, and 46 paragraphs. Chapter one is in Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran on personal hygiene, chapter two is focused on the common border between Iran and Iraq. on the construction and health conditions for The distance of this border to Khorramshahr food preparation, production, distribution, in Khuzestan province is 15 kilometers and storage, and sale of restaurants and public 150 kilometers from Ahvaz, the capital of the places, chapter three is on work equipment, province. Notably, Basra is the nearest city of chapter four is on the duties of local health Iraq to this border, which is located at the officers, supervisors, and duty officers, and distance of 30 kilometer.2 In the present chapter five is focused on the classification of study, we visited the location to evaluate the places, centers, workshops, and factories in health conditions conforming to the standard terms of the inclusion
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